Nicktoons

{{main|History of Nickelodeon}}

Nickelodeon's first original animated program, Video Dream Theatre, was left unaired.{{Cite web|url=https://cablecenter.org/k-l-listings/gerry-laybourne-program-hauser-project.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820180719/https://cablecenter.org/k-l-listings/gerry-laybourne-program-hauser-project.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 20, 2014|title=The Cable Center - Gerry Laybourne|date=August 20, 2014}} It was produced over a half-year period in 1979, when the network hired its future president Geraldine Laybourne to make two pilots for the show. Video Dream Theatre used animation to visualize children's dreams in different styles, such as color Xerox.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1988/09/25/the-kids-channel-that-double-dares-to-be-different/dfa00bb6-b2f1-4f1c-ad01-655ed1964cbf/|title=The kids' channel that 'Double Dares' to be different|newspaper=The Washington Post|publisher=Nash Holdings LLC|last=Brennan|first=Patricia|date=September 25, 1988}} According to an interview with Laybourne herself, Nickelodeon did not broadcast the show because it was deemed too frightening; she commented, "the trouble with kids' dreams is they're really scary. It's a lot about abandonment, it's a lot about suffocation. They don't make very good stories."{{cite web|last1=Altschuler|first1=Jane|last2=Laybourne|first2=Geraldine|title=Television Academy Interviews: Geraldine Laybourne, Executive|url=https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/interviews/geraldine-laybourne|website=Television Academy Foundation and New York Women in Film & Television|language=en|date=August 25, 2008|format=Video interview}}

The network continued to only broadcast externally-produced animation until almost a decade later, when animator Ralph Bakshi pitched an original animated series called Tattertown. In 1988, a half-hour pilot episode was produced, overseen by Debby Beece (Nickelodeon's senior vice president of programming). Nickelodeon declined to pick up a full series, and the pilot "Christmas in Tattertown" premiered on December 21, 1988, as a standalone Christmas special. The network's next attempt at an original animation was Nick's Thanksgiving Fest, which was composed of two shorts. According to Linda Simensky, the Thanksgiving shorts "gave Nickelodeon executives the confidence they needed to get the animation department started".{{sfn|Hendershot|2004|p=91}}

During the production of Nick's Thanksgiving Fest in 1989, Geraldine Laybourne held a meeting at her house to develop a philosophy for the channel's original cartoons. She played tapes of current animated shows, which her colleagues viewed as merchandise-driven and overly commercial. The group decided that Nickelodeon should aim for the opposite of their contemporaries, producing cartoons that would keep their creators in a key creative role rather than prioritizing an efficient "assembly line" process.{{sfn|Hendershot|2004|p=92}}

File:Nicktoons characters cast.png, Dog and Cat from CatDog, GIR from Invader Zim, Chuckie from Rugrats, Norbert and Dagget from The Angry Beavers, and Reggie from Rocket Power. Rocko from Rocko's Modern Life is in the center.]]

{{quote box|align=right|width=34em|style=max-width:40%

|quote=Everybody else was doing toy-driven stuff and it was garbage. It's hard to create a character out of a toy for a lot of reasons. You have limited time to produce because you have to get the thing out when the product hits the market. How about, instead, we do this radical thing of looking around the country for animators who have great characters living inside them?

|source=—Nickelodeon president Geraldine Laybourne

}}

Geraldine Laybourne laid out a set of rules for the network's cartoons, most importantly wanting to "put the creator back, front and center."{{sfn|Hendershot|2004|p=92}} She approached her fellow executive Vanessa Coffey to find artists in Los Angeles interested in pitching original cartoons. Coffey had experience working in animation and was the producer for Nick's Thanksgiving Fest in 1988.{{Cite news|url=https://decider.com/2016/06/14/the-oral-history-of-nicktoons-part-i-how-the-storied-animation-block-came-to-be/|title=The Oral History of 'Nicktoons', Part I: How The Storied Animation Block Came To Be|date=June 14, 2016|work=Decider|access-date=May 29, 2018}} Laybourne gave Coffey "pretty much free rein to look for properties".{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/spotlight/nickelodeon-animation-studio-ren-stimpy-jon-kricfalusi-vanessa-coffey-1201766455/|title=Nickelodeon Animation Studio: Pop-Culture Powerhouse Got an Unlikely Start|last=Owen|first=Rob|date=May 5, 2016|work=Variety|access-date=May 29, 2018}}

