Palestinian genocide accusation

{{See also|Racism in Israel|Gaza genocide|Israeli war crimes|Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)}}

{{Main|Nakba}}

File:Tantura expulsion (997008136022405171).jpg women and children to Furaydis|alt=Women carrying bags while walking with men and children]]

The Nakba was the violent displacement and dispossession of the Palestinian people, along with the destruction of their society, culture, identity, political rights, and national aspirations.{{harvnb|Abu-Laban|Bakan|2022|pp=511–512}};

{{harvnb|Manna|2022|pp=7–9}};

{{harvnb|Khalidi|2020|pp=60, 76, 82, 88–89}};

{{harvnb|Shenhav|2019|pp=48–51}};

{{harvnb|Bashir|Goldberg|2018|loc=Introduction}};

{{harvnb|Al-Hardan|2016|pp=xi, 2}};

{{harvnb|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|p=1}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2012|pp=1, 10–13}};

{{harvnb|Lentin|2010|loc=ch. 2}};

{{harvnb|Abu-Lughod|Sa'di|2007|pp=3, 8–9}} The Nakba began during the 1948 Palestine war; the term ongoing Nakba has been used to describe the continued persecution and displacement of Palestinians by Israel throughout the Palestinian territories.{{harvnb|Sayigh|2023|pp=285 and 288 n. 12–13}};

{{harvnb|Pappé|2021|pp=70–71 and 80}};

{{harvnb|Khalidi|2020|p=75}};

{{harvnb|Shenhav|2019|p=49}};

{{harvnb|Bashir|Goldberg|2018|pp=7 and 33 n.4}};

{{harvnb|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|pp=1 and 12–18}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2012|pp=5, 12–14, 75 and 254}};

{{harvnb|Lentin|2010|pp=23, 111}};

{{harvnb|Abu-Lughod|Sa'di|2007|pp=10 and 18–19}};

{{harvnb|Ali|2012|pp=78–79}};

{{harvnb|Samudzi|2024|p=5}} Palestinians continued to be expelled after the war, and more Palestinian towns and villages were destroyed, with new Israeli settlements established in their place.{{harvnb|Sayigh|2023|p=281}};

{{harvnb|Khalidi|2020|pp=75 and 83}};

{{harvnb|Slater|2020|p=83}};

{{harvnb|Shenhav|2019|p=49}};

{{harvnb|Manna|2013|p=93}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2012|pp=5, 107, and 117}}

During the foundational events of the Nakba in 1948, dozens of massacres targeting Arabs were conducted and about 400 Arab-majority towns and villages were depopulated.{{sfn|Slater|2020|p=406}} Many of these areas were either completely destroyed or repopulated by Jewish residents and given new Hebrew names. Approximately 750,000{{harvnb|Abu-Laban|Bakan|2022|p=511|ps=, "over 80 per cent"}};

{{harvnb|Pappé|2022|p=128|ps=, "Three-quarters of a million Palestinians{{nbsp}}... almost 90 per cent"}};

{{harvnb|Khalidi|2020|p=60|ps=, "Some 80 percent{{nbsp}}... At least 720,000{{nbsp}}..."}};

{{harvnb|Slater|2020|ps=, pp. 81 ("about 750,000"), 83 ("over 80 percent"), and 350 ("It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives—an entirely justifiable fear, in light of massacres carried out by Zionist forces.")}};

{{harvnb|Shenhav|2019|p=49|ps=, "750,000"}};

{{harvnb|Bashir|Goldberg|2018|p=7|ps=, "some 750,000"}};

{{harvnb|Manna|2013|ps=, pp. 93 ("approximately 750,000") and 99 n. 12 ("Recently, both Palestinian and Israeli scholars seem to agree on this estimate of 700,000–750,000 refugees.")}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2012|p=2|ps=, "about 90 per cent{{nbsp}}... 750,000 refugees"}};

{{harvnb|Lentin|2010|ps=, pp. 6 ("at least 80 per cent") and 7 ("more than 700,000")}};

{{harvnb|Kimmerling|2008|p=280|ps=, "700,000 to 900,000"}};

{{harvnb|Sa'di|2007|p=297|ps=, "at least 780,000{{nbsp}}... more than 80 percent"}} Palestinian Arabs (about half of Palestine's Arab population) fled from their homes or were expelled by Zionist militias and later the Israeli army.{{sfn|Usher|2006|p=11–12}}

In 2010, historians Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov debated whether the 1948 Nakba should be regarded as a genocide, with Shaw arguing that it could and with Bartov disagreeing.{{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author1-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |last2=Bartov |first2=Omer |author2-link=Omer Bartov |date=2010 |title=The question of genocide in Palestine, 1948: an exchange between Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=12 |issue=3–4 |pages=243–259 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2010.529698 |s2cid=71620701}}{{harvnb|Shaw|2010|pp=2–3, 20–21}}; {{harvnb|Shaw|2013|pp=4–5}}; {{harvnb|Shaw|2024|p=2}} Daud Abdullah, the former Deputy Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, has said: "Given the declared intent of the Zionist leaders, this wholesale destruction and depopulation of Palestinian villages fit[s] easily with the definition of genocide as cited in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide."{{cite book |last1=Abdullah |first1=Daud |author1-link=Daud Abdullah |title=Cultural Genocide: Law, Politics, and Global Manifestations |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-21410-0 |editor-last=Bachman |editor-first=Jeffrey S. |pages=227–245 |chapter=A century of cultural genocide in Palestine |doi=10.4324/9781351214100-10 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781351214100-10/century-cultural-genocide-palestine-daud-abdullah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019172058/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781351214100-10/century-cultural-genocide-palestine-daud-abdullah |archive-date=19 October 2023 |s2cid=199268671}}{{sfn|Center for Constitutional Rights|2016|pp=5–6}} Historian John Docker has also written several papers detailing the Nakba as a genocide.{{sfn|Docker|2012|pp=22–24}}{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|pp=13–14}} Several scholars have written that Palestinians suffered ethnic cleansing during the Nakba, but that they did not consider the event to have been genocide.{{efn|Ilan Pappé (2006),{{sfn|Pappé|2006}}{{sfn|Docker|2012|p=3}} Mark Levene (2007),{{cite journal |last=Levene |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Levene |date=December 2007 |title=Book Reviews: The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |publisher=Routledge |volume=9 |number=4 |pages=675–681 |doi=10.1080/14623520701644465 |s2cid=216141849}} Ronit Lentin (2010),{{sfn|Lentin|2010|pp=20–21, 23}} Derek Penslar (2013),{{cite news |last1=Kalmus |first1=Jonathan |title=Israel studies professor: 1948 really was ethnic cleansing, not genocide |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/103408/israel-studies-professor-1948-really-was-ethnic-cleansing-not-genocide |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=The Jewish Chronicle |date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317061315/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/103408/israel-studies-professor-1948-really-was-ethnic-cleansing-not-genocide |archive-date=17 March 2013}} Yair Auron (2017),{{cite book |last1=Auron |first1=Yair |author1-link=Yair Auron |title=The Holocaust, Rebirth, and the Nakba: Memory and Contemporary Israeli–Arab Relations |date=4 October 2017 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-5949-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iD1DDwAAQBAJ |access-date=12 November 2023}} Alon Confino (2018), Jerome Slater (2020){{sfn|Slater|2020|pp=80–87}}}}

