Lokapala
{{Short description|Guardians or kings of the cardinal directions}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2011}}
Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf met Lokapala op de aan Shiva gewijde tempel op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016207.jpg Lokapala devata, the guardians of the directions, on the wall of Shiva temple, Prambanan, Java, Indonesia.]]
Image:Lokapala 01A.jpg Lokapala]]
{{strong|Lokapāla}} ({{langx|sa|लोकपाल}}, {{bo|t=འཇིག་རྟེན་སྐྱོང་བ|w='jig rten skyong ba}}), Sanskrit, Pāli, and Tibetan for "guardian of the world", has different uses depending on whether it is found in a Hindu or Buddhist context. In Hinduism, lokapāla refers to the Guardians of the Directions associated with the eight, nine and ten cardinal directions. In Buddhism, lokapāla refers to the Four Heavenly Kings, and to other protector spirits, whereas the Guardians of the Directions are referred to as dikpāla.
In Hinduism
In Buddhism
In Buddhism, lokapāla are one of two broad categories of dharmapāla (protectors of the Buddhist religion) -the other category being Wisdom Protectors. In China, "each is additionally associated with a specific direction and the Four Heraldic Animals of Chinese astronomy/astrology, as well as playing a more secular role in rural communities ensuring favorable weather for crops and peace throughout the land...Easily identified by their armor and boots, each has his own magic weapon and associations."Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery. Vermont: Tuttle, 2008, p. 194. Their names are (east) Dhrtarastra, (west) Virupaksa, (north) Vaishravana, and (south) Virudhaka.
In Tibetan Buddhism, many of these worldly protector deities are indigenous Tibetan deities, mountain gods, demons, spirits or ghosts that have been subjugated by Padmasambhava or other great adepts and oath bound to protect a monastery, geographic region, particular tradition or as guardians of Buddhism in general. These worldly protectors are invoked and propitiated to aid the monastery or Buddhist practitioner materially and to remove obstacles to practice. However, since they are considered to be Samsaric beings, they are not worshiped or considered as objects of refuge.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
According to Tripitaka Master Shramana Hsuan Hua of the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas, all of these beings are invoked (hooked and summoned) and exhorted to behave (subdued) and protect the Dharma and its practitioners in the Shurangama Mantra.{{cite book
|last=Hua
|first=Gold Mountain Shramana Tripitaka Master Hsuan
|author2=Bhikshuni Rev. Heng Chih
|author3=Bhikshuni Rev. Heng Hsien
|author4=David Rounds
|author5=Ron Epstein
|title=The Shurangama Sutra - Sutra Text and Supplements with Commentary by the Venerable Master Hsuan Hua - First Edition
|publisher=Buddhist Text Translation Society
|year=2003
|location=Burlingame, California
|url=http://www.bttsonline.org/product.aspx?pid=165
|isbn=0-88139-949-3
|display-authors=etal
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529071056/http://www.bttsonline.org/product.aspx?pid=165
|archivedate=2009-05-29
}}, Volume 6, Chapter 3: The Spiritual Shurangama Mantra, pp. 87-162, and Chapter 5, The Twelve Categories of Living Beings, pp. 177-191,
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Kalsang, Ladrang (1996) The Guardian Deities of Tibet Delhi: Winsome Books. (Third Reprint 2003) {{ISBN|81-88043-04-4}}
- Linrothe, Rob (1999) Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art London: Serindia Publications. {{ISBN|0-906026-51-2}}
- De Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Rene. (1956) Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Oxford University Press. Reprint Delhi: Books Faith, 1996 - {{ISBN|81-7303-039-1}}. Reprint Delhi: Paljor Publications, 2002- - {{ISBN|81-86230-12-2}}
External links
- [http://www.himalayanart.org/pages/protectors/index.html Buddhist Protectors] - outline page at Himalayan Art Resources
- [http://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=94 Buddhist Protectors: Worldly] - images at Himalayan Art Resources
- [http://www.thewalt.de/lokapala/lokap_engl.htm Lokapalas and caturmaharajikas] - Lokapalas and caturmaharajikas in rock carvings at Chilas and Thalpan on the Upper Indus (Pakistan)