Northern Adelbert languages

There are approximately 20 Northern Adelbert languages.

Below is a comparison of Northern Adelbert language names in Pick (2020){{cite thesis |type=PhD dissertation |last=Pick |first=Andrew |date=2020 |title=A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |url=http://ling.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/PickDissertation.pdf}} and Z'graggen (1980).Z'graggen, J.A. A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. D-31, xvi + 194 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. {{doi|10.15144/PL-D31}} A few alternate names from Capell (1952) are also given.Capell, Arthur. 1952. Languages of the Bogia District, New Guinea. Oceania 22(2), 130-147; 22(3), 178-207.

Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a linkage. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017, 2020) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.

Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.Usher, Timothy. 2020. [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/madang-upper-yuat-river/madang/central-madang/adelbert-range-isumrud-strait Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait] (NewGuineaWorld)

{{tree list}}

• Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
• Kowan (Isumrud Strait): Waskia, Korak (Amako)
• (North) Adelbert Range
• Yamben
• Omosan (Omosa River): Pal (Abasakur), Kobol (Koguman)
• Gilagil River (old Isumrud proper)
• Dimir (Gavak)
• [old Mabuan]: Brem (Bunabun), Malas (Manep)
• Northwest Adelbert Range (Mount Pihom)
• Kaukombar River: Mala (Pay), Miani (Maiani, Tani), Maia (Pila, Saki)
• Kumil–Timper
• Kumil River: Bepour, Mauwake (Ulingan), Moere
• Tiboran River (Timper River): Musar; Wanambre; Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu (Hinihon)
• Mabulap–Numugen
• Amaimon (Mabulap) isolate
• Numugen River (see)

{{tree list/end}}

Below is Andrew Pick's (2020) classification of the Northern Adelbert languages.{{rp|14}}

{{tree list}}

• Northern Adelbert languages
• Manep–Barem languages: Manep, Barem
• Kumil–Tibor languages
• Kumil languages: Mauwake, Bepour, Moere
• Tibor languages: Pamosu, Hember Avu, Mokati, Mawak, Kowaki
• Numugen languages: Usan, Karian, Yaben, Yarawata, Parawen, Ukuriguma
• Kaukombar languages: Maia, Mala, Miani, Maiani
• Gavak

{{tree list/end}}

A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017).{{cite journal |last=Pick |first=Andrew |date=2017 |title=A Reconstruction of Proto-Croiselles Phonology and Lexicon |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc/extras/ichl/pick-reconstruction-of-proto-croiselles.php |journal=23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics |location=San Antonio, Texas, US}} ([https://utexas.app.box.com/v/pick-reconstruction-of-proto-c video]) Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family.

{{tree list}}

• Northern Adelbert
• Kumil–Tibor (*t- > s, *p- > f, *ŋ > zero)
• Tibor [*-n > zero, *a > e]
• Mokati (Wanambre)
• (*k- > h, *C- > [−voice]) Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu, Hember Avu (Musar)
• Kumil [*k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice], *-k > zero]: Bepour, Mauwake, Moere
• Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero]: Mala, Miani, Maiani, Maia
• Manep–Barem [*-ŋ > n, *-g > ŋ, *wV > u]
• Manep (Malas)
• Barem (Brem)
• Gabak (Dimir)
• Numugen (*ŋ > n, 6 languages)
• Amako–Waskia: Waskia, Korak

{{tree list/end}}

Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.

==Proto-language==

{{Infobox proto-language

| name = Proto-Northern Adelbert

| familycolor = Papuan

| ancestor =

| child1 =

| target = Northern Adelbert languages

}}

A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert has been proposed by Pick (2020).

Pick (2020) reconstructs the phonemes of Proto-Northern Adelbert as:

Four vowels are reconstructed by Pick (2020): *a, *e, *i, *u. Although Northern Adelbert languages usually have the five vowels /a e i o u/, Pick (2020) does not consider *o to be reconstructable.

The Proto-Northern Adelbert pronouns are:{{rp|471}}

Selected lexical reconstructions from Pick (2020) are listed below.

Below is a list of Proto-Northern Adelbert forms that are descended from Proto-Trans–New Guinea.{{rp|470}}

{{reflist}}

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Northern Adelbert reconstructions}}

• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-croisilles Proto-Croisilles]. TransNewGuinea.org.
• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-mabuso Proto-Mabuso]. TransNewGuinea.org.
• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-north-adelbert Proto-North-Adelbert]. TransNewGuinea.org.
• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-isumrud Proto-Isumrud]. TransNewGuinea.org.
• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-pihom Proto-Pihom]. TransNewGuinea.org.
• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-tibor-omosa Proto-Tibor-Omosa]. TransNewGuinea.org.
• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-kaukombar Proto-Kaukombar]. TransNewGuinea.org.
• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-kumil Proto-Kumil]. TransNewGuinea.org.
• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-numugen Proto-Numugen]. TransNewGuinea.org.

• [https://andrewnpick.wordpress.com/research/ Current research on the Madang languages by Andrew Pick]

{{Madang languages}}

Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea

Category:Adelbert languages