Open back unrounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɑ

|ipa number=305

|decimal=593

|x-sampa=A

|kirshenbaum=A

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0251.svg

|imagesize=150px

|braille=ch

}}

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɑ}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is A. The letter {{angbr IPA|ɑ}} is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has a full length linear stroke on its right, should not be confused with turned script a, {{IPA|ɒ}}, which has the linear stroke on its left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

In some languages (such as Azerbaijani, Estonian, Luxembourgish and Toda){{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}} there is the near-open back unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal {{IPA|[ɑ]}} and {{IPAblink|ʌ}}), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɑ̝}} or {{angbr IPA|ʌ̞}}.

Features

Occurrence

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA\|/a/}}"}}	{{lang\|af\|daar}}	{{IPA\|[dɑːr]}}	'there'	The quality varies between open near-back unrounded {{IPA\|[ɑ̟ː]}}, open back unrounded {{IPA\|[ɑː]}} and even open back rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒː}}.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA\|/a/}}"}} See Afrikaans phonology
colspan="2" \|Äiwoo \|{{Lang\|nfl\|kânongä}} \|{{IPA\|[kɑnoŋæ]}} \|'I want' \|
rowspan="2" \| Arabic	Standard{{sfnp\|Thelwall\|Sa'Adeddin\|1990\|p=39}}	{{lang\|ar\|طويل\|rtl=yes}} / ṭawīl	{{IPA\|[tˤɑˈwiːl]}}	'tall'	Allophone of long and short {{IPA\|/a/}} near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
Essaouira{{sfnp\|Francisco\|2019\|p=74}} \|{{Lang\|ar\|قال}} / qāl \|{{IPA\|[qɑːl]}} \|'he said' \|One of the possible realisations of {{IPA\|/ā/}}.{{sfnp\|Francisco\|2019\|p=74}}
Armenian	Eastern{{sfnp\|Thelwall\|Sa'Adeddin\|1990\|p=39}}	{{lang\|hy\|հաց}} / hacʿ	{{IPA\|[hɑt͡sʰ]}}	'bread'
colspan="2" \| Azerbaijani{{sfnp\|Mokari\|Werner\|2016\|p=509}}	{{lang\|az-Latn\|qardaş}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɑ̝ɾˈd̪ɑ̝ʃ]}}	'brother'	Near-open.{{sfnp\|Mokari\|Werner\|2016\|p=509}}
colspan="2" \| Bashkir \| {{lang\|ba-Cyrl\|ҡаҙ}} / {{lang\|ba-Latn\|qađ}} \| {{Audio-IPA\|Ba-ҡаҙ.ogg\|[qɑð]}} \| 'goose' \|
rowspan="4" \| Catalan	Many dialects{{sfnp\|Saborit\|2009\|p=10}}	{{lang\|ca\|pal}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɑɫ]}}	'stick'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp\|Saborit\|2009\|p=10}} See Catalan phonology
Some dialects{{sfnp\|Rafel\|1999\|p=14}}{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=90–92}}	{{lang\|ca\|mà}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmɑ]}}	'hand'	More central ({{IPA\|[ɑ̟]}}, {{IPAblink\|ä}}) in other dialects; fully front {{IPAblink\|a}} in Majorcan Catalan.{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=90–92}}
Some Valencian and Majorcan speakers{{sfnp\|Saborit\|2009\|p=10}}	{{lang\|ca\|lloc}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʎ̟ɑk]}}	'place'	Unrounded allophone of {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} in some accents.{{sfnp\|Saborit\|2009\|p=10}} Can be centralized.
Some southern Valencian speakers{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=131–132}}	\| {{lang\|ca\|bou}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɑw]}}	'bull'	Pronunciation of the vowel {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} before {{IPA\|[w]}}.{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=131–132}} Can be centralized.
Chinese	Mandarin{{sfnp\|Mou\|2006\|p=65}}	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|棒}} / {{lang\|cmn-Latn\|bàng}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-bàng.ogg\|[pɑŋ˥˩]}}	'stick'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} before {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}.{{sfnp\|Mou\|2006\|p=65}} See Standard Chinese phonology
rowspan="7" \| Dutch	Standard{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=47}}{{sfnp\|Verhoeven\|2005\|p=245}}	rowspan="3" \| {{lang\|nl\|bad}}	{{IPA\|[bɑt]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'bath'	Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}}{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=47}} In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to {{IPA\|[ɑ̝̈]}}.{{sfnp\|Verhoeven\|2005\|p=245}} See Dutch phonology
Leiden{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[bɑ̝t]}}	rowspan="2" \| Near-open fully back; can be rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̝}} instead.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}} See Dutch phonology
Rotterdam{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}}
Amsterdam{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=78, 104, 133}}	rowspan="3" \| {{lang\|nl\|aap}}	rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|[ɑːp]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'monkey'	rowspan="3" \| Corresponds to {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|aː}} ~ {{IPAplink\|äː}}]}} in standard Dutch.
Antwerp{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=104, 133}}
Utrecht{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=104, 133}}
The Hague{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=136}}	{{lang\|nl\|nauw}}	{{IPA\|[nɑː]}}	'narrow'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|[ʌu]}} in standard Dutch.
rowspan="8" \| English	Cardiff{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|1990\|p=95}}	rowspan=3 \| hot	rowspan=2 \| {{IPA\|[hɑ̝̈t]}}	rowspan=3 \| 'hot'	rowspan="2" \| Somewhat raised and fronted.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|1990\|p=95}}{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=168}}