Vanessa Coffey rented an apartment in Los Angeles for two weeks and accepted hourly pitches. She mailed animators a call for submissions, which she summarized as "I'm looking for ideas, I'm looking for concepts. The less developed, the better. I want drawings, not a big pitch."{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/2016/08/11/nicktoons-25th-anniversary-oral-history-doug-rugrats-ren-stimpy/|title=Nicktoons 25th anniversary oral history revisits 'Rugrats,' 'Doug,' 'Ren & Stimpy'|website=EW.com}} As Coffey accepted pitches, she decided that she did not want a "consistent look like Disney", specifically searching for projects that had completely different styles from each other.

Of the pitches she accepted, Coffey decided to approve eight six-minute pilots at a cost of $100,000 each. Laybourne would eventually select three pilots to expand into full series, meant to fill a programming block of an hour and a half. The first Nicktoon that Coffey approved was Jim Jinkins' Doug, followed by Arlene Klasky and Gabor Csupo's Rugrats. The final pitch that went to series came from John Kricfalusi, who presented a variety show titled Your Gang{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/makintoonsinside0000neuw|url-access=registration|title=Makin' toons: inside the most popular animated TV shows and movies|first=Allan|last=Neuwirth|year=2003|publisher=Allworth Press|isbn=9781581152692}} with a live-action host presenting different cartoons, each cartoon parodying a different genre. Ren and Stimpy were pets of one of the children in Your Gang. Coffey was dissatisfied with most of the pitch but did like Ren and Stimpy, singling them out for their own series. Both Coffey and Laybourne allowed the three shows to enter development. Between the pilots and series' production, Vanessa Coffey was named Nickelodeon's Vice President of Animation.

In fall 1992, Nickelodeon fired John Kricfalusi. Coffey and Laybourne asserted that Kricfalusi was in breach of contract for not delivering on time, creating inappropriate content, and going over budget.{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/18/vanessa-coffey-nickelodeon_n_6257232.html|title=One Woman Is Responsible For Starting Nickelodeon's Golden Age Of Cartoons|last=Duca|first=Lauren|date=December 18, 2014|work=Huffington Post|access-date=May 21, 2018|language=en-US}} Kricfalusi suspected the real reason was that the network was uncomfortable with more crude humor.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/21/arts/television-while-team-2-works-to-reform-ren-and-stimpy.html?src=pm|title=While Team 2 Works to Reform Ren and Stimpy|author=Andy Meisler|date=November 21, 1993|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=July 11, 2011}} After Kricfalusi and Nickelodeon missed several promised new-episode delivery and air dates, the network—which had purchased the rights to the Ren & Stimpy characters from Kricfalusi—negotiated a settlement with him. Production on Ren & Stimpy moved to Nickelodeon's animation department, Games Animation, and the show was put under the creative supervision of Bob Camp.{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-17-ca-46556-story.html|title=New Kings of TV's Toon Town|author=Andy Meisler|date=October 17, 1993|access-date=May 20, 2018|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}} Coffey soon stepped down as animation vice president for Nickelodeon to pursue her own projects. She was replaced by Mary Harrington, a Nickelodeon producer who moved out from New York to help run the Nicktoons division after Kricfalusi was fired.

At the time, the Nicktoons were produced primarily out-of-house at Jumbo Pictures (Doug) and Klasky Csupo (Rugrats), with Nickelodeon's executives overseeing development. Hoping to concentrate production under one roof, Nickelodeon greenlit its first fully-in-house series, Rocko's Modern Life, in 1992. A budget freeze in 1995 at Viacom (parent company of Nickelodeon) resulted in Ren & Stimpy being canceled that same year and the network passing on the final 13 episodes of their option for Doug. Jinkins sold Jumbo Pictures to Disney in 1996, moving Doug over to ABC and Toon Disney as a result. Nickelodeon retained the rights to the 52 episodes produced between 1991 and 1994 as a part of the agreement.

"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF863BDBA876E0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Animators Feel Free With `Rocko']." The Palm Beach Post

In 1996, Albie Hecht, then-president of Film and TV Entertainment for Nickelodeon, met with Nickelodeon artists to brainstorm an idea for a new Nicktoons studio. Nickelodeon's new facility, named Nickelodeon Animation Studio, would eventually open on March 4, 1998; Hecht said, "For me, this building is the physical manifestation of a personal dream, which is that when people think of cartoons, they'll say Nicktoons."{{cite news|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.1/3.1pages/3.1jacksonnick.html|title=Studio Tour: Nicktoons|author=Wendy Jackson|date=April 1998|publisher=Animation World Magazine|access-date=July 11, 2011}}

In June 1997, Nickelodeon began a five-year, $350 million investment into original animation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.3/issue2.3pages/news2.3.html|title=June 1997 News|website=www.awn.com}} As part of this effort, the company doubled its animation staff and produced many new pilots, including one for SpongeBob SquarePants. Before commissioning SpongeBob SquarePants as a full series, Nickelodeon executives insisted that it would not be popular unless the main character was a child who went to school, with his teacher as a main character. The show's creator, Stephen Hillenburg, recalled in 2012 that Nickelodeon told him, "Our winning formula is animation about kids in school... We want you to put SpongeBob in school."{{cite AV media |people=Wilson, Tom (interviewer); Hillenburg, Stephen (interviewee) |date=May 29, 2012 |title=Big Pop Fun #28: Stephen Hillenburg, Artist and Animator–Interview |url=http://ec.libsyn.com/p/d/9/8/d98c6fd6cc81f188/BPF28_Stephen_Hillenburg_artist_and_animator.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d01c08031d1c85f7cb2&c_id=4560686 |format=mp3 |medium=Podcast |publisher=Nerdist Industries |access-date=December 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6M1QBJ1BZ?url=http://ec.libsyn.com/p/d/9/8/d98c6fd6cc81f188/BPF28_Stephen_Hillenburg_artist_and_animator.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d01c08031d1c85f7cb2&c_id=4560686 |archive-date=December 21, 2013 |url-status=live }} Hillenburg was ready to "walk out" on Nickelodeon and abandon the series, since he wanted SpongeBob to be an adult character. He eventually compromised by adding a new character to the main cast, Mrs. Puff, who is a boat-driving teacher. Hillenburg was happy with the compromise and said, "A positive thing for me that came out of it was [how it brought] in a new character, Mrs. Puff, who I love."

According to Nickelodeon writer Micah Wright, the series pickups for both SpongeBob and CatDog were announced on the same day in 1997. Nickelodeon's senior vice president, Kevin Kay, confirmed to the animation studio's creative team that it had greenlit 100 episodes (200 individual segments) of CatDog and six episodes (twelve segments) of SpongeBob.{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MicahWright/status/1067531044398612481|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311013559/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AUGaY3wS7wZQJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FMicahWright%2Fstatus%2F1067531044398612481|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 11, 2020|title=Micah Wright on Twitter|date=2018|access-date=December 3, 2020}} Nickelodeon believed CatDog had the potential to be its next breakout hit, and their order represented an investment of $50 million into the series alone. Stephen Hillenburg was doubtful that his show would last, and he stated in 2009: "I was thinking if we could make a pilot, then we'd have one episode and have accomplished that. Then I thought if it did go to a full season that we'd get twelve chances to write stories and that might be it... that we'd make twelve shows and get canceled."{{cite web|last=White|first=Peter|title=SpongeBob SquarePants' creator Steve Hillenburg|url=http://tbivision.com/news/2009/10/spongebob-squarepants-creator-steve-hillenburg/7414/|work=TBI Vision|publisher=Informa Telecoms & Media|access-date=October 31, 2013|date=October 27, 2009}}

