Maya Region

The Maya Region is firmly bounded to the north, east, and southwest by the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean, respectively.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=24, 26}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=197}} It is less firmly bounded to the west and southeast by 'zones of cultural interaction and transition between Maya and non-Maya peoples.'{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=24, 26-28}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=197}} The western transition between Maya and non-Maya peoples roughly corresponds to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, while the southeastern one roughly corresponds to a line running northwards from the mouth of the Lempa River to that of the Ulua River.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=24, 26-28, 32}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=197}}{{sfn|Creamer|1987|p=44}}{{notetag|{{harvnb|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=28}} draw the southeastern border as 'a line from the lower Lempa River in central El Salvador northward to Lake Yojoa and along the Ulua River to the Gulf of Honduras in the Caribbean Sea.' {{harvnb|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=197}} give the same as a line 'defined along the valleys of the Ulua [River], flowing north into the Caribbean, and the Lempa [River], running through central El Salvador to the Pacific.'}}

The Maya Region is traditionally divided into three cultural and geographic, first order subdivisions, namely, the Maya Lowlands, Maya Highlands, and the Maya Pacific.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=29-30}}{{notetag|However, {{harvnb|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=200}} give the Region's traditional first order subdivisions as either (i) the Northern Lowlands, the Southern Lowlands, and the Highlands (including the Pacific), or as (ii) the Northern, Central, and Southern Areas. {{harvnb|Carrasco|2006|loc=article 'Mesoamerica' sec. 'Overview' para. 6}}, for instance, employ the first of these subdivisions (labelled (i)), while {{harvnb|Coe|Houston|2015|loc=ch. 1, fig. 1, and sec. 'Areas'}} employ the latter (labelled (ii)). Furthermore, some scholars prefer a simpler division of the Region into {{em|two}} first order subdivisions, namely, (i) the Lowlands and the Highlands (including the Pacific), or (ii) the Northern and Southern Areas. {{harvnb|Adams|Macleod|2000a|pp=203–204}}, for instance, employ the first of these (labelled (i)), while xx employ the latter (labelled (ii)).}} The Region's internal borders, like some of its external ones, are not usually precisely fixed, as they are rather demarcated by 'subtle environmental changes or transitions from one zone to another.'{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=30}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=203}} Additionally, the Lowlands, Highlands, and Pacific are often further subdivided along similarly imprecise lines, giving rise to a myriad roughly-demarcated second order subdivisions for the Maya Region.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=30-31}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|pp=203-204}}

{{main article|Maya Lowlands}}

The Maya Lowlands are a low-lying karstic plain stretching from Campeche in Mexico through northern Guatemala and into northwestern Honduras, thereby encompassing all of the Yucatan Peninsula and its abutting plains (including all of Belize).{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=24, 41-42}} The plain generally lies below {{convert|2625|ft}}.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=42}}{{notetag|The Maya Mountains top the {{convert|2625|ft}} mark, but are nonetheless encompassed by the Lowlands {{harv|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=42}}.}} Mean annual temperatures and rainfall range within {{convert|77|-|95|F}} and {{convert|20|-|120|in}}, respectively.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=45-46, 49}} Wet seasons range from six to eleven months (usually starting in May or June), with dry seasons ranging from one to six months.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=45-46, 49}}{{notetag|Wet seasons given as lasting eight months, from May through December, in {{harvnb|Coe|Houston|2015|loc=ch. 1, sec. 'Setting,' para. 11}}.}}

{{main article|Maya Highlands}}

The Maya Highlands are a geologically-active east-west band of peaks and valleys stretching from Tabasco in Mexico through central Guatemala and into northwestern Honduras, and generally topping {{convert|2625|ft}}.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=24, 34}}{{sfn|Carrasco|2006|loc=article 'Maya Highlands' para. 1-2}} Mean annual temperatures and rainfall range within {{convert|59|-|77|F}} and {{convert|80|-|120|in}}, respectively.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=34}} Wet seasons typically last eight months (May{{en dash}}December), with dry seasons typically compressed to four (January{{en dash}}April).{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=34}}{{notetag|Wet seasons given as lasting {{em|seven}} months, 'roughly from May through early November,' in {{harvnb|Coe|Houston|2015|loc=ch. 1, sec. 'Setting,' para. 3}}.}}

