Micrelaps

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Micrelaps

| image = מחרוזן הטבעות (דו-גוני).jpg

| image_caption = Micrelaps muelleri

| parent_authority = Das et al, 2023

| display_parents = 2

| taxon = Micrelaps

| authority = Boettger, 1880

| synonyms = *Elaposchema
Mocquard, 1888Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ), ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I–XXV. (Genus Micrelaps, p. 248).

}}

:Common names: two-headed snakes.

Micrelaps is a genus of rear-fanged mildly venomous snakes. It is the only genus in the family Micrelapidae. The genus is native to Africa and the Middle East, and there are four species that are recognized as being valid.{{ITIS |id=700186 |taxon=Micrelaps |accessdate=17 August 2007}}

Taxonomy

Until very recently, this genus was classified in the family Atractaspididae. However, a phylogenomic study published in 2023 on the Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal has concluded that the genus should be re-classified into an autonomous family, apart from Atractaspididae, and thus created a new family called Micrelapidae, which constitutes a new Afro-Asian family of snakes.{{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Sunandan |last2=Greenbaum |first2=Eli |last3=Meiri |first3=Shai |last4=Bauer |first4=Aaron M. |last5=Burbrink |first5=Frank T. |last6=Raxworthy |first6=Christopher J. |last7=Weinell |first7=Jeffrey L. |last8=Brown |first8=Rafe M. |last9=Brecko |first9=Jonathan |last10=Pauwels |first10=Olivier S. G. |last11=Rabibisoa |first11=Nirhy |last12=Raselimanana |first12=Achille P. |last13=Merilä |first13=Juha |date=2023-03-01 |title=Ultraconserved elements-based phylogenomic systematics of the snake superfamily Elapoidea, with the description of a new Afro-Asian family |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579032200313X |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=180 |pages=107700 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107700 |pmid=36603697 |bibcode=2023MolPE.18007700D |issn=1055-7903 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10138/352742}}{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=New Snake Family Identified |url=https://english.tau.ac.il/snakes_2023 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Tel Aviv University |language=en-US}}

Description

Species in the genus Micrelaps share the following characters: the maxilla is very short, with two teeth, followed, after an interspace, by a very large grooved fang situated below the eye. The mandibular teeth are longest anteriorly. The head is small, and is not distinct from the neck. The eye is minute, and the pupil is round or vertically subelliptic. The nostril is pierced in a single nasal scale. There is no loreal scale. There are no preocular scales, the prefrontal entering the eye. The body is cylindrical, and the tail is short. The dorsal scales are smooth, without pits, and are in 15 rows at midbody. The ventral scales are rounded. The subcaudal scales are in two rows.

Species

cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"
colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#BBBBFF"\|Genus *Micrelaps* - five species
bgcolor="#f0f0f0"\|Species !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"\|Taxon author !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"\|Subsp.* !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"\|Common name{{EMBL genus\|genus=Micrelaps\|date=17 August\|year=2007}} !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"\|Geographic range
M. bicoloratus \|Sternfeld, 1908 \|moyeri \|Kenya two-headed snake \|style="width:35%"\|Kenya
M. boettgeri \|Boulenger, 1896 \|align="center"\|———— \|Boettger's two-headed snake \|style="width:35%"\|Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda
''M. muelleri \|Boettger, 1880 \|align="center"\|———— \|Mueller's two-headed snake \|Israel, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon
M. vaillanti \|(Mocquard, 1888) \|align="center"\|———— \|Somali two-headed snake \|Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, eastern Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda

cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"

colspan="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#BBBBFF"|Genus Micrelaps - five species

bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species

!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Taxon author

!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subsp.*

!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name{{EMBL genus|genus=Micrelaps|date=17 August|year=2007}}

!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range

M. bicoloratus

|Sternfeld, 1908

|moyeri

|Kenya two-headed snake

|style="width:35%"|Kenya