Modern methods of construction
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{{Use British English|date=September 2023}}
Modern methods of construction (MMC) is a term used mainly in the UK construction industry to refer to "smart construction" processes designed to improve upon traditional design and construction approaches by focusing on (among other things) component and process standardisation, design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA), prefabrication, preassembly, off-site manufacture (including modular building) and onsite innovations such as additive manufacture (3D printing). While such modern approaches may be applied to infrastructure works (bridges, tunnels, etc.) and to commercial or industrial buildings, MMC has become particularly associated with construction of residential housing. However, several specialist housing businesses established to target this market did not become commercially viable.
History
The MMC term started to enter common industry use in the early 2000s following the publication of the Egan Report, Rethinking Construction, in November 1998. An industry task force chaired by Sir John Egan, produced an influential report on the UK construction industry,Egan, J. (1998) Rethinking Construction: Report of the Construction Task Force, London: HMSO. (Copy of report available on Constructing Excellence website: [http://constructingexcellence.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/rethinking_construction_report.pdf report]. Accessed: 8 September 2014.) which did much to drive efficiency improvements in UK construction industry practice during the early years of the 21st century,Ward, Don and Crane, Alan (2003) "The story so far" in Jones, David, Savage, David and Westgate Rona, Partnering and Collaborative Working (Informa Professional, London), pp 1-26. with its recommendations implemented through initiatives including the Movement for Innovation (M4I) and the Construction Best Practice Programme (CBBP).{{cite news |last1=Matthews |first1=Stuart |title=Modern methods of construction (MMC) - A long and ongoing journey! |url=https://www.istructe.org/resources/blog/modern-methods-of-construction-(mmc)-a-long-and-on/ |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=Institution of Structural Engineers |date=2023}} However, the emergence of some non-traditional methods substantially predated Egan's report; procurement of prefabricated homes, for example, was a UK government response to housing shortages after both World Wars, the CLASP created prefabricated schools in the late 1950s, and the 1964-1970 Labour government engaged in an "Industrialised Building Drive".
MMC has been repeatedly advocated in UK government construction strategy statements including the 2017 Transforming Infrastructure Performance from the Infrastructure and Projects Authority (IPA),{{cite web |title=Transforming Infrastructure Performance |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a81c980e5274a2e87dbf7a2/transforming_infrastructure_performance_web.pdf |website=Infrastructure and Projects Authority |publisher=IPA |access-date=18 March 2024}} the 2019 Construction Sector Deal,{{cite web |title=HM Government Industrial Strategy: Construction Sector Deal |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5b646b40e5274a7716686009/construction-sector-deal-print-single.pdf |website=UK Gov |access-date=18 March 2024}} the Construction Playbook (2020, 2022),{{cite web |title=The Construction Playbook: Government Guidance on sourcing and contracting public works projects and programmes |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6312222de90e075880923330/14.116_CO_Construction_Playbook_Web.pdf |website=UK Gov |access-date=18 March 2024}} and the IPA's 2021 TIP Roadmap to 2030.{{cite web |title=Transforming Infrastructure Performance: Roadmap to 2030 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030/transforming-infrastructure-performance-roadmap-to-2030 |website=Infrastructure and Projects Authority |access-date=18 March 2024}} The 2022 Playbook and TIP Roadmap also encouraged procurement of construction projects based on product 'platforms' ("Platform Design for Manufacture and Assembly, PDfMA") comprising kits of parts, production processes, knowledge, people and relationships required to deliver all or part of construction projects.
