Orphanage

File: Jan de Bray 001.jpg, 1663]]

The Romans formed their first orphanages around 400 AD. Jewish law prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen. Plato (Laws, 927) says: "Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still."{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11322b.htm| title=The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI}} The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, to monasteries. As soon as they were old enough, children were often given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and to learn an occupation.

In medieval Europe, care for orphans tended to reside with the Church. The Elizabethan Poor Laws were enacted at the time of the Reformation and placed public responsibility on individual parishes to care for the indigent poor.

File: Foundling Hospital.jpg

The growth of sentimental philanthropy in the 18th century led to the establishment of the first charitable institutions that would cater to orphans.

The Foundling Hospital was founded in 1741 by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram in London, England, as a children's home for the "education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children." The first children were admitted into a temporary house located in Hatton Garden. At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, but a distinguishing token was put on each child by the parent.{{cite web |url=http://www.ashlyns.herts.sch.uk/about/history.htm |title=Ashlyns School, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire |publisher=Ashlyns.herts.sch.uk |access-date=2012-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527084514/http://www.ashlyns.herts.sch.uk/about/history.htm |archive-date=27 May 2012 }}

On reception, children were sent to wet nurses in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old. At sixteen, girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years; at fourteen, boys were apprenticed into a variety of occupations, typically for seven years. There was a small benevolent fund for adults.

In 1756, the House of Commons resolved that all children offered should be received, that local receiving places should be appointed all over the country, and that the funds should be publicly guaranteed. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital; the maximum age for admission was raised from two months to twelve, and a flood of children poured in from country workhouses. Parliament soon came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued. The hospital adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums. This practice was finally stopped in 1801, and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received.{{cite book|author=Oliver, Christine and Peter Aggleton|title=Coram's Children: Growing Up in the Care of the Foundling Hospital: 1900-1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0953661318|publisher=Coram Family|year=2000|isbn=978-0-9536613-1-2}}

File:Children at crumpsall workhouse circa 1895.jpg

By the early nineteenth century, the problem of abandoned children in urban areas, especially London, began to reach alarming proportions. The workhouse system, instituted in 1834, although often brutal, was an attempt at the time to house orphans as well as other vulnerable people in society who could not support themselves in exchange for work. Conditions, especially for the women and children, were so bad as to cause an outcry among the social reform–minded middle-class; some of Charles Dickens' most famous novels, including Oliver Twist, highlighted the plight of the vulnerable and the often abusive conditions that were prevalent in the London orphanages.

Clamour for change led to the birth of the orphanage movement. In England, the movement really took off in the mid-19th century although orphanages such as the Orphan Working Home in 1758 and the Bristol Asylum for Poor Orphan Girls in 1795, had been set up earlier. Private orphanages were founded by private benefactors; these often received royal patronage and government oversight.{{cite web|url=http://histclo.com/insti/Orp/orp-eng.html|title=English Orphanages|access-date=13 November 2013|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113230926/http://histclo.com/insti/Orp/orp-eng.html|url-status=dead}}

Ragged schools, founded by John Pounds and the Lord Shaftesbury were also set up to provide pauper children with basic education.

Orphanages were also set up in the United States from the early 19th century; for example, in 1806, the first private orphanage in New York (the Orphan Asylum Society, now Graham Windham) was co-founded by Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, widow of Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.{{cite journal |title=Hamilton Boosts Orphanage's Story, History |first=Andy |last=Segedin |date=17 May 2016 |journal=The NonProfit Times |url=http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/news-articles/hamilton-boosts-orphanages-story-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127025327/http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/news-articles/hamilton-boosts-orphanages-story-history/ |archive-date=2016-11-27 }} Under the influence of Charles Loring Brace, foster care became a popular alternative from the mid-19th century.{{cite book|title=America Past and Present Online-Charles Loring Brace, The Life of The Street Rats|year=1872|url=http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/nash5e_awl/medialib/timeline/docs/sources/theme_primarysources_Labor_3.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527091631/http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/nash5e_awl/medialib/timeline/docs/sources/theme_primarysources_Labor_3.html|archive-date=27 May 2006}} Later, the Social Security Act of 1935 improved conditions by authorizing Aid to Families with Dependent Children as a form of social security.

File:Drbarnardo.jpg, the founder of the Barnardos Home for orphaned children.]]

A very influential philanthropist of the era was Thomas John Barnardo, the founder of the charity Barnardos. Becoming aware of the great numbers of homeless and destitute children adrift in the cities of England and encouraged by the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury and the 1st Earl Cairns, he opened the first of the "Dr. Barnardo’s Homes" in 1870. By his death in 1905, he had established 112 district homes, which searched for and received waifs and strays, to feed, clothe and educate them.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The system under which the institution was carried on is broad as follows: the infants and younger girls and boys were chiefly "boarded out" in rural districts; girls above fourteen years of age were sent to the industrial training homes, to be taught useful domestic occupations; boys above seventeen years of age were first tested in labor homes and then placed in employment at home, sent to sea, or emigrated; boys of between thirteen and seventeen years of age were trained for the various trades for which they might be mentally or physically fitted.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

File:Armand Pallière Dom Pedro e Dona Leopoldina 1826.jpg and his wife Maria Leopoldina visiting the Casa dos Expostos orphanage in Rio de Janeiro, 1826.]]

Evidence from a variety of studies supports the vital importance of attachment security and later development of children. Deinstitutionalization of orphanages and children's homes program in the United States began in the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tann's Tennessee Children's Home Society). In Romania, a decree was established that aggressively promoted population growth, banning contraception and abortions for women with fewer than four children, despite the wretched poverty of most families. After Ceausescu was overthrown, he left a society unable and unwilling to take care of its children. Researchers conducted a study to see what the implications of this early childhood neglect were on development. Typically reared Romanian children showed high rates of secure attachment. Whereas the institutionally raised children showed huge rates of disorganized attachment.{{Cite journal|last=Dozier|first=Mary|date=2014-06-01|title=Romania's Abandoned Children: Deprivation, Brain Development, and the Struggle for Recovery|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=171|issue=6|pages=693–694|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14030320|issn=0002-953X}} Many countries accepted the need to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption.

Foster care operates by taking in children from their homes due to the lack of care or abuse of their parents, where orphanages take in children with no parents or children whose parents have dropped them off for a better life, typically due to income. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European Community, and Romania, in particular, has struggled greatly to reduce the visibility of its children's institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union.

Some have stated it is important to understand the reasons for child abandonment, then set up targeted alternative services to support vulnerable families at risk of separation{{cite web |url=http://www.e-include.eu/en/articles/508-committee-of-ministers-recommendation-on-deinstitutionalization-of-children-with-disabilities |title=Inclusion Europe | Committee of Ministers: Recommendation on Deinstitutionalization of Children with Disabilities |publisher=E-include.eu |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917050323/http://www.e-include.eu/en/articles/508-committee-of-ministers-recommendation-on-deinstitutionalization-of-children-with-disabilities |archive-date=17 September 2011 }} such as mother and baby units and day care centres.{{Cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Planning_for_Deinstitutionalization_and_Reordering_Child_care_Services_ENG.pdf |title=Europe and Central Asia |publisher=UNICEF Europe and Central Asia |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017231440/http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Planning_for_Deinstitutionalization_and_Reordering_Child_care_Services_ENG.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}

