Karelian Proper language
{{Short description|Dialect of the Karelian language}}
{{Distinguish|text=the Karelian language}}{{Infobox language
| name = Karelian Proper
| familycolor = Uralic
| fam2 = Finnic
| fam3 = Northern Finnic
| fam4 = Karelian
| script = Latin (Karelian alphabet)
| dia2 = South Karelian
| dia1 = North Karelian
| nativename = {{lang|krl|Varšinaiskarjala}}
| region = White Karelia and parts of Olonets Karelia
| minority = {{flag|Finland}}[https://www.finlex.fi/fi/valtiosopimukset/sopimussarja/2009/68 Change in the regulation by the president of Finland] about European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, 27.11.2009 (in Finnish)
{{flag|Russia}}:
| iso3 = krl
| map = 2.2a-Karelian-and-Ludic traditional.png
| mapcaption = Karelian Proper consists of 1a, 1b and 1e
}}
Karelian Proper ({{Langx|krl|varšinaiskarjala|label=Karelian Proper}}) is a supradialect of the Karelian language, which is a Finnic language. Karelian Proper is one of two/three Karelian dialects, along with Livvi-Karelian{{Cite web |title=Karelian language {{!}} Finno-Ugric, Baltic, Dialects {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Karelian-language |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} and Ludic. Karelian Proper is a direct descendent of the Old Karelian language, compared to Livvi-Karelian and Ludian supradialects which were formed through interactions between the Old Karelian and the Old Veps languages.{{Cite journal |last1=Krizhanovskaya |first1=Natalia |last2=Novak |first2=Irina |last3=Krizhanovsky |first3=Andrew |last4=Pellinen |first4=Nataliya |date=2022-07-04 |title=Morphological inflectional rules for Karelian Proper verbs |url=https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/jeful/article/view/jeful.2022.13.2.02 |journal=Eesti ja Soome-ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=47–78 |doi=10.12697/jeful.2022.13.2.02 |issn=2228-1339|doi-access=free }} Karelian Proper is situated in all of White Karelia and Central Karelia (parts of Olonets Karelia).
Dialects
Karelian Proper is divided into two main dialects, which are Northern Karelian and South Karelian.{{Cite web |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |url=https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/#/varsinaiskarjala |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi}} The terms North and South Karelian are often avoided to avoid conflict with the Regions of Finland; North Karelia and South Karelia. Karelian Proper and most of its dialects are mostly mutually intelligible with the Finnish language, however Karelian Proper is not entirely mutually intelligible with Livvi-Karelian.{{cite web |title=ELDIA project – Karelian |url=http://www.eldia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88%3Akarelian&catid=50%3Alanguage-descriptions-category&Itemid=64&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022430/http://www.eldia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88:karelian&catid=50:language-descriptions-category&Itemid=64&lang=en |archive-date=2011-07-26 |access-date=2010-07-10}}
File:Karelian dialects Vepkar English 2019.png
{{tree list}}
- Karelian Proper
- North Karelian (spoken in the parishes of {{ill|Yushkozero|ru|Юшкозеро (деревня) |lt=Jyskyjärvi}}, {{ill|Keret (village)|ru|Кереть (село) |lt=Kieretti}}, Kiestinki, Kontokki, {{ill|Olanga|fi|Oulanka |lt=Oulanka}}, Paanajärvi, {{ill|Tikhtozero|fi|Pistojärvi |lt=Pistojärvi}}, Suomussalmi, Uhtua, {{ill|Poduzhemye (village)|ru|Подужемье_(село) |lt=Usmana}}, {{ill|Vychetaibola|fi|Vitsataipale |lt=Vitsataipale}} and Vuokkiniemi)
