National Coalition Party
{{Short description|Centre-right political party in Finland}}
{{About|the Finnish party|the El Salvadoran party|National Coalition Party (El Salvador)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = National Coalition Party
| logo = Nationale Sammlungspartei (Finnland) logo.svg
| logo_size = 280px
| colorcode = {{Political party data|color}}
| chairperson = Petteri Orpo
| secretary = {{ill|Timo Elo|fi|Timo Elo (poliitikko)}}
| general_secretary = {{ill|Mikko Kortelainen|fi}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|9 December 1918}}
| ideology = Liberal conservatism
Pro-Europeanism
| position = Centre-right
| headquarters = Töölönkatu 3, 00100 Helsinki
| international = International Democracy Union
| website = {{Political party data|website}}
| country = Finland
| abbreviation = {{langx|fi|Kok}}
{{langx|sv|Saml}}
| native_name = {{native name|fi|Kansallinen Kokoomus|italics=no}}
{{native name|sv|Samlingspartiet|italics=no}}
| leader1_title = Parliamentary group leader
| leader1_name = Jukka Kopra
| leader2_title = Deputy chairs
| leader2_name = Antti Häkkänen
Anna-Kaisa Ikonen
{{ill|Karoliina Partanen|fi}}
| merger = Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
| newspaper = {{ill|Nykypäivä|fi|Nykypäivä}}
| think_tank = {{ill|Ajatuspaja Toivo|fi|Ajatuspaja Toivo}}
| youth_wing = {{ill|Youth of the National Coalition Party - Kokoomusnuoret|fi|Kokoomuksen Nuorten Liitto}}
| wing2_title = Student wing
| wing2 = {{ill|Student Union of National Coalition Party – Tuhatkunta|fi|Kokoomuksen Opiskelijaliitto Tuhatkunta}}
| membership_year = 2021
| womens_wing = {{ill|Kokoomuksen Naisten Liitto|fi|Kokoomuksen Naisten Liitto}}
| european = European People's Party
| europarl = European People's Party Group
| affiliation1_title = Nordic affiliation
| affiliation1 = Conservative Group
| seats1_title = Eduskunta
| seats1 = {{Political party data|seat composition bar|ms-lower-house}}
| seats2_title = European Parliament
| seats2 = {{Political party data|seat composition bar|EP}}
| seats3_title = Municipalities
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|1592|8586|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}}
| seats4 = {{Infobox political party/seats|281|1379|{{party color|National Coalition Party}}}}
| seats4_title = County seats
| colours = {{Colour box|{{party colour|National Coalition Party}}|border=darkgray}} Dark blue
| wing3_title = Children's wing
| wing3 = {{ill|Lastenliitto|fi|Lastenliitto}}
| wing4_title = LGBT wing
| wing4 = {{ill|Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary|fi|Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä}}
}}
The National Coalition Party (NCP; {{langx|fi|Kansallinen Kokoomus}} {{IPA|fi|ˈkɑnsɑlːinen ˈko̞ko̞ːmus|}}, Kok; {{langx|sv|Samlingspartiet}}, Saml) is a liberal-conservative political party in Finland. It is currently the largest and governing political party of Finland.
Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the "big three" parties that have dominated Finnish national politics for several decades, along with the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The current party chair is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. The party self-statedly bases its politics on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equal opportunities, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring"{{Cite news |url=https://www.kokoomus.fi/en/programme-of-principles/ |title=Programme of Principles |date=2016 |work=National Coalition Party |access-date=26 November 2017 |language=en-UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040659/https://www.kokoomus.fi/en/programme-of-principles/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}} and supports multiculturalism and gay rights. Their foreign stances are pro-NATO and pro-European oriented, the party is also a member of the European People's Party (EPP).{{cite web |url=http://www.demsoc.org/2014/03/03/national-coalition-party-kok/ |title=National Coalition Party (KOK) |last=Terry |first=Chris |date=3 March 2014 |publisher=The Democratic Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119161556/http://www.demsoc.org/2014/03/03/national-coalition-party-kok/ |archive-date=19 November 2017 |df=dmy-all}} The party is described by literature as a liberal, conservative as well as liberal-conservative party on the centre-right, with catch-all characteristics.{{cite book |author=Lauri Karvonen |title=Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |year=2014 |publisher=ECPR Press |isbn=978-1-910259-33-7 |page=20 |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403200032/https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |url-status=live }}
The party's vote share has been approximately 20% in parliamentary elections since the 1990s and has only been out of coalition governments for eight years since then. It won 44 out of 200 seats in the parliamentary elections of 2011, becoming the largest party in the Finnish Parliament ({{Langx|fi|Eduskunta}}; {{Langx|sv|Riksdagen}}) for the first time in its history. On the municipal level, it emerged as the most popular party for the first time in 2008. More recently, the NCP became the largest party during the Finnish 2023 general election, with 48 seats, and has been the leading party in the governing Orpo Cabinet since 20 June 2023. Incumbent President of Finland Alexander Stubb is affiliated with the NCP, as was his immediate predecessor, Sauli Niinistö.