Research from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is often cited as demonstrating that residential institutions negatively impact the wellbeing of children. The BEIP selected orphanages in Bucharest, Romania that raised abandoned children in socially and emotionally deprived environments in order to study the changes in development of infants and children after they had been placed with specially trained foster families in the local community.{{Cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Charles|display-authors=etal|date=2007|title=Cognitive Recovery in Socially 1143921|journal=Science |volume=318 |issue=5858 |pages=1937–1940 |doi=10.1126/science.1143921 |pmid=18096809|bibcode=2007Sci...318.1937N|s2cid=1460630}} This study demonstrated how the loving attention typically provided to children by their parents or caregivers is pivotal for optimal human development, specifically of the brain; adequate nutrition is not enough.{{cite web|url=http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/romania/a1.html|title=American RadioWorks - Rewiring the Brain|first=American Public|last=Media|website=americanradioworks.publicradio.org}} Further research of children who were adopted from institutions in Eastern European countries to the US demonstrated that for every 3.5 months that an infant spent in the institution, they lagged behind their peers in growth by 1 month.{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Dana|last2=Dole|date=1999|title=International Adoptions: Implications for Early Interventions|journal=Infants and Young Children|volume=11|issue=4|pages=34|doi=10.1097/00001163-199904000-00008}} Further, a meta-analysis of research on the IQs of children in orphanages found lower IQs among the children in many institutions, but this result was not found in the low-income country setting.van IJzendoorn, MH, Luijk. M, Juffer, F. IQ of Children Growing Up in Children's Homes: A Meta-Analysis on IQ Delays in Orphanages. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Volume 54, Number 3, July 2008, pp. 341-366 Worldwide, residential institutions like orphanages can often be detrimental to the psychological development of affected children. In countries where orphanages are no longer in use, the long-term care of unwarded children by the state has been transitioned to a domestic environment, with an emphasis on replicating a family home. Many of these countries, such as the United States, utilize a system of monetary stipends paid to foster parents to incentivize and subsidize the care of state wards in private homes. A distinction must be made between foster care and adoption, as adoption would remove the child from the care of the state and transfer the legal responsibility for that child's care to the adoptive parent completely and irrevocably, whereas, in the case of foster care, the child would remain a ward of the state with the foster parent acting only as a caregiver. Orphanages, especially larger ones, have had some well publicised examples of poor care.{{cite web |url=http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/en/54_9678.htm |title=Online library: Save the Children UK |publisher=Savethechildren.org.uk |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927213242/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/en/54_9678.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/en/54_9173.htm |title=Online library: Save the Children UK |publisher=Savethechildren.org.uk |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021153604/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/en/54_9173.htm |archive-date=21 October 2011 }} In large institutions children, but particularly babies, may not receive enough eye contact, physical contact, and stimulation to promote proper physical, social or cognitive development.{{Cite journal|title=Young Children in Institutional Care at Risk of Harm |journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=34–60 |date=1 January 2006 |doi=10.1177/1524838005283696 |pmid=16332980 |last1=Johnson |first1=Rebecca |last2=Browne |first2=Kevin |last3=Hamilton-Giachritsis |first3=Catherine |s2cid=16367158 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.bg/public/images/tinybrowser/upload/PPT%20BEIP%20Group%20for%20website.pdf |title=The Bucharest Early Intervention Project |access-date=2013-07-01}} In the worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect.{{cite news|author=Paul Lewis in Tirana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/oct/27/tirana-orphanage-child-abuse-trial?INTCMP=SRCH |title=Three British evangelicals cast blame on each other in trials over child abuse at Albanian orphanage | Society |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=17 October 2011 |date=27 October 2008}}{{cite web |author=7thSpace |url=http://7thspace.com/headlines/391272/south_africa_homes_close_down_for_violating_human_rights.html |title=South Africa: Homes close down for violating human rights |publisher=7thspace.com |date=10 August 2011 |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005153910/http://7thspace.com/headlines/391272/south_africa_homes_close_down_for_violating_human_rights.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |url-status=dead }} Children living in orphanages for prolonged periods get behind in development goals, and have worse mental health. Orphanage children are not included in statistics making it easy to traffic them or abuse them in other ways.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} There are campaigns to include orphanage children and street children in progress statistics.[http://www.newstatesman.com/world/africa/2016/12/could-2017-be-year-we-leave-no-one-behind Could 2017 be the year we leave no one behind?] New Statesman

The benefit of foster care over orphanages is disputed. One significant study carried out by Duke University concluded that institutional care in America in the 20th century produced the same health, emotional, intellectual, mental, and physical outcomes as care by relatives, and better than care in the homes of strangers.{{Cite news

| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703510304574626080835477074

| title = The Best Thing About Orphanages

| author=McKenzie, Richard B.

| newspaper=The Wall Street Journal

| date = 14 January 2010 }} One explanation for this is the prevalence of permanent temporary foster care. This is the name for a long string of short stays with different foster care families. Permanent temporary foster care is highly disruptive to the child and prevents the child from developing a sense of security or belonging. Placement in the home of a relative maintains and usually improves the child's connection to family members.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7974232.stm |title=accessed 3 September 2009 |work=BBC News |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=3 April 2012}} Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children's development by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in the orphans.

Another alternative is group homes which are used for short-term placements. They may be residential treatment centers, and they frequently specialize in a particular population with psychiatric or behavioral problems, e.g., a group home for children and teens with autism, eating disorders, or substance abuse problems or child soldiers undergoing decommissioning.

Most children who live in orphanages are not orphans; four out of five children in orphanages have at least one living parent and most having some extended family.{{Cite report|author=Corinna Csáky|date=2009|title=Keeping Children Out of Harmful Institutions|url=http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/Keeping_Children_Out_of_Harmful_Institutions_Final_20.11.09_1.pdf|access-date=1 January 2019|publisher=Save the Children|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229215955/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/Keeping_Children_Out_of_Harmful_Institutions_Final_20.11.09_1.pdf|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=dead}} Developing countries and their governments rely on kinship care to aid in the orphan crisis because it is cheaper to financially help extended families in taking in an orphaned child than it is to institutionalize them.{{Cite journal|journal=Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development|volume=76|issue=4|pages=163–189|language=en|jstor = 41408761|last1 = Groza|first1 = Victor K.|title=Vii. Ideal Components and Current Characteristics of Alternative Care Options for Children Outside of Parental Care in Low-Resource Countries|last2=Bunkers|first2=Kelley Mccreery|last3=Gamer|first3=Gary N.|year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00632.x}}

{{Seealso|Voluntourism}}

While many orphanages are run as not for profit institutions, some orphanages are run as for profit ventures. This has been criticized as incentivizing against the welfare of the orphans.

Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/world/africa/06orphans.html?_r=0|title=Aid Gives Alternative to African Orphanages|work=The New York Times|access-date=2016-01-09|date=2009-12-05}} It is speculated that flush with money, orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died. Visitors to developing countries can be taken in by orphanage scams, which can include orphanages set up as a front to get foreigners to pay school fees of orphanage directors' extended families.{{Cite web | url=http://www.crin.org/docs/Family%20or%20the%20institution.doc | title=CRIN| date=21 June 2023}} Alternatively the children whose upkeep is being funded by foreigners may be sent to work, not to school, the exact opposite of what the donor is expecting.{{cite web |url=http://www.baliadvertiser.biz/articles/greenspeak/2010/orphanage.html |title=Bali's Orphanage Scam |publisher=Baliadvertiser.biz |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127173844/http://www.baliadvertiser.biz/articles/greenspeak/2010/orphanage.html |archive-date=27 November 2011 }} The worst even sell children.{{cite web |url=http://thirdworldorphans.org/gpage.html39.html |title=Orphanage Scams |publisher=Thirdworldorphans.org |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013075158/http://thirdworldorphans.org/gpage.html39.html |archive-date=13 October 2011 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=32247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917170134/http://myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=32247 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2011 |title=News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual |publisher=Myrepublica.Com |date=12 June 2011 |access-date=17 October 2011 }} In Cambodia, from 2005 to 2017, the number of orphanages increased by 75%, with many of these orphanages renting children from poor families for $25/month. Families are promised that their children can get free education and food here, but what really happens is that they are used as props to garner donations.{{Cite web|url=https://travelscams.org/asia/cambodia/|title=28 Tourist targeted scams in Cambodia|website=Travelscams.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607191710/https://travelscams.org/asia/cambodia/|url-status=dead}} Some are also bought from their parents for very little and passed on to westerners who pay a large fee to adopt them.{{cite news|last=Mydans |first=Seth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/05/world/us-interrupts-cambodian-adoptions.html |title=U.S. Interrupts Cambodian Adoptions |location=Cambodia |work=The New York Times |date=5 November 2001 |access-date=17 October 2011}} This also happens in China.{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/home/video/16088779 |title=China: Adopted Children May Have Been Stolen From Their Families, Holly Williams Reports – Sky News Video Player |publisher=News.sky.com |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=3 April 2012}} In Nepal, orphanages can be used as a way to remove a child from their parents before placing them for adoption overseas, which is equally lucrative to the owners who receive a number of official and unofficial payments and "donations".{{cite web|author=Thomas Bell |url=http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2011/09/30/Nation/18609 |title=Cashing it big on children |work=Nepali Times|access-date=17 October 2011}}{{cite news|last=Bell |first=Thomas |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15066220 |title=BBC News – Nepal comes to terms with foreign adoptions tragedy |publisher=BBC |date=28 September 2011 |access-date=17 October 2011}} In other countries, such as Indonesia, orphanages are run as businesses, which will attract donations and make the owners rich; often the conditions orphans are kept in will deliberately be poor to attract more donations.{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16067405 | work=BBC News | title=Bali orphanages: How tourist cash funds a racket | date=7 December 2011}}

Developing nations are lacking in child welfare and their well-being because of a lack of resources. Research that is being collected in the developing world shows that these countries focus purely on survival indicators instead of a combination of their survival and other positive indicators like a developed nation would do.{{Cite book|journal=Global Child Poverty and Well-Being|pages=245–260|language=en|last1=Gabel|first1=Shirley Gatenio|title=Assessing child well-being in developing countries|last2=Kamerman|first2=Sheila B.|year=2012|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qgppd.15|isbn=9781447301141}}

The orphanages and institutions remaining in Europe tend to be in Eastern Europe and are generally state-funded.

There are estimated to be about 31,000 orphans (0–14 years old) in Albanian orphanages. (2012 statistics) In most cases they were abandoned by their parents. At 14 they are required, by law, to leave their orphanage and live on their own.{{cite web|url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Albania/Albania-orphans-for-life-110519|website=balcanicaucaso.org|title=Albania: orphans for life}}

There are approximately 10 small orphanages in Albania; each one having only 12-40 children residing there.{{cite web|url=http://www.adoptionworx.com/photo.html |title=Albanian's Children Photo |publisher=Adoptionworx.com |access-date=2012-04-03}} The larger ones would be state-run.

SOS Children's Villages gives support to 240 orphaned children.{{cite web|url=http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/Where-we-help/Europe/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina/Pages/default.aspx |title=Helping Orphans in Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Soschildrensvillages.ca |date=2012-03-21 |access-date=2012-04-03}}

The Bulgarian government has shown interest in strengthening children's rights.

In 2010, Bulgaria adopted a national strategic plan for the period 2010–2025 to improve the living standards of the country's children. Bulgaria is working hard to get all institutions closed within the next few years and find alternative ways to take care of the children.

"Support is sporadically given to poor families and work during daytime; correspondingly, different kinds of day centers have started up, though the quality of care in these centers is poorly measured and difficult to monitor. A smaller number of children have also been able to be relocated into foster families".{{Cite web |url=http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/51cacb4e4318d3f2d78c62ef72787efe/Bulgarien.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 March 2010 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085146/http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/51cacb4e4318d3f2d78c62ef72787efe/Bulgarien.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Bulgarien%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |title=Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker |publisher=Humanrights.gov.se |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425121235/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Bulgarien,%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |url-status=dead }}

There are 7000 children living in Bulgarian orphanages wrongly classified as orphaned. Only 10 percent of these are orphans, with the rest of the children placed in orphanages for temporary periods when the family is in crisis.{{cite web|url=http://www.oneheart-bg.org/ |title=One Heart Bulgaria – Non-profit Humanitarian Aid Organization |publisher=Oneheart-bg.org |access-date=17 October 2011}}

As of 2009, there are 35 different orphanages.{{cite web |url=http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Estland%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |title=Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker |publisher=Humanrights.gov.se |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425121247/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Estland,%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/74c53f5440e23b5fa2b948c7b40eb5ca/Estland.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 March 2010 |archive-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315224554/http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/74c53f5440e23b5fa2b948c7b40eb5ca/Estland.pdf |url-status=dead }}

A comprehensive national strategy for strengthening the rights of children was adopted by Parliament in 2007 and will run until 2032.

Child flow to orphanages has been stopped and children are now protected by social services. Violation of children's rights leads to litigation.{{Cite web |title=Mänskliga rättigheter i Ungern 2007 |trans-title=Human Rights in Hungary 2007 |url=http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/eec1656e32f2e28fdd08acc8fa800070/Ungern.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085201/http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/eec1656e32f2e28fdd08acc8fa800070/Ungern.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se |language=hu}}

In Lithuania there are 105 institutions. 41 percent of the institutions each have more than 60 children.

Lithuania has the highest number of orphaned children in Northern Europe.{{cite web |url=http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Litauen%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |title=Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker |publisher=Humanrights.gov.se |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425121306/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Litauen,%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/5c08d4415225dfc8695e0f535fbfe168/Litauen.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 March 2010 |archive-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315224713/http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/5c08d4415225dfc8695e0f535fbfe168/Litauen.pdf |url-status=dead }}

Children's rights enjoy relatively strong protection in Poland. Orphaned children are now protected by social services.

Social Workers' opportunities have increased by establishing more foster homes and aggressive family members can now be forced away from home, instead of replacing the child/children.{{cite web |url=http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Polen%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |title=Tyvärr hittar vi inte Sidan du söker |publisher=Humanrights.gov.se |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310125356/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Polen%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |url-status=dead }}

More than 8800 children are being raised in state institutions, but only three percent of them are orphans.{{cite web |url=http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Moldavien%2C%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |title=Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker |publisher=Humanrights.gov.se |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425121334/http://www.humanrights.gov.se/php/rapporter/documents/Europa%20och%20Centralasien/Moldavien,%20MR-rapport%202010.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Romanian orphans}}

The Romanian child welfare system is in the process of being revised and has reduced the flow of infants into orphanages.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6267121.stm |title=Viewpoints: Balkan boost for EU |work=BBC News |date=2007-01-16 |access-date=2012-04-03}}

According to Baroness Emma Nicholson, in some counties Romania now has "a completely new, world class, state of the art, child health development policy." Dickensian orphanages remain in Romania,{{cite web|url=http://www.childrights.ro/media_article_porto.htm |title=The new Romanian orphans |publisher=Childrights.ro |access-date=2012-04-03}} but Romania seeks to replace institutions by family care services, as children in need will be protected by social services.{{cite web |url=http://www.hopeandhomes.org/wherewehelp/romania/index.html |title=Hope and Homes for Children | Romania |publisher=Hopeandhomes.org |access-date=2012-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205060322/http://www.hopeandhomes.org/wherewehelp/romania/index.html |archive-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead }} As of 2018, there were 17,718 children in old-style residential centers,{{Cite web |title=Evoluţii în domeniul protecţiei copilului |trans-title=Developments in the field of child protection |url=https://www.mmuncii.ro/j33/images/buletin_statistic/2018/Copil_sem_I_2018.pdf |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=www.mmuncii.ro |language=ro}} a significant decrease from about 100,000 in 1990.{{Cite web | url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-12-28/half-million-kids-survived-romanias-slaughterhouses-souls-now-they-want-justice | title=Half a million kids survived Romania's 'slaughterhouses of souls.' Now they want justice| date=28 December 2015}}