In 1998, Nickelodeon premiered Oh Yeah! Cartoons, which was intended as a "character laboratory" to test out cartoon characters.{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-07-18-9807180055-story.html|title=NEW CARTOON SHOW WILL HONOR IRREVERENCE|first=Harlene Ellin Special to the|last=Tribune|website=chicagotribune.com|date=July 18, 1998 }} Creator Fred Seibert described the show as an experiment into a seven-minute format that Nickelodeon generally avoided; he said, "they were very willing to try an experiment to see how it would work."{{Cite web|url=https://dotandline.net/fred-seibert-creativity-nicktoons-interview-nickelodeon-a1fb320a7414/|title=Exclusive Interview: Fred Seibert on How Creativity Flourished at Nickelodeon|first=John|last=Maher|date=August 25, 2016}} The series eventually yielded three half-hour spin-offs based on segments from the show: The Fairly OddParents, ChalkZone, and My Life as a Teenage Robot. 1998 also marked the release of the first feature film based on a Nicktoon: The Rugrats Movie, which became the first non-Disney animated film to gross over $100 million at the North American box office.{{Cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/rugrats-movie-has-hit-100-million|title=THE RUGRATS MOVIE has hit $100 million|website=Animation World Network}} On December 8, Nickelodeon's movie division greenlit theatrical adaptations of Hey Arnold! and The Wild Thornberrys, less than a month after Rugrats opened in theaters.{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/nick-megaskeds-original-skeins-1117489249/|title=Nick megaskeds original skeins|first1=Richard|last1=Katz|date=December 9, 1998}}

At the turn of the millennium, Nickelodeon noticed that a new competitor, Cartoon Network, was attracting some of its 11–15 year old demographic. Desiring a cartoon suited for older viewers,{{cite web | url=http://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=11274 | title=Nickelodeon Cans INVADER ZIM | date=January 18, 2002 | publisher=Ain't It Cool News | access-date=May 15, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612100337/http://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=11274 | archive-date=June 12, 2007 | url-status=live }} Nickelodeon producer Mary Harrington contacted Jhonen Vasquez for a series pitch after reading his Squee! comic books. Vasquez pitched Invader Zim, which satisfied Nickelodeon's requests for "something 'edgy'."{{cite web | url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/543/543764p1.html | title=An Interview with Jhonen Vasquez and Rikki Simons (page 1) | author=Tierney, Adam | publisher=IGN | date=September 1, 2004 | access-date=April 27, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424051019/http://dvd.ign.com/articles/543/543764p1.html | archive-date=April 24, 2006 | url-status=live }}

Nickelodeon also sought out a new action-adventure cartoon after commissioning several anime-inspired pilots that "didn't go anywhere", according to a New York Times article. By 2002, Nickelodeon had rejected multiple Japanese series, considering them derivative or too mature for the channel's target audience. In response, Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino pitched Avatar: The Last Airbender, and Nickelodeon ordered six episodes of the show. Avatar premiered in February 2005 to high ratings, after which Nickelodeon increased its order to 13 episodes and again to 20.{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/arts/television/28lass.html?ei=5090&en=2d9845c5b0133bb9&ex=1282881600&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all|title = Kung Fu Fightin' Anime Stars, Born in the U.S.A.|access-date = December 2, 2006|author = Lasswell, Mark|date=August 25, 2005|newspaper = The New York Times}}

In the early 2000s, Nickelodeon briefly continued its strategy of adapting Nicktoon franchises into theatrical features. Executives at the company's movie division decided to reconsider this approach after several films (Hey Arnold!: The Movie and Rugrats Go Wild) were met with poor financial and critical reception. According to the Chicago Tribune, Nickelodeon believed the Hey Arnold! movie "didn't just fail but actually tarnished one of the company's best selling points: its trustworthy brand name."{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/07/09/nickelodeon-flops-on-big-screen/|last=Horn|first=John|agency=Los Angeles Times|title=Nickelodeon flops on big screen|date=July 9, 2003|access-date=October 6, 2011|work=Chicago Tribune|page=3 (Tempo)}} Aside from SpongeBob SquarePants films, Nickelodeon Movies stopped producing animated theatrical features based on their shows.

In February 2005, high ratings from Butch Hartman's two Nicktoons (The Fairly OddParents and Danny Phantom) convinced the network to sign a multi-year deal with Hartman.{{Cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/fairly-oddparents-butch-hartman-signs-multi-year-deal-nick|title=Fairly OddParents' Butch Hartman Signs Multi-Year Deal With Nick|website=Animation World Network|date=February 23, 2005|last=DeMott|first=Rick}} As part of the agreement, Hartman developed original animated and live-action concepts for Nickelodeon and its sister channel, Noggin. In a statement, Hartman said, "Working with everyone at Nickelodeon over the past several years has been hugely satisfying and I look forward to forging the same kind of terrific creative alliances with the folks at Noggin".

