Nymphaeaceae#Vegetative characteristics

The Nymphaeaceae are annual or perennial,Christenhusz, M. J. M., Fay, M. F., Chase, M. W. (2017). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Plants_of_the_World/LLo7DwAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Barclaya%20flora%20of&pg=PA91&printsec=frontcover Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants.] p. 91. Vereinigtes Königreich: University of Chicago Press. aquatic, rhizomatous herbs.{{Cite web|title=Family: Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family): Go Botany|url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/family/nymphaeaceae/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org}} The family is further characterized by scattered vascular bundles in the stems, and frequent presence of latex, usually with distinct, stellate-branched sclereids projecting into the air canals. Hairs are simple, usually producing mucilage (slime).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Leaves are alternate and spiral, opposite or occasionally whorled, simple, peltate or nearly so, entire to toothed or dissected, short to long petiolate, with blade submerged, floating or emergent, with palmate to pinnate venation. Stipules are either present or absent.Nymphaeaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10618L. Watson, & M. J. Dallwitz. (n.d.). The families of flowering plants - Nymphaeaceae Salisb. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www-archiv.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio/www/nymphaea.htm

Flowers are solitary, bisexual, radial, with a long pedicel and usually floating or raised above the surface of the water, with girdling vascular bundles in receptacle.{{Cite journal|last=Ito|first=Motomi|date=1986|title=Studies in the floral morphology and anatomy of nymphaeales|journal=The Botanical Magazine Tokyo|volume=99|issue=2|pages=169–184|doi=10.1007/bf02488818|s2cid=2037133|issn=0006-808X}}{{Cite journal|last1=Supaphon|first1=Preuttiporn|last2=Keawpiboon|first2=Chutima|last3=Preedanon|first3=Sita|last4=Phongpaichit|first4=Souwalak|last5=Rukachaisirikul|first5=Vatcharin|date=2018|title=Isolation and antimicrobial activities of fungi derived from Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea stellata|journal=Mycoscience|volume=59|issue=5|pages=415–423|doi=10.1016/j.myc.2018.02.012|s2cid=89844294 |issn=1340-3540}} Some species are protogynous and primarily cross-pollinated, but because male and female stages overlap during the second day of flowering, and because it is self-compatible, self-fertilization is possible.{{Cite journal|last1=Ervik|first1=F.|last2=Renner|first2=S.S.|last3=Johanson|first3=K.A.|date=1995|title=Breeding system and pollination of Nuphar luteum (L.) Smith (Nymphaeaceae) in Norway|journal=Flora|volume=190|issue=2|pages=109–113|doi=10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30639-4|bibcode=1995FMDFE.190..109E |issn=0367-2530}} Female and male parts of the flower are usually active at different times, to facilitate cross-pollination, although this is just one of several reproductive strategies used by these plants.{{Cite journal|last=Wiersema|first=John H.|date=1988|title=Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae)|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=75|issue=3|pages=795–804|doi=10.2307/2399367|jstor=2399367|bibcode=1988AnMBG..75..795W |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/35833 }}

There are 4–12 sepals, which are distinct to connate, imbricate, and often petallike. Petals lacking or 8 to numerous, inconspicuous to showy, often intergrading with stamens. Stamens are 3 to numerous, the innermost sometimes represented by staminodes. Filaments are distinct, free or adnate to petaloid staminodes, slender and well differentiated from anthers to laminar and poorly differentiated from anthers; pollen grains usually monosulcate or lacking apertures. Carpels are 3 to numerous, distinct or connate.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The fruit is an aggregate of nuts, a berry, or an irregularly dehiscent fleshy spongy capsule. Seeds are often arillate, more or less lacking endosperm.

File:Water Lilies Canada 0517.jpg

Nymphaeaceae has been investigated systematically for decades because botanists considered their floral morphology to represent one of the earliest groups of angiosperms. Modern genetic analyses by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group researchers has confirmed its basal position among flowering plants.{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}{{Citation |title=As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants |publisher=The Linnean Society of London |url=http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=448 |access-date=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}{{Citation |title=APG III tidies up plant family tree |publisher=Horticulture Week |url=http://www.hortweek.com/channel/OrnamentalsProduction/rss/article/943975/APG-III-tidies-plant-family-tree/ |access-date=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }} In addition, the Nymphaeaceae are more genetically diverse and geographically dispersed than other basal angiosperms.Mario Coiro & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga (2013): Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies), Jaume Pellicer, Laura J Kelly, Carlos Magdalena, Ilia Leitch, 2013, Genome, 10.1139/gen-2013-0039 Nymphaeaceae is placed in the order Nymphaeales, which is the second diverging group of angiosperms after Amborella in the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, APG IV system.