There are many state orphanages "where several thousand children are kept and which are still part of an outdated child care system". The conditions for them are bad because the government does not pay enough attention in improving the living standards for disabled children in Serbia's orphanages and medical institutions.{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1683763,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116091546/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1683763,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 November 2007 | magazine=Time | first=Dejan | last=Anastasijevic | title=Disabled Serbians in Harsh Conditions | date=14 November 2007}}

The committee made recommendations, such as proposals for the adoption of a new "national 14" action plan for children for at least the next five years, and the creation of an independent institution for the protection of child rights.{{cite web |url=http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080326/654ede7f41f8b2f5f95f901fa88fbd95/Slovakien.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Slovakien.doc |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315224803/http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080326/654ede7f41f8b2f5f95f901fa88fbd95/Slovakien.pdf |url-status=dead }}

One of the first orphanages in Sweden was the Stora Barnhuset (1633-1922) in Stockholm,Allmänna Barnhouse 1713-1900 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Storstockholms genealogists förening. 2008. which remained the biggest orphanage in Sweden for centuries. In 1785, however, a reform by Gustav III of Sweden stipulated that orphans should first and foremost always be placed in foster homes when that was possible.

In Sweden, there are 5,000 children in the care of the state. None of them are currently living in an orphanage, because there is a social service law which requires that the children reside in a family home.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

During the Victorian era, child abandonment was rampant, and orphanages were set up to reduce infant mortality. Such places were often so full of children that nurses often administered Godfrey's Cordial, a special concoction of opium and treacle, to soothe baby colic.Abernethy, Virginia D. Population Politics. New York: Plenum Press, 1993.

Orphaned children were placed in either prisons or the poorhouse/workhouse, as there were so few places in orphanages, or else they were left to fend for themselves on the street. Such openings in orphanages as were available could only be obtained by collecting votes for admission, placing them out of reach of poor families.

Known orphanages are:

File:Malawi AIDS Orphans.jpeg

"For example, in the Jerusalem Association Children's Home (JACH), only 160 children remain of the 785 who were in JACH's three orphanages." / "Attitudes regarding the institutional care of children have shifted dramatically in recent years in Ethiopia. There appears to be a general recognition by MOLSA and the NGOs with which Pact is working that such care is, at best, a last resort and that serious problems arise with the social reintegration of children who grow up in institutions, and deinstitutionalization through family reunification and independent living are being emphasized."[http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/dcofwvf/reports/evals/dcethiopia00.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040313152804/http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/dcofwvf/reports/evals/dcethiopia00.html|date=13 March 2004}}

A 2007 survey sponsored by Africa (previously Orphan Aid Africa) and carried out by the Department of Social Welfare came up with the figure of 4,800 children in institutional care in 148 orphanages.{{cite web |title=OrphanAid Africa |url=http://www.oafrica.org/upload/pdfs/OA_Annual_Report_2007.pdf |access-date=27 June 2012}} The government is currently attempting to phase out the use of orphanages in favor of foster care placements and adoption. At least eighty-eight{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Artikel.php?ID=326123|title=Gov't closes down 89 orphanages|website=ghanaweb.com|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720135727/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=326123|url-status=dead}} homes have been closed since the passage of the National Plan of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children. The website www.ovcghana.org details these reforms.

A 1999 survey of 36,000 orphans found the following number in institutional care: 64 in registered institutions and 164 in unregistered institutions.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/socialsafetynets/courses/dc2001/pdfppt/garcia.pdf |title=Social Protection and Risk Management – Social Safety Nets |publisher=Worldbank.org |access-date=17 October 2011}}

There are about 101 orphanages in Malawi. There is a UNICEF/Government driven program on de-institutionalization, but few orphanages are yet involved in the program.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Out of 400,000 orphans, 5,000 are living in orphanages.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/afr/hd/wps/African_Orphans.pdf |title=Africa – Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series |publisher=Worldbank.org |date=21 October 2004 |access-date=17 October 2011}} The Government of Rwanda are working with Hope and Homes for Children to close the first institution and develop a model for community-based childcare which can be used across the country and ultimately Africa{{cite web |url=http://www.migeprof.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=238&Itemid=131 |title=Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion – MINISTER'S VISIT TO HOPE AND HOMES FOR CHILDREN (HHC) |publisher=Migeprof.gov.rw |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317021308/http://www.migeprof.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=238&Itemid=131 |url-status=dead }}

"Currently, there are 52 orphanages in Tanzania caring for about 3,000 orphans and vulnerable children."{{cite web|url=http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/3322_AxiosOVC_Tanzania.pdf |title=Table of Contents |publisher=Synergyaids.com |access-date=17 October 2011}} A world bank document on Tanzania showed it was six times more expensive to institutionalize a child there than to help the family become functional and support the child themselves.

File: Kwashiorkor 6903.jpg

In Nigeria, a rapid assessment of orphans and vulnerable children conducted in 2004 with UNICEF support revealed that there were about seven million orphans in 2003 and that 800,000 more orphans were added during that same year. Out of this total number, about 1.8  million are orphaned by HIV/AIDS. With the spread of HIV/AIDS, the number of orphans is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years to 8.2  million by 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27420.html |title=Press center – Millions of orphans in Nigeria need care and access to basic services |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713153508/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_27420.html |url-status=dead }}

Since 2000, South Africa does not license orphanages any more but they continue to be set up unregulated and potentially more harmful. Theoretically, the policy supports community-based family homes but this is not always the case. One example is the homes operated by Thokomala.{{cite web |url=http://www.thokomala.org.za |title=Thokomala |publisher=Thokomala |access-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312190626/http://www.thokomala.org.za/ |archive-date=12 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}

File:MOPC 06.jpg

There are 39 privately run children's charity homes, or orphanages, in the country, and the government operates eight of its own. Privately run Orphanages can accommodate an average of 2000 children, though some are very small and located in very remote areas, hence can take in less than 150 children.

Statistics on the total number of children in orphanages nationwide are unavailable, but caregivers say their facilities were becoming unmanageably overwhelmed almost on a daily basis. Between 1994 and 1998, the number of orphans in Zimbabwe more than doubled from 200,000 to 543,000, and in five years, the number is expected to reach 900,000. (Unfortunately, there is no room for these children.){{cite web|date=11 September 2000|title=Global Challenges|website=Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report|url=http://report.kff.org/archive/aids/2000/09/kh000911.4.htm|access-date=2007-02-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418224311/http://report.kff.org/archive/aids/2000/09/kh000911.4.htm |archive-date=18 April 2005}}

In Togo, there were an estimated 280,000 orphans under 18 years of age in 2005, 88,000 of them orphaned by AIDS.{{cite web | url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/togo.html | title=Unicef Togo Statistics | access-date=12 November 2007 | archive-date=14 November 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114032942/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/togo.html | url-status=dead }} Ninety-six thousand orphans in Togo attend school.

