Open central unrounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound often represented by ⟨ä⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

| ipa symbol = ä

| ipa symbol2 = ɐ̞

| ipa symbol3 =

| ipa number = 304 415

| decimal1 = 228

| x-sampa = a_" ,6_o or a

}}

{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

The open central unrounded vowel, or low central unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound, used in several spoken languages. While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front {{IPAblink|a}} and back {{IPAblink|ɑ}}, it is normally written {{angbr IPA|a}}. If precision is required, it can be specified by using diacritics, typically centralized {{angbr IPA|ä}}.

It is usual to use plain {{angbr IPA|a}} for an open central vowel and, if needed, {{angbr IPA|æ}} for an open front vowel. Sinologists may use the letter {{angbr IPA|ᴀ}} (small capital A). The IPA has voted against officially adopting this symbol in 1976, 1989, and 2012.{{sfnp|Wells|1976}}{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1989|p=74}}{{sfnp|Keating|2012}}

Features

{{open vowel}}

{{central vowel}} This often subsumes open (low) front vowels, because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel, or a close central and a close back vowel.

{{unrounded vowel}}

Occurrence

Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel. Because the IPA uses {{angbr|a}} for both front and central unrounded open vowels, it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former or the latter. However, there may not actually be a difference. (See {{slink|Vowel|Acoustics}}.)

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"

! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

colspan="2" | Burmese{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}}{{lang|my|မာ}} / ma{{IPA|[mä]}}'hard'Oral allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in open syllables; realized as near-open {{IPAblink|ɐ}} in other environments.{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}}
colspan="2" | Catalan{{lang|ca|sac}}{{IPA|[säk]}}'bag'See Catalan phonology
ChineseMandarin{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}}{{lang|cmn-Hani|}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|tā}}

|{{Audio-IPA|Zh-tā.ogg|[tʰä˥]|help=no}}

| 'collapse'

| See Standard Chinese phonology

colspan="2" | Czech{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}}{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=228}}{{lang|cs|prach}}{{IPA|[präx]}}'dust'See Czech phonology
DanishStandard{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{lang|da|barn}}{{IPA|[ˈpɑ̈ːˀn]}}'child'Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɑː}}. See Danish phonology
colspan="2" | Dutch{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=104}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}{{lang|nl|zaal}}{{IPA|[zäːɫ]}}'hall'Ranges from front to central;{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=104}} in non-standard accents it may be back. See Dutch phonology
rowspan="10" | EnglishAustralian{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=64–65}}rowspan="6" | brarowspan="6" | {{IPA|[bɹɐ̞ː]}}rowspan="6" | 'bra'Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɐː}}. See Australian English phonology
East Anglian{{sfnp|Trudgill|2004|p=172}}Used mostly by middle-class speakers; can be front {{IPAblink|aː}} instead.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2004|p=172}}
General American{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=476}}In the Midwest. Can be back {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑː}} instead.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=476}}
New Zealand{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|pp=21–23}}Can be more front {{IPAblink|a|a̠ː}} and/or higher {{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɐ|ɐ̟ː}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐː}}]}} instead.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|pp=21–23}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɐː}}. See New Zealand English phonology
rowspan="3" |Mid-Ulster
rowspan="2" |Can be more front {{IPAblink|a}} instead.
rowspan="4" |trap

|{{IPA|[t̪͆ɹäp]}}

| rowspan="4" |'trap'

Some Canadian and Californian speakers{{sfnp|Esling|Warkentyne|1993|p=?}}{{sfnp|Boberg|2004|pp=361–362}}{{IPA|[t̠ɹ̝̊äp̚]}}See Canadian Shift and English phonology
Multicultural London{{sfnp|Kerswill|Torgerson|Fox|2006|p=30}}{{IPA|[t̠ɹ̝̊äʔp]}}More front {{IPAblink|a}} in other Southern England English.
Northern England{{sfnp|Boberg|2004|p=361}}{{IPA|[tʰɹäp]}}More front {{IPAblink|a}} in Scouse.
FrenchParisian{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}}{{lang|fr|patte}}{{IPA|[pät̪]}}'paw'Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels: front {{IPAslink|a}} and back {{IPAslink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}} See French phonology
colspan="2" | German{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=87}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}}{{lang|de|Katze}}{{IPA|[ˈkʰät͡sə]}}'cat'Can be more front or more back in regional Standard German.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
colspan="2" |Hindi

|आकार / akaar

|{{IPA|[äkäːɾ]}}

|'shape'

|Contrasts with the Mid-central vowel ]. See Hindi phonology.

colspan="2" | Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}}{{lang|hu|láb}}{{IPA|[läːb]}}'leg'See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" | Italian{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}}{{lang|it|casa}}{{IPA|[ˈkäːsä]}}'home'See Italian phonology
colspan="2" | Japanese{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}}{{lang|ja|}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|ka}}{{Audio-IPA|ja-ka.ogg|[kä]|help=no}}'mosquito'See Japanese phonology
LimburgishHamont-Achel dialect{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}}{{lang|li|zaak}}{{IPA|[ˈzǎ̠ːk]}}'business'Front {{IPAblink|aː}} in other dialects.
colspan="2" | Lithuanian{{lang|lt|ratas}}{{IPA|[räːtɐs̪]}}'wheel'See Lithuanian phonology
rowspan="2" |Malay

|Standard

|رق / rak

|{{IPA|[räʔ]}}

|'shelf'

|See Malay phonology

Kelantan-Pattani

|سست / sesat

|{{IPA|[səˈsäʔ]}}

|'lost'

|See Kelantan-Pattani Malay

colspan="2"| Malayalam

|വാൾ

{{IPA|[ʋäːɭ̩]}}'sword'See Malayalam phonology
colspan="2" | Polish{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}}{{lang|pl|kat}}{{Audio-IPA|Pl-kat.ogg|[kät̪]|help=no}}'executioner'See Polish phonology
colspan="2" | Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}{{lang|pt|vá}}{{IPA|[vä]}}'go'See Portuguese phonology
colspan="2" | Romanian{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}}{{lang|ro|cal}}{{IPA|[käl]}}'horse'See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" | Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=4}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}}{{lang|sh-Cyrl|пас}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|pas}}{{IPA|[pâ̠s̪]}}'dog'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
colspan="2" | Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}}{{lang|es|rata}}{{IPA|[ˈrät̪ä]}}'rat'See Spanish phonology
SwedishCentral Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=35}}{{lang|sv|bank}}{{IPA|[bäŋk]}}'bank'Also described as front {{IPAblink|a}}.{{sfnp|Bolander|2001|p=55}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" | Thai{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=25}}{{lang|th|บางกอก}} / baang-gɔ̀ɔk{{Audio-IPA|Th-Bangkok.ogg|[bäːŋ˧.kɔːk̚˨˩]}}'Bangkok'See Thai phonology
Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}Standard{{lang|tr|at}}{{IPA|[ät̪]}}'horse'Also described as back {{IPAblink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}} See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" |Welsh

|{{lang|cy|siarad}}

|{{IPA|[ʃäräd]}}

|'talk'

|See Welsh phonology

colspan="2" | Yoruba{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}}{{lang|yo|àbá}}{{IPA|[ä̀.bä́]}}'idea'See Yoruba phonology

Notes

{{reflist|30em}}

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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=6

|issue=1

|pages=2–3

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300001420

|s2cid=249403800

}}

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  • {{citation

|last1=Zimmer

|first1=Karl

|last2=Orgun

|first2=Orhan

|year=1999

|chapter=Turkish

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

|pages=154–158

|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf

|access-date=2015-04-12

|archive-date=2018-07-25

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf

|url-status=dead

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|title=Serbo-Croatian

|year=2006

|series=Languages of the World/Materials; 148

|location=Munich & Newcastle

|publisher=Lincom Europa

|isbn=978-3-89586-161-1

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{{refend}}