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Ngaju language

{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Kalimantan, Indonesia}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Ngaju

| states = Indonesia

| region = Kalimantan

| ethnicity = Ngaju

| speakers = 890,000

| date = 2003

| ref = e18

| familycolor = Austronesian

| fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian

| fam3 = West Barito

| fam4 = South

| iso3 = nij

| glotto = ngaj1237

| glottorefname = Ngaju

| notice = IPA

| image = Larangan Membakar Lahan dalam Bahasa Ngaju 160524001.JPG

| imagesize = 300px

| imagecaption = Warning sign prohibiting land burning in Ngaju language

}}

Ngaju (also Ngaju Dayak or Dayak Ngaju) is an Austronesian language spoken along the Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya Rivers in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is closely related to the Bakumpai language. There are three dialects—Pulopetak, Ba'amang, and Mantangai.{{Cite book |last=Gordon | first=Raymond G. Jr. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |date=2005 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |edition=15th |location=Dallas}}

Phonology

= Consonants =

Ngaju has the following consonants.

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|+Ngaju consonants{{harvp|Mihing|Stokhof|1977}}

style="font-size: 90%;"

!

!colspan=2| Biabial

!colspan=2| Coronal

!colspan=2| Palatal

!colspan=2| Velar

!colspan=2| Glottal

Nasal

|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|m}}

|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|n}}

|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|colspan=2|

Stop

|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}}

|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d}}

|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|c}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɟ}}

|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|g}}

|colspan=2|

Fricative

|colspan=2|

|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|h}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|

rowspan=2| Approximant
(Lateral)

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|j}}

|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|w}}

|colspan=2|

colspan=2|

|style="border-right: 0;"|

style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|l}}

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

Trill

|colspan=2|

|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|r}}

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

= Vowels =

Ngaju has the following vowels. All vowels except {{IPA|ə}} can be long.

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

|+Ngaju vowels

! !! Front !! Central !! Back
rounded

High

| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}

Mid

| {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|ə}} || {{IPA link|o}}

Low

| || {{IPA link|a}} ||

Orthography

= Vowels and diphthongs =

  • a – {{IPA|[a]}}
  • e – {{IPA|[e/ə]}}
  • i – {{IPA|[i]}}
  • o – {{IPA|[o]}}
  • u – {{IPA|[u]}}
  • ai – {{IPA|[aj]}}
  • au – {{IPA|[aw]}}
  • ei – {{IPA|[ej]}}

= Consonants =

  • b – {{IPA|[b]}}
  • c – {{IPA|[c]}}
  • d – {{IPA|[d]}}
  • g – {{IPA|[g]}}
  • h – {{IPA|[h]}}
  • j – {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
  • k – {{IPA|[k/ʔ]}}
  • l – {{IPA|[l]}}
  • m – {{IPA|[m]}}
  • n – {{IPA|[n]}}
  • ng – {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
  • ny – {{IPA|[ɲ]}}
  • p – {{IPA|[p]}}
  • r – {{IPA|[r]}}
  • s – {{IPA|[s]}}
  • t – {{IPA|[t]}}
  • w – {{IPA|[w]}}
  • y – {{IPA|[j]}}{{cite web |title=Ngaju language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ngaju.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2021}}

Vocabulary

Vocabulary comparison between Bakumpai, Ngaju, Indonesian and English languages.

{{table}}
Bakumpai

!Ngaju

!Indonesian

!English

{{Lang|bkr|Jida}}{{Lang|nij|Dia}}{{Lang|id|Tidak}}No
{{Lang|bkr|Beken}}{{Lang|nij|Beken}}{{Lang|id|Bukan}}Not
{{Lang|bkr|Pai}}{{Lang|nij|Pai}}{{Lang|id|Kaki}}Foot/Leg
{{Lang|bkr|Kueh}}{{Lang|nij|Kueh}}{{Lang|id|Mana}}Which/Where
{{Lang|bkr|Si-kueh}}{{Lang|nij|Bara-kueh}}{{Lang|id|Dari mana}}Where from
{{Lang|bkr|Hituh}}{{Lang|nij|Hetuh}}{{Lang|id|Sini}}Here
{{Lang|bkr|Si-hituh}}{{Lang|nij|Intu-hetuh}}{{Lang|id|Di sini}}Here
{{Lang|bkr|Bara}}{{Lang|nij|Bara}}{{Lang|id|Dari}}From
{{Lang|bkr|Kejaw}}{{Lang|nij|Kejaw}}{{Lang|id|Jauh}}Far
{{Lang|bkr|Tukep/Parak}}{{Lang|nij|Tukep}}{{Lang|id|Dekat}}Near
{{Lang|bkr|Kuman}}{{Lang|nij|Kuman}}{{Lang|id|Makan}}Eat
{{Lang|bkr|Mihup}}{{Lang|nij|Mihop}}{{Lang|id|Minum}}Drink
{{Lang|bkr|Lebu}}{{Lang|nij|Lewu}}{{Lang|id|Kampung}}Village
{{Lang|bkr|Batatapas}}{{Lang|nij|Bapukan}}{{Lang|id|Mencuci pakaian}}To wash clothes

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{Cite thesis |last=Ashn E. Johannes |title=An Introduction to Dayak Ngaju Morphology |date=1971 |degree=MA |location=Malang}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Mihing |first=T. W. J. |title=Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part III |last2=Stokhof |first2=W. A. L. |date=1977 |publisher=Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya |editor-last=Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo |series=NUSA 4 |location=Jakarta |pages=49–59 |chapter=On the Ngaju Dayak sound system (Pulau Petak dialect) |chapter-url=http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v4-p49-59.pdf}}

{{refend}}

{{incubator|nij}}

{{Bornean languages}}

{{Western Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

{{Languages of Indonesia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ngaju Language}}

Category:West Barito languages

Category:Languages of Indonesia