- South Karelian (spoken in the parishes of Ilomantsi, Impilahti, {{ill|Korpiselkya|fi|Korpiselkä |lt=Korpiselkä}}, {{ill|Myanduselga|fi|Mäntyselkä |lt=Mäntyselkä}}, {{ill|Padany|ru|Паданы |lt=Paatene}}, Porajärvi, Repola, Rukajärvi, {{ill|Shuyezero|fi|Suikujärvi |lt=Suikujärvi}}, {{ill|Suistamo|ru|Суйстамо}}, Suojärvi and {{ill|Tunguda|ru|Тунгуда (деревня) |lt=Tunkua}}; and additionally in the enclaves of Tver, Tikhvin and Valday)
- Tver Karelian
- {{ill|Dorozhaevo|ru|Дорожаево (Тверская область) |lt=Dorža}} dialect
- Maksuatiha dialect
- Ruameška dialect
- {{ill|Tolmachi|ru|Толмачи |lt=Tolmattšu}} dialect
- Vesjegonsk (Vessi) dialect
{{tree list/end}}
= White Sea Karelian =
White Sea Karelian (North Karelian) is the second most spoken dialect of Karelian Proper, spoken in the northernmost parts of the Republic of Karelia and in Kuhmo, Finland. Within the Republic of Karelia it is mainly spoken in Kalevala, Kostomuksha and Loukhi. Within Finland, it is spoken in Suomussalmi.{{Cite web |title=Murtehet {{!}} Karjalan Sivistysseura |url=https://www.karjalansivistysseura.fi/vi-karjalan-kieli/murtehet/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |language=krl}} White Sea Karelian is the most mutually intelligible dialect of Karelian Proper to Finnish Language speakers.
| class="wikitable"
!North Karelian !Finnish !English |
| Ennein vanhah karjalaiset varattih riähkyä.
|Ennen vanhaan karjalaiset varoivat tekemästä syntiä. |In the old days, Karelians were careful not to sin. |
= South Karelian =
{{Not to be confused with|South Karelian dialects|text=}}
South Karelian is the most spoken of the two dialects of Karelian Proper, and it is spoken in Central Karelia and Tver Oblast. South Karelian is spoken in {{ill|Tunguda|ru|Тунгуда (деревня) |lt=Tunkua}}, {{ill|Shuyezero|fi|Suikujärvi |lt=Suikujärvi}}, Repola, Rukajärvi, {{ill|Padany|ru|Паданы |lt=Paatene}}, {{ill|Myanduselga|fi|Mäntyselkä |lt=Mäntyselkä}}, Porajärvi, Ilomantsi, {{ill|Korpiselkya|fi|Korpiselkä |lt=Korpiselkä}}, Suojärvi, Tver Karelia (Tver Oblast, Likhoslavl), Tihvinä, Valday, {{ill|Suistamo|ru|Суйстамо}} and Impilahti.
| class="wikitable"
!South Karelian !Finnish !English |
| Terveh teillä kaikilla armahat rištikanzat!
|Tervehdys teille kaikille rakkaat kuulijat! |Greetings to all you dear listeners! |
Phonology
= Vowels =
== [[Diphthong]]s ==
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |П.М. Зайков. Грамматика карельского языка. Петрозаводск: Периодика, 1999 ! colspan="3" |Front-harmonic ! rowspan="2" |Neutral ! colspan="3" |Back-harmonic |
| Front+neutral
!Front+front !Neutral+front !Neutral+back !Back+neutral !Back+back |
|---|
| Open to close
|äi |äy | | | |ai |au |
| Mid to close
|öi |öy |ey |ei |eu |oi |ou |
| Close
|yi | |iy | |iu |ui | |
| Close to mid
| |yö | |ie | | |uo |
| Close to open
| |yä |iä | | | |ua |
== [[Triphthong]]s ==
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" |Front-harmonic ! rowspan="2" |Neutral ! colspan="3" |Back-harmonic |
| Front+neutral
!Front !Neutral+front !Neutral+back !Back+neutral !Back |
|---|
| Close-mid-close
| |{{lang|krl|yöy}} |{{lang|krl|iey}} |{{lang|krl|iei}} |{{lang|krl|ieu}} |{{lang|krl|uoi}} |{{lang|krl|uou}} |
| Close-open-close
|{{lang|krl|yäi}} |{{lang|krl|yäy}} |{{lang|krl|iäy}} | | |{{lang|krl|uai}} |{{lang|krl|uau}} |
== [[Consonant]]s ==
/b, d, ɡ, z, ʒ/ are consonants found in loanwords in Karelian Proper alongside; /dʲ lʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ tʲ/ (/zʲ/ as palatalized consonants in loanwords only in Karelian Proper. In South Karelian (Tver Karelian), /dʲ lʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ tʲ zʲ/ also exist as palatalized consonants.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | !Dental/ !Postalv./ |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} {{grapheme|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} {{grapheme|n}} | | | |