The UK Government has also invested in MMC initiatives and businesses. During the 2010s, as government backing (including via Homes England) for MMC grew, several UK companies (for example, Ilke Homes, L&G Modular Homes, House by Urban Splash, Modulous, Lighthouse and TopHat) were established to develop modular homes as an alternative to traditionally-built residences. From its Knaresborough, Yorkshire factory (opened in 2018, closed in 2023), Ilke Homes delivered two- and three-bedroom 'modular' homes that could be erected in 36 hours.{{cite news |last1=Collinson |first1=Patrick |title='UK housebuilding revolution': £65,000 prefab homes go into production |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/30/uk-housebuilding-revolution-65000-prefab-homes-go-into-production |access-date=30 November 2018 |work=the Guardian |date=30 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130012106/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/30/uk-housebuilding-revolution-65000-prefab-homes-go-into-production |url-status=live }} Homes England invested £30m in Ilke Homes in November 2019,{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=Government pumps £30m into modular house builder |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2019/11/04/government-pumps-30m-into-modular-house-builder/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=4 November 2019}} and a further £30m in September 2021.{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=Ilke Homes raises £60m for top 10 house builder plan |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2021/09/27/ilke-homes-raises-60m-for-top-10-house-builder-plan/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=27 September 2021}} Despite a further fund-raising round, raising £100m in December 2022,{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=Ilke Homes pulls off £100m record-breaking fund raise |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2022/12/06/ilke-homes-pulls-off-100m-record-breaking-fund-raise/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=6 December 2022}}{{cite news |last1=O'Connor |first1=Rob |title=ilke Homes announces new £100m investment |url=http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/article/dec-2022/ilke-homes-announces-new-%C2%A3100m-investment |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Infrastructure Intelligence |date=6 December 2022}} Ilke Homes went into administration on 30 June 2023,{{cite news |last1=Gardiner |first1=Joey |title=Ilke Homes sinks into administration with most of firm's 1,100 staff set to lose their jobs |url=https://www.building.co.uk/news/ilke-homes-sinks-into-administration-with-most-of-firms-1100-staff-set-to-lose-their-jobs/5123945.article |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Building |date=30 June 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Riding |first1=James |title=Modular house builder Ilke Homes enters administration with majority of staff to be made redundant |url=https://www.insidehousing.co.uk/news/modular-house-builder-ilke-homes-enters-administration-with-majority-of-staff-to-be-made-redundant-82143 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Inside Housing |date=30 June 2023}} with most of the company's 1,150 staff made redundant,{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=Ilke Homes falls into administration |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2023/06/30/offsite-specialist-ilke-homes-falls-into-administration/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=30 June 2023}} and creditors owed £320m,{{cite news |last1=Prior |first1=Grant |title=Ilke Homes went under owing £320m |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2023/08/25/ilke-homes-went-under-owing-320m/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=25 August 2023}} including £68m owed to Homes England.{{cite news |last1=Willmore |first1=James |title=Homes England to lose most of £68.8m it is owed from Ilke Homes following collapse |url=https://www.insidehousing.co.uk/news/homes-england-to-lose-most-of-688m-it-is-owed-from-ilke-homes-following-collapse-85135 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Inside Housing |date=14 February 2024}} L&G Modular Homes halted production in May 2023, blaming planning delays and the COVID-19 pandemic for its failure,{{cite news |last1=Prior |first1=Grant |title=L&G halts production at modular homes factory |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2023/05/04/lg-halts-production-at-modular-homes-factory/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=4 May 2023}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/04/legal-general-halts-new-production-at-modular-homes-factory-near-leeds|title=Legal & General halts new production at modular homes factory near Leeds|first=Julia|last=Kollewe|date=4 May 2023|newspaper=The Guardian}} with the enterprise incurring total losses over seven years of £295m.{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=L&G modular homes foray amassed £295m of losses |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2023/11/06/lg-modular-homes-foray-amassed-295m-of-losses/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=6 November 2023}}
In November 2023, Homes England loaned £15m to TopHat, another loss-making MMC housebuilder, to fund construction of a factory in Corby;{{cite news |last1=Prior |first1=Grant |title=TopHat agrees £15m loan with Homes England |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2023/11/22/tophat-agrees-15m-loan-with-homes-england/ |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=22 November 2023}} in March 2024, the factory's opening was postponed{{cite news |last1=Prior |first1=Grant |title=TopHat puts plans to open huge Corby factory on hold |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2024/03/26/tophat-puts-plans-to-open-huge-corby-factory-on-hold/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=26 March 2024}} and the company announced 70 redundancies.{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=Modular builder TopHat managing director departs |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2024/05/09/modular-builder-tophat-managing-director-departs/ |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=9 May 2024}} MD Andrew Shepherd left TopHat in May 2024.