Ferae

The common feature for members of this mirorder is ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist.Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) [https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=4346&file=1&pid=4283 "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story"] Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254–261{{Citation |last1=Gaudin |first1=Timothy J. |title=Chapter 1 – Evolution and morphology |date=2020-01-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128155073000010 |work=Pangolins |pages=5–23 |editor-last=Challender |editor-first=Daniel W. S. |series=Biodiversity of World: Conservation from Genes to Landscapes |publisher=Academic Press |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-815507-3.00001-0 |isbn=978-0-12-815507-3 |access-date=2020-02-26 |last2=Gaubert |first2=Philippe |last3=Billet |first3=Guillaume |last4=Hautier |first4=Lionel |last5=Ferreira-Cardoso |first5=Sérgio |last6=Wible |first6=John R. |s2cid=214085088 |editor2-last=Nash |editor2-first=Helen C. |editor3-last=Waterman |editor3-first=Carly|url-access=subscription }}

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|image1 = Manus of Patriomanis.jpg

|caption1 = {{center|forefoot of Patriomanis americana}}

|image2 = Vulpavus profectus fore foot.jpg

|caption2 = {{center|forefoot of Vulpavus profectus}}

|image3= Thinocyon medius fore foot.jpg

|caption3 = {{center|forefoot of
Thinocyon medius}}

|image4 = Patriofelis ferox right manus.jpg

|caption4 = {{center|forefoot of Patriofelis ferox}}

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The common features for members of clade Pan-Carnivora are:

• heterodont teeth that are sharp and for cutting meat,
• canine teeth that are usually large, conical, pointed, thick and stress resistant,
• and presence of the carnassial teeth.

Carnassials are feature that allows distinguishing the Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta and Hyaenodonta from the other carnivorous placental mammals. However, these mammals are distinguished between themselves based on the position of the carnassial teeth and the number of molars. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are located in P₄ and m₁, in Oxyaenodonta are M₁ and m₂, and in Hyaenodonta and close relatives are M₂ and m₃. This appears to be a case of a possible evolutionary convergent adaptation toward similar diet.

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|image1 = Comparison of Carnivoran and Creodont Carnassials.png

|caption1 = {{center|Comparison of carnassial teeth of a carnivoran (wolf), a hyaenodontid (Hyaenodon) and an oxyaenid (Oxyaena)}}

|image2 = Sinopa viverrina (Cope, 1874).jpg

|caption2 = {{center|lower jaws of Wyolestes dioctes}}

|image3 = Simidectes medius.jpg

|caption3 = {{center|lower jaw of Simidectes medius}}

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According to recent studies, the closest relatives of Ferae are members of clade Pan-Euungulata (group that includes mirorder Euungulata{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Robin MD |last2=Bininda-Emonds |first2=Olaf RP |last3=Cardillo |first3=Marcel |last4=Liu |first4=Fu-Guo |last5=Purvis |first5=Andy |title=A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=13 November 2006 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=93 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 |pmid=17101039 |pmc=1654192 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |author=Zhou, X. |year=2011 |title=Phylogenomic analysis resolves the interordinal relationships and rapid diversification of the Laurasiatherian mammals |journal=Systematic Biology |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 |url= |volume=61 |pages=150–64 |pmid=21900649 |pmc=3243735 |issue=1 |display-authors=etal}} (Advance Access; published online 7 September 2011) and extinct genus Protungulatum). Together they form grandorder Ferungulata.