History
= 1918–1939 =
File:Lion of the National Coalition Party parliamentary group.png
The National Coalition Party was founded on 9 December 1918 after the Finnish Civil War by the majority of the Finnish Party and the minority of the Young Finnish Party, both supporting Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as the King of Finland in the new monarchy.{{Cite book |title=Suomalaiskansallinen Kokoomus osa 1: Suomalaisen puolueen ja Kansallisen kokoomuspuolueen historia vuoteen 1929 |last=Leino-Kaukiainen |first=Pirkko |publisher=Suomen kansalliskirja |year=1994 |location=Helsinki}} The previous day, the republicans of both parties had founded the National Progressive Party.{{Cite book |title=Suomen puolueet: Vapauden ajasta maailmantuskaan |last=Mickelsson |first=Rauli |publisher=Vastapaino |year=2015 |isbn=978-951-768-531-3 |language=fi |trans-title=Parties of Finland: From the age of liberty to world-weariness}} With over 600 representatives, the foundational meeting of NCP declared the following:
A national coalition is needed over old party lines that have lost meaning and have too long separated similarly thinking citizens. This coalition's grand task must be to work to strengthen in our nation the forces that maintain society. Lawful societal order must be strictly upheld and there must be no compromise with revolutionary aspirations. But simultaneously, determined constructive reform work must be pursued."{{Cite journal |date=1918 |title=Kansalaisille |trans-title=For the Citizens |journal=Foundational Meeting of the National Coalition Party |language=fi}}
The party sought to accomplish their task by advocating for constitutional monarchy and, failing that, strong governmental powers within a republican framework. On the other hand, their goal was to implement a number of social and economic reforms, such as compulsory education, universal health care, and progressive income and property taxation.{{Cite book |title=Kansallisen Kokoomuspuolueen ohjelma |date=2 February 1919 |publisher=National Coalition Party |language=fi |trans-title=Programme of the National Coalition Party}} The monarchist aims failed and Finland became a parliamentary republic—in which the NCP advocated for strong presidential powers. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the fear of Joseph Stalin's communist Soviet Union influenced Finnish politics. The Communists, backed by the Soviet leaders, accelerated their activities while the ideological position of the National Coalition Party shifted over to very conservative. The new ideology was poorly received, particularly by the youth, attracting instead more irredentist and fascist movements, such as the Academic Karelia Society or Patriotic People's Movement.
In the 1933 parliamentary election, the party formed an electoral coalition with the Patriotic People's Movement, founded by former supporters of the radical and nationalist Lapua Movement—even though P.E. Svinhufvud, the party's first President of Finland, played a key role in halting the Lapua Movement and vanquishing their Mäntsälä rebellion. The result was a major defeat as the NCP lost 24 of its 42 seats in parliament. The NCP broke ties with the Patriotic People's Movement in 1934 under their newly elected party chair, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, but were nevertheless shut out from the Finnish Government until the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939, only slowly managing to regain their support.{{Cite web |url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1996/20.syyskuu/HIST1.HTM |title=Kokoomus itsenäisessä Suomessa 1918–44 |last=Ahtokivi |first=Ilkka |date=1996 |website=Verkkouutiset |language=fi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030513231557/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1996/20.syyskuu/HIST1.HTM |archive-date=13 May 2003 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 November 2017 |df=dmy-all}}
= 1939–2000 =
File:Aanesta Kokoomusta 1948.jpeg
File:Vapauden puolesta - puolueiden holhousta vastaan.jpeg
During the Winter War and the Continuation War in 1939–1944, the party took part in the war-time national unity governments and generally had strong support for its government policies. After the wars, the National Coalition Party sought to portray itself as a defender of democracy against the resurgent Finnish communists. Chair Paasikivi, who had advocated making more concessions to Soviet Union before the Winter War and taken a cautious line regarding cooperation with Germany before the Continuation War, acted first as Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946) and then as President (1946–1956) of Finland. Paasikivi is remembered as the formulator of Finnish foreign policy after World War II.{{Cite book |title=Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary |last=Wilsford |first=David |publisher=Greenwood |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-313-26213-5 |pages=347–352}} The conflict between the NCP and the communist Finnish People's Democratic League culminated when President Paasikivi fired the communist Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino, who had used the State Police to spy on the party's youth wing among other abuses.{{Cite web |url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1996/20.syyskuu/VALPO.HTM |title=Kokoomus Valpon silmätikkuna |last=Ahtokivi |first=Ilkka |date=1996 |website=Verkkojulkaisu |language=fi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030513232452/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1996/20.syyskuu/VALPO.HTM |archive-date=13 May 2003 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 November 2017 |df=dmy-all}}{{Cite book |title=Suomen puolueiden muuttuminen 1945–1980 |last=Valtala |first=Onni |publisher=University of Turku |year=1981 |location=Turku}}
In 1951, the party changed its official name from the original {{Lang|fi|Kansallinen Kokoomuspuolue}} to the current {{Lang|fi|Kansallinen Kokoomus}}. The 1950s were also a time of ideological shifts, as the emphasis on individual liberty and free market reforms increased at the expense of social conservatism and maintenance of a strong government. A minor division in 1958 led to the formation of the Christian Democrats party. From 1966 to 1987, the party was in the opposition.{{Cite book |title=Kokoomus eilen ja tänään |last1=Saukkonen |first1=Jussi |last2=Rihtniemi |first2=Juha |last3=Korjus |first3=Jaakko |publisher=National Coalition Party |year=1968}} By criticizing Finnish communists and President Urho Kekkonen of the Centre Party, the party had lost the President's trust—and thus governments formed by the Centre Party and left-wing parties followed one another. A new guard emerged within the NCP in the 1970s that sought to improve relations with long-serving President Kekkonen. Their work was partially successful in the late 1970s.{{Cite book |url=http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/histo/pg/tuomisalo/kokoomus.pdf |title=Kokoomus, Kekkonen ja NKP:n luottamus. Kansallisen Kokoomuksen toiminta hallitusaseman saavuttamiseksi 1969–1981 |last=Tuomisalo |first=Tomi |publisher=University of Helsinki |year=2006 |language=fi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217203107/http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/histo/pg/tuomisalo/kokoomus.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 |df=dmy-all}} However, even though the NCP supported Kekkonen for president in 1978 and became the second largest party in the country in the 1979 parliamentary election, a spot in the government continued to elude the NCP until the end of Kekkonen's time in office.
