Livvi-Karelian language
{{Short description|Karelian dialect spoken in Russia and Finland}}
{{Distinguish|Livonian language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Expand Finnish|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Livvi-Karelian
| nativename = {{lang|olo-Cyrl|Ливви}} {{lang|olo-Latn|liygi}}
{{lang|olo-Latn|livvin kieli}}
| region = between Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega, northward of Svir River, Karelia
| speakers = 14,100–25,000
| date = 2000–2010
| script = Latin (Karelian alphabet)
| familycolor = Uralic
| fam2 = Finnic
| fam3 = Northern Finnic
| fam4 = Karelian
| iso3 = olo
| glotto = livv1243
| glottorefname = Livvi
| minority = {{flag|Finland}}[http://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2009/20090068 Change in the regulation by the president of Finland] about European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, 27.11.2009 (in Finnish)
{{flag|Russia}}:
| map = 2.2a-Karelian-and-Ludic traditional.png
| mapcaption = Distribution of Karelian and Ludic at the beginning of the 20th century{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
| map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Olonetsian is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)}}}}
| ethnicity = Olonets Karelians
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|root=|people=Karelians|language=Karelian;
Livvi-Karelian|country=Karelia}}Livvi-Karelian{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=olo |title=Livvi-Karelian |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=28 May 2011}} (Alternate names: Liygi, Livvi, Livvikovian, Olonets, Southern Olonetsian, Karelian; {{langx|ru|ливвиковское наречие|translit=livvikovskoye narechiye}}){{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |year=2007 |publisher=Psychology Press |page=263 |isbn=9780203645659 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LoNl7ZRO70C&pg=PA263 }} is a supradialect of Karelian, which is a Finnic language of the Uralic family,{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_family.asp?subid=1110-16 |title=Language Family Trees, Uralic, Finnic |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=28 May 2011}} spoken by Olonets Karelians (self-appellation {{lang|olo|livvi}}, {{lang|olo|livgilaizet}}), traditionally inhabiting the area between Ladoga and Onega lakes, northward of Svir River. File:Livvi-Karelian language and VepKar corpus by Tatiana Boiko.ogv, 2018.]]The name "Olonets Karelians" is derived from the territory inhabited, Olonets Krai, named after the town of Olonets, named after the Olonka River.
History
File:Karelian dialects Vepkar English 2019.png includes Karelian Proper supradialect, Livvi-Karelian supradialect, Ludic supradialect.]]
Before World War II, Livvi-Karelian was spoken both in Russia and in Finland, in the easternmost part of Finnish Karelia. After Finland was forced to cede large parts of Karelia to the USSR after the war, the Finnish Livvi-Karelian population was resettled in Finland. Today there are still native speakers of Livvi-Karelian living scattered throughout Finland, but all areas in which Livvi-Karelian remains a community language are found in Russia.
Speakers of Livvi-Karelian may be found mainly in Olonetsky, Pryazhinsky, Pitkyarantsky, and partly Suoyarvsky districts of the Republic of Karelia.[http://livviki.karelia.ru/language/ "Karelian Language"], at the website about livvic culture Livvi-Karelian long remained relatively uninfluenced by the Russian language despite the large influx of Russians following the founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
Phonology
= Vowels =
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labial ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! rowspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Glottal |
| plain
!pal. |
|---|
| rowspan="2" |Plosive
!voiceless |{{IPA|p}} |{{IPA|t}} |{{IPA|tʲ}} | |{{IPA|k}} | |
| voiced
|{{IPA|b}} |{{IPA|d}} |{{IPA|dʲ}} | |{{IPA|ɡ}} | |
| rowspan="2" |Affricate
!voiceless | | colspan="2" |{{IPA|t͡s}} |{{IPA|t͡ʃ}} | | |
| voiced
| | colspan="2" | |{{IPA|d͡ʒ}} | | |
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless |({{IPA|f}}) | colspan="2" |{{IPA|s}} |{{IPA|ʃ}} |({{IPA|x}}) |{{IPA|h}} |
| voiced
| | colspan="2" |{{IPA|z}} |{{IPA|ʒ}} | | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA|m}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA|n}} | |({{IPA|ŋ}}) | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPA|ʋ}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA|l}} |{{IPA|j}} | | |
| colspan="2" |Rhotic
| | colspan="2" |{{IPA|r}} | | | |
- Consonants may also occur as geminated or long {{IPA|[Cː]}}.
- Sounds {{IPA|/f, x/}} are commonly heard from Russian loanwords.
- {{IPA|/h/}} can have allophones of {{IPA|[x]}} or {{IPA|[χ]}}.
