Moraceae 

The family varies from colossal trees like the Indian Banyan (Ficus benghalensis) which can cover five acres (two hectares) of ground, to Dorstenia barnimiana which is a small stemless, bulbous succulent 2–5 cm in diameter that produces a single peltate leaf on a 4–15 cm petiole. These two species have an approximately one billion fold difference in weight.{{cite book | last= Andrews | first= F.W. D.Sc. | date= 1952 | title= The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan – Volume 2 | location= Arbroath, Scotland | publisher= T. Buncle and Co.| page= 260}}Thulin, M. et al. (2008). Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS

The individual flowers are often small, with single whorled or absent perianth. Most flowers have either petals or sepals, but not both, known as monochlamydeae, and have pistils and stamens in different flowers, known as diclinous. Except for Brosimum gaudichaudii and Castilla elastica, the perianth in all species of the Moraceae contain sepals. If the flower has an inflexed stamen, then pollen is released and distributed by wind dispersal; however, if the stamen is straight, then insect pollination is most likely to occur. Insect pollination occurs in Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Castilla, Dorstenia, Ficus, and Mesogyne.{{cite journal |vauthors=Leite VG, Mansano VF, Teixeira SP | year = 2018 | title = Floral Development of Moraceae species with emphasis on the perianth and androecium | journal = Flora| volume = 240 | issue = Flora | pages = 116–132 | doi = 10.1016/j.flora.2018.01.009| doi-access = }}

The leaves are much like the flowers when analyzing diversity. The leaves can be singly attached to the stem or alternating, they may be lobed or unlobed, and can be evergreen or deciduous depending on the species in question.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The red mulberry can host numerous leaf types on the same tree. Leaves can be both lobed and unlobed and appear very different, but coexist on the same plant.{{cite web | author = TWC Staff | year = 2018 | title = Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) | website = Wildflower.org | url = https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=moru2}}

Plant species in the Moraceae are best known for their fruits. Overall, most species produced a fleshy fruit containing seeds. Examples include the breadfruit from Artocarpus altilis, the mulberry from Morus rubra, the fig from Ficus carica, and the jackfruit from Artocarpus heterophyllus.{{cite journal |vauthors=Clement WL, Weiblen GD | year = 2009 | title = Morphological evolution in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 530–552 | doi = 10.1600/036364409789271155| s2cid = 85680800 }}

Formerly included within the now defunct order Urticales, recent molecular studies have resulted in the family's placement within the Rosales in a clade called the urticalean rosids that also includes Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, Cannabaceae, and Urticaceae. Cecropia, which has variously been placed in the Moraceae, Urticaceae, or their own family, Cecropiaceae, is now included in the Urticaceae.{{cite journal |vauthors=Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW | year = 2002 | title = Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL–F, and ndhF sequences | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 9 | pages = 1531–1546 | url = http://www.bricol.net/research/CICphylog/CICfinalSTUFF/Urtical-rosids.pdf | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531 | pmid = 21665755| doi-access = free }}

Dioecy (having individuals with separate sexes) appears to be the primitive state in Moraceae.{{cite journal |vauthors=Datwyler SL, Weiblen G | year = 2004 | title = On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–777 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.5.767 | pmid = 21653431| doi-access = }} Monoecy has evolved independently at least four times within the family.

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest these relationships:{{cite journal |vauthors=Zerega NJ, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD | year = 2005 | title = Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 402–416| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 | pmid = 16112884| citeseerx = 10.1.1.418.1442 }}

{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;

|1={{clade

|1=Urticaceae (outgroup)

|label2=Moraceae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|label1=Artocarpeae

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Batocarpus

|2=Clarisia

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Artocarpus

|2={{clade

|1=Parartocarpus

|2=Prainea

}}

}}

}}

|label2=Moreae

|2={{clade

|1=Sorocea

|2={{clade

|1=Bagassa

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Milicia

|2=Streblus

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Morus

|2=Trophis

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=Maclureae

|1=Maclura

|2={{clade

|label1=Dorstenieae

|1={{clade

|1=Fatoua

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Broussonetia

|2=Malaisia

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Bleekrodea

|2=Sloetia

}}

|2=Trilepisium

|3={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Utsetela

|2=Dorstenia

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Brosimum

|2=Trymatococcus

|3=Helianthostylis

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=Ficeae

|1=Ficus

|label2=Castilleae

|2={{clade

|label1=Antiaropsineae

|1={{clade

|1=Sparattosyce

|2=Antiaropsis

}}

|label2=Castillineae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Antiaris