In October 2006, DreamWorks Animation (who was then in a distribution deal with Nickelodeon's corporate sister Paramount Pictures) announced that it would partner to co-produce animated shows with the channel.{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/nick-dreamworks-making-tv/|title=Nick, DreamWorks Making TV|first=Ryan|last=Ball|date=October 25, 2006}} The partnership resulted in three CGI-animated shows based on DreamWorks' character library: The Penguins of Madagascar, Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness, and Monsters vs. Aliens.

File:Nicktoons-on-Nickelodeon-Animation-Studio-logo.png. From left to right: Leonardo, SpongeBob SquarePants, Craig, Cosmo, Wanda and Bloom.]]

In October 2009 and September 2010, respectively, Viacom brought Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Winx Club into the Nickelodeon family by purchasing both franchises. Nickelodeon Animation Studio produced a new CGI-animated Turtles series{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jul/19/tuning-in-to-tv-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-have-/ |title= Tuning in to TV: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have new series, toys |work=The Washington Times |date=July 29, 2012 |access-date=July 23, 2013}} and new seasons of Winx Club with CGI sequences.{{Cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/global-hit-animated-series-winx-club-comes-to-nickelodeon-starting-june-27/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701104555/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/global-hit-animated-series-winx-club-comes-to-nickelodeon-starting-june-27/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 1, 2017|title=Global Hit Animated Series 'Winx Club' Comes To Nickelodeon, Starting June 27|work=Screener|date=June 9, 2011}} TMNT and Winx were both inducted into the Nicktoons franchise after Nickelodeon launched them.{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/dhosford/docs/nick_packaging/28|title=Nickelodeon Packaging Guide Refresh|date=July 14, 2016|work=Nickelodeon Consumer Products|publisher=Viacom International, Inc.}} The two productions comprised Nickelodeon's strategy to reboot two established brands for new viewers: TMNT was intended to reach an audience of boys aged 6 to 11, and Winx was aimed at the same age group of girls. In February 2011, Viacom bought out a third of Rainbow SpA,{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2011/tv/news/viacom-takes-stake-in-rainbow-1118031575/|title=Viacom takes stake in Rainbow|work=Variety|date=4 February 2011|last=Vivarelli|first=Nick}} the Italian animation studio that introduced Winx Club. The purchase was valued at 62 million euros (US$83 million){{Cite web|url=http://www.videoagedaily.com/digitalissues/PDF/Video+Age+International+September-October+2014/files/assets/common/downloads/page0024.pdf|title=Straffi's Rainbow: Europe's Largest Animation House Has Growing Pains|work=VideoAge International}} and led to new shows being co-developed by Rainbow and Nickelodeon, including Club 57{{Cite web|url=https://www.produ.com/noticias/iginio-straffi-de-rainbow-tuvimos-una-influencia-muy-importante-en-la-historia-de-club-57|title=Iginio Straffi de Rainbow: Tuvimos una influencia muy importante en la historia de Club 57 para garantizar su atractivo en Europa|website=Produ.com|date=November 20, 2018}} and a pilot for the Nickelodeon Animated Shorts Program called "Crazy Block".{{Cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/nickelodeon-announces-intl-finalists-2014-global-animated-shorts-program|title=Nickelodeon Announces Int'l Finalists for 2014 Global Animated Shorts Program|website=Animation World Network}}