During the long years in opposition, the party's support grew steadily and in 1987 it attained the best parliamentary election result in its history so far. Harri Holkeri became the party's first prime minister since Paasikivi. During Holkeri's time in office, the Finnish economy suffered a downturn, precipitated by a multitude of factors, and the 1991 parliamentary election resulted in a loss. The party continued in government as a minor partner until 2003.{{Cite news |url=https://www.kokoomus.fi/faktat/tata-on-kokoomus/historia/ |title=Kokoomuksen historia |work=National Coalition Party |access-date=26 November 2017 |language=fi-FI |trans-title=History of the National Coalition Party |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705041846/https://www.kokoomus.fi/faktat/tata-on-kokoomus/historia/ |archive-date=5 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}
= 2000–present =
File:National_Coalition_Party_logo.png
After losing six seats in the 2003 parliamentary election, the National Coalition Party spent the next electoral period in opposition. Jyrki Katainen was elected party chair in 2004 and in March 2006, vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP). Under the leadership of Katainen, chair until 2014, liberalism became the main attribute of the party.{{Cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/04/06/world/politics-diplomacy-world/finnish-pm-to-step-down-seek-new-eu-post/ |title=Finnish PM to step down, seek new EU post |date=6 April 2014 |work=The Japan Times |access-date=26 November 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0447-5763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042846/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/04/06/world/politics-diplomacy-world/finnish-pm-to-step-down-seek-new-eu-post/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}} In the 2007 parliamentary election, the party increased its share to 50 seats in the largest gain of the election. The party held a close second place in Parliament, shy of the Centre Party and its 51 seats. After the election, the party entered into a coalition government together with the Centre Party, the Green League, and the Swedish People's Party. The NCP secured important ministerial portfolios, including finance and foreign affairs. In the 2011 parliamentary election, the party finished first place for the first time in its history with 44 seats, despite losing six seats, and party chair Jyrki Katainen formed his cabinet as a six-party coalition government from parties on the left and on the right after lengthy negotiations.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtvMDQAAQBAJ |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2015: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |last=Turner |first=B. |date=27 December 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349672783 |pages=459–460 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215205846/https://books.google.com/books?id=YtvMDQAAQBAJ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |df=dmy-all}}
File:Kokoomuksen eduskuntavaalijuliste vuodelta 2019 – Luotamme Suomeen.jpg
The National Coalition Party's candidate in the 2006 Finnish presidential election was former minister of finance and former party chair Sauli Niinistö. He qualified for the second round runoff as one of the top two candidates in the first round but was defeated by the incumbent Tarja Halonen with 51.8% of the vote against his 48.2%. The party nominated Sauli Niinistö again for the presidential election of 2012. Niinistö won the election, beating his Green League opponent Pekka Haavisto decisively on the second round with a 62.6% portion of the votes, and thus becoming the third president elected from the party and the first one since 1956. Niinistö's margin of victory was larger than that of any previous directly elected president in Finland. He won a majority in 14 of the country's 15 electoral districts.{{Cite web |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5297162 |title=Sauli Niinistö is Finland's 12th president |date=5 February 2012 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=en |access-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201085824/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5297162 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}} Niinistö is described as a pragmatical fiscal conservative and a pro-European who supports the restraint of bailouts to partner countries. Upon taking office, Niinistö intended to strengthen interaction with the United States and China and maintain good relations with Russia as well as address the European debt crisis. Niinistö was re-elected in 2018 for a second six-year term. He ran as an independent but had the support of the National Coalition Party.{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-election-president-win/finlands-president-niinisto-declares-election-victory-idUSKBN1FH0W6 |title=Finland's President Niinisto declares election victory |date=2018-01-28 |work=Reuters |access-date=2018-02-19 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220151826/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-election-president-win/finlands-president-niinisto-declares-election-victory-idUSKBN1FH0W6 |url-status=live }}
In 2014, Katainen stepped down as party chair and Prime Minister of Finland for a vice-presidential position in the European Commission.{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-12/finland-prepares-for-prime-minister-switch-as-katainen-resigns.html |title=Finland Prepares for Prime Minister Switch as Katainen Quits |author=Viita |first=Kasper |date=13 June 2014 |work=Bloomberg.com |access-date=24 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021215625/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-12/finland-prepares-for-prime-minister-switch-as-katainen-resigns.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 |df=dmy-all}} Katainen was replaced by Alexander Stubb as chair of the National Coalition Party in the June 2014 leadership election and thus became the prime minister. Katainen's cabinet was likewise succeeded by the Stubb Cabinet on 23 June 2014. Stubb went on to lead the party into the 2015 parliamentary election, in which the National Coalition Party placed second in votes and third in parliamentary seats.{{Cite news |url=https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/E-2015/en/tulos_kokomaa.html |title=Parliamentary election 2015: Party results |date=2016-06-02 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |access-date=2018-06-22 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213072905/http://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/E-2015/en/tulos_kokomaa.html |url-status=live }} After the election, National Coalition joined a right-leaning majority coalition consisting of the three largest parties – the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party.{{Cite news |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/sipila_opts_for_right-leaning_government/7979421 |title=Sipilä opts for right-leaning government |date=2015-05-29 |publisher=Yle News |access-date=2018-06-22 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014801/http://yle.fi/uutiset/sipila_opts_for_right-leaning_government/7979421 |url-status=live }} During his term, Stubb faced growing criticism for the NCP's poor poll results, the declining economy as well as compromises in the three-party government. After two years as party chair, Stubb was voted by 361 to 441 to be replaced by Petteri Orpo at the leadership election of June 2016.{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-government-stubb/finlands-co-ruling-ncp-ousts-finance-minister-stubb-as-party-chief-idUSKCN0YX0A6 |title=Finland's center-right replaces outspoken Stubb as party chief |date=12 June 2016 |work=Reuters |access-date=27 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033534/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-government-stubb/finlands-co-ruling-ncp-ousts-finance-minister-stubb-as-party-chief-idUSKCN0YX0A6 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}
After the 2019 election, it became the third-largest party in the Finnish Parliament, behind the Social Democrats and the Finns Party, and became the second-largest opposition party after being excluded from the Rinne Cabinet.{{cite news |title=Finland's new female-powered government sworn in |url=https://apnews.com/article/a27f6823c01847a09e88caa91267fcf2 |work=AP News |date=6 June 2019 |language=en}}
Following the 2023 general election, it became the largest party with 48 seats. As a result, its leader Petteri Orpo started forming a coalition government.{{cite web |title=Finnish far right in talks to join coalition government |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/finland-far-right-talks-coalition-government-petteri-orpo/ |website=politico.eu |access-date=29 April 2023}} The Orpo Cabinet was sworn into office on 20 June 2023, a NCP-led coalition with the Finns Party, Christian Democrats and Swedish People's Party of Finland.{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/finland-swears-government-seen-most-131042327.html|title=New NATO member Finland swears in government regarded as country's most right-wing in decades|date=20 June 2023|website=Yahoo Finance}}
In February 2024, National Coalition Party candidate Alexander Stubb was elected as Finland's next president. In the second round of the election he beat Pekka Haavisto, a green running as an independent, by 51.6 percent to 48.4 percent.{{cite news |title=As it happened: Stubb wins presidency |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20074022 |work=News |date=11 February 2024 |language=en}}
Ideology and political position
File:Tulevaisuuden turvaksi - Kokoomus.jpeg
Ideologically, the National Coalition Party is positioned from centre-right to right on the political spectrum,{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |title=Political Institutions in Europe |author-link1=Jan-Erik Lane |editor-link1=Josep Colomer |last1=Lane |first1=Jan-Erik |last2=Ersson |first2=Svante |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-07354-2 |editor-last1=Colomer |editor-first1=Josep |page=260 |chapter=The Nordic Countries: Compromise and Corporatism in the Welfare State |access-date=17 March 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115032212/https://books.google.com/books?id=TZF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |url-status=live }} and it has been described as liberal,{{Cite book |url=http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:ELE-757619 |title=Suomalainen oikeisto ja "kansankoti" : Kansallisen kokoomuksen suhtautuminen pohjoismaiseen hyvinvointivaltiomalliin jälleenrakennuskaudelta konsensusajan alkuun |last=Smolander |first=Jyrki |publisher=University of Turku |year=2000 |isbn=978-951-45-9652-0 |trans-title=The Finnish Right Wing and "Folkhemmet" – Attitudes of the National Coalition Party towards the Nordic Welfare Model from the Period of Reconstruction to the Beginning of Consensus |access-date=7 January 2018 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052114/https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/18517 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |author=Finn Laursen |chapter=The Nordic countries: between scepticism and adaptation |editor=Maurizio Carbone |title=National Politics and European Integration: From the Constitution to the Lisbon Treaty |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hM8zIzPatUoC&pg=PA188 |year=2010 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84980-514-8 |page=188}}{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Mehreen |date=2017-06-12 |title=Finnish government collapses after far-right elects hardline leader |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/51069818-396d-3ba5-9ea0-3dcb6d61b56c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/51069818-396d-3ba5-9ea0-3dcb6d61b56c |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-12-21}} conservative,{{cite book |first=Lawrence |last=Ezrow |chapter=Electoral Systems and Party Responsiveness |editor1=Norman Schofield |editor2=Gonzalo Caballero |title=Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wthzLK6m8gC&pg=PA319 |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-19519-8 |page=319}}{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Finland's coalition loses ground to opposition in local elections |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/06/14/finland-s-coalition-loses-ground-to-opposition-in-local-elections |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221123952/https://www.euronews.com/2021/06/14/finland-s-coalition-loses-ground-to-opposition-in-local-elections |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last=Bale |first=Tim |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1256593260 |title=Riding the populist wave: Europe's mainstream right in crisis |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser |isbn=978-1-009-00686-6 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=34 |oclc=1256593260 |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403210024/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1256593260 |url-status=live }} liberal-conservative,{{cite book |author=Mads Dagnis Jensen |chapter=The Nordic countries and the European Parliament |editor1=Caroline Howard Grøn |editor2=Peter Nedergaard |editor3=Anders Wivel |title=The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2vABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53661-1 |page=89 |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403200017/https://books.google.com/books?id=x2vABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2021-12-05 |title=Finland is the world's happiest nation – and I want to keep it that way, says prime minister |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/05/finland-is-the-worlds-happiest-nation-and-i-want-to-keep-it-that-way-says-sanna-marin |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221122450/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/05/finland-is-the-worlds-happiest-nation-and-i-want-to-keep-it-that-way-says-sanna-marin |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Vanttinen |first=Pekka |date=2021-12-03 |title=Finland's opposition gain popularity as Greens suffer major slump |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/finlands-opposition-gain-popularity-as-greens-suffer-major-slump/ |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221122452/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/finlands-opposition-gain-popularity-as-greens-suffer-major-slump/ |url-status=live }} conservative-liberal,{{Cite journal |last=Outinen |first=Sami |date=2017-08-08 |title=From Steering Capitalism to Seeking Market Acceptance: Social Democrats and employment in Finland, 1975–1998 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of History |language=en |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=389–413 |doi=10.1080/03468755.2017.1336599 |issn=0346-8755|doi-access=free}} and fiscally conservative. [https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finlands-right-wing-opposition-leads-poll-ahead-april-2-election-2023-03-21/ "Finland's right-wing opposition leads in poll ahead of April 2 election"], Reuters, 21 March, 2023
In 2014, the non-profit The Democratic Society described it as "the heir to both liberal and conservative strains of right-of-centre thought" that is becoming increasingly liberal compared to its official stance of conservatism.
Specifically, it contains elements of cultural and economic liberalism and social reformism.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMw2DwAAQBAJ |title=The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide: History, Politics, Culture and Economy of a European Role Model |last1=Henningsen |first1=Bernd |last2=Etzold |first2=Tobias |last3=Krister |first3=Hanne |date=19 September 2017 |publisher=BWV Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag |isbn=9783830517481 |pages=331 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109235526/https://books.google.ch/books?id=SMw2DwAAQBAJ |archive-date=9 January 2018 |df=dmy-all}} For example, it supports multiculturalism, work-based immigration, queer rights and same-sex marriage.{{Cite news |url=https://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/94964-kokoomus-%E2%80%9Davioliitto-sukupuolineutraaliksi%E2%80%9D |title=Kokoomus: "Avioliitto sukupuolineutraaliksi" |date=13 June 2010 |work=Uusi Suomi |access-date=26 November 2017 |language=fi |trans-title=National Coalition Party: Marriage to be gender neutral |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017110634/http://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/94964-kokoomus-%E2%80%9Davioliitto-sukupuolineutraaliksi%E2%80%9D |archive-date=17 October 2015 |df=dmy-all}}{{Cite journal |last1=Bucken-Knapp |first1=Gregg |last2=Hinnfors |first2=Jonas |last3=Spehar |first3=Andrea |last4=Levin |first4=Pia |date=1 November 2014 |title=No nordic model: Understanding differences in the labour migration policy preferences of mainstream Finnish and Swedish political parties |journal=Comparative European Politics |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=584–602 |doi=10.1057/cep.2014.22 |s2cid=145642640 |issn=1472-4790}}{{Cite web |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/centre_party_split_over_immigration/7852232 |title=Centre Party split over immigration |date=7 March 2015 |publisher=Yle Uutiset |access-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032318/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/centre_party_split_over_immigration/7852232 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}
Despite the fact that it was previously considered to be critical of the Nordic welfare model, campaigning for strict doctrines of economic liberalism, in the 1970s the party shifted to supporting more social liberal policies, such as increased social security, which was justified by the increase of individual liberty, although, in more recent years, some have accused the party of adopting more critical views of the welfare state and of embracing more fiscally conservative positions, [https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/c2925e7c-1d0b-4059-9c9b-11cd298a2a12 "Tässä on hallituksen säästölista: Suurimmat leikkaukset sotesta ja sosiaaliturvasta"], Iltalehti, 17 June, 2023 in addition to the abandoning of their socially liberal and green values in order to move votes away from the growing Finns Party towards themselves.{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Kokoomus ison muutoksen kynnyksellä |url=https://www.verdelehti.fi/2023/08/11/kokoomus-ison-muutoksen-kynnyksella/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Verde |language=fi}} [https://www.hs.fi/politiikka/art-2000007738112.html "Kokoomuksen sisäinen selvitys paljastaa kovan kamppailun perussuomalaisten kanssa – Kokoomuslähde: Sinivihreys oli toiveajattelua"], Helsingin Sanomat, 14 January, 2021
In international relations, the party advocates for multilateralism. It is pro-European and supports continued European integration within the European Union (EU). For decades, the party advocated for Finnish membership in NATO,{{cite news |url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/politiikka/kokoomuksen%20kannanotot-51679 |title=Kokoomus päätti Nato-linjastaan: Puolustusliittoon lähivuosina |date=12 June 2016 |access-date=12 June 2016 |publisher=Verkkouutiset |language=fi |trans-title=National Coalition Party's decision on their NATO policy: Join the Alliance in upcoming years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613112914/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/politiikka/kokoomuksen%20kannanotot-51679 |archive-date=13 June 2016 |df=dmy-all}} and supported the country's accession to the alliance in 2023, despite being in opposition at the time.
Voter base
File:Eduskuntavaalit 2011 - Kansallinen Kokoomus.svg with urban areas gathering the most support.]]
The magazine Suomen Kuvalehti created a profile of a typical National Coalition Party voter from over 18,000 interviews in 2011: a 36-year-old lawyer or management consultant living with a family in the Helsinki metropolitan area who supports economic liberalism, conservative values and enjoys alpine skiing and golf.{{Cite news |url=https://suomenkuvalehti.fi/jutut/kotimaa/vaalit2011-sk32011/ |title=Tällaisia ovat puolueiden peruskannattajat, katso profiilit ja kuvat |date=20 January 2011 |work=Suomen Kuvalehti |access-date=27 November 2017 |language=fi-FI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034411/https://suomenkuvalehti.fi/jutut/kotimaa/vaalit2011-sk32011/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}} Unlike other conservative parties in Europe, the party's voters come predominantly from urban areas while rural areas tend to favor the Centre Party. In 2005, the NCP had the highest proportion of female members out of the major parties.{{Cite news |url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/1074069596 |title=HS: Suurissa puolueissa miesenemmistö |date=18 September 2005 |work=Turun Sanomat |access-date=26 November 2017 |language=fi-FI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032759/http://www.ts.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/1074069596/HS+Suurissa+puolueissa+miesenemmisto |archive-date=7 November 2017 |df=dmy-all}} Membership in the party was momentarily on the rise in 2008, but declined from 41,000 to 34,000 by 2016.{{cite web |url=http://www.hs.fi/politiikka/artikkeli/Kokoomus+vihre%C3%A4t+ja+perussuomalaiset+kasvattavat+j%C3%A4senm%C3%A4%C3%A4ri%C3%A4%C3%A4n/1135238302741 |title=Kokoomus, vihreät ja perussuomalaiset kasvattavat jäsenmääriään |date=8 February 2008 |publisher=Helsingin Sanomat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425182843/http://www.hs.fi/politiikka/artikkeli/Kokoomus+vihre%C3%A4t+ja+perussuomalaiset+kasvattavat+j%C3%A4senm%C3%A4%C3%A4ri%C3%A4%C3%A4n/1135238302741 |archive-date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 April 2011}} In contrast, the party had 81,000 members in 1970.{{cite web |title=Puolueiden jäsenmäärien kehitys (ilmoitetut jäsenrekisteritiedot) |language=fi |url=https://www.vaalitutkimus.fi/fi/kiinnittyminen/puolueiden_jasenmaarien_kehitys.html |publisher=Finnish Election Study Portal |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041405/https://www.vaalitutkimus.fi/fi/kiinnittyminen/puolueiden_jasenmaarien_kehitys.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}} According to 2008 polling data, the National Coalition Party was the most positively viewed party by Finns{{Cite news |url=http://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/35364-tutkimus-kokoomus-saa-puolueista-eniten-myonteisyytta |title=Tutkimus: Kokoomus saa puolueista eniten myönteisyyttä |date=18 September 2008 |work=Uusi Suomi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430181205/http://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/35364-tutkimus-kokoomus-saa-puolueista-eniten-myonteisyytta |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead}} and was the most favored party among the young generation in polls conducted in 2008 and 2014.{{Cite web |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/talous_ja_politiikka/article407650.ece |title=Kokoomus ja vihreät kirivät nuorten suosioon |date=3 December 2008 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229203800/http://yle.fi/uutiset/talous_ja_politiikka/article407650.ece |archive-date=29 February 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 November 2017}}{{Cite news |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7712321 |title=Kokoomus on yhä nuorten suosikki: SDP:n sanoma ei pure |date=31 December 2014 |work=Yle Uutiset |access-date=30 November 2017 |language=fi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201084049/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7712321 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}
Organisation
= Structure =
The main structure of the National Coalition Party comprises municipal and local chapters organized into districts and as well as the women's, student and youth wings. The party conference ({{Langx|fi|puoluekokous}}), the main decision-making body convening every two years with representatives from the suborganisations as its members, elects the party chair and three deputy chairs as well as the 61-member party council ({{Langx|fi|puoluevaltuusto}}).{{Cite web |url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/frantic/kokoomus/Kansallinen-Kokoomus-rp-s%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6t-2014.pdf |title=Kansallinen Kokoomus r.p:n säännöt |date=18 September 2014 |website=National Coalition Party |language=fi |trans-title=Rules of the National Coalition Party |access-date=27 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620145712/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/frantic/kokoomus/Kansallinen-Kokoomus-rp-s%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6t-2014.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2017 |df=dmy-all}}
= Leadership =
The party chair and the deputy chairs lead the party board ({{Langx|fi|puoluehallitus}}), which is in charge of the daily management and is composed of a representative from each district and from each of the three wings. The party council also elects the party secretary to head the main office, located in Helsinki, and to coordinate the National Coalition Party's activities according to the board's decisions. Additionally, the NCP has separate groups for coordinating ministers, members of the Finnish Parliament, and members of the European Parliament.