|2=Mesogyne

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Naucleopsis

|2={{clade

|1=Perebea

|2=Pseudolmedia

|3={{clade

|1=Maquira

|2={{clade

|1=Helicostylis

|2={{clade

|1=Poulsenia

|2=Castilla

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

Moraceae is comprised 48 genera in seven tribes.Gardner, E.M., Garner, M., Cowan, R., Dodsworth, S., Epitawalage, N., Arifiani, D., Sahromi, Baker, W.J., Forest, F., Maurin, O., Zerega, N.J.C., Monro, A.K. and Hipp, A. (2021), Repeated parallel losses of inflexed stamens in Moraceae: Phylogenomics and generic revision of the tribe Moreae and the reinstatement of the tribe Olmedieae (Moraceae).Taxon, 70: 946-988. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12526{{cite journal | vauthors = Hepworth C | year = 2018 | title = Moraceae – The Mulberry Family | journal = Florida Fruit Geek | url = https://floridafruitgeek.com/moraceae-the-mulberry-family/}}

{{div col}}

• Artocarpeae {{small|Lam. & DC. 1806}}
• Artocarpus {{small|J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.}} (73 spp.)
• Batocarpus {{small|H.Karst.}} (3 spp.)
• Clarisia {{small|Ruiz & Pav.}} (4 spp.)
• Chlorophoreae (syn. Maclureae {{small|W.L. Clement & Weiblen 2009}})
• Maclura {{small|Nutt.}} (13 spp.)
• Parartocarpeae
• Hullettia {{small|King ex Hook.f.}} (2 spp.)
• Parartocarpus {{small|Baill.}} (2 spp.)
• Pseudostreblus {{small|Bureau}} (1 sp.)
• Olmedieae {{small|Trécul 1847}} (syn. Castilleae)
• Antiaris {{small|Lesch.}} (1 sp.)
• Antiaropsis {{small|K.Schum.}} (2 spp.)
• Castilla {{small|Cerv.}} (3 spp.)
• Helicostylis {{small|Trécul}} (8 spp.)
• Maquira {{small|Aubl.}} (4 spp.)
• Mesogyne {{small|Engl.}} (1 sp.)
• Naucleopsis {{small|Miq.}} (25 spp.)
• Olmedia {{small|Ruiz & Pav.}} (1 sp.)
• Perebea {{small|Aubl.}} (10 spp.)
• Poulsenia {{small|Eggers}} (1 sp.)
• Pseudolmedia {{small|Trécul}} (11 spp.)
• Sparattosyce {{small|Bur.}} (2 spp.)
• Streblus {{small|Lour.}} (5 spp.)
• Dorstenieae {{small|Dumort. 1830}}
• Bleekrodea {{small|Blume}} (3 spp.)
• Bosqueiopsis {{small|De Wild. & T.Durand}} (1 sp.)
• Brosimum {{small|Sw.}} (19 spp.)
• Broussonetia {{small|L’Hér. ex Vent.}} (4 spp.)
• Dorstenia {{small|L.}} (122 spp.)
• Fatoua {{small|Gaudich.}} (3 spp.)
• Malaisia {{small|Blanco 1837}} (1 sp.)
• Scyphosyce {{small|Baill.}} (3 spp.)
• Sloetia {{small|Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz}} (1 sp.)
• Sloetiopsis {{small|Engl.}} (1 sp.)
• Trilepisium {{small|Thouars}} (2 sp.)
• Utsetela {{small|Pellegr.}} (2 sp.)
• Ficeae {{small|Gaudich. 1830}}
• Ficus {{small|L.}} (880 spp.)
• Moreae {{small|Dumort. 1829}}
• Afromorus {{small|E.M.Gardner}}
• Ampalis {{small|Bojer}} (2 spp.)
• Bagassa {{small|Aubl.}} (1 sp.)
• Maillardia {{small|Frapp. ex Duch.}} (2 spp.)
• Milicia {{small|Sim}} (2 spp.)
• Morus {{small|L.}} (17 spp.)
• Paratrophis {{small|Blume}} (12 spp.)
• Sorocea {{small|A.St.-Hil.}} (22 spp.)
• Taxotrophis {{small|Blume}} (6 spp.)
• Trophis {{small|P.Browne}} (5 spp.)

{{div col end}}

Other genera accepted by Plants of the World Online {{As of|2024|April|lc=yes}}:

{{div col}}

• Allaeanthus {{small|Thwaites}} (4 spp.)
• Calaunia {{small|Gudzins.}} (1 sp.)
• Hijmania {{small|M.D.M.Vianna}} (4 spp.)
• Prainea {{small|King ex Hook.f.}} (2 spp.)
• Treculia {{small|Decne. ex Trécul}} (5 spp.)