An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relative to Ferae is order Perissodactyla, with whom they form a clade Zooamata. Together, clade Zooamata and order Chiroptera form clade Pegasoferae,{{cite journal |title=Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603797103 |year=2006 |author=Nishihara, H. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |pages=9929–34 |pmid=16785431 |last2=Hasegawa |first2=M |last3=Okada |first3=N |issue=26 |pmc=1479866 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103.9929N |doi-access=free}} and Pegasoferae is sister taxon to order Artiodactyla within clade Scrotifera. However, subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support this proposal.{{Cite journal |last1=Matthee |first1=Conrad A. |last2=Eick |first2=Geeta |last3=Willows-Munro |first3=Sandi |last4=Montgelard |first4=Claudine |last5=Pardini |first5=Amanda T. |last6=Robinson |first6=Terence J. |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.002 |title=Indel evolution of mammalian introns and the utility of non-coding nuclear markers in eutherian phylogenetics |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=42 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pmid=17101283 |pmc= |pages=827–837|bibcode=2007MolPE..42..827M }}{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/10635150701491149 |last1=Springer |first1=M.S. |last2=Burk-Herrick |first2=A. |last3=Meredith |first3=R. |last4=Eizirik |first4=E. |last5=Teeling |first5=E. |last6=O'Brien |first6=S.J. |last7=Murphy |first7=W.J. |year=2007 |title=The adequacy of morphology for reconstructing the early history of placental mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2007-08_56_4/page/673|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=56 |issue=4 |pmid=17661234 |pages=673–684}}{{Cite journal |last1=Kitazoe |first1=Yasuhiro |last2=Kishino |first2=Hirohisa |last3=Waddell |first3=Peter J. |last4=Nakajima |first4=Noriaki |last5=Okabayashi |first5=Takahisa |last6=Watabe |first6=Teruaki |last7=Okuhara |first7=Yoshiyasu |editor1-last=Hahn |editor1-first=Matthew |title=Robust Time Estimation Reconciles Views of the Antiquity of Placental Mammals |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000384 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=e384 |year=2007 |pmid=17440620 |pmc=1849890|bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..384K |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Xuming |last2=Xu |first2=Shixia |last3=Xu |first3=Junxiao |last4=Chen |first4=Bingyao |last5=Zhou |first5=Kaiya |last6=Yang |first6=Guang |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 |title=Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pmid=21900649 |pmc=3243735 |pages=150–164}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014 |last1=Tsagkogeorga |first1=G |last2=Parker |first2=J |last3=Stupka |first3=E |last4=Cotton |first4=JA |last5=Rossiter |first5=SJ |year=2013 |title=Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera) |journal=Current Biology |volume=23 |pmid=24184098 |issue=22 |pages=2262–2267|s2cid=9133016 |doi-access=free }}

Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of aardvark and xenarthrans, forming to the now obsolete order Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique{{Cite journal |last=Shoshani |first=J. |date=1986-05-01 |title=Mammalian phylogeny: comparison of morphological and molecular results. |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/3/3/222/982658 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=222–242 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040389 |pmid=3127652 |issn=0737-4038|doi-access=free }} and comparison of protein and DNA sequences{{Cite book |last1=Shoshani |first1=Jeheskel |last2=Goodman |first2=Morris |last3=Czelusniak |first3=John |last4=Braunitzer |first4=Gerhard |chapter=A Phylogeny of Rodentia and Other Eutherian Orders: Parsimony Analysis Utilizing Amino Acid Sequences of Alpha and Beta Hemoglobin Chains |date=1985 |editor-last=Luckett |editor-first=W. Patrick |editor2-last=Hartenberger |editor2-first=Jean-Louis |title=Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents |series=NATO Advanced Science Institutes (ASI) Series |language=en |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |pages=191–210 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-0539-0_7 |isbn=978-1-4899-0539-0}}{{Cite journal |last1=Madsen |first1=Ole |last2=Scally |first2=Mark |last3=Douady |first3=Christophe J. |last4=Kao |first4=Diana J. |last5=DeBry |first5=Ronald W. |last6=Adkins |first6=Ronald |last7=Amrine |first7=Heather M. |last8=Stanhope |first8=Michael J. |last9=de Jong |first9=Wilfried W. |last10=Springer |first10=Mark S. |year=2001 |title=Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35054544 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=409 |issue=6820 |pages=610–614 |doi=10.1038/35054544 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=11214318 |bibcode=2001Natur.409..610M |s2cid=4398233|url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=2 |last1=Murphy |first1=William J. |last2=Eizirik |first2=Eduardo |last3=O'Brien |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Madsen |first4=Ole |last5=Scally |first5=Mark |last6=Douady |first6=Christophe J. |last7=Teeling |first7=Emma |last8=Ryder |first8=Oliver A. |last9=Stanhope |first9=Michael J. |last10=de Jong |first10=Wilfried W. |last11=Springer |first11=Mark S. |date=2001-12-14 |title=Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.1067179 |pmid=11743200 |bibcode=2001Sci...294.2348M |volume=294 |issue=5550 |pages=2348–2351|s2cid=34367609}} revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans, with whom they also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist. The last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago.

While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order Creodonta into Ferae, they were usually recovered as sister taxon to order Carnivora. The Halliday et al. (2015) phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of morphological characters of Paleocene placentals found instead that creodonts might be the sister group to Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their stem-relatives). However, recent studies have shown that Creodonta is an invalid polyphyletic taxon. Members of this group are now part of clade Pan-Carnivora and sister taxa to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives), split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and on the other side order Hyaenodonta plus its stem-relatives, like family Wyolestidae (that only contains genus Wyolestes),S. P. Zack, K. D. Rose, M. O'Leary (2022.) "New information on the enimgmatic Wyolestes and the affinities of genus", in [https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-SVP-Program-Abstract-Brochure_Preliminary.pdf "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"] and genera SimidectesS. P. Zack and S. Tomiya (2016.) "New postcrania clarify the affinities of the unusual Eocene mammal Simidectes", in [https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SVP-2016-Program-Book-v10-with-covers.pdf "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 76th annual meeting"]{{Cite journal |last1=Tomiya |first1=S. |last2=Zack |first2=S. P. |last3=Spaulding |first3=M. |last4=Flynn |first4=J. J. |title=Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=95 |issue=Supplement S82 |pages=1–115 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2020.74|bibcode=2021JPal...95S...1T |hdl=2433/274918 |hdl-access=free }} and Altacreodus.{{Cite journal |last1=Borths |first1=Matthew R |last2=Stevens |first2=Nancy J |date=2017 |title=Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia) |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2017/2056-deciduous-hyaenodont-teeth |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=55A |doi=10.26879/776 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/ede.12219|title=Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria,Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars|year=2017|last1=Solé|first1=Floréal|last2=Ladevèze|first2=Sandrine|journal=Evolution & Development|volume=19|issue=2|pages=56–68|pmid=28181377|s2cid=46774007}}Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-03701-1_1 "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"]{{Cite journal |author1=Matthew R. Borths |author2=Nancy J. Stevens |year=2019 |title=Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=e1570222 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E0222B |s2cid=145972918 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/8009951 |url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |author1=Floréal Solé |author2=Bernard Marandat |author3=Fabrice Lihoreau |year=2020 |title=The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=42 |issue=13 |pages=185–214 |doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13 |s2cid=219585388 |url=http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/42/13|doi-access=free }}

In Halliday et al. (2015) various enigmatic Palaeocene eutherian mammals have been proposed to be possible members of Ferae, like members of orders Mesonychia, Pantodonta and Taeniodonta, and families Arctocyonidae, Didelphodontidae, Nyctitheriidae, Palaeoryctidae, Periptychidae and Triisodontidae.{{cite journal |last1=Halliday |first1=Thomas J. D. |last2=Upchurch |first2=Paul |last3=Goswami |first3=Anjali |title=Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=92 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=521–550 |issn=1464-7931 |doi=10.1111/brv.12242 |pmid=28075073 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473028/1/Halliday_et_al-Biological_Reviews.pdf |pmc=6849585}} Mesonychians are proposed to be a sister group to carnivoramorphs, while arctocyonids were polyphyletic, with genera Arctocyon and Loxolophus as a sister taxa to pantodonts and periptychids, Goniacodon and Eoconodon sister to the Carnivoramorpha-Mesonychia clade, and other genera allied with creodonts and palaeoryctids. This enlarged Ferae was also found to be the sister group to order Chiroptera, even though recent studies dispute this classification.Frank Zachos (2020.) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342895181_Mammalian_Phylogenetics_A_Short_Overview_of_Recent_Advances "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances"], In book: "Mammals of Europe – Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31–48)Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790320303377?via%3Dihub "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships"], Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157

• Mammal classification
• Ferungulata

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Pan-Carnivora|P.|state=collapsed}}

{{Pholidotamorpha}}

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Category:Mammal unranked clades