{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|label1=Nymphaeaceae

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Victoria

|2=Euryale

}}

|2=Nymphaea

}}

|2=Ondinea

}}

|2=Barclaya

}}

|2=Nuphar

}}

}}

Nymphaeaceae is a small family of three to six genera: Barclaya, Euryale, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Ondinea, and Victoria. The genus Barclaya is sometimes given rank as its own family, Barclayaceae, on the basis of an extended perianth tube (combined sepals and petals) arising from the top of the ovary and by stamens that are joined in the base. However, molecular phylogenetic work includes it in Nymphaeaceae.Les DH, Schneider EL, Padgett DJ, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Zanis M (1999) Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA data. Systematic Botany 24: 28–46. The genus Ondinea has recently been shown to be a morphologically aberrant species of Nymphaea, and is now included in this genus.Löhne C, Wiersema JH, Borsch T (2009) The unusual Ondinea, actually just another Australian water-lily of Nymphaea subg. Anecphya (Nymphaeaceae). Willdenowia 39: 55–58. The genera Euryale, of far east Asia, and Victoria, from South America, are closely related despite their geographic distance, but their relationship toward Nymphaea need further studies.Löhne C, Borsch T, Wiersema JH (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 141–163.Borsch T, Löhne C, Wiersema J (2008) Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns in Nymphaeales: integrating genes, genomes and morphology. Taxon 57: 1052–1081.Dkhar J, Kumaria S, Rama Rao S, Tandon P (2012) Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic implications of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) in the genus Nymphaea with focus on some Indian representatives. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 93–108.

The sacred lotus was once thought to be a water lily, but is now recognized to be a highly modified eudicot in its own family Nelumbonaceae of the order Proteales.

File:Jaguariba wiersemana, Brazil - Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin - MB. Pb. 1999-614.jpg]]

Several fossil species are known, including Cretaceous representatives of Nymphaea, as well as fossil genera such as Jaguariba from the Cretaceous of Brazil, Allenbya from the Ypresian of British Columbia,{{cite journal |last1=Cevallos-Ferriz |first1=S. R. |last2=Stockey |first2=R. A. |year=1989 |title=Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Nymphaeaceae |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=207–217|doi=10.1086/337765 |s2cid=86651676 }} Notonuphar from the Eocene of Antarctica,{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=David Winship |last2=Gee |first2=Carole T. |date=1 October 2014 |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of Fossil Water Lilies Based on Leaf Architecture and Vegetative Characters: Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses from Molecular Studies |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-55/issue-2/014.055.0208/Phylogenetic-Analysis-of-Fossil-Water-Lilies-Based-on-Leaf-Architecture/10.3374/014.055.0208.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=89–110 |doi=10.3374/014.055.0208 |bibcode=2014BPMNH..55...89T |s2cid=84253809 |issn=0079-032X|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Friis |first1=Else M. |last2=Iglesias |first2=Ari |last3=Reguero |first3=Marcelo A. |last4=Mörs |first4=Thomas |date=2017-08-01 |title=Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=303 |issue=7 |pages=969–980 |doi=10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y |s2cid=23846066 |issn=2199-6881|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PSyEv.303..969F }} Nuphaea from the Eocene of Germany,Gee, C. T., & Taylor, D. W. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carole-Gee/publication/334812929_An_Extinct_Transitional_Leaf_Genus_of_Nymphaeaceae_from_the_Eocene_Lake_at_Messel_Germany_Nuphaea_engelhardtii_Gee_et_David_W_Taylor_gen_et_sp_nov/links/5e344e9b92851c7f7f119674/An-Extinct-Transitional-Leaf-Genus-of-Nymphaeaceae-from-the-Eocene-Lake-at-Messel-Germany-Nuphaea-engelhardtii-Gee-et-David-W-Taylor-gen-et-sp-nov.pdf "An Extinct Transitional Leaf Genus of Nymphaeaceae from the Eocene Lake at Messel, Germany: Nuphaea engelhardtii Gee et David W. Taylor gen. et sp. nov."] International Journal of Plant Sciences, 180(7), 724-736. Susiea from the Late Paleocene Almont Flora of North Dakota, USA,Taylor, W., DeVore, M. L., & Pigg, K. B. (2006). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathleen-Pigg/publication/242342941_Susiea_newsalemae_gen_et_sp_nov_Nymphaeaceae_Euryale_-like_Seeds_from_the_Late_Paleocene_Almont_Flora_North_Dakota_USA/links/00b7d51ebd00e5e9d3000000/Susiea-newsalemae-gen-et-sp-nov-Nymphaeaceae-Euryale-like-Seeds-from-the-Late-Paleocene-Almont-Flora-North-Dakota-USA.pdf "Susiea newsalemae gen. et sp. nov.(Nymphaeaceae): Euryale-like seeds from the Late Paleocene Almont Flora, North Dakota, USA."] International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(6), 1271-1278. and Barclayopsis from the Maastrichtian of Eisleben, Germany.Barclayopsis urceolata Erv. Knobl., Mai. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved December 30, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=8DEE67A3-FE1B-58F6-36B6-215B7189280B