{{cite news |last1=Riding |first1=James |title=Managing director of modular house builder TopHat reveals departure |url=https://www.insidehousing.co.uk/news/managing-director-of-modular-house-builder-tophat-reveals-departure-86401 |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=Inside Housing |date=9 May 2024}} In August 2024, TopHat faced a winding-up hearing after a petition was filed by Harworth, a Yorkshire based property developer,{{cite news |last1=Gayne |first1=Daniel |title=Yorkshire developer files winding up petition against modular firm TopHat |url=https://www.building.co.uk/news/yorkshire-developer-files-winding-up-petition-against-modular-firm-tophat/5130849.article |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=Building |date=6 August 2024}} but settled out of court.{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=TopHat heads off winding up petition |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2024/08/16/tophat-heads-off-winding-up-petition/ |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=16 August 2024}} Also in August 2024, housebuilder Persimmon wrote off a £25m investment in TopHat it made in 2023, due to "a re-assessment of risks within the modular build sector".{{cite news |last1=Prior |first1=Grant |title=Persimmon writes-off £25m investment in TopHat |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2024/08/08/persimmon-writes-off-25m-investment-in-tophat/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=8 August 2024}} In October 2024, having accumulated a loss of around £87m since 2016, TopHat confirmed it was winding down its Derby factory operations, with most staff being made redundant.{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=TopHat confirms winding down of volumetric operation |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2024/10/21/tophat-confirms-winding-down-volumetric-operation/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=21 October 2024}} In its penultimate year of trading, TopHat made an operating loss of £46m on turnover of less than £11m.{{cite news |title=TopHat accounts show how the losses piled up |url=https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/tophat-accounts-show-how-the-losses-piled-up |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=The Construction Index |date=20 January 2025}}
In January 2024, following the high-profile failures of Ilke Homes, L&G Modular and House by Urban Splash during 2022 and 2023, the House of Lords Built Environment Committee highlighted that the UK Government needed to take a more coherent approach to addressing barriers affecting adoption of MMC: "If the Government wants the sector to be a success, it needs to take a step back, acquire a better understanding of how it works and the help that it needs, set achievable goals and develop a coherent strategy."{{cite web |title=MMC sector may continue to struggle without a fresh approach from the Government |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/518/built-environment-committee/news/199612/mmc-sector-may-continue-to-struggle-without-a-fresh-approach-from-the-government/ |website=UK Parliament - Committees |access-date=14 March 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Aaron |first1=Morby |title=Government wasted millions on failed MMC housing push |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2024/01/26/government-wasted-millions-on-failed-mmc-housing-push/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=26 January 2024}}{{cite news |title=House of Lords calls for transparency in Government MMC initiatives |url=https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/mmc-news/government-mmc-initiativies/136471/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=PBC Today |date=26 January 2024}} Modulous and Lighthouse went into administration in January and March 2024 respectively.{{cite news |last1=Battersby |first1=Matilda |title=Modular housing firm Modulous enters liquidation after buyer deal fails to materialise |url=https://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/modular-housing-firm-modulous-enters-liquidation-after-buyer-deal-fails-to-materialise/5127538.article |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=Building Design |date=30 January 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Prior |first1=Grant |title=Lighthouse modular staff start looking for new jobs |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2024/03/22/lighthouse-modular-staff-start-looking-for-new-jobs/ |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=22 March 2024}} In late March 2024, housing minister Lee Rowley told the Lords Committee that the government would be reviewing its MMC policies in light of the crisis in the volumetric house-building sector. He promised "a full update in late spring once we have undertaken further detailed work with the sector".{{cite news |title=Government rethinks volumetric housing support |url=https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/government-rethinks-volumetric-housing-support |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=The Construction Index |date=28 March 2024}} Following the July 2024 general election, a House of Lords Library report was published in August 2024 ahead of a scheduled debate in September 2024;{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Thomas |title=Modern methods of construction in the housing industry |url=https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/modern-methods-of-construction-in-the-housing-industry/ |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=House of Lords Library |date=9 August 2024}} it said the new Labour government would publish a new long-term housing strategy "in the coming months".
Defining MMC
MMC refers to a variety of off-site construction methods:Building Societies Association (2016) Laying the Foundations for MMC, London: BSA.
- modular construction: three-dimensional units produced in a factory are transported to site and assembled and connected
- non-structural pods: for example, fitted kitchens or bathrooms that can be incorporated into load-bearing structures
- panelised systems: flat panel units typically used for walls, ceilings and floors, and made of timber, light steel or concrete, and
- sub-assemblies and components such as roof frames and floor cassettes.
During the early 2000s, the Housing Corporation classified a number of offsite manufacturing initiatives. Its classification included volumetric construction (e.g. bathroom and kitchen pods), panellised construction systems, hybrid construction (volumetric units integrated with panellised systems), sub-assemblies and components (e.g. floor and roof cassettes, wiring looms, pre-fabricated plumbing), and site-based MMC approaches.
In 2017, the IPA's Transforming Infrastructure Performance committed the government to "smart construction, using modern methods, including offsite manufacture". It said: "Smart construction (or 'modern methods of construction') offers the opportunity to transition from traditional construction to manufacturing, and unlock the benefits from standard, repeatable processes with components manufactured offsite."
= MMC framework=
Recognising that terms such as MMC, prefabrication and off-site construction were prone to different interpretations, a Modern Methods of Construction working group was established by the UK's Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) to develop a definition framework. With inputs from Build Offsite, Homes England, National House Building Council (NHBC) and Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), the Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) framework definition was published in 2019.{{cite web |title=Modern Methods of Construction: introducing the MMC definition framework (29 March 2019) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modern-methods-of-construction-working-group-developing-a-definition-framework |website=Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government |access-date=15 March 2024}} It was intended to regularise and refine the term MMC by defining the broad spectrum of innovative construction techniques being applied, enabling clients, advisors, lenders and investors, warranty providers, building insurers and valuers to all build a common understanding of the different forms of MMC use. It divides factory-produced systems into seven categories:
| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) framework | ||
| Category | Title | Explanation{{cite web |title=Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cast_-_mmc_-_december_2020.pdf |website=Cast |publisher=Cast Consultancy |access-date=15 March 2024}} |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pre-Manufacturing – 3D primary structural systems | "The creation of 3D volumes – boxes effectively – away from site which are then combined on site to create a building." |
| 2 | Pre-Manufacturing – 2D primary structural systems | "The creation of 2D panelised and framing systems away from site that are assembled on site to create the structure of a building." |
| 3 | Pre-Manufacturing – Non-systemised structural components | "The use of pre-manufactured components to form part of the structure of a building." |
| 4 | Pre-Manufacturing – Additive manufacturing | "3D printing of components or whole elements of buildings." |
| 5 | Pre-Manufacturing – Non-structural assemblies and sub-assemblies | "The use of pre-assembled components that do not form the structure of the building but which consolidate materials and processes that otherwise would be delivered on site." |
| 6 | Traditional building product led to site labour reduction/productivity improvements | "The evolution of traditional building materials so that they are quicker, easier and safer to install." |
| 7 | Site process led to labour reduction/productivity improvements | "The use of systems and processes on-site to drive productivity by removing unnecessary workstages, enabling better and faster installation and improving health and safety." |
Another approach to defining and measuring use of MMC was proposed by Mark Farmer in the 2016 Farmer Review. The term Pre-Manufactured Value (PMV)Blundell, S. (2023, May 16). Pre-Manufactured Value (PMV) in action. Planning, Building & Construction Today. https://pbctoday.co.uk/news/mmc-news/pre-manufactured-value/97905/ identifies the percentage of a construction project's value which is manufactured before installation at the final workface. This measure has been adopted by parts of the UK Government in an attempt to influence use of MMC on public sector funded projects.
Criticisms
As previously mentioned, while MMC suggests a modern approach, some of its processes - notably prefabrication, but also standardisation of components - were extensively deployed during the 20th century. MMC, particularly in the UK, has been challenging to implement due to the volatility of the UK housing market,Green, Stuart (27 September 2019), "[https://www.buildingsandcities.org/insights/commentaries/modern-methods-of-construction.html Modern Methods of Construction: Unintended Consequences]", Buildings & Cities. Retrieved 18 March 2024. while the increasingly globalised nature of the supply chain for products such as panelised cladding systems also creates issues - for example, concerns about working conditions in remote off-site factories, and the de-skilling impacts on traditional capabilities in local communities. Moreover, re-classifying activities as manufacturing rather than construction would also materially impact the headline labour productivity of the construction sector. Also "Off-site factories are essentially transient entities. There is hence no guarantee they will be able to supply replacement components in the future. And the more that manufactured components rely on 'high-precision engineering' the less malleable they are in terms of future adaptation."
After high-profile business failures in the sector (including Ilke Homes), a 2024 study proposed steps to improve public perceptions of MMC and increase industry adoption. Confidence had also been adversely affected by the disjointed nature of MMC organisations, poor communication defining MMC, and unfair value comparisons. The study made a series of recommendations, including standardisation of systems, development of an MMC glossary and rethinking planning policies.{{cite news |last1=Lago |first1=Cristina |title=New research addresses negative perceptions around MMC |url=https://constructionmanagement.co.uk/new-research-addresses-negative-perceptions-around-mmc/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=Construction Management |date=19 December 2024}}
References
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{{Construction industry in the United Kingdom}}