In the early 2010s, Nickelodeon executives searched for independent animations on the Internet, looking for original ideas. Chris Viscardi, who would later become Nickelodeon Animation's senior vice president, stated that the studio desired to "[get] back to more creator-driven things." Nickelodeon eventually came across two animations they enjoyed: The Forest City Rockers (a short series by Jay Howell and Jim Dirschberger) and Breadwinners (a stand-alone short by Gary DiRaffaele and Steve Borst). Howell and Dirschberger were recruited to develop Sanjay and Craig while DiRaffaele and Borst were asked to expand their Breadwinners short into a full series.{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-ct-nickelodeon-ratings-breadwinners-20140209-story.html |title=Has Nickelodeon found its new bread winner? |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 7, 2014 |access-date=August 10, 2014 |author=James, Meg |pages=1–3 (paginated) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325163511/http://articles.latimes.com/print/2014/feb/07/entertainment/la-et-ct-nickelodeon-ratings-breadwinners-20140209 |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |url-status=live }} Sanjay and Craig premiered first, on May 25, 2013. After its debut, Los Angeles Times critic Robert Lloyd optimistically compared the show to the Nicktoons of the 1990s, writing that "the goofy and delightful series ... represents a positive step back for the network to where it once belonged."{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-xpm-2013-may-25-la-et-st-sanjay-craig-chris-viscardi-will-mcrobb-20130524-story.html|title=Q&A;: 'Sanjay and Craig' and 'Pete & Pete'|date=May 25, 2013|website=Los Angeles Times}}

In the late 2010s, Nickelodeon revived three existing Nicktoons IP as one-off movies, including Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie, Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling, and Invader Zim: Enter the Florpus. The first aired on the Nickelodeon channel in November 2017, while the latter two premiered in August 2019 on Netflix.{{cite magazine|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/04/04/nickelodeon-invader-zim-tv-movie/ |title=Nickelodeon reviving Invader Zim for TV movie |first=Marc|last=Snetiker|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date= April 4, 2017|access-date=July 22, 2017}} Jhonen Vasquez, the creator of Invader Zim, stated in 2019 that the studio's support for the revival films waned due to a shift in management: "We had an immense amount of support throughout most of the production. Things just turn on a dime, people get axed, new people come in."{{cite Tweet|user=JhonenV|author=Jhonen Vasquez|number=1151936211688103936|title=NICK isn't one unchanging entity - it's whatever people are there at any given time. We had an immense amount of support throughout most of the production. Things just turn on a dime, people get axed, new people come in.|date=July 18, 2019}}

In 2018, Nickelodeon began to shift from focusing only on cable broadcasting to what it describes as a "studio model" that provides content for third-party companies.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/streaming/netflix-and-nickelodeon-enter-new-partnership-for-series-and-features-182395.html|title=Netflix and Nickelodeon Enter New Partnership For Series And Features|first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi|last=Amidi|date=November 13, 2019|website=Cartoon Brew}} The decision was made based on the sharp decline of cable viewership due to the rise of streaming services. As part of this strategy, Nickelodeon announced that the series Pinky Malinky would release on Netflix as "the first straight-to-Netflix Nicktoon".{{Cite web|url=https://www.nickanimation.com/pinky-malinky-series-premieres-on-netflix|title=Pinky Malinky Series Premieres on Netflix - Nickelodeon Animation|website=www.nickanimation.com}} The series premiered on the platform on January 1, 2019. On November 13, 2019, Nickelodeon expanded their relationship with Netflix with the announcement of a multi-year output deal, under which Nickelodeon Animation Studio will produce "original animated feature films and TV series based on both new and existing IP".{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeon-netflix-team-original-animated-features-tv-series-1254388|title=Nickelodeon, Netflix Team for Original Animated Features, TV Series|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=November 13, 2019}} On February 21, 2020, Nickelodeon's Glitch Techs premiered on Netflix, becoming the second Nicktoon to receive a digital-only release.{{Cite news|url=https://decider.com/2020/02/21/glitch-techs-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Glitch Techs' on Netflix, a Nickelodeon 'Toon in Which Secret Warriors Battle Escaped Video Game Baddies|newspaper=Decider |date=February 21, 2020}}

Note: Animated series made for Nickelodeon's other brands (namely Nick Jr. and Nick at Nite) are not included in this list.

• List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon
• Nicktoons (American TV channel)
• Cartoon Cartoons - a collective brand used for Cartoon Network
• The Disney Afternoon - a syndicated block of Disney Channel cartoons

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book

|editor-last=Hendershot

|editor-first=Heather

|title=Nickelodeon Nation: The History, Politics, and Economics of America's Only TV Channel for Kids

|location=New York

|publisher=New York University Press|year=2004

|isbn=0-8147-3652-1

}}

{{Nickelodeon}}

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Category:Nickelodeon

Category:Nickelodeon programming blocks

Category:Television programming blocks

Category:Paramount Global franchises