{{Main|Naksa}}

Academic Clare Brandabur includes the 1967 Palestinian exodus (known as the Naksa) in the actions conducted by Israel that show a pattern that seeks the "destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group".{{cite journal |last=Brandabur |first=Clare |date=September 2004 |title=Roadmap to genocide |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA186321548&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=14497751&p=AONE&sw=w |journal=Nebula |volume=5 |pages=25–49 |number=3 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016003943/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA186321548&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=14497751&p=AONE&sw=w |url-status=live}} This view is supported by later academics as well.{{sfn|Ali|2012|pp=78–80}} The Naksa was the expulsion of around 280,000 to 325,000 Palestinians during and in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, including the razing of numerous Palestinian villages.{{cite book |last=Bowker |first=Robert P. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOYtfyJFBIQC |title=Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace |date=2003 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=1-58826-202-2 |page=81}}{{cite book |last=Gerson |first=Allan |url=http://www.hjil.org/articles/hjil-2-2-levie.pdf |title=Israel, the West Bank and International Law |date=1978 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=0-7146-3091-8 |page=162 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132351/http://www.hjil.org/articles/hjil-2-2-levie.pdf |url-status=dead}}{{sfn|Usher|2006|pp=12, 14}}

{{Main|Sabra and Shatila massacre}}

File:SabraShatilaMemorial.jpg

In September 1982, between 460 and 3,500 civilians{{Emdash}}mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shia Muslims{{Emdash}}were killed in Beirut's Sabra neighborhood and in the adjacent Shatila refugee camp during the Lebanese Civil War.{{harvnb|Schiff|Ya'ari|1985|p=[https://archive.org/details/israelslebanonwa00zeev/page/282 282]}}; {{harvnb|Nuwayhed al-Hout|2004|p=296}}; {{harvnb|Fisk|2002}}; {{harvnb|Kapeliouk|1982|p=}} The killings were carried out by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon at the time. Between the evening of 16 September and the morning of 18 September, the Lebanese militia carried out the killings while the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) had the Palestinian camp surrounded.{{harvnb|Fisk|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC&pg=PA374 382–383]}}; {{harvnb|Quandt|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-rmCPnSghbcC&pg=PA256 266]}}; {{harvnb|Alpher|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eCxyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 48]}}; {{harvnb|Gonzalez|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HypnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 113]}} The IDF had ordered the militia to clear out the fighters of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Sabra and Shatila as part of a larger Israeli maneuver into western Beirut. As the massacre unfolded, the IDF received reports of atrocities being committed, but did not take any action to stop it.{{cite journal |last=Malone |first=Linda A. |year=1985 |title=The Kahan Report, Ariel Sharon and the Sabra-Shatilla Massacres in Lebanon: Responsibility Under International Law for Massacres of Civilian Populations |url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1606&context=facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com.tr%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dmassacres%2Bin%2Blebanon%26btnG%3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C5%26as_sdtp%3D#search=%22massacres%20lebanon%22 |journal=Utah Law Review |pages=373–433 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417035542/https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1606&context=facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http://scholar.google.com.tr/scholar?hl=en&q=massacres+in+lebanon&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C5&as_sdtp= |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=1 January 2013}}{{sfn|Nijim|2020|pp=26–27}}

On 16 December 1982, the United Nations General Assembly condemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.{{cite web |title=U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982 |url=https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/A_RES_37_123_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226110946/https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/A_RES_37_123_EN.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=United Nations}}{{sfn|Rashed|Short|2012|pp=1154–1155}}{{sfn|Ali|2012|p=16}} The voting record{{cite web |title=Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D |url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares37123d#focus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604072753/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares37123d#focus |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=4 January 2010 |publisher=United Nations}}{{cite book |last=Kuper |first=Leo |author-link=Leo Kuper |title=Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions |date=1997 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122-1616-4 |editor-last=Andreopoulos |editor-first=George J. |page=37 |chapter=Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses}}{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=455}} on section D of Resolution 37/123 was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12. The delegate for Canada stated: "The term genocide cannot, in our view, be applied to this particular inhuman act".{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=455}} The delegate of Singapore – voting 'yes' – added: "My delegation regrets the use of the term 'an act of genocide' ... [as] the term 'genocide' is used to mean acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." Canada and Singapore questioned whether the General Assembly was competent to determine whether such an event would constitute genocide.{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=455}} The Soviet Union, by contrast, asserted that: "The word for what Israel is doing on Lebanese soil is genocide. Its purpose is to destroy the Palestinians as a nation."{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=454}} The Nicaragua delegate asserted: "It is difficult to believe that a people that suffered so much from the Nazi policy of extermination in the middle of the twentieth century would use the same fascist, genocidal arguments and methods against other peoples."{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=454}} The United States commented that "While the criminality of the massacre was beyond question, it was a serious and reckless misuse of language to label this tragedy genocide as defined in the 1948 Convention".{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=455}} William Schabas, director of the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland,{{cite web |title=Professor William A. Schabas |url=http://www.nuigalway.ie/human_rights/Staff/william_schabas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152022/http://www.nuigalway.ie/human_rights/Staff/william_schabas.html |archive-date=9 June 2007 |website=Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland}} stated: "the term genocide ... had obviously been chosen to embarrass Israel rather than out of any concern with legal precision".{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=455}}

File:Martyr's_square_shatila.jpg

That same year an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride investigated reported violations of International Law by Israel and four of its six members concluded that "the deliberate destruction of the national and cultural rights and identity of the Palestinian people amount[ed] to genocide".{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=235}}{{sfn|Said|1984|p=27}} In its conclusion, the commission recommended "that a competent international body be designed or established to clarify the conception of genocide in relation to Israeli policies and practices toward the Palestinian people".{{cite journal |date=1983 |title=Israel in Lebanon: Report of the International Commission to Enquire into Reported Violations of International Law by Israel during Its Invasion of the Lebanon |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=117–133 |doi=10.2307/2536156 |jstor=2536156}} David Hirst believes that while the decision of the U.N. General Assembly could still be called biased, it was harder to say the same about the McBride Commission, as well as about individuals around the world, especially Jews, who shared the opinion of its four members.{{cite book |last=Hirst |first=David |author-link=David Hirst (journalist) |title=Beware of small states: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East |publisher=Nation Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-571-23741-8 |page=153}}

The massacre was also investigated by the Israeli Kahan Commission. The commission concluded that although no Israelis were directly involved in the killings, a number of Israeli government ministers and military were indirectly responsible. They should have taken into account the sentiments of their Lebanese allies after their leader Bachir Gemayel had been assassinated along with 26 other Phalangists in a bomb attack 2 days earlier,{{sfn|Schiff|Ya'ari|1985|pp=246, 265}} and also have taken decisive action to stop the killings when the first information was received.{{cite web |title=104 Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the events at the refugee camps in Beirut- 8 February 1983 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook6/pages/104%20report%20of%20the%20commission%20of%20inquiry%20into%20the%20e.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720132725/https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook6/pages/104%20report%20of%20the%20commission%20of%20inquiry%20into%20the%20e.aspx |archive-date=20 July 2015 |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}} The commission's findings were reluctantly accepted by the Israeli government, amid violent, rival, pro- and anti-government protests.{{cite book |last=Silver |first=Eric |url=https://archive.org/details/beginhauntedprop00silv/page/239 |title=Begin: The Haunted Prophet |publisher=Random House |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-394-52826-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/beginhauntedprop00silv/page/239 239]}}

In interviews with film director Lokman Slim in 2005, some of the fighters of the Lebanese Christian militias reported that, prior to the massacre, the IDF took them to training camps in Israel and showed them documentaries about the Holocaust.{{cite news |last1=Rmeileh |first1=Rami |date=18 September 2023 |title=Sabra & Shatila echoes past & ongoing Palestinian suffering |url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/sabra-shatila-echoes-past-ongoing-palestinian-suffering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606060114/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/sabra-shatila-echoes-past-ongoing-palestinian-suffering |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=The New Arab |language=en}} The Israelis told the Lebanese fighters that the same would happen to them too, as a minority in Lebanon, if the fighters did not take action against the Palestinians. The film was called "Massaker", it featured six perpetrators of the Sabra and Shatila massacre, and it was awarded the Fipresci Prize at the 2005 Berlinale.{{cite news |date=6 February 2021 |title=Lokman Slim: The daring Lebanese activist, admired intellectual |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/lokman-slim-daring-lebanese-activist-admired-intellectual |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921030432/https://www.newarab.com/news/lokman-slim-daring-lebanese-activist-admired-intellectual |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=The New Arab |language=en |quote=Their film "Massaker" — which studied six perpetrators of the 1982 Christian militia massacres of 1,000 people at the Sabra and Shatila Palestinian camps in Beirut — was awarded the Fipresci Prize at the 2005 Berlinale.}}

{{Main|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}}

File:Israeli_blockade_of_gaza_by_latuff2-375x239.jpg depicting the consequences of Israel's blockade on Gaza in 2010{{cite web |author=Global Voices |date=28 May 2010 |title=Israel: The Freedom Flotilla - PR Stunt or Humanitarian Act? |url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/29542/4e134cda2e86b825d4534e2f0277cf16.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709030411/http://www.alertnet.org/db/blogs/29542/4e134cda2e86b825d4534e2f0277cf16.htm |archive-date=9 July 2010 |website=Reuters AlertNet}}]]

The restrictions on movement and goods in Gaza imposed by Israel date to the early 1990s.{{Cite web |date=14 August 2012 |title=Light at the End of Their Tunnels? Hamas and the Arab Uprisings |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120902185323/https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2012 |website=International Crisis Group |publisher= |page=38, note 283 |quote=The prime minister is comfortable with limited economic growth in Gaza, particularly as a way to modify Hamas's urge to get into trouble. We still want there to be a discrepancy between economic life in Gaza and the West Bank, but we no longer feel it needs to be so large.}} After Hamas took over in 2007, Israel significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete blockade on the movement of goods and people in and out of the Gaza Strip.{{cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=Gaza Up Close |url=https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close |website=Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829134339/https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close/ |archive-date=29 August 2023}} In the same year, Egypt closed the Rafah Border Crossing.{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Associated |date=25 May 2011 |title=Egypt to reopen Gaza strip crossing for first time since 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/25/egypt-to-reopen-gaza-strip-crossing |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227202652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/25/egypt-to-reopen-gaza-strip-crossing |archive-date=27 December 2024}} Many protestors across the globe called the blockade an act of genocide,{{cite news |date=28 December 2008 |title=World stands united against 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2008%2F12%2F28%2F62977 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129183345/https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/12/28/62977 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |work=Al Arabiya}}{{cite web |date=5 January 2009 |title=Australian demonstrations show solidarity with Palestinian people |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/01/aust-j05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602063856/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/01/aust-j05.html |archive-date=2 June 2019 |work=World Socialist Web Site}} with the Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez recalling Venezuela's ambassador in Israel and calling Israel's attacks "genocide".{{cite news |date=7 January 2009 |title=Caracas expels Israeli ambassador |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20090107-caracas-expels-israeli-ambassador- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618235637/https://www.france24.com/en/20090107-caracas-expels-israeli-ambassador- |archive-date=18 June 2021 |work=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Press}}

Israeli New Historian Ilan Pappé has argued that genocide "is the only appropriate way to describe what the Israeli army is doing in the Gaza Strip".{{sfn|Lendman|2010|p=30}}{{sfn|Pappé|2010|pp=201–205}} In his 2017 book, Ten Myths About Israel, Pappé wrote: "Israel's claim that its actions since 2006 have been part of a self-defensive war against terror. I will venture to call{{nbsp}}... an incremental genocide of the people of Gaza."{{cite book |last1=Pappé |first1=Ilan |title=Ten Myths About Israel |date=2017 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78663-019-3 |page=262}}{{cite news |last=Dvais |first=Charles |date=13 August 2014 |title=Israel's War on Palestine: It's Bad, but Is It 'Genocide'? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/israels-war-on-gaza-is-it-genocide-813/ |work=Vice News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815182544/https://www.vice.com/en/article/israels-war-on-gaza-is-it-genocide-813/ |archive-date=15 August 2024}} In an article written in 2023 in the International Journal of Human Rights, Mohammed Nijim voiced his belief "that Israeli policies that were enacted after the introduction of the Blockade of the Gaza Strip amount[ed] to slow-motion genocide",{{sfn|Nijim|2023|pp=165, 173, 176–177}} following previous descriptions of Israel's treatment of Palestinians as a "slow-motion genocide".{{sfn|Cook|2010|p=24}}{{sfn|Lendman|2010|pp=29–38}} This is in line with Uğur Ümit Üngör's application of Lemkin's description of genocide as the "imposition of the national pattern" as being "genocidal as incremental forms of slow violence."{{sfn|Üngör|2024|pp=5–6}} Through the period of the blockade various other commentators from political and news organisations have labelled the blockade variously as genocide and sociocide.{{cite web |last=Al-Jaza'iri |first=Isa |date=2 June 2010 |title=Flotilla massacre exposes criminal blockade of Gaza |url=https://www.marxist.com/flotilla-massacre-exposes-blockade-of-gaza.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118234812/https://www.marxist.com/flotilla-massacre-exposes-blockade-of-gaza.htm |archive-date=18 January 2024 |website=In Defence of Marxism}}{{cite news |last=Feldman |first=Allen |date=12 August 2014 |title=Genocidal desistance in Gaza |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/genocidal-desistance-in-gaza-0/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812101932/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/genocidal-desistance-in-gaza-0/ |archive-date=12 August 2020 |work=openDemocracy}}{{cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Mick |date=6 August 2014 |title=What is happening in Palestine is genocide |url=https://redflag.org.au/article/what-happening-palestine-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511051636/https://redflag.org.au/article/what-happening-palestine-genocide |archive-date=11 May 2021 |website=Red Flag |publisher=Socialist Alternative}} The 2007 blockade has continued since its implementation.{{cite news |date=14 March 2021 |title=Gaza Strip: A beginner's guide to an enclave under blockade |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701025747/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip |archive-date=1 July 2021 |work=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of the blockade - June 2022 |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610020226/https://ochaopt.org/content/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |website=OCHA}}{{cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001105927/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=Human Rights Watch}}

{{Main|Gaza War (2008–2009)}}

{{see also|2008–2009 Gaza Strip aid}}

File:A Palestinian baby killed by the IDF.jpg]]

The 2008 Gaza War, also known as 'Operation Cast Lead'{{cite book |last=Gavriely-Nuri |first=Dalia |title=The Normalization of War in Israeli Discourse, 1967–2008 |date=2013 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7260-5 |location=Lanham, MD |pages=42–43}} and the 'Gaza Massacre',{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQviYWQZGCUC&pg=PA1 |title=Gaza: Morality, Law & Politics |publisher=UWA Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74258-096-8 |editor-last=Gaita |editor-first=Raimond |editor-link=Raimond Gaita |page=1}}{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rxtr6qSB2zcC&pg=PA164 |title=Just war on terror?: A Christian and Muslim response |last2=Wicker |first2=Brian |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4094-0808-6 |page=164}}{{cite book |last=Wiegand |first=Krista |author1-link=Krista E. Wiegand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlDkiLkscSQC&pg=PA131 |title=Bombs and ballots: governance by Islamist terrorist and guerrilla groups |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7546-7891-5 |page=131}} was a three-week armed conflict between Gaza Strip Palestinian paramilitary groups and the Israel Defense Forces that began on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009 with a unilateral ceasefire. The conflict resulted in 1,166–1,417 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths.{{cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |title=Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza |url=http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7-us-palestinians-israel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194300/http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre5053r7-us-palestinians-israel/ |archive-date=9 January 2009 |work=News Daily}} Over 46,000 homes were destroyed in Gaza, making more than 100,000 people homeless.{{cite book |last=Filiu |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Filiu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fhzBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207 |title=Gaza: A History |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190201890 |page=318}}

A six month long ceasefire between Israel and Hamas ended on 4 November, when the IDF made a raid into Deir al-Balah, central Gaza to destroy a tunnel, killing several Hamas militants.{{Cite book |last=Richemond-Barak |first=Daphné |date=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBBADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |title=Underground Warfare |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=27 |isbn=978-0-19-045724-2 |language=en}} Israel said the raid was a preemptive strike and Hamas intended to abduct further Israeli soldiers,{{Cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Rory |date=5 November 2008 |title=Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/05/israelandthepalestinians |work=The Guardian |access-date=26 April 2020 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204101455/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/05/israelandthepalestinians |archive-date=4 February 2025}} while Hamas characterized it as a ceasefire violation,{{cite report |last1=Zanotti |first1=Jim |last2=Migdalovitz |first2=Carol |last3=Sharp |first3=Jeremy M. |last4=Addis |first4=Casey L. |last5=Blanchard |first5=Christopher M. |last6=Margesson |first6=Rhoda |date=19 February 2009 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R40101.pdf |pages=6–7 |title=Israel and Hamas: Conflict in Gaza (2008–2009) |publisher=Congressional Research Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114123650/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/R40101.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2025}} and responded with rocket fire into Israel.{{cite news |date=18 January 2009 |title=Q&A: Gaza conflict |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7818022.stm |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217152206/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7818022.stm |archive-date=17 February 2025}}{{cite news |first1=John |last1=Kroll |author2=Torchia |first3=Alfred |last3=de Montesquiou |date=18 January 2009 |title=Israeli troops exiting Gaza; Hamas ceases fire |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |location=Cleveland |url=http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2009/01/israel_withdraws_from_gaza_str.html |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201180256/https://www.cleveland.com/world/2009/01/israel_withdraws_from_gaza_str.html |archive-date=1 December 2024}} Attempts to renew a truce between Israel and Hamas were unsuccessful. On December 27, Israel began Operation Cast Lead with the stated aim of stopping rocket fire.{{Cite news |first=Rory |last=McCarthy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/16/israel-rejects-war-crimes-gaza |title=Israel rejects war crimes findings of UN Gaza inquiry |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2009-09-16 |access-date=8 May 2010 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106210714/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/16/israel-rejects-war-crimes-gaza |archive-date=6 January 2025}}{{cite news |last=Bright |first=Arthur |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1226/p99s01-duts.html |title=Israel set to launch 'limited operation' in Gaza |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=26 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308113739/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1226/p99s01-duts.html |archive-date=8 March 2009}}

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that there was "massive destruction of livelihoods and a significant deterioration of infrastructure and basic services", with 80% of the population no longer being able to support themselves and were dependent on humanitarian assistance.{{Cite news |title=Gaza Humanitarian Situation Report – January 2, 2009 as of 14:30 |date=2 January 2009 |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_situation_report_2009_01_02_english.pdf |access-date=2 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195338/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_situation_report_2009_01_02_english.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2009}} The International Red Cross said the situation was "intolerable" and a "full blown humanitarian crisis".{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7813671.stm |title=Gaza clashes spark 'major crisis' |work=BBC News |date=6 January 2009 |access-date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208205246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7813671.stm |archive-date=8 December 2024}} The United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict found that Israel, at least in part, targeted the people of Gaza as a whole.{{Cite report |title=Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories |date=25 September 2009 |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |publisher=United Nations |page=paragr. 1680–81 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220085918/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2025}}

American human rights lawyer Francis Boyle and historian Ilan Pappé both consider Israel's actions against Gaza in the 2008 Gaza War to be genocidal.{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Francis A. |author-link=Francis Boyle |date=28 December 2009 |title=International Law And Israel's War On Gaza |url=https://www.countercurrents.org/boyle281209.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118234838/https://www.countercurrents.org/boyle281209.htm |archive-date=18 January 2024 |website=Countercurrents.org}}

{{Main|2014 Gaza War}}

File:20140805_beit_hanun8.jpg, August 2014]]

The 2014 Gaza War, also referred to as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip.{{sfn|Center for Constitutional Rights|2016|p=6}}{{cite news |last=Zonszein |first=Mairav |date=27 March 2015 |title=Israel killed more Palestinians in 2014 than in any other year since 1967 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312025011/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |access-date=3 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Al-Haq, a Palestinian Human Rights organization, concluded in a report that serious violations of international law were committed in the course of the 2014 Israeli offensive against Gaza. The organization, along with other Palestinian human rights organizations the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights and Addameer, submitted a legal file to the International Criminal Court encouraging it to begin an investigation and prosecution into the crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during the course of Israel's 2014 Gaza offensive. The crime of genocide was referenced as an Israeli crime by these groups.{{sfn|Center for Constitutional Rights|2016|pp=6–7}} Additionally, dozens of Holocaust survivors, along with hundreds of descendants of Holocaust survivors and victims, accused Israel of "genocide" for the deaths of more than 2,000 Palestinians in Gaza during the 2014 Gaza War.{{sfn|Center for Constitutional Rights|2016|pp=6–7}}{{cite news |date=23 August 2014 |title=Holocaust Survivors Condemn Israel for 'Gaza Massacre,' Call for Boycott |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2014-08-23/ty-article/holocaust-survivors-condemn-israel-for-gaza-massacre/0000017f-e738-dea7-adff-f7fb2fbe0000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904111631/https://www.haaretz.com/2014-08-23/ty-article/holocaust-survivors-condemn-israel-for-gaza-massacre/0000017f-e738-dea7-adff-f7fb2fbe0000 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |work=Haaretz}}{{cite news |first=Zachary Davies |last=Boren |date=25 August 2014 |title=Holocaust survivors and their descendants accuse Israel of 'genocide' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/holocaust-survivors-and-their-descendants-accuse-israel-of-genocide-9687994.html |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708051820/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/holocaust-survivors-and-their-descendants-accuse-israel-of-genocide-9687994.html |archive-date=8 July 2024}} In a September statement to the United Nations, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas stated that the war amounted to a genocidal crime.{{cite news |date=27 September 2014 |title=Abbas: Israel waging war of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/9/27/abbas-israel-waging-war-of-genocide-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606061855/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/9/27/abbas-israel-waging-war-of-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=6 June 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}} Political analyst and diplomat Abukar Arman drew parallels between what he called the "genocide in Palestine" and the Darfur genocide, highlighting what he believes to be political motives for the international community labelling Darfur a genocide, but not Palestine.{{cite news |last=Arman |first=Abukar |author-link=Abukar Arman |date=27 July 2014 |title=On Gaza, genocide, and impunity |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/7/27/on-gaza-genocide-and-impunity |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314003210/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/7/27/on-gaza-genocide-and-impunity/ |archive-date=14 March 2024}}

{{Main|2021 Israel–Palestine crisis}}

During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, a video circulated on social media showing Israelis celebrating at the Western Wall, whilst a tree near the Al-Aqsa Mosque burns in the background. A large crowd of Israeli Jews gathered around a fire near the mosque on 10 May, chanting yimakh shemam, a Hebrew curse meaning "may their names be erased". IfNotNow co-founder and B'Tselem USA director Simone Zimmerman criticized them as exhibiting "genocidal animus towards Palestinians — emboldened and unfiltered".{{cite web |last=Corbett |first=Jessica |date=10 May 2021 |title="These Are Not 'Clashes'": Media Slammed for Coverage Amid Deadly IDF Attacks on Gaza |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/05/10/these-are-not-clashes-media-slammed-coverage-amid-deadly-idf-attacks-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512175812/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/05/10/these-are-not-clashes-media-slammed-coverage-amid-deadly-idf-attacks-gaza |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=Common Dreams}}{{cite web |last=Mackey |first=Robert |date=11 May 2021 |title=This Is Not Fine: Why Video of an Ultranationalist Frenzy in Jerusalem Is So Unsettling |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/05/11/not-fine-video-ultranationalist-frenzy-jerusalem-unsettling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511091336/https://theintercept.com/2021/05/11/not-fine-video-ultranationalist-frenzy-jerusalem-unsettling/ |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=The Intercept}} The Intercept described the video as "unsettling" and an example of "ultranationalist frenzy". Ayman Odeh, a member of the Knesset for the Joint List, said the video was "shocking".

In an opinion survey of American Jews, commissioned by the Jewish Electorate Institute following the 2021 crisis, 22 percent agreed that "Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians,"{{sfn|JTA|Kampeas|2021}} and Matt Boxer in The Forward noted that the poll may have underestimated the percentage of American Jews who have a critical view of Israel because it undercounted secular Jews who tend to be less attached to Israel.{{cite news |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Arno |date=15 July 2021 |title=What if a quarter of Jews really do think Israel is a genocidal, apartheid state? |url=https://forward.com/news/473044/what-if-a-quarter-of-jews-really-do-think-israel-is-a-genocidal-apartheid/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211073410/https://forward.com/news/473044/what-if-a-quarter-of-jews-really-do-think-israel-is-a-genocidal-apartheid/ |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=The Forward}} Conversely, the accusation of genocide during this period was rejected as "ridiculous" and "baseless" by several Jewish and Israeli human rights lawyers, including some who had accused Israel of apartheid.

{{Main|Gaza genocide}}

{{See also|Israeli war crimes#2023 Gaza war|War crimes in the Gaza war#By the Israeli government}}

File:Bristol_Palestine_Solidarity_March_4th_November_2023_(53311833359).jpg, United Kingdom, 4 November 2023.]]

Following the bombing of Gaza by Israel, in response to Hamas attacks, concerns arose among Palestinians, international legal and genocide scholars about the potential of a genocide against Palestinians by Israeli forces.{{harvnb|Mackenzie|Lubell|2023|ps=: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas{{nbsp}}... said, 'Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world.{{' "}}}};

{{harvnb|Antonio|2023|ps=: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."}};

{{harvnb|Chacar|2023|ref=Chacar2023a}};

{{harvnb|Smith|McCarthy|Londoño|Jordan|2023}};

{{harvnb|Nichols|2023}};