The beautiful nature of water lilies has led to their widespread use as ornamental plants. The Mexican waterlily, native to the Gulf Coast of North America, is planted throughout the continent. It has escaped from cultivation and become invasive in some areas, such as California's San Joaquin Valley. It can infest slow-moving bodies of water and is difficult to eradicate. Populations can be controlled by cutting top growth. Herbicides can also be used to control populations using glyphosate and fluridone.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/IPC/encycloweedia/weedinfo/nymphaea.htm|title=Nyphaea genus|website=www.cdfa.ca.gov|access-date=2018-09-13}}

{{More citations needed|section|date=October 2024}}

The water lily is the national flower of Iran, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.{{Cite news |last=Hettiarachchi |first=Kumudini |date=7 November 2010 |title=The 'great pretender' |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/101107/Plus/plus_01.html |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)}} The Emblem of Bangladesh contains a lily floating on water. It is also the birth flower for the month of July.

The Nymphaeaceae, which is also called (Nilufar Abi in Persian), can be seen in many reliefs of the Achaemenid period (552 BC) such as the statue of Anahita in the Persepolis. Lotus flower was included in Kaveh the blacksmith's Derafsh and later as the flag of the Sasanian Empire Derafsh Kaviani. Today, it is known as the symbol of Iranians Solar Hijri Calendar.

Lily pads, also known as Seeblätter, are a charge in Northern European heraldry, often coloured red (gules), and appear on the flag of Friesland and the coat of arms of Denmark (in the latter case often replaced by red hearts).

The water lily has a special place in Sangam literature and Tamil poetics, where it is considered symbolic of the grief of separation; it is considered to evoke imagery of the sunset, the seashore, and the shark.

Blason Antoine Dubois (1756-1837).svg|The emblem of surgeon and obstetrician to Napoleon, Baron Antoine Dubois (1756–1837).

Cyril Newall Arms.svg|Personal coat of arms of Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall (1946)

National emblem of Bangladesh.svg|National Emblem of Bangladesh (1972–present)

File:Escudo de Montederramo (Orense).svg|Coat of arms of Montederramo, Ourense.

File:Claude Monet Nympheas 1915 Musee Marmottan Paris.jpg.]]

Water lilies were depicted by the French artist Claude Monet (1840–1926) in a series of paintings.{{Cite journal |last1=Muir |first1=Kimberley |last2=Sutherland |first2=Ken |date=2021-02-09 |title=Color, Chemistry, and Creativity in Monet's Water Lilies |url=https://www.artic.edu/articles/862/color-chemistry-and-creativity-in-monets-water-lilies |journal=Art Institute Chicago |language=en}}

File:Ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America (1917) (17572484174).jpg

The main job of the Maya rulers during pre-Columbian Mesoamerica was to obtain clean and drinkable water for their citizens during both the wet and dry seasons. Their success in accomplishing this is what allowed them to grow their polity by attracting dry-season laborers. They did this by constructing water systems such as reservoirs, wetland reclamation, and dams and channels to capture and store rainwater. With their knowledge of the wetland biosphere, they transformed artificial reservoirs into wetland biospheres. One way that they tested whether the water systems were working properly was if the Nymphaeaceae were thriving. Water lilies became a visual sign of water cleanliness, so the Maya elite began to associate themselves with the flowers.{{cite journal |last1=Lucero |first1=Lisa J. |last2=Gunn |first2=Joel D. |last3=Scarborough |first3=Vernon L. |title=Climate Change and Classic Maya Water Management |journal=Water |date=1 April 2011 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=479–94 |doi=10.3390/w3020479 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Water...3..479L }}