{{Cite web | url=http://www.crin.org/docs/Mapping%20of%20Residential%20Care%20Institutions%20in%20Sierra%20LEone.docx | title=CRIN| date=21 June 2023}}

• Children (0–17 years) orphaned by AIDS, 2005, estimate 31,000{{cite web| url = http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sierraleone_statistics.html| title = Unicef Sierra Leona Statistics| access-date = 12 November 2007| archive-date = 15 November 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071115005648/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sierraleone_statistics.html| url-status = dead}}
• Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 340,000
• Orphan school attendance ratio, 1999–2005 71,000

• Children (0–17 years) orphaned by AIDS, 2005, estimate 25,000{{cite web| url = http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/senegal_statistics.html| title = Unicef Senegal Statistics| access-date = 12 November 2007| archive-date = 15 November 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071115005916/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/senegal_statistics.html| url-status = dead}}
• Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 560,000
• Orphan school attendance ratio, 1999–2005 74,000

There are at least 602 child care homes housing 15,095 children in Nepal{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94067 |title=IRIN Asia | NEPAL: Protecting children from abuser-volunteers | Nepal | Children |publisher=IRIN |date=26 October 2011 |access-date=3 April 2012}} "Orphanages have turned into a Nepalese industry there is rampant abuse and a great need for intervention."{{cite report|last=McArthur|first=D.|date=2011|title=10 Steps Forward to Deinstitutionalisation|publisher=Terre des Hommes Founddation, and Hope for Himalayan Kids, Nepal|isbn=978-9937-2-3599-0|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/webdix/media_files/957_rdtoDeinstitutionalisation_original.pdf|access-date=2011-08-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310232902/http://s3.amazonaws.com/webdix/media_files/957_rdtoDeinstitutionalisation_original.pdf|archive-date=10 March 2012}} Many do not require adequate checks of their volunteers, leaving children open to abuse.

File:Flickr - DVIDSHUB - PRT donates clothing, blankets to Khowst orphanage (Image 2 of 5).jpg donates clothing, blankets to Khowst orphanage in Afghanistan]]

"At Kabul's two main orphanages, Alauddin and Tahia Maskan, the number of children enrolled has increased almost 80 percent since last January{{when|date=March 2013}}, from 700 to over 1,200 children. Almost half of these come from families who have at least one parent, but who can't support their children."{{Cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0603/p08s01-wosc.html |title=Poverty forces Kabul parents to send kids to orphanages |journal=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=17 October 2011|date=2002-06-03 }} The non-governmental organisation Mahboba's promise assists orphans in contemporary Afghanistan.{{cite news |first=Virginia |last=Haussegger |title=Mahboba's promise |publisher= ABC TV 7.30 Report |year=2009 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2615472.htm |access-date=15 July 2009}} Nowadays the number of orphanages had changed. There are approximately 19 orphanages only in Kabul.{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Tikkun Olam International |url=https://t-o-i.org/ |website=Tikkun Olam International |access-date=2015-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018194158/https://t-o-i.org/ |archive-date=18 October 2015 }}

"There are no statistics regarding the actual number of children in welfare institutions in Bangladesh. The Department of Social Services, under the Ministry of Social Welfare, has a major program named Child Welfare and Child Development in order to provide access to food, shelter, basic education, health services and other basic opportunities for hapless children." (The following numbers mention capacity only, not actual numbers of orphans at present.)

9,500 – State institutions

250 – babies in three available "baby homes"

400 – Destitute Children's Rehabilitation Centre

100 – Vocational Training Centre for Orphans and Destitute Children

1,400 -Sixty-five Welfare and Rehabilitation Programmes for Children with Disability

The private welfare institutions are mostly known as orphanages and madrassahs. The authorities of most of these orphanages put more emphasis on religion and religious studies. One example follows:

400 – Approximately – Nawab Sir Salimullah Muslim Orphanage.[http://www.odhikar.org/pub/Pub2_2.htm Women And Children In Disadvantaged Situations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214145735/http://www.odhikar.org/pub/Pub2_2.htm |date=14 December 2005 }}

The 2010 estimate for the number of children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes is 51.{{cite web|url=http://minivannews.com/society/2010/04/04/vilingili-orphanage-understaffed-and-overcrowded/ |title=Minivan News |access-date=6 April 2007 }}{{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

File:Orphanage (1).jpg Orphanage, India.]]

India is in the top 10 and also has a very large number of orphans as well as a destitute child population. Orphanages operated by the state are generally known as juvenile homes. In addition, there is a vast number of privately run orphanages running into thousands spread across the country. These are run by various trusts, religious groups, individual citizens, citizens groups, NGO's, etc.

While some of these places endeavor to place the children for adoption a vast majority just care and educate them till they are of legal majority age and help place them back on their feet. Prominent organizations in this field include BOYS TOWN, SOS children's villages, etc.

There have been scandals especially with regard to adoption. Since government rules restrict funds unless there are a certain number of residents, some orphanages make sure the resident numbers remain high at the cost of adoption.

According to a UNICEF report in 2016, there are around 4.2 million orphaned children in Pakistan.{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/22-May-2016/pakistan-s-orphans|title=Pakistan's Orphans|date=2016-05-21|website=The Nation|language=en|access-date=2018-12-15}} Pakistan has had sizable economic growth from 1950 to 1999 yet they aren't performing well in multiple social indicators like education and health, and this is mainly due to the corrupt and unstable government.{{Cite journal|last=Easterly|first=William|date=June 2001|title=The Political Economy of Growth Without Development A Case Study of Pakistan|journal=World Bank|pages=1–53|citeseerx=10.1.1.543.6905}} Pakistan heavily relies on the nonprofit sector and zakat to finance social issues such as aid for orphans. Zakat is a financial obligation on Muslims which requires one to donate 2.5% of the family's income to charity, and it is specifically mentioned in the Quran to take care of orphans.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AY6gwLQz3w4C&q=is+zakat+and+the+private+sector+main+source+of+aid+for+orphans+in+pakistan&pg=PA156|title=Islam and Social Policy|last=Heyneman|first=Stephen P.|date=2004|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|isbn=9780826514479|language=en}} With the new use of zakat money from donations to investments it has a lot of potential in benefiting the development as well as the ultimate goal of poverty alleviation.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} The Pakistan government relies on this public sector on taking care of local issues so that they do not have the burden. Furthermore, only 6 percent of cash revenues are contributed to non-profits in Pakistan, and they are heavily favored by the government because it saves them money as non-profits are taking care of issues such as orphan care.{{Cite journal|journal=The Pakistan Development Review|doi=10.30541/V41I4IIPP.879-908|s2cid=6253668|title=Non-profit Sector in Pakistan: Government Policy and Future Issues|year=2002|last1=Ghaus-Pasha|first1=Aisha|last2=Iqbal|first2=Muhammad Asif|volume=41|issue=4II|pages=879–908|doi-access=free}}

The number of orphanages and orphans drastically dropped from 15 institutions and 2,216 persons in 1971 to 9 institutions and 638 persons by the end of 2001.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

There are still a substantial number of NGOs and informal Orphanages in Thailand, particularly in Northern Thailand near the borders of Laos and Myanmar, e.g. around Chiang Rai. Very few of the children in these establishments are orphans, most have living parents. They attract funding from well-meaning tourists. Often protecting the children from trafficking/abuse is cited but the names and photographs of the children are published in marketing material to attract more funding.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oonsx28vcKk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Oonsx28vcKk |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=IHF Promotional Video - youtube |website=YouTube |date=29 September 2010 }}{{cbignore}} The reality is that the safest environment for these children is almost always with their parents or in their villages with familial connections where strangers are rarely seen and immediately recognized. A very few of these orphanages, go so far as to abduct or forcibly remove children from their homes, often across the border in Myanmar. The parents in local hill tribes may be encouraged to "buy a place" in the orphanage for vast sums, being told their child will have a better future.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Some children's homes claim to always try to repatriate children with their families, but the local managers & director of the homes know of no such procedures or processes.{{cite web |url=http://www.ihfonline.org/annual_reports/IHF%20Annual%20Report%202010.pdf |title=CEO Annual Report - IHF |access-date=15 September 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326093523/http://www.ihfonline.org/annual_reports/IHF%20Annual%20Report%202010.pdf |url-status=dead }}