Norfolk{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=168}}
General American{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009}}	{{IPA\|[hɑt]}}	May be more front [{{IPA\|ɑ̟}} ~ {{IPA link\|ä}}], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger.{{clarification needed\|date=July 2024}} See English phonology
Cockney{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}}	rowspan="4" \| palm	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[pɑːm]}}	rowspan="4" \| 'palm'	Fully back. It can be more front {{IPA\|[ɑ̟ː]}} instead.
General South African{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=117}}	Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [{{IPA link\|ɒː}} ~ {{IPA link\|ɔː}}] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel {{IPA\|[{{IPA\|ɑ̟ː}} ~ {{IPAplink\|äː}}]}}. See South African English phonology
Cultivated South African{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=116-117}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[pɑ̟ːm]}}	rowspan="2" \| Typically more front than cardinal {{IPA\|[ɑ]}}. It may be as front as {{IPAblink\|äː}} in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology and South African English phonology
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Roach\|2004\|p=242}}
Non-local Dublin{{cite web\|title=Glossary\|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#GlossB\|access-date=10 February 2015}}	back	{{IPA\|[bɑq]}}	'back'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} before velars for some speakers.
colspan="2" \| Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}}	{{lang\|et\|vale}}	{{IPA\|[ˈvɑ̝le̞ˑ]}}	'lie'	Near-open.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}} See Estonian phonology
Faroese	Some dialects{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=69, 79}}	{{lang\|fo\|vátur}}	{{IPA\|[ˈvɑːtʊɹ]}}	'wet'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/ɔɑ/}} in standard language.{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=69, 79}} See Faroese phonology
colspan="2" \| Finnish{{sfnp\|Suomi\|Toivanen\|Ylitalo\|2008\|p=21}}	{{lang\|fi\|kana}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝]}}	'hen'	Near-open,{{sfnp\|Suomi\|Toivanen\|Ylitalo\|2008\|p=21}} also described as open central {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Maddieson\|1984}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt\|Suomi\|Toivanen\|Ylitalo\|2008\|p=21}} See Finnish phonology
rowspan="2" \| French	Conservative Parisian{{sfnp\|Ashby\|2011\|p=100}}{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2013\|pp=225–227}}	{{lang\|fr\|pas}}	{{IPA\|[pɑ]}}	'not'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|a}}, but many speakers have only one open vowel {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2013\|pp=226–227}} See French phonology
Quebec{{sfnp\|Walker\|1984\|p=53}}	{{lang\|fr-CA\|pâte}}	{{Audio-IPA\|LL-Q150 (fra)-Simon Villeneuve-pâte.wav\|[pɑːt]\|help=no}}	'paste'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|a}}.{{sfnp\|Walker\|1984\|p=53}} See Quebec French phonology
colspan="2" \| Galician{{sfnp\|Regueira\|1996\|p=122}}{{sfnp\|Freixeiro Mato\|2006\|pp=72–73}}	{{lang\|gl\|irmán}}	{{IPA\|[iɾˈmɑŋ]}}	'brother'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp\|Regueira\|1996\|p=122}}{{sfnp\|Freixeiro Mato\|2006\|pp=72–73}} See Galician phonology
colspan="2" \| Georgian{{sfnp\|Shosted\|Chikovani\|2006\|pp=261–262}}	{{lang\|ka\|გუდა}} / {{lang\|ka-Latn\|guda}}	{{IPA\|[k̬ud̪ɑ]}}	'leather bag'	Usually not fully back {{IPA\|[ɑ]}}, typically {{IPA\|[ɑ̟]}} to {{IPA\|[ä]}}.{{Citation\|last=Aronson\|first=Howard\|year=1990\|title=Georgian: A Reading Grammar\|edition=2nd\|publisher=Slavica\|place=Columbus, OH}} Sometimes transcribed as {{IPA\|/a/}}.
rowspan="2" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|pp=34, 38}}	{{lang\|de\|Gourmand}}	{{IPA\|[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː]}}	'gourmand'	Nasalized; often realized as rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̃ː}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=38}} See Standard German phonology
Many speakers{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}}	{{lang\|de\|nah}}	{{IPA\|[nɑː]}}	'near'	Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}} Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.{{sfnp\|Moosmüller\|Schmid\|Brandstätter\|2015\|pp=342–344}} More front in other accents. See Standard German phonology
Greek	Sfakian{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2009\|pp=83–84}}	{{lang\|el\|μπύρα}} / býra	{{IPA\|[ˈbirɑ]}}	"beer"	Corresponds to central {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|ä}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɐ}}]}} in Modern Standard Greek.{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2009\|p=81}}{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|pp=25, 28}} See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian	Some dialects{{sfnp\|Vago\|1980\|p=1}}	{{lang\|hu\|magyar}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmɑɟɑr]}}	'Hungarian'	Weakly rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ}} in standard Hungarian.{{sfnp\|Szende\|1994\|p=92}} See Hungarian phonology
Inuit	West Greenlandic{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1990\|p=317}}	{{lang\|kl\|oqarpoq}}	{{IPA\|[ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚]}}	'he says'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} before and especially between uvulars.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1990\|p=317}} See Inuit phonology
Italian \|Some Piedmont dialects \|{{lang\|it\|casa}} \|[ˈkɑːzɑ] \|'house' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} which in Italian is largely realised as central {{IPA\|[ä]}}.
colspan="2" \| Kazakh	{{lang\|kk\|alma}}	{{IPA\|[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈmɑ̝]}}	'apple'	Can be realised as near-open.
colspan="2" \| Kaingang{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676–677, 682}}	{{lang\|kgp\|ga}}	{{IPA\|[ᵑɡɑ]}}	'land, soil'	Varies between back {{IPA\|[ɑ]}} and central {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}.{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676, 682}}
colspan="2" \| Khmer	{{lang\|km\|ស្ករ}} / {{transliteration\|km\|skâr}}	{{IPA\|[skɑː]}}	'sugar'	See Khmer phonology
colspan="2" \| Limburgish{{sfnp\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}}{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=110}}{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}	{{lang\|li\|bats}}	{{IPA\|[bɑ̽ts]}}	'buttock'	The quality varies between open back {{IPA\|[ɑ]}},{{sfnp\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}} open near-back {{IPA\|[ɑ̟]}}{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=110}} and near-open near-back {{IPA\|[ɑ̽]}}{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}} (illustrated in the example word, which is from the Maastrichtian dialect), depending on the dialect.
colspan="2" \| Low German{{sfnp\|Prehn\|2012\|p=157}}	{{lang\|nds\|al}} / {{lang\|nds-NL\|aal}}	{{IPA\|[ɑːl]}}	'all'	Backness may vary among dialects.{{sfnp\|Prehn\|2012\|p=157}}
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}	{{lang\|lb\|Kapp}}	{{IPA\|[kʰɑ̝p]}}	'head'	Near-open fully back.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
rowspan="3" \| Malay	Kedah{{sfnp\|Zaharani Ahmad\|1991}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|ms\|mata}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ma.tɑ]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'eye'	See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani \|Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Standard \|qari \|{{IPA\|[qɑ.ri]}} \|'qari' \|Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [{{IPA link\|ä}}]. See Malay phonology
colspan="2" \| Norwegian{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp\|Kvifte\|Gude-Husken\|2005\|p=4}}	{{lang\|no\|hat}}	{{IPA\|[hɑːt]}}	'hate'	The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Central {{IPAblink\|äː}} in some other dialects.{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp\|Kvifte\|Gude-Husken\|2005\|p=4}}{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|pp=16–17}} See Norwegian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Portuguese	Some Azorean dialects	{{lang\|pt\|semana}}	{{IPA\|[sɨ'mɑnɐ]}}	'week'	See Portuguese phonology
Paulista{{Sfnp\|Galastri\|2011\|p=21}} \|{{lang\|pt-BR\|vegetal}} \|{{IPA\|[veʒe'tɑʊ]}} \|'vegetable' \|Only immediately before {{IPA\|[ʊ]}}.{{Sfnp\|Galastri\|2011\|p=21}}
colspan="2" \| Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|p=50}}	{{lang\|ru\|палка}} / palka	{{IPA\|[ˈpɑɫkə]}}	'stick'	Occurs only before the hard {{IPA\|/l/}}, but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis{{sfnp\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=53}}	{{lang\|gd\|balach}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɑl̪ˠəx]}}	'boy'	Allophone of {{IPAblink\|a}} in proximity to broad sonorants.
colspan="2" \| Sema{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}	{{lang\|nsm\|amqa}}	{{IPA\|[à̠mqɑ̀]}}	'lower back'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/a/}} after uvular stops.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}
Swedish	Some dialects	{{lang\|sv\|jag}}	{{IPA\|[jɑːɡ]}}	'I'	Weakly rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̜ː}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=141}} See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Toda{{sfnp\|Shalev\|Ladefoged\|Bhaskararao\|1993\|p=92}}	{{lang\|tcx\|ஆந}}	{{IPA\|[ɑ̝ːn]}}	'elephant'	Near-open.{{sfnp\|Shalev\|Ladefoged\|Bhaskararao\|1993\|p=92}}
colspan="2" \| Turkish{{sfnp\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}}	{{lang\|tr\|at}}	{{IPA\|[ɑt̪]}}	'horse'	Also described as central {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}} See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}	{{lang\|uk\|мати}} / maty	{{IPA\|[ˈmɑtɪ]}}	'mother'	See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese \|Some dialects in North Central and Central \|{{lang\|vi\|gà}} \|{{IPA\|[ɣɑ˨˩]}} \|'chicken' \|See Vietnamese phonology{{Citation\|last=Phạm\|first=Andrea Hòa\|date=2014\|title=Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect)\|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Ngôn-ngữ-biến-đổi-và-số-phận-cuả-nguyên-âm-a-trong-Giọng-Quảng-Nam.pdf\|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)\|language=vi\|volume=6\|pages=10–18}}{{Citation\|last=Phạm\|first=Andrea Hòa\|date=2016\|title=Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province]\|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Sự-biến-âm-trong-vần-tiếng-Việt-thổ-ngữ-làng-Hến-huyện-Đức-Thọ-tỉnh-Hà-tĩnh.pdf\|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)\|language=vi\|volume=11\|pages=7–28}}
rowspan="2" \| West Frisian	Standard{{sfnp\|de Haan\|2010\|p=333}}	{{lang\|fy\|lang}}	{{IPA\|[ɫɑŋ]}}	'long'	Also described as central {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Visser\|1997\|p=14}} See West Frisian phonology
Aastersk{{sfnp\|van der Veen\|2001\|p=102}}	{{lang\|fy\|maat}}	{{IPA\|[mɑːt]}}	'mate'	Contrasts with a front {{IPAslink\|aː}}.{{sfnp\|van der Veen\|2001\|p=102}} See West Frisian phonology

Notes

References

{{citation

|last=Árnason

|first=Kristján

|title=The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese

|year=2011

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-19-922931-4

}}

{{citation

|last = Arvaniti

|first = Amalia

|year = 2007

|title = Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art

|pages = 97–208

|journal = Journal of Greek Linguistics

|volume = 8

|url = http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf

|doi = 10.1075/jgl.8.08arv

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf

|archive-date = 2013-12-11

|citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.1365

}}

{{citation

|last=Ashby

|first=Patricia

|title=Understanding Phonetics

|year=2011

|publisher=Routledge

|series=Understanding Language series

|isbn=978-0340928271

}}

{{citation

|last1=Asu

|first1=Eva Liina

|last2=Teras

|first2=Pire

|year=2009

|title=Estonian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=39

|issue=3

|pages=367–372

|doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last1=Collins

|first1=Beverley

|last2=Mees

|first2=Inger M.

|editor-last1=Coupland

|editor-first1=Nikolas

|editor-last2=Thomas

|editor-first2=Alan Richard

|year=1990

|title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change

|chapter=The Phonetics of Cardiff English

|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.

|pages=87–103

|isbn=978-1-85359-032-0

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C

}}

{{citation

|last1=Collins

|first1=Beverley

|last2=Mees

|first2=Inger M.

|year=2003

|orig-year=First published 1981

|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch

|edition=5th

|place=Leiden

|publisher=Brill Publishers

|isbn=978-9004103405

}}

{{citation

|last1=Collins

|first1=Beverley

|last2=Mees

|first2=Inger M.

|year=2013

|orig-year=First published 2003

|title=Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students

|edition=3rd

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-0-415-50650-2

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faVJTQIw9eQC

}}

{{citation

|last1=Danyenko

|first1=Andrii

|last2=Vakulenko

|first2=Serhii

|year=1995

|title=Ukrainian

|publisher=Lincom Europa

|isbn=9783929075083

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ

}}

{{citation

|last=de Haan

|first=Germen J.

|editor-last1=Hoekstra

|editor-first1=Jarich

|editor-last2=Visser

|editor-first2=Willem

|editor-last3=Jensma

|editor-first3=Goffe

|year=2010

|title=Studies in West Frisian Grammar: Selected Papers by Germen J. de Haan

|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company

|place=Amsterdam

|isbn=978-90-272-5544-0

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wW_D3RxTQDkC

}}

{{citation

|author1=Dudenredaktion

|last2=Kleiner

|first2=Stefan

|last3=Knöbl

|first3=Ralf

|year=2015

|orig-year=First published 1962

|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ

|language=de

|edition=7th

|location=Berlin

|publisher=Dudenverlag

|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4

}}

{{citation

|last=Dum-Tragut

|first=Jasmine

|year=2009

|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian

|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company

|place=Amsterdam

}}

{{citation

|last=Engstrand

|first=Olle

|year=1999

|chapter=Swedish

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0

|pages=140–142

}}

{{citation

|last=Fortescue

|first=Michael

|editor-last=Collins

|editor-first=Dirmid R. F.

|year=1990

|chapter=Basic Structures and Processes in West Greenlandic

|title=Arctic Languages: An Awakening

|publisher=UNESCO

|place=Paris

|pages=309–332

|isbn=978-92-3-102661-4

|chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last1=Fougeron

|first1=Cecile

|last2=Smith

|first2=Caroline L

|year=1993

|title=French

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=23

|issue=2

|pages=73–76

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874

|s2cid=249404451

}}

{{citation

|last=Freixeiro Mato

|first=Xosé Ramón

|year=2006

|title=Gramática da lingua galega (I). Fonética e fonoloxía

|place=Vigo

|publisher=A Nosa Terra

|isbn=978-84-8341-060-8

|language=gl

}}

{{citation

|last1=Gilles

|first1=Peter

|last2=Trouvain

|first2=Jürgen

|year=2013

|title=Luxembourgish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=1

|pages=67–74

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last1=Göksel

|first1=Asli

|last2=Kerslake

|first2=Celia

|year=2005

|title=Turkish: a comprehensive grammar

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-0415114943

}}

{{citation

|last=Gussenhoven

|first=Carlos

|year=1992

|title=Dutch

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=22

|issue=2

|pages=45–47

|doi=10.1017/S002510030000459X

|s2cid=243772965

}}

{{citation

|last1=Gussenhoven

|first1=Carlos

|last2=Aarts

|first2=Flor

|year=1999

|title=The dialect of Maastricht

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=29

|issue=2

|pages=155–166

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526

|s2cid=145782045

|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last1=Heijmans

|first1=Linda

|last2=Gussenhoven

|first2=Carlos

|year=1998

|title=The Dutch dialect of Weert

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=28

|issue=1–2

|pages=107–112

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006307

|s2cid=145635698

|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Jolkesky

|first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery

|year=2009

|title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble

|journal=Anais do SETA

|language=pt

|volume=3

|pages=675–685

|place=Campinas

|publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP

|url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474

}}

{{citation

|last1=Jones

|first1=Daniel

|last2=Ward

|first2=Dennis

|year=1969

|title=The Phonetics of Russian

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

}}

{{citation

|last=Kráľ

|first=Ábel

|title=Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti

|language=sk

|year=1988

|publisher=Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo

|location=Bratislava

}}

{{citation

|last=Kristoffersen

|first=Gjert

|author-link=Gjert Kristoffersen

|year=2000

|title=The Phonology of Norwegian

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-19-823765-5

}}

{{citation

|last1=Kvifte

|first1=Bjørn

|last2=Gude-Husken

|first2=Verena

|year=2005

|orig-year=First published 1997

|title=Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache

|language=de

|edition=3rd

|publisher=Gottfried Egert Verlag

|isbn=978-3-926972-54-5

}}

{{citation

|last=Lass

|first=Roger

|chapter=South African English

|editor-last=Mesthrie

|editor-first=Rajend

|year=2002

|title=Language in South Africa

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=9780521791052

}}

{{citation

|last=Lodge

|first=Ken

|year=2009

|title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics

|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group

|isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC

}}

{{citation

|last=Maddieson

|first=Ian

|year=1984

|title=Patterns of Sounds

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-26536-2

}}

{{citation

|last1=Mannell

|first1=R.

|last2=Cox

|first2=F.

|last3=Harrington

|first3=J.

|year=2009

|title=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

|publisher=Macquarie University

|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Monophthongs.html

}}

{{citation

|last1=Mokari

|first1=Payam Ghaffarvand

|last2=Werner

|first2=Stefan

|year=2016

|title=An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels

|editor-last=Dziubalska-Kolaczyk

|editor-first=Katarzyna

|journal=Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

|volume=52

|issue=3

|doi=10.1515/psicl-2016-0019

|s2cid=151826061

}}

{{citation

|last1=Moosmüller

|first1=Sylvia

|last2=Schmid

|first2=Carolin

|last3=Brandstätter

|first3=Julia

|year=2015

|title=Standard Austrian German

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=45

|issue=3

|pages=339–348

|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000055

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite thesis|last=Mou|first=Xiaomin|date=2006|title=Nasal codas in Standard Chinese: a study in the framework of the distinctive feature theory|type=PhD|place=Massachusetts|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|hdl=1721.1/35283}}
{{citation

|last=Oftedal

|first=Magne

|year=1956

|title=The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis

|publisher=Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap

|url=https://www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/resources/1956-Magne-Oftedal-Leurbost-Gaelic.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Peters

|first=Jörg

|year=2006

|title=The dialect of Hasselt

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/CC3128C98C906168AC7A7C5888225895/S0025100306002428a.pdf/dialect_of_hasselt.pdf

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=1

|pages=117–124

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite thesis|last=Prehn|first=Maike|year=2012|title=Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon|type=PhD|place=Amsterdam|publisher=LOT|isbn=978-94-6093-077-5|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1168313/101796_thesis_klein.pdf}}
{{citation

|last=Rafel

|first=Joaquim

|title=Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional

|year=1999

|place=Barcelona

|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans

|edition=3rd

|url=http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf

|isbn=978-84-7283-446-0

}}

{{citation

|last=Recasens

|first=Daniel

|year=1996

|title=Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX

|edition=2nd

|place=Barcelona

|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans

|isbn=978-84-7283-312-8

}}

{{citation

|last=Regueira

|first=Xosé Luís

|year=1996

|title=Galician

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=26

|issue=2

|pages=119–122

|doi=10.1017/s0025100300006162

|s2cid=249403834

}}

{{citation

|last=Roach

|first=Peter

|year=2004

|title=British English: Received Pronunciation

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590/S0025100304001768a.pdf/british_english_received_pronunciation.pdf

|volume=34

|issue=2

|pages=239–245

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768

|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Saborit

|first=Josep

|year=2009

|title=Millorem la pronúncia

|language=ca

|publisher = Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua

}}

{{citation

|last1=Shalev

|first1=Michael

|last2=Ladefoged

|first2=Peter

|author2-link=Peter Ladefoged

|last3=Bhaskararao

|first3=Peri

|year=1993

|chapter=Phonetics of Toda

|editor-last=Maddieson

|editor-first=Ian

|editor-link=Ian Maddieson

|title=Fieldwork studies of targeted languages

|chapter-url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432

|volume=84

|location=Los Angeles

|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group

|pages=89–125

}}

{{citation

|last1=Shosted

|first1=Ryan K.

|last2=Chikovani

|first2=Vakhtang

|year=2006

|title=Standard Georgian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=2

|pages=255–264

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659

|doi-access=free

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last1=Suomi

|first1=Kari

|author-link1=Kari Suomi

|last2=Toivanen

|first2=Juhani

|last3=Ylitalo

|first3=Riikka

|year=2008

|title=Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody

|series=Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9

|publisher=Oulu University Press

|isbn=978-951-42-8984-2

|url=http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/isbn9789514289842.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Szende

|first=Tamás

|year=1994

|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=24

|issue=2

|pages=91–94

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005090

|s2cid=242632087

}}

{{citation

|last=Teo

|first=Amos B.

|year=2014

|title=A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland

|publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics

|isbn=978-1-922185-10-5

|location=Canberra

|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/12015/1/Teo%20A%20phonological%20and%20phonetic%20description%20of%20Sumi%202014.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last1=Thelwall

|first1=Robin

|last2=Sa'Adeddin

|first2=M. Akram

|year=1990

|title=Arabic

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=20

|issue=2

|pages=37–39

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266

|s2cid=243640727

}}

{{citation

|last=Trudgill

|first=Peter

|year=2009

|title=Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology

|journal=Journal of Greek Linguistics

|volume=9

|issue=1

|pages=80–97

|doi=10.1163/156658409X12500896406041

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233523754

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Vago

|first=Robert M.

|title=The Sound Pattern of Hungarian

|publisher=Georgetown University Press

|year=1980

|place=Washington, D.C.

}}

{{citation

|last=van der Veen

|first=Klaas F.

|editor-last1=Munske

|editor-first1=Horst Haider

|editor-last2=Århammar

|editor-first2=Hans

|year=2001

|chapter=13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects

|title=Handbook of Frisian studies

|publisher=Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH

|place=Tübingen

|pages=98–116

|isbn=978-3-484-73048-9

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nx-GUm-0OIC

}}

{{citation

|last=Vanvik

|first=Arne

|year=1979

|title=Norsk fonetikk

|trans-title=Norwegian phonetics

|language=no

|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo

|place=Oslo

|isbn=978-82-990584-0-7

}}

{{citation

|last=Verhoeven

|first=Jo

|year=2005

|title=Belgian Standard Dutch

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/40E060F565C2A84B07993980D2957D49/S0025100305002173a.pdf/belgian_standard_dutch.pdf

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=35

|issue=2

|pages=245

|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Verhoeven

|first=Jo

|year=2007

|title=The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C526FB3C25A213C314E5BA6B9DB73EA4/S0025100307002940a.pdf/belgian_limburg_dialect_of_hamont.pdf

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=37

|issue=2

|pages=219–225

|doi=10.1017/S0025100307002940

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite thesis|last=Visser|first=Willem|year=1997|title=The Syllable in Frisian|url=https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/484468/The_Syllable_in_Frisian.pdf|type=PhD|place=Leiden|publisher=Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics|isbn=90-5569-030-9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192952/https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/484468/The_Syllable_in_Frisian.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}
{{citation

|last=Walker

|first=Douglas

|year=1984

|title=The Pronunciation of Canadian French

|location=Ottawa

|publisher=University of Ottawa Press

|isbn=978-0-7766-4500-1

|url=http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dcwalker/PronCF.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Wells

|first=J.C.

|year=1982

|title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

}}

{{cite web|last=Wissing|first=Daan|year=2016|title=Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory|url=http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011|website=Taalportaal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415194042/http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=live|access-date=16 April 2017}}
{{citation |author=Zaharani Ahmad |title=The Phonology and Morphology of the Perak Dialect |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur |year=1991}}
{{citation

|last1=Zimmer

|first1=Karl

|last2=Orgun

|first2=Orhan

|year=1999

|chapter=Turkish

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

|pages=154–158

|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf

|access-date=2015-11-21

|archive-date=2018-07-25

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf

|url-status=dead

}}

{{cite thesis|title=O dialeto árabe de Essaouira: documentação e descrição de uma variedade do sul do Marrocos|last=Francisco|first=Felipe Benjamin|s2cid=214469852|publisher=University of São Paulo|place=São Paulo|year=2019|doi=10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-29102019-180034|type=PhD|doi-access=free}}
{{citation|last=Galastri|first=Eliane de Oliveira|year=2011|publication-place=Araraquara|publisher=São Paulo State University|language=pt-BR|type=Term paper|hdl=11449/119177|hdl-access=free|title=Guia para a transcrição fonética do dialeto paulista|journal=Aleph }}

External links

{{phoible|ɑ}}

Category:Open vowels

Category:Back vowels

Category:Unrounded vowels

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA\|/a/}}"}}	{{lang\|af\|daar}}	{{IPA\|[dɑːr]}}	'there'	The quality varies between open near-back unrounded {{IPA\|[ɑ̟ː]}}, open back unrounded {{IPA\|[ɑː]}} and even open back rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒː}}.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA\|/a/}}"}} See Afrikaans phonology
colspan="2" \|Äiwoo \|{{Lang\|nfl\|kânongä}} \|{{IPA\|[kɑnoŋæ]}} \|'I want' \|
rowspan="2" \| Arabic	Standard{{sfnp\|Thelwall\|Sa'Adeddin\|1990\|p=39}}	{{lang\|ar\|طويل\|rtl=yes}} / ṭawīl	{{IPA\|[tˤɑˈwiːl]}}	'tall'	Allophone of long and short {{IPA\|/a/}} near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
Essaouira{{sfnp\|Francisco\|2019\|p=74}} \|{{Lang\|ar\|قال}} / qāl \|{{IPA\|[qɑːl]}} \|'he said' \|One of the possible realisations of {{IPA\|/ā/}}.{{sfnp\|Francisco\|2019\|p=74}}
Armenian	Eastern{{sfnp\|Thelwall\|Sa'Adeddin\|1990\|p=39}}	{{lang\|hy\|հաց}} / hacʿ	{{IPA\|[hɑt͡sʰ]}}	'bread'
colspan="2" \| Azerbaijani{{sfnp\|Mokari\|Werner\|2016\|p=509}}	{{lang\|az-Latn\|qardaş}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɑ̝ɾˈd̪ɑ̝ʃ]}}	'brother'	Near-open.{{sfnp\|Mokari\|Werner\|2016\|p=509}}
colspan="2" \| Bashkir \| {{lang\|ba-Cyrl\|ҡаҙ}} / {{lang\|ba-Latn\|qađ}} \| {{Audio-IPA\|Ba-ҡаҙ.ogg\|[qɑð]}} \| 'goose' \|
rowspan="4" \| Catalan	Many dialects{{sfnp\|Saborit\|2009\|p=10}}	{{lang\|ca\|pal}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɑɫ]}}	'stick'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp\|Saborit\|2009\|p=10}} See Catalan phonology
Some dialects{{sfnp\|Rafel\|1999\|p=14}}{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=90–92}}	{{lang\|ca\|mà}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmɑ]}}	'hand'	More central ({{IPA\|[ɑ̟]}}, {{IPAblink\|ä}}) in other dialects; fully front {{IPAblink\|a}} in Majorcan Catalan.{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=90–92}}
Some Valencian and Majorcan speakers{{sfnp\|Saborit\|2009\|p=10}}	{{lang\|ca\|lloc}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʎ̟ɑk]}}	'place'	Unrounded allophone of {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} in some accents.{{sfnp\|Saborit\|2009\|p=10}} Can be centralized.
Some southern Valencian speakers{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=131–132}}	\| {{lang\|ca\|bou}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɑw]}}	'bull'	Pronunciation of the vowel {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} before {{IPA\|[w]}}.{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=131–132}} Can be centralized.
Chinese	Mandarin{{sfnp\|Mou\|2006\|p=65}}	{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|棒}} / {{lang\|cmn-Latn\|bàng}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-bàng.ogg\|[pɑŋ˥˩]}}	'stick'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} before {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}.{{sfnp\|Mou\|2006\|p=65}} See Standard Chinese phonology
rowspan="7" \| Dutch	Standard{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=47}}{{sfnp\|Verhoeven\|2005\|p=245}}	rowspan="3" \| {{lang\|nl\|bad}}	{{IPA\|[bɑt]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'bath'	Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}}{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=47}} In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to {{IPA\|[ɑ̝̈]}}.{{sfnp\|Verhoeven\|2005\|p=245}} See Dutch phonology
Leiden{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[bɑ̝t]}}	rowspan="2" \| Near-open fully back; can be rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̝}} instead.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}} See Dutch phonology
Rotterdam{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=131}}
Amsterdam{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=78, 104, 133}}	rowspan="3" \| {{lang\|nl\|aap}}	rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|[ɑːp]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'monkey'	rowspan="3" \| Corresponds to {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|aː}} ~ {{IPAplink\|äː}}]}} in standard Dutch.
Antwerp{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=104, 133}}
Utrecht{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=104, 133}}
The Hague{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=136}}	{{lang\|nl\|nauw}}	{{IPA\|[nɑː]}}	'narrow'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|[ʌu]}} in standard Dutch.
rowspan="8" \| English	Cardiff{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|1990\|p=95}}	rowspan=3 \| hot	rowspan=2 \| {{IPA\|[hɑ̝̈t]}}	rowspan=3 \| 'hot'	rowspan="2" \| Somewhat raised and fronted.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|1990\|p=95}}{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=168}}
Norfolk{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=168}}
General American{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009}}	{{IPA\|[hɑt]}}	May be more front [{{IPA\|ɑ̟}} ~ {{IPA link\|ä}}], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger.{{clarification needed\|date=July 2024}} See English phonology
Cockney{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}}	rowspan="4" \| palm	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[pɑːm]}}	rowspan="4" \| 'palm'	Fully back. It can be more front {{IPA\|[ɑ̟ː]}} instead.
General South African{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=117}}	Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [{{IPA link\|ɒː}} ~ {{IPA link\|ɔː}}] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel {{IPA\|[{{IPA\|ɑ̟ː}} ~ {{IPAplink\|äː}}]}}. See South African English phonology
Cultivated South African{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=116-117}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[pɑ̟ːm]}}	rowspan="2" \| Typically more front than cardinal {{IPA\|[ɑ]}}. It may be as front as {{IPAblink\|äː}} in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology and South African English phonology
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Roach\|2004\|p=242}}
Non-local Dublin{{cite web\|title=Glossary\|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#GlossB\|access-date=10 February 2015}}	back	{{IPA\|[bɑq]}}	'back'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} before velars for some speakers.
colspan="2" \| Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}}	{{lang\|et\|vale}}	{{IPA\|[ˈvɑ̝le̞ˑ]}}	'lie'	Near-open.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}} See Estonian phonology
Faroese	Some dialects{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=69, 79}}	{{lang\|fo\|vátur}}	{{IPA\|[ˈvɑːtʊɹ]}}	'wet'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/ɔɑ/}} in standard language.{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=69, 79}} See Faroese phonology
colspan="2" \| Finnish{{sfnp\|Suomi\|Toivanen\|Ylitalo\|2008\|p=21}}	{{lang\|fi\|kana}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝]}}	'hen'	Near-open,{{sfnp\|Suomi\|Toivanen\|Ylitalo\|2008\|p=21}} also described as open central {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Maddieson\|1984}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt\|Suomi\|Toivanen\|Ylitalo\|2008\|p=21}} See Finnish phonology
rowspan="2" \| French	Conservative Parisian{{sfnp\|Ashby\|2011\|p=100}}{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2013\|pp=225–227}}	{{lang\|fr\|pas}}	{{IPA\|[pɑ]}}	'not'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|a}}, but many speakers have only one open vowel {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2013\|pp=226–227}} See French phonology
Quebec{{sfnp\|Walker\|1984\|p=53}}	{{lang\|fr-CA\|pâte}}	{{Audio-IPA\|LL-Q150 (fra)-Simon Villeneuve-pâte.wav\|[pɑːt]\|help=no}}	'paste'	Contrasts with {{IPAslink\|a}}.{{sfnp\|Walker\|1984\|p=53}} See Quebec French phonology
colspan="2" \| Galician{{sfnp\|Regueira\|1996\|p=122}}{{sfnp\|Freixeiro Mato\|2006\|pp=72–73}}	{{lang\|gl\|irmán}}	{{IPA\|[iɾˈmɑŋ]}}	'brother'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp\|Regueira\|1996\|p=122}}{{sfnp\|Freixeiro Mato\|2006\|pp=72–73}} See Galician phonology
colspan="2" \| Georgian{{sfnp\|Shosted\|Chikovani\|2006\|pp=261–262}}	{{lang\|ka\|გუდა}} / {{lang\|ka-Latn\|guda}}	{{IPA\|[k̬ud̪ɑ]}}	'leather bag'	Usually not fully back {{IPA\|[ɑ]}}, typically {{IPA\|[ɑ̟]}} to {{IPA\|[ä]}}.{{Citation\|last=Aronson\|first=Howard\|year=1990\|title=Georgian: A Reading Grammar\|edition=2nd\|publisher=Slavica\|place=Columbus, OH}} Sometimes transcribed as {{IPA\|/a/}}.
rowspan="2" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|pp=34, 38}}	{{lang\|de\|Gourmand}}	{{IPA\|[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː]}}	'gourmand'	Nasalized; often realized as rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̃ː}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=38}} See Standard German phonology
Many speakers{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}}	{{lang\|de\|nah}}	{{IPA\|[nɑː]}}	'near'	Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}} Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.{{sfnp\|Moosmüller\|Schmid\|Brandstätter\|2015\|pp=342–344}} More front in other accents. See Standard German phonology
Greek	Sfakian{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2009\|pp=83–84}}	{{lang\|el\|μπύρα}} / býra	{{IPA\|[ˈbirɑ]}}	"beer"	Corresponds to central {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|ä}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɐ}}]}} in Modern Standard Greek.{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2009\|p=81}}{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|pp=25, 28}} See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian	Some dialects{{sfnp\|Vago\|1980\|p=1}}	{{lang\|hu\|magyar}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmɑɟɑr]}}	'Hungarian'	Weakly rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ}} in standard Hungarian.{{sfnp\|Szende\|1994\|p=92}} See Hungarian phonology
Inuit	West Greenlandic{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1990\|p=317}}	{{lang\|kl\|oqarpoq}}	{{IPA\|[ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚]}}	'he says'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} before and especially between uvulars.{{sfnp\|Fortescue\|1990\|p=317}} See Inuit phonology