The Maya began to use water lily iconography depicted on stelae, monumental architecture, murals, and in hieroglyphic writing.{{cite book |last1=Puleston |first1=Dennis E. |title=Social Process in Maya Prehistory: Studies in Honor of Sir Eric Thompson |chapter=The art and archaeology of hydraulic agriculture in the Maya lowlands |date=1977 |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-12-322050-9 |pages=449–467 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3384967 }} Even in Maya settlements like Palenque, where the main water supplies were springs and flowing streams (places where water lilies cannot grow), the flowers were prevalent in their iconographic records. Aristocrats and religious figures wore masks and/or headdresses during celebratory events that had water lilies and/or water lily symbols to appear like gods.{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Andrew |title=Water Lily and Cosmic Serpent: Equivalent Conduits of the Maya Spirit Realm |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology |date=2012 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=74–107|doi=10.2993/0278-0771-32.1.74 |s2cid=55165881 }} There is also evidence that water lilies were used as cultural entheogenic. Some interpretations of ritual scenes drawn out by the Maya have been blood being extracted from perforated body parts. However, more close examinations show that this is instead a liquid flowing directly from water lily flowers that were on the heads of certain gods. It is likely that the Maya ingested these plants to create a non-ordinary state of consciousness, which makes sense because there is a class of opiate alkaloids in Nymphaeaceae. Overall, these examples show just how important this specific form of water symbolism was throughout the Maya region.{{cite journal |last1=Lucero |first1=Lisa J. |title=The collapse of the Classic Maya: A case for the role of water control |journal=American Anthropologist |date=September 2002 |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=814–826 |doi=10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.814 |url=http://publish.illinois.edu/valleyofpeace/files/2019/07/collapseoftheclassicLucero2002.pdf |access-date=28 April 2023}}

File:Lilypad.jpg|Lily pads floating in a lake in Toronto, Canada

File:Matkusjoki 20210709 142526.jpg|Lily pads floating on Matkusjoki River in Iisalmi, Finland

File:Water Lily Sambalpur.jpg|Water lily at Sambalpur

File:Claude Monet 038.jpg|Water Lilies, 1920-1926, Musée de l'Orangerie

File:Nuphar pumila (4) 1200.jpg|Nuphar pumila 2014 in China

File:Water lily opening bloom 20fps.ogv|Time-lapse video of a water lily blooming

File:Nymphaea caerulea 01.jpg|Water lily blooming in Sankarpur of West Bengal

File:Blue-Lotus.jpg|Blue water lily of Bangladesh

File:Henllys Water Lilies.jpg|Yellow water lilies in Wales, 2021

File:Water lilies in Nairobi, Kenya.jpg|Water lilies in Nairobi, Kenya

File:Water Lily 2018.jpg|White Water Lily

File:Nymphaea 'Detective Erika' (ISG), jardin jungle.jpg|Nymphaea 'Detective Erika' in the jungle garden in France

• List of plants known as lily
• Nelumbo
• Pamplemousses Botanical Garden, famous for its giant water lilies

{{Reflist|30em}}

• The genera of the Nymphaeaceae and Ceratophyllaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. [http://waterflower.co.il/ 40]: 94-112.
• Perry D. Slocum: Waterlilies and Lotuses. Timber Press 2005, {{ISBN|0-88192-684-1}}. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=V62dfNKTPP0C&pg=PA79&dq=%22Nymphaea+colorata%22&lr=&sig=jbavgQBqVNQuB3sXqTneC9Htz64#PPA79,M1 Restricted online version at Google Books].)
• Thomas Borsch, Cornelia Löhne, Mame Samba Mbaye, and John H. Wiersema. 2011. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Towards-a-complete-species-tree-of-Nymphaea%3A-light-Borsch-L%C3%B6hne/dfbfa123c1968aa9539cd799cd45eaa8c696e00e "Towards a complete species tree of Nymphaea: shedding further light on subg. Brachyceras and its relationships to the Australian water-lilies"]. Telopea 13(1-2): 193-217. {{doi|10.7751/telopea20116014}}.
• {{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=David Winship |last2=Gee |first2=Carole T. |date=1 October 2014 |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of Fossil Water Lilies Based on Leaf Architecture and Vegetative Characters: Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses from Molecular Studies |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-55/issue-2/014.055.0208/Phylogenetic-Analysis-of-Fossil-Water-Lilies-Based-on-Leaf-Architecture/10.3374/014.055.0208.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=89–110 |doi=10.3374/014.055.0208 |bibcode=2014BPMNH..55...89T |s2cid=84253809 |issn=0079-032X|url-access=subscription }}

{{Commons category|Nymphaeaceae}}

{{Wikispecies}}

• [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Nymphaeaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Nymphaeaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515140925/http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Nymphaeaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon |date=2013-05-15 }}

{{Angiosperm families}}

{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q148650|from2=Q2884311|from3=Q81931705|from4=Q81931488}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Angiosperm families

Category:Aquatic plants

Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances