Macanal Formation
{{Short description|Geologic formation in Colombia}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Macanal Formation
| period = Valanginian
| age = Berriasian-Valanginian
~{{fossil range|140|132}}
| image = Macanal Formation - Outcrop - Eastern Ranges, Colombia.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Outcrop of the Macanal Formation along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio
| type = Geological formation
| prilithology = Organic shale
| otherlithology = Limestone, gypsum, emeralds
| unitof = Cáqueza Group
| subunits =
| underlies = Las Juntas Formation
| overlies = Guavio Fm., Santa Rosa Fm., Ubalá Fm., Chivor Fm., Batá Fm.
| thickness = up to {{convert|2935|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| area =
| map =
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|4|58|19|N|73|19|10|W|display=inline,title}}
| region = Altiplano Cundiboyacense & Tenza Valley
Eastern Ranges
Andes
| country = Colombia
| extent =
| namedfor = Macanal
| namedby = Rodríguez & Ulloa
| year_ts = 1979
| location_ts = Macanal
| coordinates_ts = {{coord|4|58|19|N|73|19|10|W|display=inline}}
| paleocoordinates_ts =
| region_ts = Boyacá
| country_ts = Colombia
| thickness_ts =
}}
The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale ({{langx|es|(Formación) Lutitas de Macanal}}, Kilm, K1m) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of {{convert|2935|m|ft}}. The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and fossil flora have been found in the formation.
The formation is a source rock for oil and gas in the Eastern Cordillera Basin and adjacent Llanos Basin foothills and provides emeralds in the vicinity of Macanal, after which the formation is named.
Etymology
The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodríguez and Ulloa after Macanal, Cundinamarca.Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.51 The name Macanal is either derived from the Muysccubun word Macana, meaning garrote, or from the Macana palm tree.{{in lang|es}} [https://archive.today/20150602070900/http://www.macanal-boyaca.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Macanal]{{in lang|es}} [http://www.excelsio.net/2011/11/sabe-el-origen-del-nombre-de-su.html Etymology Municipalities Boyacá]
Description
= Lithologies =
File:Macanal Formation - fractured sample - Eastern Ranges, Colombia.jpg
The Macanal Formation has a maximum thickness of {{convert|2935|m|ft}}, and is characterised by a sequence of micaceous organic shales,Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.47 with calcite veins and gypsum occurrences intercalated in the formation. The Macanal Formation contains high values of TOC.Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.52 In the Eastern Cordillera Basin and the adjacent foothills of the Llanos Basin, the Macanal Formation is a source rock for oil and gas.García González et al., 2009, p.49 In the vicinity of Macanal, the formation provides emeralds.Uribe, 1960, p.5ANM, 2015, p.1
= Stratigraphy and depositional environment =
The Macanal Formation, a unit of the Cáqueza Group, concordantly overlies the Guavio, Santa Rosa, Ubalá, Chivor and Batá Formations,Terraza et al., 2013, p.110 and is concordantly overlain by the Las Juntas Formation. The age has been estimated to be Berriasian to Valanginian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Mercedes, Tambor, Rosablanca, Murca and La Naveta Formations.Villamil, 2012, p.168 The formation has been deposited in a shallow marine environment in an enclosed basin, with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield.Villamil, 2012, p.165 The Macanal Formation is part of the syn-rift sequence of eastern Colombia.Schütz, 2012, p.26
= Fossil content =
The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and flora have been found in the formation.Patiño et al., 2011, p.45 Ammonites of Substeueroceras cf. mutabile, Sarasinella cf. hondana, Subalpinites sp., Berriasela sp., Neocomites cf. wichmanni, Olcostephanus sp., Olcostephanus cf. atherstoni, Favrella cf. colombiana, Acanthodiscus sp. have been registered in the formation, as well as bivalves of Corbis (Sphaera) cf. corrugata, Trigonia cf. hondana, Trigonia (Buchotrigonia) cf. abrupta, Trigonia (Notoscabrotrigonia) cf. tocaimaana, and Exogyra cf. boussingaulti.Piraquive et al., 2011, p.204 Analysis of the deformation registered in ammonite fossils has helped in understanding the tectonic history of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges.Montaña Cárdenas, 2015, p.52
Outcrops
{{Location map | Altiplano Cundiboyacense
| width = 250
| lat_deg = 4.971944
| lon_deg = -73.319444
| label =
| float = left
| position = right
| mark = Green pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| caption = Type locality of the Macanal Formation in the Tenza Valley to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