= Funding =
Two foundations, {{Lang|fi|Kansallissäätiö}} and {{Lang|fi|Porvarillisen Työn Arkiston Säätiö}}, assist the party with a source of funding and as an archive, respectively.{{Cite book |title=Talo Pasilassa – Kansallissäätiö 1958–1994 |last=Poukka |first=Pentti |publisher=Karisto |year=1996}}{{Cite book |title=Puolue ja säätiö: Kansallisen Kokoomuspuolueen Säätiö 1924–1984 |last=Poukka |first=Pentti |publisher=Säätiö |year=1984 |isbn=978-951-99568-4-8}} Reportedly, donations to {{Lang|fi|Kansallissäätiö}} are kept secret, but according to the treasurer, donations are a limited asset compared to the foundation's 5 million euro investment capital. In 2008, the foundation supported NCP with €400,000.{{Cite web |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5866462 |title=Kokoomus-säätiö pitää lahjoittajat salassa |date=21 August 2009 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi |trans-title=National Coalition Party foundation keeps its donors secret |access-date=28 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042825/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5866462 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}} The NCP owns two companies, {{Lang|fi|Kansalliskustannus Oy}} and {{Lang|fi|Suomen Kansallismedia Oy}}, to publish the party newspapers {{Lang|fi|Nykypäivä}} and {{Lang|fi|Verkkouutiset}} as well as to handle media communications.{{Cite news |url=https://www.kokoomus.fi/ota-yhteytta/yhteystiedot/puolueen-yhtiot/ |title=Puolueen yhtiöt |work=National Coalition Party |access-date=27 November 2017 |language=fi-FI |trans-title=Party companies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704212837/https://www.kokoomus.fi/ota-yhteytta/yhteystiedot/puolueen-yhtiot/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}} Additionally, some thematic organizations report themselves as close to the party, such as the Swedish-language group {{Lang|sv|Borgerlig samling i Finland}}{{Cite news |url=http://borgerligsamling.fi/om-oss/ |title=Om oss |work=Borgerlig Samling i Finland |access-date=27 November 2017 |language=sv-SE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032607/http://borgerligsamling.fi/om-oss/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}} and the queer network {{Lang|fi|Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary}}.{{Cite news |url=http://kasary.fi/kasary-jaa-mika/ |title=Tästä on kyse |work=Kansallinen Sateenkaariryhmä |access-date=27 November 2017 |language=fi-FI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032830/http://kasary.fi/kasary-jaa-mika/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}
Election results
{{See also|Elections in Finland}}
Election results are based on respective files of the Official Statistics of Finland ({{Langx|fi|Suomen virallinen tilasto}}) published by the national Statistics Finland institution.
=Parliament of Finland=
ImageSize = width:1010 height:240
PlotArea = width:900 height:160 left:50 bottom:60
AlignBars = justify
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:25
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:0
Colors=
id:SB value:rgb(0.075,0.388,0.537)
PlotData=
bar:% color:SB width:22 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S
bar:1919 from:start till:15.71 text:15.7
bar:1922 from:start till:18.15 text:18.1
bar:1924 from:start till:18.99 text:19.0
bar:1927 from:start till:17.74 text:17.7
bar:1929 from:start till:14.51 text:14.5
bar:1930 from:start till:18.05 text:18.1
bar:1933 from:start till:16.93 text:16.9
bar:1936 from:start till:10.36 text:10.4
bar:1939 from:start till:13.58 text:13.6
bar:1945 from:start till:15.04 text:15.0
bar:1948 from:start till:17.04 text:17.0
bar:1951 from:start till:14.57 text:14.6
bar:1954 from:start till:12.80 text:12.8
bar:1958 from:start till:15.28 text:15.3
bar:1962 from:start till:15.06 text:15.1
bar:1966 from:start till:13.79 text:13.8
bar:1970 from:start till:18.05 text:18.1
bar:1972 from:start till:17.59 text:17.6
bar:1975 from:start till:18.37 text:18.4
bar:1979 from:start till:21.65 text:21.7
bar:1983 from:start till:22.12 text:22.1
bar:1987 from:start till:23.13 text:23.1
bar:1991 from:start till:19.31 text:19.3
bar:1995 from:start till:17.89 text:17.9
bar:1999 from:start till:21.03 text:21.0
bar:2003 from:start till:18.55 text:18.6
bar:2007 from:start till:22.26 text:22.3
bar:2011 from:start till:20.44 text:20.4
bar:2015 from:start till:18.20 text:18.2
bar:2019 from:start till:17.0 text:17.0
bar:2023 from:start till:20.8 text:20.8
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |
| Election
! Votes ! % ! Seats ! +/- ! Government |
|---|
| rowspan=3 | 1919
| rowspan=3 | 155,018 | rowspan=3 | 15.70 | rowspan=3 | {{Composition bar|28|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | rowspan=3 | New | {{no2|Opposition {{small|(1919–1920)}}}} |
| {{yes2|Coalition {{small|(1920–1921)}}}} |
| {{no2|Opposition {{small|(1921–1922)}}}} |
| 1922
| 157,116 | 18.15 | {{Composition bar|35|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 7 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| rowspan=2 | 1924
| rowspan=2 | 166,880 | rowspan=2 | 18.99 | rowspan=2 | {{Composition bar|38|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{increase}} 2 | {{yes2|Coalition {{small|(1924–1926)}}}} |
| {{no2|Opposition {{small|(1926–1927)}}}} |
| 1927
| 161,450 | 17.74 | {{Composition bar|34|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 4 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1929
| 138,008 | 14.51 | {{Composition bar|28|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 6 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| rowspan=2 | 1930
| rowspan=2 | 203,958 | rowspan=2 | 18.05 | rowspan=2 | {{Composition bar|42|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{increase}} 14 | {{yes2|Coalition {{small|(1930–1932)}}}} |
| {{no2|Opposition {{small|(1932–1933)}}}} |
| 1933
| 187,527 | 16.93 | {{Composition bar|32|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 10 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1936
| 121,619 | 10.36 | {{Composition bar|20|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 12 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| rowspan=2 | 1939
| rowspan=2 | 176,215 | rowspan=2 | 13.58 | rowspan=2 | {{Composition bar|25|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{increase}} 5 | {{yes2|Coalition {{small|(1939–1944)}}}} |
| {{no2|Opposition {{small|(1944–1945)}}}} |
| 1945
| 255,394 | 15.04 | {{Composition bar|28|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 3 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1948
| 320,366 | 17.04 | {{Composition bar|33|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 5 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1951
| 264,044 | 14.57 | {{Composition bar|28|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 5 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1954
