M. Visvesvaraya

M. Visvesvaraya was born on 15 September 1861 at Muddenahalli, Kingdom of Mysore (in present-day Chikkaballapura district, Karnataka) into a Telugu speaking family of Mokshagundam Srinivasa Shastry and Venkatalakshmi.{{cite book |last1=Ikegame |first1=Aya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&dq=M.+Visvesvaraya+telugu&pg=PA86 |title=Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present |date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-23909-0 |page=86 |language=en |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914161103/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Princely_India_Re_imagined/bV5ElF17ezwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=M.+Visvesvaraya+telugu&pg=PA86&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=14 September 2022 |url-status=live}} His ancestors hail from Mokshagundam, a village in present-day Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, and had migrated to the kingdom years prior to Visvesvaraya's birth.{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/do-you-know-engineers-day-is-connected-to-karnataka-sir-m-visvesvaraya-krs-dam|title=Do you know why Engineers Day is connected to Karnataka?|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020175408/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/do-you-know-engineers-day-is-connected-to-karnataka-sir-m-visvesvaraya-krs-dam|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/byappanahalli-once-belonged-to-visvesvarayas-ancestors/articleshow/21417464.cms|title=Byappanahalli once belonged to Visvesvaraya's ancestors|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001224043/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/byappanahalli-once-belonged-to-visvesvarayas-ancestors/articleshow/21417464.cms|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|last=C.|first=Smt. Bharathi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2-GAwAAQBAJ|title=M. Visvesvaraya|publisher=Sapna Book House (P) Ltd.|year=2012|isbn=9788128017810|language=English|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914161101/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/M_VISVESVARAYA/F2-GAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1|url-status=live}}

Visvesvaraya received his primary education in Bangalore and earned a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree from the University of Madras. He later studied at the College of Engineering, Pune (then College of Science at the University of Bombay) and graduated as an engineer, receiving Diploma in Civil Engineering (DCE).{{Cite web|title=Engineers' Day: The Story of the Irishman Who Moulded Visvesvaraya's Alma Mater|url=https://thewire.in/the-sciences/engineers-day-theodore-cooke-mokshagundam-visvesvaraya-civil-engineering-college|access-date=14 February 2022|website=The Wire|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214020040/https://thewire.in/the-sciences/engineers-day-theodore-cooke-mokshagundam-visvesvaraya-civil-engineering-college|url-status=live}} It was here that he helped found and become a member of the Deccan Club and was its first secretary; he was well-acquainted with the progressives in Pune, including Sir R. G. Bhandarkar, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, who were instrumental in starting the club and were its members.{{Cite web|date=3 February 2018|title=The progressive stead|url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/unwind/the-progressive-stead/cid5097701.htm|access-date=14 February 2022|website=punemirror.com|language=en-IN|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214020038/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/unwind/the-progressive-stead/cid5097701.htm|url-status=live}}{{Cite book |last=Mokshagundam |first=Visvesvaraya |title=Memoirs of My Working Life |publisher=G. Claridge & Co., Ltd. |year=1951 |pages=28–30 |language=en}}

Visvesvaraya began his career by working for the Government of British India, working in Bombay Presidency and other British-held colonies in the Middle East. He later worked for Hyderabad State. After retirement, he began his administrative and statesmanship career and continued his engineering career in the Kingdom of Mysore.

Visvesvaraya became an assistant engineer in 1885 at the Public Works Department, Bombay, in Bombay Presidency.

In 1899, Visvesvaraya was invited to join the Indian Irrigation Commission where he implemented an intricate system of irrigation in the Deccan Plateau and designed and patented a system of automatic weir water floodgates that were first installed in 1903 at Khadakvasla Dam near Pune. These gates raised the storage level in the reservoir to the highest level likely to be attained without causing any damage to the dam. Based on the success of these gates, the same system was installed at Tigra Dam in Gwalior and later at the KRS Dam at Mysore, Karnataka. He later became the chief engineer of the Laxmi Talav Dam near Kolhapur.

In around 1906/1907, the Government of British India sent Visvesvaraya to the British Colony of Aden (present-day Yemen), to study water supply and drainage systems. The project prepared by him was successfully implemented in Aden.{{cite book |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Jyoti Bhusan Das |series=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization |volume=XV(1)|title=Science, Technology, Imperialism and War |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2007 |page=247}}

After opting for voluntary retirement in 1908, Visvesvaraya took a foreign tour to study industrialised nations. Then, for a short period, he worked for Nizam Osman Ali Khan. He was one of the chief engineers of the flood protection system for the city of Hyderabad{{cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya: Model engineer and scholar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/mokshagundam-visvesvaraya-model-engineer-and-scholar/story-kHjtUEWCFm3AvsAwoyswaL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128204148/https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/mokshagundam-visvesvaraya-model-engineer-and-scholar/story-kHjtUEWCFm3AvsAwoyswaL.html |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}} who suggested flood relief measures for the city, which was under constant threat by the Musi river. He achieved celebrity status when he designed a flood protection system for the city. He was instrumental in developing a system to protect Visakhapatnam port from sea erosion.{{cite news |title=Visvesvaraya's services recalled |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/16/stories/2006091619630300.htm |access-date=21 March 2011 |date=16 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510083018/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/16/stories/2006091619630300.htm |archive-date=10 May 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=dead}} This dam created the biggest reservoir in Asia at the time of its construction.Husain, Dildar (1966) An Engineering Wizard of India, Institution of Engineers(India);AP, Hyderabad.

In November 1909, at the invitation of Dewan V.P. Madhava Rao, Visvesvaraya joined as a chief engineer of Mysore State. He was the Chief Engineer of the KRS Dam at Mysore. He was also later the chairman of the board of engineers for the Tungabhadra Dam in Hospet, Karnataka.

In 1912, Visvesvaraya was appointed Dewan of Mysore by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV. He served for nearly seven years until 1918. With support from the maharaja, Visvesvaraya contributed to the general development of the Kingdom of Mysore.

During his premiership as Dewan, Visvesvaraya was responsible for the founding of factories and institutions funded for by the maharaja, including Mysore Soap Factory, Parasitoid Laboratory, Mysore Iron & Steel Works in Bhadravathi, Bangalore Polytechnic (now Sri Jayachamarajendra Polytechnic Bangalore), Bangalore Agricultural University, State Bank of Mysore, Century Club, Mysore Chamber of Commerce (now Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce & Industry), Mysore Apex Chamber of Commerce (now Apex Chamber of Karnataka), and numerous other industrial places.The Bangalore Press was also established during his tenure as Dewan. He was also instrumental in the founding of Government Engineering College (now University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering) at Bangalore in 1917, one of the first engineering institutes in India.{{Cite news |date=15 September 2018 |title=Why India celebrates Engineers Day on Visvesvaraya's birth anniversary |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-india-celebrates-engineers-day-on-visvesvarayas-birth-anniversary/articleshow/65818789.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916130528/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-india-celebrates-engineers-day-on-visvesvarayas-birth-anniversary/articleshow/65818789.cms |archive-date=16 September 2018}} He commissioned several new railway lines in Mysore Railways (now part of Southwestern Indian Railways).

Visvesvaraya encouraged private investment in industry during his tenure as Dewan. He was instrumental in charting out a plan for road construction between Tirumala and Tirupati.[https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=Tirupati+Tirumala+ghat+road Sree Venkateswara Ghat Rd, Tirupati, AP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207213719/https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=Tirupati+Tirumala+ghat+road|date=7 February 2016}}{{Cite web |date=10 September 2013 |title=Tirumala to Tirupati ghat road |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaDyxoGf1qI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214544/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaDyxoGf1qI |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=13 October 2016 |work=Youtube}}

Visvesvaraya gave his technical advice for the location of Mokama Bridge over the Ganga in Bihar. At the time, he was over 90 years old.{{cite news |last1=Ranganath |first1=D. |date=25 September 2010 |title=Sir's inimitable vision |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/sirs-inimitable-vision/article794201.ece}}{{cite web |title=THE JEWEL OF KARNATAKA |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov272006/national0405920061127.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917090001/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov272006/national0405920061127.asp |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016}}

• Assistant Engineer in Bombay, 1885; served in Nasik, Khandesh (mainly in Dhule) and Pune
• Services lent to Municipality of Sukkur, Sind, 1894; designed and carried out waterworks for the municipality
• Executive Engineer, Surat, 1896
• Assistant Superintending Engineer, Pune, 1897–1899; visited China and Japan, 1898
• Executive Engineer for Irrigation, Pune, 1899
• Sanitary Engineer, Bombay, and member, Sanitary Board, 1901; gave evidence before Indian Irrigation Commission
• Designed and constructed automatic gates patented by him at Lake Fife Storage Reservoir; introduced a new system of irrigation known as "Block System", 1903; represented the Bombay Government at Simla Irrigation Commission, 1904; on special duty, 1905
• Superintending Engineer, 1907; visited Egypt, Canada, United States, and Russia, 1908
• Consulting Engineer to Hyderabad/Nizam State supervised and carried out engineering works on Musi river; Hyderabad floods of 1909
• Retired from British Service, 1909
• Chief Engineer and Secretary to Government of Mysore, 1909
• Dewan of Mysore, Public Works Department and Railway, 1913
• Board of Directors of Tata Steel, 1927–1955{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Arindam |title=How a relentless R&D approach propelled Tata Steel to zenith |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/How-a-relentless-R-D-approach-propelled-Tata-Steel-to-the-zenith/1291715 |access-date=26 July 2015 |work=The Financial Express |date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926202148/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/how-a-relentless-r-d-approach-propelled-tata-steel-to-the-zenith/1291715 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=live}}{{cite journal |title=44th Sir M Visvesvaraya Memorial Lecture by Dr. Amit Chatterjee |journal=Advancement of Engineering in India in New Millennium: A Compilation of Memorial Lectures Presented in Indian Engineering Congresses (2001–2010) |date=December 2012 |pages=12–13 |url=https://www.ieindia.org/PDF_IMAGES/publication/Advancement%20of%20Engineering.pdf |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317070907/http://ieindia.org/PDF_IMAGES/publication/Advancement%20of%20Engineering.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last1=Mahanti |first1=Subodh |title=The Most Celebrated Indian Engineer: Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/feb2000/article1.htm |website=Vigyan Prasar Science Portal |access-date=26 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604111903/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/feb2000/article1.htm |archive-date=4 June 2007 }}

File:Mokshagundam Visvesvaraiah 1960 stamp of India.jpg

Visvesvaraya was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1911 by King Edward VII, when he was the Chief Engineer to the Government of Mysore.{{London Gazette

| issue = 28559

| date = 8 December 1911

| page = 9363

}} In 1915, while he was Dewan of Mysore, Visvesvaraya was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) by King George V for his contributions to the public good.{{London Gazette

| issue = 29180

| date = 1 June 1915

| page = 5329

| supp = y

}}

After India attained independence, Visvesvaraya received the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, in 1955.{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home affairs |access-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }} He received an honorary membership from the Institution of Civil Engineers, London,{{Cite web |url=http://www.chikballapur.nic.in/visvesvaraya.html |title=Welcome to Chikballapur District – Visvesvaraya |publisher=Chikballapur.nic.in |access-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920231427/http://www.chikballapur.nic.in/visvesvaraya.html |archive-date=20 September 2010}}{{cite web |title=Fellowship – Visvesvaraya, M. |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Visvesvaraya,__M |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306083124/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Visvesvaraya,__M |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=5 March 2018 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}} a fellowship from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and several honorary degrees including D.Sc., LL.D., D.Litt. from eight universities in India. He was the president of the 1923 session of the Indian Science Congress.

Visvesvaraya received recognition in many fields, most notably education and engineering. Visvesvaraya Technological University in Belagavi (to which most engineering colleges in Karnataka are affiliated) was named in his honour, as well as prominent colleges like University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore; Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore; and Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur; Visvesvaraya Hostel, IIT (BHU) Varanasi; Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore.

The College of Engineering, Pune, his alma mater, erected a statue in Visvesvaraya's honour.{{cite news |title=Engineer's Day 2010 Celebrations |url=http://today24news.com/india/engineers-day-2010-celebration-theme-are-hot-in-search-154185 |access-date=28 October 2011 |newspaper=Today24news |date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405172217/http://today24news.com/india/engineers-day-2010-celebration-theme-are-hot-in-search-154185 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead }} Two metro stations in India, one in Bangalore on the Purple Line (Sir M. Visveshwaraya Station, Central College), and another one in Delhi on the Pink Line (Sir Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh), are named after him.{{cite news |title=Delhi gets metro station named after Sir.M Visveswaraya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/delhi-gets-metro-station-named-after-sir-m-visvesvaraya/article24617316.ece |access-date=9 August 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 August 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033628/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/delhi-gets-metro-station-named-after-sir-m-visvesvaraya/article24617316.ece |url-status=live }} The railway terminal in Baiyyapanahalli at Bangalore is named Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal after him.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/modi-to-formally-inaugurate-sir-m-visvesvaraya-terminal-on-june-20/article65523438.ece|title=Modi to formally inaugurate Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal on June 20|website=thehindu.com|first=Suchith|last=Kidiyoor|date=14 June 2022|accessdate=10 March 2024}}

On 15 September 2018, to celebrate his 157th birth anniversary, Sir Visvesvaraya was honored with a Google Doodle.{{cite news |title=Google doodle marks engineer M Visvesvaraya's 157th birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/google-doodle-marks-engineer-m-visvesvarayas-157th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/65816668.cmshttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/google-doodle-marks-engineer-m-visvesvarayas-157th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/65816668.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025043957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/google-doodle-marks-engineer-m-visvesvarayas-157th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/65816668.cmshttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/google-doodle-marks-engineer-m-visvesvarayas-157th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/65816668.cms |archive-date=25 October 2018 |access-date=15 September 2018 |newspaper=The Time of India|date=15 September 2018 }}

File:sir mv.jpg of Visvesvaraya at Muddenahalli]]Visvesvaraya died on 12/14 April 1962, aged 100.

Visvesvaraya was known for his sincerity, time management and dedication to his cause. Visvesvaraya was a strict lacto-vegetarian who never ate meat or eggs.Athre, H. V. R. (1990). New Book on Bharatha Rathna: Dr. M. Visvesvaraya's Biography. Mysore Economic Review. p. 81 He was also a non-smoker and a teetotaller.Nath, Pandri. (1987). Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya: Life and Work. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 110

A very important part of Visvesvaraya's nature was his love for Kannada language. He set up Kannada Parishat for the improvement of Kannada. He wanted seminars for Kannada supporters to be instituted and conducted right in Kannada.{{cite book |last=Nath |first=Pandri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pv63AAAAIAAJ |title=Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya: life and work |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1987 |pages=37, 47, 49, 91 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112031953/http://books.google.com/books?id=pv63AAAAIAAJ |archive-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=live}}

Visvesvaraya National Memorial Trust manages a memorial for Visvesvaraya at his birthplace of Muddenahalli. The memorial exhibits his awards, titles and personal belongings, including his living room, spectacles, cups, books and block with which his visiting cards were printed. Models of the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam, which Visvesvaraya designed and supervised the construction of, are exhibited. The memorial is adjacent to his house, which was refurbished and is regarded as a shrine by locals.{{cite news |title=MV memorabilia give glimpses of a genius |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_mv-memorabilia-give-glimpses-of-a-genius_1575626 |access-date=28 October 2011 |newspaper=DNA India |date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309030720/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_mv-memorabilia-give-glimpses-of-a-genius_1575626 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Kamath |first=Vijesh |title=For locals, Vivesvaraya's house is a place of worship |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/95209/for-locals-vivesvarayas-house-place.html |access-date=28 October 2011 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=8 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040710/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/95209/for-locals-vivesvarayas-house-place.html |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=live}}

• {{Citation |last=Visvesvaraya |first=M |title=Reconstructing India |publisher=P. S. King & son, ltd |year=1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0I_AAAAIAAJ |oclc=2430680}}
• {{Citation |last=Visvesvaraya |first=M |title=Planned economy for India |place=Bangalore |publisher=Bangalore Press |year=1936 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Akc_AAAAIAAJ |oclc=19373044}}
• {{Citation |last=Visvesvaraya |first=M |title=Memories of my working life |place=Bangalore |year=1951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkY_AAAAIAAJ |oclc=6459729}}
• {{Citation |last=Visvesvaraya |first=Mokshagundam |title=Unemployment in India; its causes and cure |place=Bangalore |publisher=The Bangalore Press |year=1932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkYRAQAAIAAJ |oclc=14348788}}
• {{Citation |last=Visvesvaraya |first=Mokshagundam |title=Speeches |place=Bangalore |publisher=Govt. Press |year=1917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5q4CAAAAMAAJ |oclc=6258388}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{S-start}}

{{S-off}}

{{succession box

| title = Diwan of Mysore
(1912–1919)

| before = T. Ananda Rao

| after = M. Kantaraj Urs

| years =

}}

{{S-end}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• [https://www.penguin.co.in/book/engineering-a-nation/ Engineering a Nation]
• {{OL author}}

{{Commons category|Mokshagundam Visvesvaraiah}}

{{Wikisource|The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Visvesvaraya, Sir Mokshagundam}}

{{Bharat Ratna|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visvesvaraya, Mokshagundam}}

Category:1861 births

Category:1962 deaths

Category:19th-century Indian engineers

Category:20th-century Indian engineers

Category:Diwans of Mysore

Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh

Category:Engineers from Karnataka

Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

Category:Indian men centenarians

Category:Indian irrigation engineers

Category:Indian knights

Category:People from Chikkaballapura district

Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna

Category:Telugu people

Category:University of Madras alumni

Category:Engineers from British India