- {{IPA|/n/}} is heard as {{IPA|[ŋ]}} when preceding {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
- Palatalization {{IPA|[ʲ]}} may occur among different dialects when consonants are preceding vowels {{IPA|/i, y/}}.{{Cite book |last=Sarhimaa |first=Anneli |title=Karelian |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |location=Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.) |pages=274–275}}
Alphabet
Livvi-Karelian uses the Latin alphabet and has the following letters in its alphabet, which is called the Karelian alphabet: Aa, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Zz, Žž, Tt, Uu, Vv, Yy, Ää, Öö.{{Cite book |last=Pyöli |first=Raija |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elg7jwEACAAJ |title=Livvinkarjalan kielioppi |date=2011 |publisher=Karjalan Kielen Seura |isbn=978-952-5790-25-2 |language=fi}}
Until 2007, the ü letter was a part of the Livvi-Karelian alphabet, which has been recommended by the Karelian language board to be instead be changed to the y letter.{{Cite web |title=Kirjaimikkuo suurendetah |url=http://www.omamua.rkperiodika.ru/issues/2014/numero_1/kirjaimikkuo_suurendetah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924053601/http://www.omamua.rkperiodika.ru/issues/2014/numero_1/kirjaimikkuo_suurendetah/ |archive-date=2014-09-24 |access-date=2024-01-06}}
Grammar
Livvi-Karelian and its grammatical cases are quite similar to the Finnish language and other related Finnic languages.
The word 'food' in Livvi-Karelian cases:{{Cite web |title=VepKar :: Lemmas |url=http://dictorpus.krc.karelia.ru/en/dict/lemma/17687?search_lang=5&search_lemma=sy%C3%B6mine |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=dictorpus.krc.karelia.ru}}
| class="wikitable"
!case !singular !plural |
| nom.
|{{Lang|olo|syömine}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizet}} |
| gen.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizen}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizien}} |
| par.
|{{Lang|olo|syömisty}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizii}} |
| ine.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizes}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizis}} |
| ill.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizeh}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizih}} |
| ela.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizes}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizis}} |
| ade.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizel}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizil}} |
| abe.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizettäh}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizittäh}} |
| all.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizele}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizile}} |
| abl.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizel}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizil}} |
| ess.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizenny}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizinny}} |
| tra.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizekse}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizikse}} |
| com.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizen}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizienke}} |
| prol.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizeči}} |{{Lang|olo|syömiziči}} |
| term.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizessäh}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizissäh}} |
| approx.
|{{Lang|olo|syömizellyö}} |{{Lang|olo|syömiziellyö}} |
| acc.
|{{Lang|olo|syömine}} |{{Lang|olo|syömizet}} |
Common phrases
Source:{{Cite web |title=Useful phrases in Livvi-Karelian |url=https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/livvikarelian.htm |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www.omniglot.com}}{{Cite web |last=Craig Gibson |first=Digital Dialects 2020 |title=Digital Dialects Karelian games |url=https://www.digitaldialects.com/Karelian.htm |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www.digitaldialects.com}}
Hello! - {{Lang|olo|Terveh!|italic=yes}}
How are you? - {{Lang|olo|Kuibo dielot?|italic=yes}}
Good night! - {{Lang|olo|Hyviä yödy!|italic=yes}}
Good afternoon! - {{Lang|olo|Hyviä päiviä!|italic=yes}}
Do you speak Karelian? - {{Lang|olo|Pagizetgo (sinä) karjalakse?|italic=yes}}
I'm sorry. - {{Lang|olo|Minul on žiäli.|italic=yes}}
You're welcome. - {{Lang|olo|Ole hyvä.|italic=yes}}
I love you. - {{Lang|olo|Suvaičen sinuu.|italic=yes}}
Goodbye. - {{Lang|olo|Jiä tervehekse.|italic=yes}}
My name is ... - {{Lang|olo|Minun nimi on ...|italic=yes}}
Excuse me. - {{Lang|olo|Prostikkua.|italic=yes}}
Help! - {{Lang|olo|Avvutakkua!|italic=yes}}
Cheers! - {{Lang|olo|Teijän tervehyökse!|italic=yes}}
Right. - {{Lang|olo|Oigei.|italic=yes}}
Left. - {{Lang|olo|Hurai.|italic=yes}}
Yes. - {{Lang|olo|Da.|italic=yes}}
No.. - {{Lang|olo|Ei.|italic=yes}}
One. - {{Lang|olo|Yksi.|italic=yes}}
Two. - {{Lang|olo|Kaksi.|italic=yes}}
Three. - {{Lang|olo|Kolme.|italic=yes}}
Four. - {{Lang|olo|Nelli.|italic=yes}}
Five. - {{Lang|olo|Viizi.|italic=yes}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{InterWiki|lang=olo}}
- {{Commons category-inline}}
- [http://omamua.ru Oma Mua – a weekly newspaper in Olonets Karelian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126073431/http://omamua.ru/ |date=26 November 2020 }}
- [http://giellatekno.uit.no/cgi/index.olo.eng.html Livvi language resources at Giellatekno]
{{Uralic languages}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Olonets Karelian Language}}