Nephrolepis cordifolia
{{Short description|Species of fern}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Starr 070221-4863 Nephrolepis cordifolia.jpg
| genus = Nephrolepis
| species = cordifolia
| synonyms =
- Aspidium cordifolium (L.) Sw.
- Aspidium pendulum (Raddi)
- Aspidium tuberosum Bory ex Willd
- Aspidium volubile (Sm.) F.M.Bailey
- Nephrodium pendulum (Raddi) Desv.
- Nephrodium tuberosum (Bory ex Willd.) Desv
- Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen
- Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn
- Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory ex Willd.) C.Presl
- Polypodium cordifolium L.
}}
Nephrolepis cordifolia is a fern native to the global tropics, including northeastern Australia and Asia. It has many common names including fishbone fern, tuberous sword fern, tuber ladder fern, erect sword fern, narrow sword fern and ladder fern, and herringbone fern.{{cite web|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Nephrolepis~cordifolia|title=Nephrolepsis cordifolia|publisher=PlantNet - FloraOnline|accessdate=30 December 2012}} It is similar to the related fern Nephrolepis exaltata.
Description
File:Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl (AM AK297005-3).jpg
File:Nephrolepis cordifolia 02.jpg
Nephrolepis cordifolia is an evergreen fern that grows to between 40 and 80 centimeters, in extreme cases up to 1 meter. It forms an underground rhizome in the form of several small tubers. The pinnate fronds are erect and pinnate linear to lanceolate, glandular and simple. The rachis bears bicolored chaff scales. The petiole is covered with bicolored pale and dark brown scales.
The leaflets are entire, sessile and elongate-lanceolate. They grow up to 4.8 centimeters long and up to 0.9 cm wide. They stand at a distance of less than 1 centimeter. The sori are rounded. The spores are warty, wrinkled.
Distribution
The species is originally native to north-eastern Australia and the foothills of the Himalayas, and is considered naturalised on the central east coast of New South Wales. They can establish themselves terrestrially, or as an epiphyte or lithophyte, provided that the location has ideal moisture and light levels. In adequate conditions, these ferns grow readily as epiphytes, typically adhering to the bark of tree branches above a water source, where they can receive round-the-clock humidity and airflow. They can be found in a multitude of environments, from deep swamps and riverbanks to rugged outcrops and rock faces, as well as roadsides, ditches, creeks, fallen trees, and even abandoned buildings and ruins. They love moist, shady locations; in their natural range, they are usually found in swamps (as an epiphyte) or along brooks and ditches of coniferous forest floodplains (growing more terrestrially).
It has been introduced into Bermuda, French Polynesia, New Zealand, and the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=1158&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN|title=Nephrolepis cordifolia|publisher=Global Invasive Species Database (Invasive Species Specialist Group)|accessdate=8 November 2011}} It is also widely cultivated and distributed by humans, currently found in tropical regions of North, Central and South America (mainly in Mexico, the Caribbean, plus parts of California and Florida), in Africa, Southeast Asia, various South Pacific islands and on the Azores. In the Hawaiian Islands, it is known as kupukupu, okupukupu or ni'ani'au {{cite book|title=Growing plants for Hawaiian lei : 85 plants for gardens, conservation, and business|date=2002|publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|location=Honolulu|isbn=1929325134|page=24}}
Varieties
Three varieties are accepted.{{cite web |title=Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17160730-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=21 February 2025}}
- Nephrolepis cordifolia var. cordifolia – western Indian Ocean (except Madagascar) to tropical and subtropical Asia, eastern Australia, and the Pacific
- Nephrolepis cordifolia var. pseudolauterbachii {{small|Hovenkamp & Miyam.}} – Fiji
- Nephrolepis cordifolia var. pumicicola {{small|(F.Ballard) Hovenkamp & Miyam.}} – São Tomé and southwestern Cameroon
Invasive species
Nephrolepis cordifolia has become an invasive species is some areas where it has been introduced. In New Zealand it is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, which prohibits the sale, cultivation and distribution of the plant. It is listed as an invasive species in Florida, United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/Nephrolepsis_cordifolia.pdf|title=Nephrolepis cordifolia|publisher=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council|accessdate=8 November 2011}}
Gallery
File:Nephrolepis cordifolia spreading in New Zealand - 2.jpg|Nephrolepis cordifolia spreading on a forest and pasture margin in the Waikato region in New Zealand
File:Nephrolepis cordifolia tamasd02.jpg|Nephrolepis cordifolia root system showing a tuber
File:Nephrolepis cordifolia Duffii kz2.jpg|Nephrolepis cordifolia 'Duffii' at Garfield Park Conservatory
File:Nephrolepis cordifolia 01.jpg|Pot plant
Nephrolepis cordifolia kz1.jpg|Nephrolepis cordifolia at the New York Botanical Garden
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl (AM AK296994-3).jpg|Growing down on a planked wall
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl (AM AK297005-2).jpg|Growing between rocks
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References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- [http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1158&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN Nephrolepis cordifolia] at the Global Invasive Species Database (Invasive Species Specialist Group)
- {{ITIS | id = 17604 | taxon = Nephrolepis cordifolia | accessdate = 2011-11-07 }}
- [http://weedbusters.co.nz/weed_info/detail.asp?WeedID=106 Nephrolepis cordifolia] at Weedbusters (New Zealand)
- [http://www.invasive.org/browse/subthumb.cfm?sub=6079 Nephrolepis cordifolia] at the Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health (United States)
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1040814}}
Category:Flora of Southeast China
Category:Flora of South-Central China
Category:Flora of the Gulf of Guinea islands
Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent
Category:Flora of New South Wales
Category:Flora of the Oceanian realm
Category:Garden plants of Australia