{{div col end}}

In addition to the living species, a number of fossil genera have been ascribed to the family:{{cite web |url=http://ifpni.org/supragenus.htm?id=D69354B1-79FB-4BBE-B97C-4A3CC30B6D30 |website=The International Fossil Plant Names Index |title=Moraceae |accessdate=9 Feb 2023}}

{{div col}}

• {{extinct}}Aginoxylon {{small|Dupéron, 1977}}
• Aginoxylon moroides {{small|Dupéron, 1977}}
• †Artocarpidium {{small|Unger, 1850}}
• †Artocarpoides {{small|Saporta, 1865}}
• †Arthmiocarpus {{small|Delevoryas, 1964}}
• †Artocarpoxylon {{small|Prakash & Lalitha, 1978}}
• †Becktonia {{small|M. Chandler, 1961}}
• †Becktonia hantonensis {{small|M. Chandler, 1961}}
• †Cornerocarpon {{small|Grote, 2013}}
• †Cornerocarpon copiosum {{small|Grote, 2013}}
• †Coussapoites {{small|Pons, 1976}}
• †Coussapoites veracruzianus {{small|Pons, 1976}}
• †Cudranioxylon {{small|Dupéron-Laudoueneix, 1980}}
• †Cudranioxylon engolismense {{small|Dupéron-Laudoueneix, 1980}}
• †Ficofolium {{small|Peters, 1963}}
• †Ficofolium weylandii {{small|Peters, 1963}}
• †Ficonium {{small|Ettingshausen, 1883}}
• †Ficonium nitidum {{small|Paterson, 1934}}
• †Ficonium silesiacum {{small|(Velenovský) Halamski & J. Kvaček, 2015}}
• †Ficonium solanderi {{small|Ettingshausen, 1883}}
• †Milicioxylon {{small|Shukla, Mehrotra, & Guleria, 2012}}
• †Milicioxylon kachchhense {{small|Shukla, Mehrotra, & Guleria, 2012}}
• †Moraceoipollenites {{small|Zheng, 1999}}
• †Moricites {{small|Krüger, 1825}}
• †Moroidea {{small|M. Chandler, 1957}}
• †Moroidea baltica {{small|Dorofeev, 1982}}
• †Moroidea caucasica {{small|Dorofeev, 1982}}
• †Moroidea cretacea {{small|Knobloch & Mai, 1986}}
• †Moroidea hordwellensis {{small|M. Chandler, 1961}}
• †Moroidea reticulata {{small|Dorofeev, 1963}}
• †Moroidea tymensis {{small|Dorofeev, 1963}}
• †Moroxylon {{small|Selmeier, 1993}}
• †Myrianthoxylon {{small|Koeniguer, 1978}}
• Myrianthoxylon chaloneri {{small|Koeniguer, 1978}}
• †Ovicarpum {{small|M. Chandler, 1962}}
• †Palaeokalopanax {{small|Fotjanova, 1984}}
• †Palaeokalopanax kamtschaticus {{small|Fotjanova, 1984}}
• †Palaeokalopanax vollosovitschii {{small|Chelebaeva, 2005}}
• †Paleoficus {{small|Biswas}}
• †Protoficus {{small|Saporta, 1868}}
• †Protoficus crenulata {{small|Saporta, 1868}}
• †Protoficus crispans {{small|Langeron, 1900}}
• †Protoficus dentatus {{small|Langeron, 1899}}
• †Protoficus insignis {{small|Saporta, 1868}}
• †Protoficus lacera {{small|Saporta, 1868}}
• †Protoficus nervosa {{small|Newberry, 1883}}
• †Protoficus saportae {{small|Principi, 1916}}
• †Protoficus sezannensis {{small|(Watelet) Saporta, 1868}}
• †Soroceaxylon {{small|Franco, 2010}}
• Soroceaxylon entrerriense {{small|Franco, 2010}}
• †Ungerites {{small|Schleiden, 1855}} (syn Ficoxylon)
• †Ungerites tropicus {{small|Schleiden, 1855}}
• †Welkoetoxylon {{small|Boonchai, Manchester, & Wheeler, 2015}}
• †Welkoetoxylon multiseriatum {{small|Boonchai, Manchester, & Wheeler, 2015}}

{{div col end}}

While the fossil record of Moraceae goes back to the late Cretaceous, molecular clock estimates suggest that the family had begun to diversify by the mid-Cretaceous, with some major clades emerging during the Tertiary period.

Moraceae can be found throughout the world with a cosmopolitan distribution. The majority of species originate in the Old World tropics, particularly in Asia and the Pacific islands.{{cite journal | author = Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD | year = 2005 | title = Biogeography and Divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae) | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 402–416 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 | pmid = 16112884 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.418.1442 }}

• Barkcloth

{{Reflist}}

{{Wikispecies}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/moraceae.htm Moraceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]

{{Moraceae genera}}

{{Angiosperm families}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q156579}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Rosales

Category:Rosid families

Category:Extant Campanian first appearances

Category:Taxa named by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré