Order (biology)#Hierarchy of ranks

For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized.

In their 1997 classification of mammals, McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder.{{Citation |last1=McKenna |first1=M.C. |last2=Bell |first2=S.G. |year=1997 |title=Classification of Mammals |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11013-6 |name-list-style=amp }} Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead.{{cite book | last=Benton | first=Michael J. | year=2005 | title=Vertebrate Palaeontology | edition=3rd | place=Oxford | publisher=Blackwell Publishing | isbn=978-0-63205-637-8}} This position was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others.

In botany, the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order.{{harvnb|McNeill et al. 2012|Article 4|ref= McNeill}} Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined.

The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending {{lang|la|-anae}} that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan's publications from 1966 onwards.{{citation |last=Naik |first=V.N. |year=1984 |title=Taxonomy of Angiosperms |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |isbn=9780074517888 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GanmtXAyU0gC |page=111}}

The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ({{lang|la|genus summum}})) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals, plants, and animals) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.).

File:Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg}}]]

For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word {{lang|la|ordo}} was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see ordo naturalis, 'natural order').

In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson's {{lang|fr|Familles naturelles des plantes}} (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word {{lang|fr|famille}} (plural: {{lang|fr|familles}}) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin {{lang|la|ordo}}. This equivalence was explicitly stated in the {{lang|fr|italics=unset|Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle}}'s {{lang|fr|Lois de la nomenclature botanique}} (1868), the precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905, the word family ({{lang|la|familia}}) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French {{lang|fr|famille}}, while order ({{lang|la|ordo}}) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a 'cohort' ({{lang|la|cohors}},{{cite book |author=Briquet, J. |year=1912 |title=Règles internationales de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le congrès international de botanique de Vienne 1905, deuxième edition mise au point d'après les décisions du congrès international de botanique de Bruxelles 1910; International rules of botanical nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congresses of Vienna 1905 and Brussels 1910; Internationale Regeln der botanischen Nomenclatur angenommen von den Internationalen Botanischen Kongressen zu Wien 1905 und Brüssel 1910 |publisher=Gustav Fischer |location=Jena |url=https://archive.org/details/rglesinternati00inteuoft}} Page 1. plural {{lang|la|cohortes}}).

Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae). Such names are known as descriptive family names.

In the field of zoology, the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats).{{cite book |author=Carl von Linné, translated by William Turton |year=1806 |title=Volume 2: Insects |series=A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties |publisher=Lackington, Allen, and Co |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQuAAAAYAAJ}}

In virology, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses's virus classification includes fifteen taxonomic ranks to be applied for viruses, viroids and satellite nucleic acids: realm, subrealm, kingdom, subkingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily, genus, subgenus, and species.{{Cite web|url=https://ictv.global/about/code|title=ICTV Code. Section 3.IV, § 3.23; section 3.V, §§ 3.27-3.28..|date=October 2018|access-date=November 28, 2018|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses}} There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in the suffix {{lang|la|-virales}}.{{Cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy

|title=ICTV Taxonomy|date=2018|access-date=Nov 8, 2019|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses}}

• Biological classification
• Cladistics
• Phylogenetics
• Systematics
• Taxonomic rank
• Taxonomy
• Virus classification

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012 |series=Regnum Vegetabile |volume=154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG | isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 | url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |ref=McNeill}}

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Category:Botanical nomenclature

Category:Plant taxonomy

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Category:Bacterial nomenclature