Open central unrounded vowel
{{Short description|Vowel sound often represented by ⟨ä⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
| ipa symbol = ä
| ipa symbol2 = ɐ̞
| ipa symbol3 =
| ipa number = 304 415
| decimal1 = 228
| x-sampa = a_" ,6_o or a
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
The open central unrounded vowel, or low central unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound, used in several spoken languages. While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front {{IPAblink|a}} and back {{IPAblink|ɑ}}, it is normally written {{angbr IPA|a}}. If precision is required, it can be specified by using diacritics, typically centralized {{angbr IPA|ä}}.
It is usual to use plain {{angbr IPA|a}} for an open central vowel and, if needed, {{angbr IPA|æ}} for an open front vowel. Sinologists may use the letter {{angbr IPA|ᴀ}} (small capital A). The IPA has voted against officially adopting this symbol in 1976, 1989, and 2012.{{sfnp|Wells|1976}}{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1989|p=74}}{{sfnp|Keating|2012}}
Features
{{open vowel}}
{{central vowel}} This often subsumes open (low) front vowels, because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel, or a close central and a close back vowel.
{{unrounded vowel}}
Occurrence
Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel. Because the IPA uses {{angbr|a}} for both front and central unrounded open vowels, it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former or the latter. However, there may not actually be a difference. (See {{slink|Vowel|Acoustics}}.)
class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes | |||||
colspan="2" | Burmese{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}} | {{lang|my|မာ}} / ma | {{IPA|[mä]}} | 'hard' | Oral allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in open syllables; realized as near-open {{IPAblink|ɐ}} in other environments.{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}} | |
colspan="2" | Catalan | {{lang|ca|sac}} | {{IPA|[säk]}} | 'bag' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Mandarin{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}} | {{lang|cmn-Hani|塌}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|tā}}
|{{Audio-IPA|Zh-tā.ogg|[tʰä˥]|help=no}} | 'collapse' | |||
colspan="2" | Czech{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}}{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=228}} | {{lang|cs|prach}} | {{IPA|[präx]}} | 'dust' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}} | {{lang|da|barn}} | {{IPA|[ˈpɑ̈ːˀn]}} | 'child' | Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɑː}}. See Danish phonology |
colspan="2" | Dutch{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=104}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} | {{lang|nl|zaal}} | {{IPA|[zäːɫ]}} | 'hall' | Ranges from front to central;{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=104}} in non-standard accents it may be back. See Dutch phonology | |
rowspan="10" | English | Australian{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=64–65}} | rowspan="6" | bra | rowspan="6" | {{IPA|[bɹɐ̞ː]}} | rowspan="6" | 'bra' | Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɐː}}. See Australian English phonology |
East Anglian{{sfnp|Trudgill|2004|p=172}} | Used mostly by middle-class speakers; can be front {{IPAblink|aː}} instead.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2004|p=172}} | ||||
General American{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=476}} | In the Midwest. Can be back {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑː}} instead.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=476}} | ||||
New Zealand{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|pp=21–23}} | Can be more front {{IPAblink|a|a̠ː}} and/or higher {{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɐ|ɐ̟ː}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐː}}]}} instead.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|pp=21–23}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɐː}}. See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
rowspan="3" |Mid-Ulster | |||||
rowspan="2" |Can be more front {{IPAblink|a}} instead. | |||||
rowspan="4" |trap
|{{IPA|[t̪͆ɹäp]}} | rowspan="4" |'trap' | |||||
Some Canadian and Californian speakers{{sfnp|Esling|Warkentyne|1993|p=?}}{{sfnp|Boberg|2004|pp=361–362}} | {{IPA|[t̠ɹ̝̊äp̚]}} | See Canadian Shift and English phonology | |||
Multicultural London{{sfnp|Kerswill|Torgerson|Fox|2006|p=30}} | {{IPA|[t̠ɹ̝̊äʔp]}} | More front {{IPAblink|a}} in other Southern England English. | |||
Northern England{{sfnp|Boberg|2004|p=361}} | {{IPA|[tʰɹäp]}} | More front {{IPAblink|a}} in Scouse. | |||
French | Parisian{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}} | {{lang|fr|patte}} | {{IPA|[pät̪]}} | 'paw' | Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels: front {{IPAslink|a}} and back {{IPAslink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}} See French phonology |
colspan="2" | German{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=87}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} | {{lang|de|Katze}} | {{IPA|[ˈkʰät͡sə]}} | 'cat' | Can be more front or more back in regional Standard German.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See Standard German phonology | |
colspan="2" |Hindi
|{{IPA|[äkäːɾ]}} |'shape' |Contrasts with the Mid-central vowel [ə]. See Hindi phonology. | |||||
colspan="2" | Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} | {{lang|hu|láb}} | {{IPA|[läːb]}} | 'leg' | See Hungarian phonology | |
colspan="2" | Italian{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}} | {{lang|it|casa}} | {{IPA|[ˈkäːsä]}} | 'home' | See Italian phonology | |
colspan="2" | Japanese{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} | {{lang|ja|蚊}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|ka}} | {{Audio-IPA|ja-ka.ogg|[kä]|help=no}} | 'mosquito' | See Japanese phonology | |
Limburgish | Hamont-Achel dialect{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}} | {{lang|li|zaak}} | {{IPA|[ˈzǎ̠ːk]}} | 'business' | Front {{IPAblink|aː}} in other dialects. |
colspan="2" | Lithuanian | {{lang|lt|ratas}} | {{IPA|[räːtɐs̪]}} | 'wheel' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
rowspan="2" |Malay
|{{IPA|[räʔ]}} |'shelf' |See Malay phonology | |||||
Kelantan-Pattani
|{{IPA|[səˈsäʔ]}} |'lost' | |||||
colspan="2"| Malayalam
|വാൾ | {{IPA|[ʋäːɭ̩]}} | 'sword' | See Malayalam phonology | ||
colspan="2" | Polish{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}} | {{lang|pl|kat}} | {{Audio-IPA|Pl-kat.ogg|[kät̪]|help=no}} | 'executioner' | See Polish phonology | |
colspan="2" | Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} | {{lang|pt|vá}} | {{IPA|[vä]}} | 'go' | See Portuguese phonology | |
colspan="2" | Romanian{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}} | {{lang|ro|cal}} | {{IPA|[käl]}} | 'horse' | See Romanian phonology | |
colspan="2" | Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=4}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} | {{lang|sh-Cyrl|пас}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|pas}} | {{IPA|[pâ̠s̪]}} | 'dog' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
colspan="2" | Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}} | {{lang|es|rata}} | {{IPA|[ˈrät̪ä]}} | 'rat' | See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish | Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=35}} | {{lang|sv|bank}} | {{IPA|[bäŋk]}} | 'bank' | Also described as front {{IPAblink|a}}.{{sfnp|Bolander|2001|p=55}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} See Swedish phonology |
colspan="2" | Thai{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=25}} | {{lang|th|บางกอก}} / baang-gɔ̀ɔk | {{Audio-IPA|Th-Bangkok.ogg|[bäːŋ˧.kɔːk̚˨˩]}} | 'Bangkok' | See Thai phonology | |
Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} | Standard | {{lang|tr|at}} | {{IPA|[ät̪]}} | 'horse' | Also described as back {{IPAblink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}} See Turkish phonology |
colspan="2" |Welsh
|{{lang|cy|siarad}} |{{IPA|[ʃäräd]}} |'talk' |See Welsh phonology | |||||
colspan="2" | Yoruba{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} | {{lang|yo|àbá}} | {{IPA|[ä̀.bä́]}} | 'idea' | See Yoruba phonology |
Notes
{{reflist|30em}}
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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=31
|issue=2
|pages=291–295
|doi=10.1017/S0025100301002122
|s2cid=232344700
}}
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|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
|access-date=2015-04-12
|archive-date=2018-07-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
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}}
{{refend}}
External links
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