The Maya Pacific, also known as the Pacific Coastal Plain, is a fertile volcanic-sedimentary plain stretching along the Pacific coast from Chiapas in Mexico through southern Guatemala and into western El Salvador.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=31}} Mean annual temperatures and rainfall range within {{convert|77|-|95|F}} and {{convert|80|-|120|in}}, respectively.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=32}} Wet seasons typically last eight months (May{{en dash}}December), with dry seasons typically compressed to four (January{{en dash}}April).{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=32}}

The Maya Region is 'one of the most varied environments on earth.'{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=29}} Its terrain ranges from vast sea-level plains to near-inaccessible peaks topping 10,000 feet (3,000 m).{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=29}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|pp=201-202}} Its soils range from rich alluvial and volcanic types to poor karstic ones, resulting in vegetation ranging from lush to sparse.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=29}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=203}} Mean annual temperatures and rainfall range within {{convert|59|-|95|F}} and 20{{en dash}}160 inches (500{{en dash}}4,000 mm), respectively.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=29-31}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=202}} Wet seasons range from six to eleven months, with dry seasons ranging from one to six months.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=31-32, 34, 45-46, 49}}{{notetag|Though {{harvnb|Adams|Macleod|2000a|p=202}} assert a June{{en dash}}November wet season, without immediately noting variation in its start-date nor duration.}} Surface freshwater is readily available year-round in some areas, and virtually absent in others.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=30}}{{sfn|Adams|Macleod|2000a|pp=202-203}} Nonetheless, broadly speaking, the Region is described as featuring two geographic zones , namely, lowlands and highlands, with the former lying below circa {{convert|1000|-|2625|ft|m}}, and the latter above.{{sfn|Coe|Houston|2015|loc=ch. 1, sec. 'Setting,' para. 2}}{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=30, 32, 34, 42}} Naturally, lowlands are predominantly found within the Maya Lowlands and Pacific, with highlands generally restricted to the Maya Highlands.{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|pp=30, 32, 34, 42}}

The Maya Region is generally described as having two climes, a cool, temperate one (prevalent in highlands), and a hot, tropical one (prevalent in lowlands).{{sfn|Sharer|Traxler|2006|p=29}} Each of these experiences two seasons, a wet one, and a dry one. Rainfall in the wet season is usually heaviest during June and October, and is thereby described as 'following a double-peaked distribution.'{{sfn|Coe|Houston|2015|loc=ch. 1, sec. 'Setting,' para. 3}}

Scholars had 'usually assumed that the climatic conditions which now [2010s] prevail in the Maya [Region] have always been the same, all through Maya prehistory and history[; b]ut recent palaeoclimatic research has challenged this assumption, revealing far more climatic fluctuation that previously anticipated.'{{sfn|Coe|Houston|2015|loc=ch. 1, sec. 'Climate change and its cultural impact,' para. 1}}{{sfn|Nichols|Pool|2012|loc=ch. 1, sec. 'Ecology and environment,' para. 1}}

Middle America, including the Maya Region, is thought to have taken shape sometime after 170 million years ago.{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=9}} Its formation is thought to have 'involved [the] complex movement of [various] crustal blocks and terrains between the two pre-existing continental masses [ie North and South America].'{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=10}} Details of the pre-Cenozoic portion of this process (ie 170{{en dash}}67 million years ago), however, are not widely agreed upon.{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=10}}{{notetag|{{harvnb|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=10}} suggest that geologic models of the formation of Middle America differ most significantly in their handling of the Caribbean Plate, with one group of models proposing its formation in the Pacific and subsequent movement to its present location, and another group proposing its formation in its present location.}} Nonetheless, it has been proposed that the northern Lowlands were subaerially exposed by some 150 million years ago.{{sfn|DTM|2013|loc=sec. Mesozoic maps nos. NAM_key-170Ma_MJur and NAM_key-150Ma_LJur}}{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=210|loc=fig. 8.4 (a) to (b)}}{{notetag|However, it has been further proposed that this portion of the Lowlands was subsequently re-submerged during 130{{en dash}}72 million years ago, with thick carbonate deposition beginning by at least 80 million years ago ({{harvnb|DTM|2013|loc=sec. Mesozoic maps nos. NAM_key-130Ma_EarK to NAM_key-72Ma_LateK}}, {{harvnb|Ahmad|Escalona|2014|loc=sec. 'Introduction' and sec. 'Preliminary Results'}}).}}

Details of the Cenozoic (ie 66{{en dash}}0 million years ago) geologic history of Middle America, including the Maya Region, are relatively more widely agreed upon.{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=10}} In broad strokes, the Maya Highlands and Pacific are thought to have been subaerially exposed by some 40 million years ago, with these being initially separated from the northern Lowlands by the incipient Bay of Honduras.{{sfn|DTM|2013|loc=sec. Cenozoic maps nos. NAM_key-50Ma_Eocene and NAM_key-40Ma_Eocene}} The Bay is thought to have closed by at least 20 million years ago, thereby finally linking the northern and southern portions of the Maya Region together.{{sfn|DTM|2013|loc=sec. Cenozoic maps nos. NAM_key-35Ma_Eocene_Olig and NAM_key-20Ma_Ear_Mio}}{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=215|loc=fig. 8.4 (g) to (h)}}{{notetag|The northern and eastern coasts of the Region, however, are not thought to have been fully subaerially exposed until some 5{{en dash}}2 million years ago {{harv|DTM|2013|loc=sec. Cenozoic maps nos. NAM_key-5Ma_Plio and NAM_key_Pleist_Wisc}}. The Region's coastlines, which were initially more expansive than its present-day ones, are thought to have reached modern dimensions due to rising sea levels some 11{{en dash}}8 thousand years ago {{harv|DTM|2013|loc=sec. Cenozoic maps nos. NAM_key_Present and NAM_key_Pleist_Holo}}.}}

{{Static row numbers}}

The Maya Region is thought to fully or partially encompass at least fourteen geologic provinces.{{sfn|French|Schenk|2004}}{{sfn|French|Schenk|2006}}{{notetag|Alternative divisions of the Maya Region into geologic provinces have been offered, for instance, by {{harvnb|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=77|loc=fig. 3.1}}.}}

{{Static row numbers}}

The Maya Region is believed to fully or partially comprehend at least five sedimentary basins.{{sfn|Evenick|2021|loc=pp. 4, 6 and app. A supp. no. 1}}

{{Static row numbers}}

The majority of the Maya Region sits on the Maya Block of the North American Plate, though its southernmost extremes extend beyond this crustal fragment into the neighbouring Chortis Block of the Caribbean Plate.{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=3|loc=fig. 1.1}}{{sfn|Ross|Stockli|Rasmussen|Gulick|2021|p=243|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfn|Martens|2009|pp=6-9}}{{notetag|Additionally, a northeastern portion of the Maya Region, in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, might extend beyond the Maya Block into the neighbouring Oaxaquia Block ie the Juarez, Cuicateco, or Oaxaquia Block, Terrane, or microcontinent {{harv|Ross|Stockli|Rasmussen|Gulick|2021|p=243|loc=fig. 1}}.}} The Region notably houses the active Motagua{{en dash}}Polochic Fault Zone in the south, part of the Central American Volcanic Front in the southwest, and further borders the Eastern Mexican Transform to the west.{{sfn|Ross|Stockli|Rasmussen|Gulick|2021|pp=242-243}}{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=125|loc=fig. 4.1}}{{sfn|Gómez-Pompa|Allen|Fedick|Jiménez-Osornio|2003|p=33}}{{notetag|It further borders the Salina Cruz Fault to the west, and further houses the Rio Hondo Faults in the east ({{harvnb|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|pp=278, 280–281}}, {{harvnb|Gómez-Pompa|Allen|Fedick|Jiménez-Osornio|2003|p=32}}).}}

The Maya Region's pre-Mesozoic crystalline basement is only exposed in the Mixtequita or Guichicovi Complex, the Chiapas Massif, the Altos Cuchumatanes, the Maya Mountains, and along the Chicxulub impact crater.{{sfn|Ross|Stockli|Rasmussen|Gulick|2021|pp=242, 244}} It is elsewhere blanketed by extensive Mesozoic sedimentary cover.{{sfn|Ross|Stockli|Rasmussen|Gulick|2021|p=242}}{{sfn|Bundschuh|Alvarado|2012|p=10|loc=fig. 1.4}}

{{notefoot}}

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{{refend}}

{{authority control}}

Category:Geography of Mesoamerica

Category:Pre-Columbian cultural areas