|---|
| rowspan="2" |Plosive
!voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} {{grapheme|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} {{grapheme|t}} | |{{IPA link|k}} {{grapheme|k}} | |
| voiced
|{{IPA link|b}} {{grapheme|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} {{grapheme|d}} | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{grapheme|g}} | |
| colspan="2" |Affricate
| |({{IPA link|ts}} {{grapheme|c}}){{efn|The consonants {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/ts/}} are found in loanwords (except Ludic Karelian, which has {{IPA|/ts/}} in native words). The consonants {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, z, ʒ/}} are found only in loanwords in Karelian Proper (North), but occur in native words in other varieties of Karelian.|name=loanword}} |{{IPA link|tʃ}} {{grapheme|č}} | | |
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless |({{IPA link|f}} {{grapheme|f}}){{efn|name=loanword}} |{{IPA link|s}} {{grapheme|s}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} {{grapheme|š}} | |{{IPA link|h}} {{grapheme|h}} |
| voiced
|{{IPA link|v}} {{grapheme|v}} |{{IPA link|z}} {{grapheme|z}} |{{IPA link|ʒ}} {{grapheme|ž}} | | |
| colspan="2" |Trill
| |{{IPA link|r}} {{grapheme|r}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
| |{{IPA link|l}} {{grapheme|l}} |{{IPA link|j}} {{grapheme|j}} | | |
Grammatical cases
Grammatical cases of Karelian Proper is extremely similar to the Finnish language and to other related Baltic-Finnic languages. These are the grammatical cases for food:{{Cite web |title=VepKar :: Lemmas |url=http://dictorpus.krc.karelia.ru/en/dict/lemma/43547?search_concept=590&search_lang=4&search_pos=5 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=dictorpus.krc.karelia.ru}}
| class="wikitable"
!case !singular !plural |
| nom.
|{{Lang|olo|ruoga}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogat}} |
| acc.
|{{Lang|olo|ruoga, ruogan}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogat}} |
| gen.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogan}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogin}} |
| par.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogua}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogie}} |
| ess.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogana}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogina}} |
| tra.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogakši}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogiksi}} |
| ine.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogašša}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogissa}} |
| abe.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogatta}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogitta}} |
| ela.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogašta}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogista}} |
| adessive-allative
|{{Lang|olo|ruogalla}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogilla}} |
| abl.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogalda}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogilda}} |
| com.
|{{Lang|olo|ruoganke, ruogineh}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogineh, ruoginke}} |
| prol.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogačči}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogičči}} |
| approx.
|{{Lang|olo|ruogalluo}} |{{Lang|olo|ruogilluo}} |
Alphabet
Until the 1930s, no Karelian language nor dialect had an official alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet was sometimes used until then. From 1930 to 1931 a new alphabet was developed and all Karelian languages adopted the Latin alphabet.
| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto"
| colspan="28" style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" |Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3%; " |A | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |B | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Č | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |D | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |E | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |F | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |G | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |H | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |I | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |J | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |K | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |L | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |M | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |N | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |O | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |P | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |R | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |S | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Š | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Z | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Ž | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |T | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |U | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |V | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Y | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Ä | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Ö | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |ʼ |
| colspan="28" style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" |Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters) |
| style="text-align:center;"
|a | style="text-align:center;" |b | style="text-align:center;" |č | style="text-align:center;" |d | style="text-align:center;" |e | style="text-align:center;" |f | style="text-align:center;" |g | style="text-align:center;" |h | style="text-align:center;" |i | style="text-align:center;" |j | style="text-align:center;" |k | style="text-align:center;" |l | style="text-align:center;" |m | style="text-align:center;" |n | style="text-align:center;" |o | style="text-align:center;" |p | style="text-align:center;" |r | style="text-align:center;" |s | style="text-align:center;" |š | style="text-align:center;" |z | style="text-align:center;" |ž | style="text-align:center;" |t | style="text-align:center;" |u | style="text-align:center;" |v | style="text-align:center;" |y | style="text-align:center;" |ä | style="text-align:center;" |ö | style="text-align:center;" |ʼ |
| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto"
| colspan="29" style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" |Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3%; " |A | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |B | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |C | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Č | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |D | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |E | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |F | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |G | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |H | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |I | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |J | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |K | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |L | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |M | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |N | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |O | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |P | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |R | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |S | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Š | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Z | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Ž | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |T | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |U | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |V | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Y | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Ä | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |Ö | style="width:3%; text-align:center;" |ʼ |
| colspan="29" style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" |Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters) |
| style="text-align:center;"
|a | style="text-align:center;" |b | style="text-align:center;" |c | style="text-align:center;" |č | style="text-align:center;" |d | style="text-align:center;" |e | style="text-align:center;" |f | style="text-align:center;" |g | style="text-align:center;" |h | style="text-align:center;" |i | style="text-align:center;" |j | style="text-align:center;" |k | style="text-align:center;" |l | style="text-align:center;" |m | style="text-align:center;" |n | style="text-align:center;" |o | style="text-align:center;" |p | style="text-align:center;" |r | style="text-align:center;" |s | style="text-align:center;" |š | style="text-align:center;" |z | style="text-align:center;" |ž | style="text-align:center;" |t | style="text-align:center;" |u | style="text-align:center;" |v | style="text-align:center;" |y | style="text-align:center;" |ä | style="text-align:center;" |ö | style="text-align:center;" |ʼ |
= Letter names and IPA =
| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" |Letter ! scope="col" |IPA |
| A
|{{lang|krl|aa}} |/ɑ/ |
| B
|{{lang|krl|bee}} |/b/ |
| C
|{{lang|krl|cee}} |/ts/ |
| Č
|{{lang|krl|čee}} |/tʃ/ |
| D
|{{lang|krl|dee}} |/d/ |
| E
|{{lang|krl|ee}} |/e/ |
| F
|{{lang|krl|ef}} |/f/ |
| G
|{{lang|krl|gee}} |/ɡ/ |
| H
|{{lang|krl|hoo}} |/h/ |
| I
|{{lang|krl|ii}} |/i/ |
| J
|{{lang|krl|jii}} |/j/ |
| K
|{{lang|krl|koo}} |/k/ |
| L
|{{lang|krl|el}} |/l/ |
| M
|{{lang|krl|em}} |/m/ |
| N
|{{lang|krl|en}} |/n/ |
| O
|{{lang|krl|oo}} |/o/ |
| P
|{{lang|krl|pee}} |/p/ |
| R
|{{lang|krl|er}} |/r/ |
| S
|{{lang|krl|es}} |/s/ |
| Š
|{{lang|krl|šee}} |/ʃ/ |
| Z
|{{lang|krl|zee}} |/z/ |
| Ž
|{{lang|krl|žee}} |/ʒ/ |
| T
|{{lang|krl|tee}} |/t/ |
| U
|{{lang|krl|uu}} |/u/ |
| V
|{{lang|krl|vee}} |/v/ |
| Y
|{{lang|krl|yy}} |/y/ |
| Ä
|{{lang|krl|ää}} |/æ/ |
| Ö
|{{lang|krl|öö}} |/ø/ |
| ʼ
|{{lang|krl|pehmennyšmerkki}} |/ʲ/ |
Common phrases
{{Empty section|date=April 2024}}
Notes
{{notelist}}{{Incubator|krl}}
References
{{Reflist}}{{Uralic languages}}