There are approximately 2 million highly vulnerable children in Vietnam with an estimated 500,000 orphaned or abandoned children.{{cite web|url=https://soworldwide.org/vietnam-center-of-hope/|title=Orphan Crisis in Vietnam|website=soworldwide.org}} There are a number of orphanages present in the country including the Vinh Son Montagnard Orphanage, however these are generally privately funded. There are very few government run institutions.{{cite web|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/at-saigon-orphanage-babies-are-left-with-no-names-and-lots-of-questions-3702712.html|title=At Saigon orphanage, babies are left with no names and lots of questions|website=e.vnexpress.net}}

According to the Los Angeles Times, "There are now 17,000 children in public orphanages throughout the country and untold numbers at private institutions."{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-06-mn-14508-story.html |title=S. Korea Tries to Take Care of Its Own With Domestic Adoptions - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=1999-03-06 |access-date=2013-02-02 |first=Valerie |last=Reitman}}

Approximately 39,000 children live in orphanages in Japan out of the 45,000 (2018 statistics) who are not able to live with their birth parents.{{cite web|url=https://npojcsa.com/en/index.html|website=npojcsa.com|title=Japan Children Support Association}}

However, as of 2016, Japanese orphanages are severely underfunded, relying heavily on volunteer work. There are 602 foster homes across Japan, each with 30 to 100 children. A large portion of children in these orphanages are not actually orphans but victims of domestic abuse or neglect.{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/lifestyle/3-keys-npo-founder-sheds-light-on-japans-child-inequality-poor-orphanage-conditions|website=japantoday.com|title='3keys' NPO founder sheds light on Japan's poor orphanage conditions|date=26 May 2016 }}

As of 2010, 11,945 children lived in 269 residential care facilities in Cambodia. About 44% were placed there by a parent.

However it is estimated that there are 553,000 orphans in the country. Most of these children are cared for by their extended family or community.{{cite web|url=https://concertcambodia.org/useful-information/orphanages/|title=Concert - Orphanages|website=concertcambodia.org}}{{cite web|url=https://lifesong.org/countries/cambodia/|website=lifesong.org|title=Serving Children in Cambodia|date=14 June 2023 }}

There are currently over 600,000 abandoned orphans living in China (some would put the figure as high as 1 million{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/11/asia/china-orphanage-children|website=cnn.com|title='They don't deserve this kind of life:' Meet China's abandoned children|date=11 August 2015 }}). Of these, 98% have special needs.{{cite web|url=https://allgodschildren.org/intervening-for-orphans/where-we-work/china/|website=allgodschildren.org|title=Our work in China|date=16 March 2017 }}

"It is stated that there are 20,000 orphaned children in Laos."{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} However the figure generally remains unknown as about 30% of children are never registered with the government and remain invisible. In Laos nearly 50 per cent of the population lives below the poverty line and many children are involved in child labor. There are six orphanages that are run by SOS Children's Village that help with this problem.{{cite web|url=https://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/where-we-help/asia/laos|website=sos-childrensvillages.org|title=General information on Laos}}

File: Aleppo Armenian orphanage 1923.jpg

{{cleanup|section|reason=no links to the listed newspapers|date=July 2023}}

"The [Mosques of Charity] orphanage houses about 120 children in Giza, Menoufiya and Qalyubiya."

"We [Dar Al-Iwaa] provide free education and accommodation for over 200 girls and boys."

"Dar Al-Mu'assassa Al-Iwaa'iya (Shelter Association), a government association affiliated with the Ministry of Social Affairs, was established in 1992. It houses about 44 children."

There are also 192 children at The Awlady, 30 at Sayeda Zeinab orphanage, and 300 at My Children Orphanage.

Note: There are about 185 orphanages in Egypt.

The above information was taken from the following articles:

"Other families" by Amany Abdel-Moneim. Al-Ahram Weekly (5/1999).

"Ramadan brings a charity to Egypt's orphans". Shanghai Star (13 December 2001).

"A Child by Any Other Name" by Réhab El-Bakry. Egypt Today (11/2001).

Orphanage Project in Egypt—www.littlestlamb.org

There is still at least one orphanage in Sudan although the conditions there have been reported as very poor.{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sudan-activists-appeal-orphanage-54-died-82799761 |title=Sudan Activists appeal for Orphanage where 54 died|access-date=2022-07-01|website=abcnews.go.com}}

The number of orphans is expected to be 5,000 in 2023 in South Sudan. And in 2018, the UN Children Fund (UNICEF) reported that about 15,000 children in South Sudan had become separated from their families or were missing due to conflict.{{cite web|url=https://english.news.cn/20220608/0ca8d7685b784f65a8954bfe9498b9d3/c.html|website=english.news.cn|title=South Sudan orphanage restoring hope to young victims of civil strife}}

The "Royal Charity Organization"{{cite web |url=http://www.orphans.gov.bh/eng |title=Royal Charity Organization |publisher=Orphans.gov.bh |access-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210103518/http://www.orphans.gov.bh/eng/ |archive-date=10 February 2012 }} is a Bahraini governmental charity organization founded in 2001 by King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah to sponsor all helpless Bahraini orphans and widows. Since then almost 7,000 Bahraini families are granted monthly payments, annual school bags, and a number of university scholarships. Graduation ceremonies, various social and educational activities, and occasional contests are held each year by the organization for the benefit of orphans and widows sponsored by the organization.

UNICEF maintains the same number at present. "While the number of state homes for orphans in the whole of Iraq was 25 in 1990 (serving 1,190 children); both the number of homes and the number of beneficiaries has declined. The quality of services has also declined."

A 1999 study by UNICEF "recommended the rebuilding of national capacity for the rehabilitation of orphans." The new project "will benefit all the 1,190 children placed in orphanages."

"In 1999, the number of children living in orphanages witnessed a considerable drop as compared to 1998. The number dropped from 1,980 to 1,714 orphans. This is due to the policy of child re-integration in their household adopted by the Ministry of Social Affairs."

File:Moscow Orphanage asv2018-01.jpg (founded in 1763, constructed in the 1770s)]]

In the post-Soviet countries, orphanages are better known as "children's homes" ({{lang|ru|Детскиe домa}}). After reaching school age, all children enroll at internats ({{lang|ru|Школа-интернат}}) (boarding schools).

{{See also|Orphans in Russia}}

In 2021 it was recorded that there were 406,138 orphans living in orphan homes and families in Russia.{{cite web|url=https://www.rapsinews.com/news/20210427/307006879.html|title=Number of orphans decreases in Russia by 13% - Children's Ombudsman|website=rapsinews.com|date=27 April 2021 }} UNICEF estimates that 95% of these children are "social orphans", meaning that they have at least one living parent who has given them up to the state.{{cite web |author=— source |url=http://www.rcws.org/aboutus_statistics.htm |title=Statistics |publisher=RCWS.org |access-date=2013-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310072245/http://www.rcws.org/aboutus_statistics.htm |archive-date=10 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.iorphan.org/russian_orphans/index.asp |title=Russian Orphans Facts and Statistics |publisher=Iorphan.org |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021135203/http://www.iorphan.org/russian_orphans/index.asp |archive-date=21 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.bigfamilyministry.org/russia_orphans.html |title=Information about Russian orphans |publisher=Bigfamilyministry.org |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=10 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910133948/http://www.bigfamilyministry.org/russia_orphans.html |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|last=Eke |first=Steven |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4600785.stm |title=Health warning over Russian youth |work=BBC News |date=1 June 2005 |access-date=17 October 2011}} In 2011 Russian authorities registered 88,522 children who became orphans that year (down from 114,715 in 2009).[http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37458 Численность детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей, выявленных и учтенных на конец отчетного года (значение показателя за год)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114175640/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37458 |date=14 January 2015 }} – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)

There are few webpages for Russian orphanages in English.