}}
The Macanal Formation is apart from its type locality in the Batá River canyon,Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.46Plancha 210, 2010 found in the Cravo Sur anticline, east of the Ocetá Páramo,Plancha 172, 1998 in the Desespero Synclinal in the southern and northern parts of Labranzagrande,Plancha 193, 1992Pinto Valderrama et al., 2010, p.44 around Páez and Campohermoso, in the eastern part of Gama, bordering the Guavio Reservoir,Plancha 228, 1998 and in the Servitá Synclinal, west of Villavicencio.Plancha 266, 1998 The Macanal Formation crops out along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio and is there heavily fractured and folded. The Macanal Formation is the most extensive formation around Cáqueza,Patiño et al., 2011, p.44 and Gachalá, Cundinamarca.Terraza et al., 2013, p.101
The Pajarito Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the Fómeque Formation to the east of Lake Tota,Plancha 192, 1998 and the Chámeza Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the overlying Las Juntas Formation around Chámeza, Casanare.Plancha 211, 2009 The Ubaque Fault forms the contact between the Fómeque Formation and the Macanal Formation,Patiño et al., 2011, p.102 while the Las Mercedes Fault puts the Quetame Group in contact with the Macanal Formation near Quetame,Patiño et al., 2011, p.110 as does the San Juanito Fault.Patiño et al., 2011, p.114 The Servitá Fault forms the contact between the Guatiquía Redbeds and the Macanal Formation,Patiño et al., 2011, p.122 and the Upín Fault, part of the same system puts the Macanal Formation in contact with the Tertiary Palmichal Group.Patiño et al., 2011, p.123 At this contact, brines are extracted from the formation.Patiño et al., 2011, p.125
{{clear left}}
Regional correlations
{{Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin}}
See also
{{Portal|Colombia|Geology}}
:{{icon|FAC}} Geology of the Eastern Hills
:{{icon|B}} Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
:{{icon|C}} Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
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Notes and references
= Notes =
{{reflist|group=note}}
= References =
{{reflist|20em}}
= Bibliography =
- {{citation |last1=Acosta Garay |first1=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa Melo |first2=Carlos E. |year=2002 |title=Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/ca3411dab87400d504f8461f0256772a?AccessKeyId=75F883B260454DDA3D4B&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–108 |accessdate=2017-04-26}}
- {{citation |last=ANM |year=2015 |title=Esmeralda |publisher=ANM |pages=1–2}}
- {{citation |last1=García González |first1=Mario |last2=Mier Umaña |first2=Ricardo |last3=Cruz Guevara |first3=Luis Enrique |last4=Vásquez |first4=Mauricio |year=2009 |title=Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas |publisher=Universidad Industrial de Santander |pages=1–219}}
- {{citation |last=Montaña Cárdenas |first=Jorge Hernando |year=2015 |title=Análisis de deformaciones y modelo estructural del frente de deformación del Piedemonte Llanero de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia (MSc. thesis) |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/49645/1/TESIS%20MSc%20JORGE%20MONTA%C3%91A%202015.pdf |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia |pages=1–57 |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
- {{citation |last1=Patiño |first1=Alejandro |last2=Fuquen |first2=Jaime |last3=Ramos |first3=Julián |last4=Pedraza |first4=Andrea |last5=Ceballos |first5=Leonardo |last6=Pinzón |first6=Lyda |last7=Jerónimo |first7=Yadira |last8=Álvarez |first8=Leidy |last9=Torres |first9=Andrea |year=2011 |title=Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000 |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/230/08/0100/24462/documento/pdf/2105244621101000.pdf |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–131 |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
- {{citation |last1=Pinto Valderrama |first1=Jorge Eduardo |last2=Mora Ortiz |first2=José Pedro |last3=Reátiga Tarazona |first3=Gloria |last4=Rey Pilonieta |first4=Jorge Alberto |last5=Toloza Hormiga |first5=Silvia Johana |last6=Torres Coronado |first6=Diego Andrés |last7=Vargas Mojica |first7=David Ricardo |last8=Zafra Manrique |first8=Cristian Julián |year=2010 |title=Geología del Piedemonte Llanero en la Cordillera Oriental, departamentos de Arauca y Casanare |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/230/08/0100/24561/documento/pdf/2105245611101000.pdf |publisher=INGEOMINAS & Universidad Industrial de Santander |pages=1–64 |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
- {{citation |last1=Piraquive |first1=Alejandro |last2=Díaz |first2=Juan Sebastián |last3=Cuéllar |first3=Tomas |last4=Pardo |first4=Germán |last5=Kammer |first5=Andreas |year=2011 |title=Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24942/1/22167-87412-2-PB.pdf |journal=Geología Colombiana |volume=36 |pages=197–216 |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
- {{citation |last1=Rodríguez Parra |first1=Antonio José |last2=Solano Silva |first2=Orlando |year=2000 |title=Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–120}}
- {{citation |last=Schütz |first=Christian |year=2012 |title=Combined structural and Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc. thesis) |publisher=Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen & Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo |pages=1–161}}
- {{citation |last1=Terraza |first1=Roberto |last2=Montoya |first2=Diana |last3=Reyes |first3=Germán |last4=Moreno |first4=Giovanni |last5=Fúquen |first5=Jaime |year=2008 |title=Geología del cinturón esmeraldífero oriental - Planchas 210, 228 & 229 - Guateque, Bogotá Noreste & Gachalá - 1:100,000 |url=http://recordcenter.sgc.gov.co/B12/23008010002777/documento/pdf/2105027771101000.pdf |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–126 |accessdate=2020-03-05}}
- {{citation |last1=Terraza |first1=Roberto |last2=Montoya |first2=Diana |last3=Reyes |first3=Germán |last4=Moreno |first4=Giovanni |last5=Fúquen |first5=Jaime |last6=Torres Jaimes |first6=Eliana |last7=López Cardona |first7=Myriam |last8=Nivia Guevara |first8=Álvaro |author9-link=Fernando Etayo |last9=Etayo Serna |first9=Fernando |year=2013 |title=Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000 |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/230/08/0100/24664/documento/pdf/2105246641101000.pdf |publisher=Servicio Geológico Colombiano |pages=1–296 |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
- {{citation |last=Uribe |first=Sylvano E |year=1960 |title=Las esmeraldas de Colombia |trans-title=The emeralds from Colombia |url=http://www.sogeocol.edu.co/documentos/065_las_esme_de_col.pdf |journal=Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia |series=65 |volume=XVIII |pages=1–8 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
- {{citation |last=Villamil |first=Tomas |year=2012 |title=Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia |publisher=Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) |pages=161–216}}
== Maps ==
- {{citation |last1=Ulloa |first1=Carlos E. |last2=Guerra |first2=Álvaro |last3=Escovar |first3=Ricardo |year=1998 |title=Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QalZXUHRfM0I2eFk |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{citation |last1=Ulloa |first1=Carlos E. |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Erasmo |last3=Escovar |first3=Ricardo |year=1998 |title=Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QTmFMZTdRVDdDWWc |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{citation |last=Renzoni |first=Giancarlo |year=1992 |title=Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QSGFkd3N5ekJCd2s |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{citation |last1=Terraza |first1=Roberto |last2=Moreno |first2=Giovanni |last3=Buitrago |first3=José A. |last4=Pérez |first4=Adrián |last5=Montoya |first5=Diana María |year=2010 |title=Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QS1VHUTg1MEpNcHM |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{citation |last1=Ulloa |first1=Carlos |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Erasmo |year=2009 |title=Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QV1B0QjNpc2ZjQm8 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{citation |last1=Buitrago |first1=José Alberto |last2=Terraza M. |first2=Roberto |author3-link=Fernando Etayo |last3=Etayo |first3=Fernando |year=1998 |title=Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QTlNraVVZZ2ZCY0E |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
- {{citation |last1=Pulido |first1=Orlando |last2=Gómez |first2=Luz Stella |last3=Marín |first3=Pedro |year=1998 |title=Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QVmt4VUpnVjhBb1k |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
External links
{{commons category|Macanal Formation}}
- {{citation |last1=Gómez |first1=J. |last2=Montes |first2=N.E. |last3=Nivia |first3=Á. |last4=Diederix |first4=H. |year=2015 |title=Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309533589 |publisher=Servicio Geológico Colombiano |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-03-16}}
{{Paleontology in Colombia|state=collapsed}}
{{Colombian emeralds|state=expanded}}
Category:Geologic formations of Colombia
Category:Lower Cretaceous Series of South America
Category:Shallow marine deposits
Category:Source rock formations
Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America