Italian \|Some Piedmont dialects \|{{lang\|it\|casa}} \|[ˈkɑːzɑ] \|'house' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} which in Italian is largely realised as central {{IPA\|[ä]}}.
colspan="2" \| Kazakh	{{lang\|kk\|alma}}	{{IPA\|[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈmɑ̝]}}	'apple'	Can be realised as near-open.
colspan="2" \| Kaingang{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676–677, 682}}	{{lang\|kgp\|ga}}	{{IPA\|[ᵑɡɑ]}}	'land, soil'	Varies between back {{IPA\|[ɑ]}} and central {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}.{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676, 682}}
colspan="2" \| Khmer	{{lang\|km\|ស្ករ}} / {{transliteration\|km\|skâr}}	{{IPA\|[skɑː]}}	'sugar'	See Khmer phonology
colspan="2" \| Limburgish{{sfnp\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}}{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=110}}{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}	{{lang\|li\|bats}}	{{IPA\|[bɑ̽ts]}}	'buttock'	The quality varies between open back {{IPA\|[ɑ]}},{{sfnp\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}} open near-back {{IPA\|[ɑ̟]}}{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=110}} and near-open near-back {{IPA\|[ɑ̽]}}{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}} (illustrated in the example word, which is from the Maastrichtian dialect), depending on the dialect.
colspan="2" \| Low German{{sfnp\|Prehn\|2012\|p=157}}	{{lang\|nds\|al}} / {{lang\|nds-NL\|aal}}	{{IPA\|[ɑːl]}}	'all'	Backness may vary among dialects.{{sfnp\|Prehn\|2012\|p=157}}
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}	{{lang\|lb\|Kapp}}	{{IPA\|[kʰɑ̝p]}}	'head'	Near-open fully back.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
rowspan="3" \| Malay	Kedah{{sfnp\|Zaharani Ahmad\|1991}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|ms\|mata}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ma.tɑ]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'eye'	See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani \|Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Standard \|qari \|{{IPA\|[qɑ.ri]}} \|'qari' \|Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [{{IPA link\|ä}}]. See Malay phonology
colspan="2" \| Norwegian{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp\|Kvifte\|Gude-Husken\|2005\|p=4}}	{{lang\|no\|hat}}	{{IPA\|[hɑːt]}}	'hate'	The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Central {{IPAblink\|äː}} in some other dialects.{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp\|Kvifte\|Gude-Husken\|2005\|p=4}}{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|pp=16–17}} See Norwegian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Portuguese	Some Azorean dialects	{{lang\|pt\|semana}}	{{IPA\|[sɨ'mɑnɐ]}}	'week'	See Portuguese phonology
Paulista{{Sfnp\|Galastri\|2011\|p=21}} \|{{lang\|pt-BR\|vegetal}} \|{{IPA\|[veʒe'tɑʊ]}} \|'vegetable' \|Only immediately before {{IPA\|[ʊ]}}.{{Sfnp\|Galastri\|2011\|p=21}}
colspan="2" \| Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|p=50}}	{{lang\|ru\|палка}} / palka	{{IPA\|[ˈpɑɫkə]}}	'stick'	Occurs only before the hard {{IPA\|/l/}}, but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis{{sfnp\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=53}}	{{lang\|gd\|balach}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɑl̪ˠəx]}}	'boy'	Allophone of {{IPAblink\|a}} in proximity to broad sonorants.
colspan="2" \| Sema{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}	{{lang\|nsm\|amqa}}	{{IPA\|[à̠mqɑ̀]}}	'lower back'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/a/}} after uvular stops.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}
Swedish	Some dialects	{{lang\|sv\|jag}}	{{IPA\|[jɑːɡ]}}	'I'	Weakly rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̜ː}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=141}} See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Toda{{sfnp\|Shalev\|Ladefoged\|Bhaskararao\|1993\|p=92}}	{{lang\|tcx\|ஆந}}	{{IPA\|[ɑ̝ːn]}}	'elephant'	Near-open.{{sfnp\|Shalev\|Ladefoged\|Bhaskararao\|1993\|p=92}}
colspan="2" \| Turkish{{sfnp\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}}	{{lang\|tr\|at}}	{{IPA\|[ɑt̪]}}	'horse'	Also described as central {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}} See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}	{{lang\|uk\|мати}} / maty	{{IPA\|[ˈmɑtɪ]}}	'mother'	See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese \|Some dialects in North Central and Central \|{{lang\|vi\|gà}} \|{{IPA\|[ɣɑ˨˩]}} \|'chicken' \|See Vietnamese phonology{{Citation\|last=Phạm\|first=Andrea Hòa\|date=2014\|title=Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect)\|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Ngôn-ngữ-biến-đổi-và-số-phận-cuả-nguyên-âm-a-trong-Giọng-Quảng-Nam.pdf\|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)\|language=vi\|volume=6\|pages=10–18}}{{Citation\|last=Phạm\|first=Andrea Hòa\|date=2016\|title=Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province]\|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Sự-biến-âm-trong-vần-tiếng-Việt-thổ-ngữ-làng-Hến-huyện-Đức-Thọ-tỉnh-Hà-tĩnh.pdf\|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)\|language=vi\|volume=11\|pages=7–28}}
rowspan="2" \| West Frisian	Standard{{sfnp\|de Haan\|2010\|p=333}}	{{lang\|fy\|lang}}	{{IPA\|[ɫɑŋ]}}	'long'	Also described as central {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Visser\|1997\|p=14}} See West Frisian phonology
Aastersk{{sfnp\|van der Veen\|2001\|p=102}}	{{lang\|fy\|maat}}	{{IPA\|[mɑːt]}}	'mate'	Contrasts with a front {{IPAslink\|aː}}.{{sfnp\|van der Veen\|2001\|p=102}} See West Frisian phonology

Open back unrounded vowel

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links