"Of a total of more than 600,000 children classified as being 'without parental care' (most of them live with other relatives and fosters), as many as one-third reside in institutions."{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports98/russia2/ |title=Human Rights Watch |publisher=Hrw.org |date=9 March 1998 |access-date=17 October 2011}}

In 2011, there were 1344 institutions for orphans in Russia,[http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37469 Общее число учреждений для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114175636/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37469 |date=14 January 2015 }} – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site) including 1094 orphanages ("children's homes")[http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37468 Число детских домов для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114174036/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37468 |date=14 January 2015 }} – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site) and 207 special ("corrective") orphanages for children with serious health issues.[http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37466 Число специальных (коррекционных) школ-интернатов для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114175643/http://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=37466 |date=14 January 2015 }} – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)

It is estimated that more than 10,000 children are living in 44 orphanages.{{cite web|url=https://www.wvi.org/azerbaijan/about-us|website=wvi.org|title=About us}} In general, "many children are abandoned due to extreme poverty and harsh living conditions. Some may be raised by family members or neighbors but the majority live in crowded orphanages until the age of fifteen when they are sent into the community to make a living for themselves."[http://www.anewarrival.com/Azerbaijan.html Azerbaijan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207110001/http://www.anewarrival.com/Azerbaijan.html |date=7 February 2009 }}

Approximate total – 1,773 (1993 statistics for "all types of orphanages")

File:Children at the Belovodski Preschool Orphanage in Karabalta.jpg

Partial information: 85 – Ivanovka Orphanage[http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/ivanovka.html Kyrgyzstan Children's Work] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123232614/http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/ivanovka.html |date=23 January 2009 }}

There are 4 orphanages in the major cities and 64 boarding schools in Tajikistan, where 8275 children are being educated. Those four orphanages raise 185 children up to 3 years old. In total there are 160 orphans. This small number is likely due to the popularity of adopting.

{{Cite web|url=https://cabar.asia/en/adoptions-in-tajikistan-everyone-wants-to-adopt-a-newborn-boy|title=Adoptions in Tajikistan: Everyone Wants to Adopt a Newborn Boy|website=cabar.asia|date=18 August 2020 }}

File:01-Levantarse.jpg

Before the Russian invasion of 2022, there were an estimated 100,000 orphans in Ukraine's state-run facilities.{{cite web|url=https://www.openingdoors.eu/100000-children-in-ukraine-confined-to-soviet-style-orphanage-system-that-resists-reform/ |title=100,000 children in Ukraine confined to Soviet-style orphanage system that resists reform |publisher=openingdoors.eu |access-date=17 July 2022}} Of this number about 80 percent are described as "social orphans", because the parents are either financially destitute, abusive, or addicted to drugs or alcohol and thus are unable to raise them.{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraines-jews-walk-narrow-line-between-murderous-past-and-uncertain-future/|title=Ukraine's Jews walk narrow line between murderous past and uncertain future|website=The Times of Israel}} Due to a lack of funding and overcrowding the conditions at these orphanages are often poor, especially for disabled children.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/disability-62226636|title=Ukraine orphanages: Children tied up and men in cots|work=BBC News |date=26 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022}}[https://uacua.org/charity/orphans-help/ Orphans and Orphanages in Ukraine need help][https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/what-happened-to-ukrainian-children-in-care-who-fled-to-poland/ What happened to Ukrainian children in care who fled to Poland?]

Since 2012 the number of children adopted by foreigners has gradually been reducing. By 2016, the number of children adopted by foreigners had been reduced to around 200 from about 2,000 in 2012. A bit more than a thousand children were adopted by Ukrainians in 2016.[https://www.unian.info/m/society/1591551-orphans-and-adoption-ukrainian-deadlock.html Orphans and adoption: Ukrainian deadlock], UNIAN (26 October 2016) During 2019 1,419 children were adopted.{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/02/17/7283812/ The number of adoptions has sharply increased in Ukraine], Ukrayinska Pravda (17 February 2021) In 2020 2,047 children were adopted, in 1,890 cases the adoption was carried out by citizens of Ukraine.

Other information:

• thousands – Zaporizhzhia Oblast.{{cite web|author=Albert Pavlov (translated from Russian by Anna Large) |url=http://deti.zp.ua/eng/show_article.php?a_id=5150 |title=A photoreport: "From Heart to Heart – 2": a trip to the rural orphanages of Zaporozhye region:: Zaporozhzhya orphans. Ukraine |publisher=Deti.zp.ua |date=21 March 2007 |access-date=17 October 2011}}
• 150 – Kyiv State Baby Orphanage[http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/orphankiev.html Kyiv Children's Work] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118091600/http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/orphankiev.html |date=18 January 2006 }}
• 30 – Beregena Orphanage
• 120 – Dom Invalid Orphanage[http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/moreukr.html Dnepropetrovsk Children's Work] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207170942/http://www.missionpartners.org/orphanages/moreukr.html |date=7 February 2009 }}

Orphanages in Australia mostly closed after World War II and up to the 1970s. Instead, children are mainly put in either Kinship, Residential or Foster care. Notable former orphanages include the Melbourne Orphanage and the St. John's Orphanage in Goulburn, New South Wales.Swain, Sherlee. "History of Adoption and Fostering in Australia by Sherlee Swain." History of Adoption and Fostering in Australia. Oxford University, 28 January 2013. Web. 5 October 2013.

No verifiable information for the number of children actually in orphanages. The number of orphaned and abandoned children is approximately 500,000.

{{cite web | url=http://193.194.138.190/html/menu2/6/crc/doc/report/srf-indonesia-1.pdf |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |access-date=12 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071129174720/http://193.194.138.190/html/menu2/6/crc/doc/report/srf-indonesia-1.pdf |archive-date = 29 November 2007}}

Orphans, children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 25,000{{cite web | url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/fiji_statistics.html | title=Unicef Fiji Statistics | access-date=12 November 2007 | archive-date=14 November 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114054623/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/fiji_statistics.html | url-status=dead }}

Haitians and expatriate childcare professionals are careful to make it clear that Haitian orphanages and children's homes are not orphanages in the North American sense, but instead shelters for vulnerable children, often housing children whose parent(s) are poor as well as those who are abandoned, neglected or abused by family guardians. Neither the number of children or the number of institutions is officially known, but Chambre de L'Enfance Necessiteusse Haitienne (CENH) indicated that it has received requests for assistance from nearly 200 orphanages from around the country for more than 200,000 children. Although not all are orphans, many are vulnerable or originate in vulnerable families that "hoped to increase their children's opportunities by sending them to orphanages. Catholic Relief Services provides assistance to 120 orphanages with 9,000 children in the Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est and Grand'Anse, but these include only orphanages that meet their criteria. They estimate receiving ten requests per week for assistance from additional orphanages and children's homes, but some of these are repeat requests."{{cite web |url=http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/3549_fhi10.pdf |title=Report page 14 and 15 of actual report, not web page counter |access-date=10 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111041119/http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/3549_fhi10.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}

In 2007, UNICEF estimated there were 380,000 orphans in Haiti, which has a population of just over 9 million, according to the CIA World Factbook. However, since the January 2010 earthquake, the number of orphans has skyrocketed, and the living conditions for orphans have seriously deteriorated. Official numbers are hard to find due to the general state of chaos in the country.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

A large amount of children on the island of Jamaica grow up without a parental relationship as a result of their parents' death.{{Cite web |title=General Information on Jamaica |url=https://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/where-we-help/americas/jamaica |website=SOS Children's Village}} An example of places for these lone children to go to are SOS children's villages, The Maxfield Park Children's Home{{Cite web|url=http://www.maxfieldparkchildrenshome.com/|website=maxfieldparkchildrenshome.com|title=Maxfield Park Children's Home|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=31 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731223212/http://www.maxfieldparkchildrenshome.com/|url-status=dead}} and the Missionaries of the Poor facilities.

There are over 700 public and privates orphanages in Mexico which house over 30,000 children. In 2018 it was estimated that 400,000 children lacked parents. Of these 100,000 are thought to be homeless.{{cite web|url=https://icfdn.org/not-orphanages-equal-make-sure-support-trusted-organization/|title=Not All Orphanages Are Equal: Make Sure You Support a Trusted Organization|website=icfdn.org|date=29 March 2018 }}

Some notable orphanages include:

• Casa Hogar Jeruel Orphanage in Chihuahua City, Mexico{{cite web|url=http://www.casahogarjeruel.org |title=Casa Hogar Jeruel |publisher=casahogarjeruel.org |access-date=2022-04-02}}
• Casa Hogar Alegría{{cite web|url=https://www.casahogaralegria.org/en/|title=Casa Hogar Alegria|website=casahogaralegria.org|access-date=2022-04-02}}

File: Music Class at St Elizabeths Orphanage New Orleans 1940.jpg

While the term "orphanage" is no longer typically used in the United States, nearly every US state continues to operate residential group homes for children in need of a safe place to live and in which to be supported in their educational and life-skills pursuits. Homes like the Milton Hershey School{{Cite web|url=https://www.mhskids.org/|title=Milton Hershey School Website|date=21 July 2018}} in Pennsylvania, Mooseheart{{cite web|url=http://www.mooseheart.org/|title=Mooseheart|website=mooseheart.org}} in Illinois and the Crossnore School and Children's Home{{cite web|url=https://www.crossnore.org/|title=Crossnore School & Children's Home - Foster Care - Clinical Services|website=Crossnore}} in North Carolina continue to provide care and support for children in need. While a place like the Milton Hershey School houses nearly 2,000 children, each child lives in a small group-home environment with "house parents"{{cite web|url=https://www.mhskids.org/careers/careers-houseparent/|title=Careers as Houseparents - Milton Hershey School}} who often live many years in that home. Children who grow up in these residential homes have higher rates of high school and college graduation than those who spend equivalent numbers of years in the US Foster Care system, wherein only 44 to 66 percent of children graduate from high school.Conger, D. Rebeck, A. "How Children's Foster Care Experiences Affect Their Education." Vera Institute of Justice. 2001."A Critical Look at The Foster Care System: Foster Care Outcomes." 2015

Some private orphanages still exist in the United States apart from governmental child protective services processes.{{cite web|url=http://www.hopechildrenshome.org/about-hope-childrens-home/|title=About Hope Children's Home|access-date=2017-07-15|publisher=Hope International Ministries}}{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/quora/are-there-any-traditional_b_4960439.html|title=Are There Any Traditional Orphanages in the US?|author=Paul deHolczer|date=2014-03-14|access-date=2017-07-15|work=Huffington Post}} Following World War II, most orphanages in the U.S. began closing or converting to boarding schools or different kinds of group homes. Also, the term "children's home" became more common for those still existing. Over the past few decades,{{when|date=March 2021}} orphanages in the U.S. have been replaced with smaller institutions that try to provide a group home or boarding school environment. Most children who would have been in orphanages are in these residential treatment centers (RTC), residential child care communities, or with foster families. Adopting from RTCs, group homes, or foster families does not require working with an adoption agency, and in many areas, fostering to adopt is highly encouraged.{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia.adoption.com/entry/orphanage/264/1.html |title=Orphanage – Adoption Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopedia.adoption.com |access-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503050428/http://encyclopedia.adoption.com/entry/orphanage/264/1.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|last=Silverman |first=Jacob |url=http://people.howstuffworks.com/adoption5.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "Orphanages and Foster Care" |publisher=People.howstuffworks.com |date=18 February 2007 |access-date=3 April 2012}}

File: Orphanage in Colombia.jpg

"...currently there are about 200,000 children in orphanages."{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/001027_adoption.shtml |title=The Children of Guatemala | BBC World Service |publisher=BBC |date=28 October 2000 |access-date=17 October 2011}}

It is estimated that 550,000 children grow up without parents in Peru. Many of the children in orphanages are considered “social orphans”.

{{cite web|url=https://havenofhopeintl.org/refuge-of-life/|title=Refuge of Life Orphanage|website=havenofhopeintl.org}}

Prior to the establishment of state care for orphans in First World countries, private charities existed to take care of destitute orphans, over time other charities have found other ways to care for children.

• The Orphaned Starfish Foundation{{cite web|url=http://www.orphanedstarfish.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620202613/http://www.orphanedstarfish.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 June 2006|title=Orphaned Starfish|website=Orphaned Starfish}} is a non-profit organisation based in New York City that focuses on developing vocational schools for orphans, victims of abuse and at-risk youth. It runs fifty computer centers in twenty-five countries, serving over 10,000 children worldwide
• Lumos works to replace institutions with community-based services that provide children with access to health, education, and social care tailored to their individual needs.
• Hope and Homes for Children are working with governments to deinstitutionalize their child care systems.
• Stockwell Home and later Birchington, started by Charles H Spurgeon, is now Spurgeons after the last orphanage closed in 1979. Spurgeons Children's Charity provides support to vulnerable and disadvantaged children and families across England.
• SOS Children's Villages is the world's largest non-governmental, non-denominational child welfare organization that provides loving family homes for orphaned and abandoned children.
• Dr. Barnardo's Homes are now simply Barnardo's after closing their last orphanage in 1989.
• OAfrica, previously OrphanAid Africa, has been working in Ghana since 2002, to get children out of orphanages and into families, in partnership with the government and as the only private implementing partner of the National Plan of Action.{{Cite web|url=http://www.crin.org/docs/GHANA%20OVC%20NPA.pdf|title = CRIN| date=20 October 2023 }}
• Joint Council on International Children's Services is a nonprofit child advocacy organization based in Alexandria, Virginia. It is the largest association of international adoption agencies in America, and in addition to working in 51 countries, advocates for ethical practices in American adoption agencies

{{div col |colwidth=27em}}

• Adoption
• Boys Town (organization)
• Child abandonment
• Child abuse
• Child and family services
• Child and youth care
• Community-based care
• Congregate Care
• Cottage Homes
• Deinstitutionalisation
• Family support
• Florida Sheriffs Youth Ranches
• Foster Care
• Foster Care in the United States
• Group home
• Hope and Homes for Children
• Janusz Korczak
• Kinship Care
• Orphan Train
• Residential Care
• Residential Child Care Communities
• Residential education
• Residential treatment center
• Settlement movement
• Teaching-family model
• The Steele home Orphanage
• Wraparound (childcare)
• Whole Child International

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{EB1911 |wstitle=Barnardo, Thomas John |volume=3 |page=411}}

{{Commons category|Orphanages}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927213242/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/en/54_9678.htm Keeping Children Out of Harmful Institutions: Why we should be investing in family-based care]
• {{CathEncy|wstitle=Orphans and Orphanages}}

{{Adopt}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Child welfare

Category:Total institutions