| 257,025 | 12.80 | {{Composition bar|24|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 4 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| rowspan=2 | 1958
| rowspan=2 | 297,094 | rowspan=2 | 15.28 | rowspan=2 | {{Composition bar|29|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{increase}} 5 | {{yes2|Coalition {{small|(1958–1959)}}}} |
| {{no2|Opposition {{small|(1959–1962)}}}} |
| 1962
| 346,638 | 15.06 | {{Composition bar|32|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 3 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
| 1966
| 326,928 | 13.79 | {{Composition bar|26|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 6 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1970
| 457,582 | 18.05 | {{Composition bar|37|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 11 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1972
| 453,434 | 17.59 | {{Composition bar|34|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 3 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1975
| 505,145 | 18.37 | {{Composition bar|35|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 1 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1979
| 626,764 | 21.65 | {{Composition bar|47|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 12 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1983
| 659,078 | 22.12 | {{Composition bar|44|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 3 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 1987
| 666,236 | 23.13 | {{Composition bar|53|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 9 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
| 1991
| 526,487 | 19.31 | {{Composition bar|40|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 13 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
| 1995
| 497,624 | 17.89 | {{Composition bar|39|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 1 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
| 1999
| 563,835 | 21.03 | {{Composition bar|46|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 7 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
| 2003
| 517,904 | 18.55 | {{Composition bar|40|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 6 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 2007
| 616,841 | 22.26 | {{Composition bar|50|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 10 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
| 2011
| 598,369 | 20.44 | {{Composition bar|44|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 6 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
| 2015
| 540,212 | 18.20 | {{Composition bar|37|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 7 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
| 2019
| 523,957 | 17.00 | {{Composition bar|38|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 1 | {{no2|Opposition}} |
| 2023
| 644,555 | 20.82 | {{Composition bar|48|200|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 10 | {{yes2|Coalition}} |
=European Parliament=
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| Election
! Votes ! % ! Seats ! +/– ! EP Group |
|---|
| 1996
| 453,729 | 20.17 (#3) | {{Composition bar|4|16|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | New | EPP |
| 1999
| 313,960 | 25.27 (#1) | {{Composition bar|4|16|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{steady}} 0 | rowspan=2 | EPP-ED |
| 2004
| 392,771 | 23.71 (#1) | {{Composition bar|4|14|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{steady}} 0 |
| 2009
| 386,416 | 23.21 (#1) | {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{decrease}} 1 | rowspan=4 | EPP |
| 2014
| 390,112 | 22.59 (#1) | {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{steady}} 0 |
| 2019
| 380,106 | 20.79 (#1) | {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{steady}} 0 |
| 2024
| 453,636 | 24.80 (#1) | {{Composition bar|4|15|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{increase}} 1 |
=Municipal=
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |
| Election
! Councillors ! Votes ! % |
|---|
| 1950
| style="text-align:center;"| | 88,159 | 5.85 |
| 1953
| style="text-align:center;"| | 133,626 | 7.59 |
| 1956
| style="text-align:center;"| | 105,220 | 6.29 |
| 1960
| style="text-align:center;"| | 275,560 | 14.04 |
| 1964
| style="text-align:center;"| | 213,378 | 10.0 |
| 1968
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,388 | 364,428 | 16.09 |
| 1972
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,503 | 451,484 | 18.06 |
| 1976
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,047 | 561,121 | 20.92 |
| 1980
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,373 | 628,950 | 22.94 |
| 1984
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,423 | 619,264 | 22.96 |
| 1988
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,392 | 601,468 | 22.87 |
| 1992
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,009 | 507,574 | 19.05 |
| 1996
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,167 | 514,313 | 21.64 |
| 2000
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,028 | 463,493 | 20.84 |
| 2004
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,078 | 521,412 | 21.83 |
| 2008
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,020 | 597,727 | 23.45 |
| 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,735 | 544,682 | 21.9 |
| 2017
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,490 | 531,599 | 20.68 |
| 2021
| style="text-align:center;"|1,552 |522,623 |21.4 |
| 2025
| style="text-align:center;"|1,592 |529,542 |21.9 |
= Presidential =
==Indirect elections==
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |
| colspan="16" style="text-align: center;"| Electoral college |
| rowspan=2| Election
! rowspan=2| Candidate ! colspan=3| Popular vote ! colspan=2| First ballot ! colspan=2| Second ballot ! colspan=2| Third ballot ! rowspan=2| Results |
|---|
| Votes
! % ! Seats ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % |
| 1919
| colspan=15 bgcolor="lightgrey"| |
| 1925
| 141,240 | 22.7 | {{Composition bar|68|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{Composition bar|68|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 22.7 (#3) | {{composition bar|80|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 26.7 (#3) | colspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{lost}} |
| 1931
| 180,378 | 21.6 | {{composition bar|64|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{composition bar|88|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 29.3 (#2) | {{composition bar|98|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 17.7 (#2) | {{composition bar|151|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 50.3 (#1) | {{won}} |
| 1937
| 240,602 | 21.6 | {{composition bar|63|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{composition bar|94|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 31.3 (#2) | {{composition bar|104|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 34.7 (#2) | colspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{lost}} |
| 1940
| colspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{composition bar|1|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 0.3 (#4) | colspan=4 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{lost}} |
| 1943
| {{ill|Väinö Kotilainen|fi}} | colspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{composition bar|4|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 1.3 (#2) | colspan=4 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{lost}} |
| 1946
| colspan=3 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{composition bar|159|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 79.5 (#1) | colspan=4 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{won}} |
| 1950
| 360,789 | 22.9 | {{composition bar|68|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{composition bar|171|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 57.0 (#1) | colspan=4 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{won}} |
| 1956
| 340,311 | 17.9 | {{composition bar|54|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | colspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{composition bar|84|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 28.0 (#3) | colspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{lost}} |
| 1962
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| | 288,912 | 13.1 | {{composition bar|37|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey"| |
| 1968
| {{ill|Matti Virkkunen|fi}} | 432,014 | 21.2 | {{composition bar|58|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{composition bar|66|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 22.0 (#2) | colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{lost}} |
| 1978
| 360,310 | 14.7 | {{composition bar|45|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{composition bar|259|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 86.3 (#1) | colspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{won}} |
| 1982
| 593,271 | 18.7 | {{composition bar|58|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{composition bar|58|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 19.3 (#2) | {{composition bar|58|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 19.3 (#2) | colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{lost}} |
| 1988{{refn|The 1988 presidential election was partially indirect. With no candidate achieving a majority of the popular vote, the president was elected by the electoral college which the voters voted for alongside the direct vote.|group=nb|name=de}}
| 603,180 | 20.2 | {{composition bar|63|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | {{composition bar|63|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 21.0 (#3) | {{composition bar|18|300|hex={{party color|National Coalition Party}}}} | 6.0 (#4) | colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"| | {{lost}} |
==Direct elections==
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |
| rowspan=2|Election
! rowspan=2|Candidate ! colspan=2|1st round ! colspan=2|2nd round ! rowspan=2|Result |
|---|
| Votes
! % ! Votes ! % |
| 1988{{refn|group=nb|name=de}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Harri Holkeri | 570,340 | 18.4 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | {{lost}} |
| 1994
| style="text-align:center;"| Raimo Ilaskivi | 485,035 | 15.2 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | {{lost}} |
| 2000
| style="text-align:center;"| Riitta Uosukainen | 392,305 | 12.8 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | {{lost}} |
| 2006
| style="text-align:center;"| Sauli Niinistö | 725,866 | 24.1 | 1,518,333 | 48.2 | {{lost}} |
| 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| Sauli Niinistö | 1,131,254 | 37.0 | 1,802,400 | 62.6 | {{won}} |
| 2018
| style="text-align:center;"| Supported Sauli Niinistö | 1,874,334 | 62.6 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | {{won}} |
| 2024
| style="text-align:center;"| Alexander Stubb | 882,113 | 27.21 | 1,575,211 | 51.62 | {{won}} |
The elected Presidents of the National Coalition Party
File:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (cropped).jpg|P.E. Svinhufvud
File:J.K. Paasikivi 1945 portrait (cropped).jpg|J.K. Paasikivi
File:Саули Ниинистё (52074997569).jpg|Sauli Niinistö
File:Alexander Stubb - 2024 (73516) (cropped).jpg|Alexander Stubb
Prominent party leaders
The following NCP members have held high offices:{{Cite web |url=http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/governments-and-ministers |title=Governments and Ministers since 1917 |website=Finnish Government |language=en-US |access-date=17 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054845/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/governments-and-ministers |archive-date=10 January 2018 |df=dmy-all}}
- Lauri Ingman – Prime Minister 1918–1919, 1924–1925
- Antti Tulenheimo – Prime Minister 1925
- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud – President 1931–1937
- Edwin Linkomies – Prime Minister 1943–1944
- Juho Kusti Paasikivi – President 1946–1956, Prime Minister 1944–1946
- Harri Holkeri – Prime Minister 1987–1991
- Riitta Uosukainen – Minister of Education 1991–1994, Speaker of the Parliament 1994–2003
- Sauli Niinistö – Minister of Finance 1995–2003, Speaker of the Parliament 2007–2011, President 2012–2024
- Jyrki Katainen – Minister of Finance 2007–2011, Prime Minister 2011–2014, vice president of the European Commission 2014–2019
- Alexander Stubb – Prime Minister, 2014–2015, Minister of Finance 2015–2016, President of Finland, 2024–
- Petteri Orpo – Minister of Finance 2016–2019, Speaker of the Parliament 2023–2023, Prime Minister 2023–
See also
{{Portal|Finland|Politics|Liberalism|Conservatism}}
- Constitution of Finland
- Foreign relations of Finland
- Petteri Orpo – current party chairperson and Prime Minister of Finland
- Moderate Party – similar party in Sweden
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
References
{{reflist|2}}
External links
{{Commons category|National Coalition Party}}
- [https://www.kokoomus.fi/?lang=en Official website] (in English)
{{National Coalition Party}}
{{Finnish political parties}}
{{International Democracy Union}}
{{European People's Party}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Political parties established in 1918
Category:1918 establishments in Finland
Category:Liberal parties in Finland
Category:Centre-right parties in Europe
Category:Conservative parties in Finland
Category:International Democracy Union member parties
Category:Member parties of the European People's Party
Category:Parties represented in the European Parliament
Category:Pro-European political parties in Finland