{{harvnb|Bishara|2023}} According to Time, there is currently disagreement among scholars as to whether Israel's actions can be described as a genocide against the Palestinians.{{sfn|Burga|2023}} On 15 October, TWAILR published a statement signed by over 800 legal scholars, alarmed by this possibility, urged UN, including the UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, as well as the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to intervene and protect the Palestinian population.{{cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza |url=https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123124815/https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=23 November 2023 |work=Third World Approaches to International Law Review}}{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}}{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Jake |date=18 October 2023 |title=800+ Legal Scholars Say Israel May Be Perpetrating 'Crime of Genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/legal-scholars-israel-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122173930/https://www.commondreams.org/news/legal-scholars-israel-genocide |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=Common Dreams}} By the end of October, both Genocide Watch and the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention issued statements warning of the imminent risk of genocide.{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Active Genocide Alert - Israel-Palestine: There is No Justification for Genocide |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112112817/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |archive-date=12 January 2024 |website=Genocide Watch}}{{cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/active-genocide-alert---israel-palestine%3A-there-is-no-justification-for-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227220339/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/active-genocide-alert---israel-palestine%3A-there-is-no-justification-for-genocide |archive-date=27 December 2023 |website=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention}} Subsequently in December the Lemkin Institute stated that they viewed the continuing actions by Israel as a genocide.{{cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=Statement on Why We Call the Israeli Attack on Gaza Genocide |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214051547/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide |archive-date=14 February 2024 |website=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention}} Additionally, 100 civil society organizations and six genocide scholars{{efn|The six specialist genocide scholars that signed the document were Raz Segal, Barry Trachtenberg, Robert McNeil, Damien Short, Taner Akçam and Victoria Sanford.{{bulleted list|

|{{cite news |url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/138509 |title=Scholars, civil society call on ICC Prosecutor to issue arrest warrants, investigate Israeli crimes in Gaza |publisher=Wafa |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192122/https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/138509 |archive-date=26 October 2023}}

|{{cite web |url=https://www.addameer.org/sites/default/files/icc-letter-1697782247-pdf.pdf |title=Urgent: Issue Arrest Warrants, Investigate Israeli Crimes and Intervene to Deter Incitement to Commit Genocide in Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031174452/https://www.addameer.org/sites/default/files/icc-letter-1697782247-pdf.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2023}}

|{{cite web |url=https://www.addameer.org/news/5172 |title=Reprint of the full letter and signatories |website=Addameer |date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103181141/https://www.addameer.org/news/5172 |archive-date=3 November 2023}}

|{{cite web |url=https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46295 |title=Reprint of the full letter and signatories |website=Al Mezan Center for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192122/https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46295 |archive-date=26 October 2023}}

}}}} petitioned Karim Khan, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to investigate new crimes in Palestinian territories and issue arrest warrants against Israeli officials. These actions were underscored by statements from lawyers and groups like the Center for Constitutional Rights{{cite news |last=Speri |first=Alice |date=19 October 2023 |title=Going All-In for Israel May Make Biden Complicit in Genocide |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/10/19/israel-gaza-biden-genocide-war-crimes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116013559/https://theintercept.com/2023/10/19/israel-gaza-biden-genocide-war-crimes/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Intercept |location= |quote=calculated to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza [...] U.S. officials can be held responsible for their failure to prevent Israel's unfolding genocide, as well as for their complicity, by encouraging it and materially supporting it.}} and Defence for Children International,{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Edna |last2=Stepansky |first2=Joseph |last3=Najjar |first3=Farah |title=Rights group accuses US of complicity in children's deaths in Gaza |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455675 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102022100/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455675 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |quote=crime of genocide.}} accusing the United States of complicity in these alleged crimes.

File:International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg

United Nations experts, academics, and human rights organizations have further amplified these concerns.{{cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=UN experts point to evidence of 'genocidal incitement' against Palestinians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-point-evidence-genocidal-incitement-against-palestinians-2023-11-16/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123025318/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-point-evidence-genocidal-incitement-against-palestinians-2023-11-16/ |archive-date=23 November 2023 |newspaper=Reuters}}{{cite web |title=Gaza: UN human rights experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people - OHCHR Press Release |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/gaza-un-human-rights-experts-call-on-international-community-to-prevent-genocide-against-the-palestinian-people-ohchr-press-release/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127224142/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/gaza-un-human-rights-experts-call-on-international-community-to-prevent-genocide-against-the-palestinian-people-ohchr-press-release/ |archive-date=27 November 2023}} UN rapporteurs warned of the grave risk of genocide to Palestinians,{{cite news |last1=Najjar |first1=Farah |last2=Stepansky |first2=Joseph |title='Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide': UN experts |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/2/israel-hamas-war-live-195-killed-120-missing-in-jabalia-strikes?update=2457805 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014353/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/2/israel-hamas-war-live-195-killed-120-missing-in-jabalia-strikes?update=2457805 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |quote=We remain convinced that the Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide.}}{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}}{{cite news |last=Stacey |first=Diego |date=4 November 2023 |title=Pedro Arrojo, UN Special Rapporteur: 'The Gaza war is heading towards genocide' |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-04/pedro-arrojo-un-special-rapporteur-the-gaza-war-is-heading-towards-genocide.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108133528/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-04/pedro-arrojo-un-special-rapporteur-the-gaza-war-is-heading-towards-genocide.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |publisher=El País |quote="deprivation of access to food or medicine, among others [...] even if there is no clear intention, the data show that the war is heading towards genocide"}} and several Palestinian rights groups{{efn|Al-Haq, Al Mezan, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights}} filed a lawsuit with the ICC, urging the body to investigate Israel for "apartheid" as well as "genocide" and issue arrest warrants for Israeli leaders.{{cite web |date=9 November 2023 |title=ICC receives lawsuit over Israel's 'apartheid', 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125014617/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Ernesto Verdeja, a professor at the University of Notre Dame, told Time on 14 November, that Israel's actions in Gaza were gravitating towards a "genocidal campaign", noting that "the response when you have a security crisis{{nbsp}}... can be one of ceasefire, negotiation, or it can be genocide."{{sfn|Burga|2023}} Victoria Sanford, professor of City University of New York, compared events in Gaza to the 1960–1996 killing and disappearance of 200,000 Mayans in Guatemala, today known as the Guatemalan genocide.{{sfn|Burga|2023}} David Simon, director for genocide studies at Yale University, stated that it was possible that a court could find the IDF guilty of committing an act of genocide, but added that "it's certainly not textbook in that connecting the intent to destroy ethnic group as such is difficult."{{sfn|Burga|2023}} Yale's Ben Kiernan opined that events did "not meet the very high threshold that is required to meet the legal definition of genocide."{{sfn|Burga|2023}} The Jewish Voice for Peace and FIDH have openly condemned the actions as genocidal.{{cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Jewish Voice for Peace calls on all people of conscience to stop imminent genocide |url=https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/11/statement23-10-11/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116181005/https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/11/statement23-10-11/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |work=Jewish Voice for Peace |quote=The Israeli government has declared a genocidal war on the people of Gaza. As an organization that works for a future where Palestinians and Israelis and all people live in equality and freedom, we call on all people of conscience to stop imminent genocide of Palestinians.}}{{cite web |title=The unfolding genocide against the Palestinians must stop immediately |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/the-unfolding-genocide-against-the-palestinians-must-stop-immediately |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216191823/https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/the-unfolding-genocide-against-the-palestinians-must-stop-immediately |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=International Federation for Human Rights}} South Africa, supported by several countries,{{efn|South Africa's case has been supported by the following states and international organizations:

{{columns-list |colwidth=12em |

• Algeria{{cite web |script-title=ar:كلمة الوزير أحمد عطاف في الاجتماع الوزاري التحضيري للقمة التاسعة عشر لحركة عدم الانحياز |title=kalimat alwazir 'ahmad eataaf fi alaijtimae alwizarii altahdirii lilqimat altaasieat eashar liharakat eadam alainhiaz |trans-title=Minister Ahmed Attaf's speech at the ministerial preparatory meeting for the nineteenth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement |url=https://www.mfa.gov.dz/ar/press-and-information/video-news/speech-by-minister-ahmed-attaf-at-the-ministerial-preparatory-meeting-for-the-19th-summit-of-the-nam |access-date=22 January 2024 |language=ar |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124181306/https://www.mfa.gov.dz/ar/press-and-information/video-news/speech-by-minister-ahmed-attaf-at-the-ministerial-preparatory-meeting-for-the-19th-summit-of-the-nam |url-status=live}}
• Bangladesh{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2024}}
• Bolivia{{cite news |date=8 January 2024 |title=Bolivia to support South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781214 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108114420/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781214 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}{{cite news |title=Bolivia backs South Africa's 'historic' ICJ action against Israeli regime |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/85347422/Bolivia-backs-South-Africa-s-historic-ICJ-action-against-Israeli |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=Islamic Republic News Agency |date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108182738/https://en.irna.ir/news/85347422/Bolivia-backs-South-Africa-s-historic-ICJ-action-against-Israeli |archive-date=8 January 2024}}
• Brazil{{cite news |title=Israel to face Gaza genocide charges at World Court |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/11/israel-to-face-gaza-genocide-charges-at-world-court.html |work=CNBC |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115071720/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/11/israel-to-face-gaza-genocide-charges-at-world-court.html |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Brazil's Lula expresses support for South Africa ICJ submission |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/10/israels-war-on-gaza-us-laments-gaza-deaths-but-opposes-ceasefire?update=2609413 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110233255/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/10/israels-war-on-gaza-us-laments-gaza-deaths-but-opposes-ceasefire?update=2609413 |url-status=live}}{{cite magazine |title=What to Know About South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel |url=https://time.com/6553912/israel-south-africa-icj-genocide/ |magazine=TIME |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113110216/https://time.com/6553912/israel-south-africa-icj-genocide/ |url-status=live}}
• Chile{{cite news |date=11 January 2024 |title=Chile apoya demanda de Sudáfrica contra Israel por genocidio ante la CIJ |trans-title=Chile supports South Africa's lawsuit against Israel for genocide before the ICJ |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/israel-palestina_chile-apoya-demanda-de-sud%C3%A1frica-contra-israel-por-genocidio-ante-la-cij/49120184 |access-date=14 January 2024 |language=es |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114222316/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/israel-palestina_chile-apoya-demanda-de-sud%C3%A1frica-contra-israel-por-genocidio-ante-la-cij/49120184 |url-status=live}}
• Colombia{{cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Comunicado sobre la demanda presentada por Sudáfrica contra Israel en la Corte Internacional de Justicia |trans-title=Statement on the lawsuit filed by South Africa against Israel at the International Court of Justice |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/comunicado-demanda-presentada-sudafrica-israel-corte-internacional-justicia |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=www.cancilleria.gov.co |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111021625/https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/comunicado-demanda-presentada-sudafrica-israel-corte-internacional-justicia |url-status=live}}
• Comoros
• Cuba{{sfn|Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs|2024}}
• Djibouti{{cite news |date=9 January 2024 |script-title=ar:ما هي الدول التي تدعم قضية الإبادة الجماعية التي رفعتها جنوب أفريقيا ضد إسرائيل في محكمة العدل الدولية؟ |title=ma hi alduwal alati tadeam qadiat al'iibadat aljamaeiat alati rafaeatha janub 'afriqia dida 'iisrayiyl fi mahkamat aleadl alduwaliati? |trans-title=Which countries support South Africa's genocide case against Israel at the International Court of Justice? |url=https://sharqpress.com/news/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |language=ar |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115170151/https://sharqpress.com/news/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85/ |url-status=live}}
• Egypt{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-aid-cuts-are-collective-punishment-unrwa |title=Drone attack kills three US service members at Jordan base near Syria |first1=Maziar |last1=Motamedi |first2=Nils |last2=Adler |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128151001/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-aid-cuts-are-collective-punishment-unrwa |url-status=live}}
• Indonesia{{cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-morally-politically-indonesia-backs-south-africa-against-israel-at-icj/3105258 |title='Morally, politically:' Indonesia backs South Africa against Israel at ICJ |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111182315/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-morally-politically-indonesia-backs-south-africa-against-israel-at-icj/3105258 |url-status=live}}
• Iran{{cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-backs-south-africas-gaza-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj/3105929 |title=Iran backs South Africa's Gaza genocide case against Israel at ICJ |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181858/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-backs-south-africas-gaza-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj/3105929 |url-status=live}}
• Iraq{{cite news |title=Iraq backs South Africa's case against Israel at ICJ |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-pounds-gaza-ahead-of-icj-genocide-hearing?update=2612364 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112001824/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-pounds-gaza-ahead-of-icj-genocide-hearing?update=2612364 |url-status=live}}
• Ireland{{cite news |title=Ireland to intervene on South Africa's behalf in ICJ genocide case against Israel |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ireland-intervene-on-behalf-south-africa-icj-case-against-israel/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=POLITICO |date=27 March 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328025558/https://www.politico.eu/article/ireland-intervene-on-behalf-south-africa-icj-case-against-israel/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |url-status=live}}
• Jordan{{cite news |date=5 January 2024 |title=Jordan backs South Africa ICJ genocide file against Israel |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/jordan-backs-south-africa-icj-genocide-file-against-israel |access-date=6 January 2024 |publisher=The New Arab |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106101807/https://www.newarab.com/news/jordan-backs-south-africa-icj-genocide-file-against-israel |url-status=live}}
• Lebanon{{cite news |date=11 January 2024 |script-title=ar:الخارجية تعلن تأييدها لدعوى جنوب إفريقيا ضد إسرائيل أمام محكمة العدل الدولية |title=alkharijiat tuelin tayidaha lidaewaa janub 'iifriqia dida 'iisrayiyl 'amam mahkamat aleadl alduwalia |trans-title=The Foreign Ministry announces its support for South Africa's lawsuit against Israel before the International Court of Justice |url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/lebanon/746667/lbci-lebanon-article/ar |access-date=14 January 2024 |language=ar |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114224156/https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/lebanon/746667/lbci-lebanon-article/ar |url-status=live}}
• Libya{{cite news |date=14 January 2014 |title=Libya Supports South Africa In Case Against Israel At International Court Of Justice – OpEd |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/14012024-libya-supports-south-africa-in-case-against-israel-at-international-court-of-justice-oped/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114004633/https://www.eurasiareview.com/14012024-libya-supports-south-africa-in-case-against-israel-at-international-court-of-justice-oped/ |url-status=live}}
• Malaysia{{cite news |last1=Conley |first1=Julia |title=Turkey, Malaysia Back South Africa's ICJ Genocide Case Against Israel |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/turkey-malaysia-genocide-icj |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=Common Dreams |date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103220207/https://www.commondreams.org/news/turkey-malaysia-genocide-icj |archive-date=3 January 2024}}
• Maldives{{cite news |date=4 January 2024 |title=Maldives supports ICJ inquiry into alleged Israeli genocide |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/131048 |work=PSM News |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115170103/https://psmnews.mv/en/131048 |url-status=live}}
• Namibia{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2024}}
• Nicaragua{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2024}}
• Pakistan{{sfn|Shamim|2024}}
• Palestine{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2024}}
• Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic{{cite web |date=27 January 2024 |title=SADR Government Welcomes the ICJ Ruling on South Africa vs. Israel |url=https://www.spsrasd.info/en/2024/01/27/2062.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128003154/https://www.spsrasd.info/en/2024/01/27/2062.html |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Sahara Press Service |language=en}}
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines{{cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=St Vincent backs South Africa at ICJ against Israel |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/st-vincent-backs-south-africa-at-icj-against-israel-6.2.1897439.a2fa43732d |work=Trinidad & Tobago Guardian |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130502/https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/st-vincent-backs-south-africa-at-icj-against-israel-6.2.1897439.a2fa43732d |url-status=live}}
• Slovenia{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.si/en/news/2024-01-11-minister-fajon-slovenia-one-of-the-few-eu-member-states-in-the-icj-advisory-opinion-proceedings-against-israel/ |title=Minister Fajon: Slovenia one of the few EU Member States in the ICJ advisory opinion proceedings against Israel | GOV.SI |website=Portal GOV.SI |date=11 January 2024 |quote=Slovenia supports the proceedings regarding the violation of the Genocide Convention, both in the case of Ukraine and Palestine. |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117190011/https://www.gov.si/en/news/2024-01-11-minister-fajon-slovenia-one-of-the-few-eu-member-states-in-the-icj-advisory-opinion-proceedings-against-israel/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://sloveniatimes.com/40138/slovenia-to-join-un-general-assembly-case-against-israel |title=Slovenia to join UN General Assembly case against Israel |work=The Slovenia Times |quote=Fajon hopes the court will call on Israel at an early stage of procedure to end the military operation because it could take several years for a final decision to be reached on the genocide accusation. |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112101011/https://sloveniatimes.com/40138/slovenia-to-join-un-general-assembly-case-against-israel |url-status=live}}
• Syria{{cite web |url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=323468 |title=Syria condemns US-British aggression on Yemen |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113023012/https://sana.sy/en/?p=323468 |url-status=live}}
• Turkey
• Venezuela{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2024}}
• Zimbabwe{{cite news |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/zanu-pf-hails-sa-suit-against-israeli-genocide/ |title=Zanu PF hails SA suit against Israeli genocide |work=The Herald |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118164942/https://www.herald.co.zw/zanu-pf-hails-sa-suit-against-israeli-genocide/amp/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200022103/zanu-pf-wades-into-gaza-conflict |title=Zanu PF wades into Gaza conflict |work=NewsDay |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118231606/https://www.newsday.co.zw//local-news/article/200022103/zanu-pf-wades-into-gaza-conflict |url-status=live}}
• Arab League{{cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=League of Arab States endorses South Africa's legal action against Israel |url=http://www.leagueofarabstates.net/en/news/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?RID=2541 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=www.leagueofarabstates.net |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022023/http://www.leagueofarabstates.net/en/news/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?RID=2541 |url-status=live}}
• Organisation of Islamic Cooperation{{cite journal |last=Cooperation |first=Organization of Islamic |title=OIC Welcomes South Africa's International Court of Justice Suit against Israel Over Genocide |journal=The Fifth Islamic Conference of Labour Ministers |date=30 December 2023 |url=https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=40161&t_ref=26840&lan=en#:~:text=The%20Organization%20of%20Islamic%20Cooperation,by%20Israel,%20the%20occupying%20power. |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106135431/https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=40161&t_ref=26840&lan=en#:~:text=The%20Organization%20of%20Islamic%20Cooperation,by%20Israel,%20the%20occupying%20power. |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Palestine Chronicle Staff |title=Türkiye, Malaysia, OIC Back South Africa's Case Against Israel at ICJ |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/turkiye-malaysia-oic-back-south-africas-case-against-israel-at-icj/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=The Palestine Chronicle |date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109075331/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/turkiye-malaysia-oic-back-south-africas-case-against-israel-at-icj/ |archive-date=9 January 2024}}
• Non-Aligned Movement{{cite news |title='End Israel's colonialism': Palestine welcomes ceasefire call |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2637040 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121100941/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2637040 |url-status=live}}

}}}} filed a case against Israel at the International Court of Justice, labeling Israel's conduct as genocide and requesting provisional measures to halt the military campaign in Gaza. This move was met with strong criticism from the Israeli government, but found support from some Israeli politicians, including Ofer Cassif.{{cite news |author=Jerusalem Post Staff |date=7 January 2024 |title=MK Ofer Cassif joins lawsuit against Israel in the ICJ |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781194 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108060131/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781194 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}

As of June 2024, Susan M. Akram, director of Boston University International Human Rights Clinic, in reviewing the statements, commentary, and literature published by relevant scholars, concluded that there is a consensus among scholars that Israel is committing genocide.{{cite web |last=Bouranova |first=Alene |date=6 June 2024 |title=Is Israel Committing Genocide in Gaza? New Report from BU School of Law's International Human Rights Clinic Lays Out Case |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/is-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605211111/https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/is-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=5 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Boston University |language=en |quote=The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza.}} On 21 November 2024 the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Yoav Gallant and Mohammed Deif for "criminal responsibility" for war crimes and crimes against humanity.{{Cite news |date=21 November 2024 |title=ICC issues arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Gallant and Hamas commander |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly2exvx944o |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121121546/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly2exvx944o |url-status=live}} In December 2024 Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch both released reports. Amnesty concluded that Israel's actions amounted to genocide, while Human Rights Watch said Israel's actions "may" constitute genocide.{{cite report |date=4 December 2024 |title='You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza |url=https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205121850/https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2024 |url-status=live |page=13 |quote=This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide.}}{{cite report |author= |date=19 December 2024 |title=Extermination and Acts of Genocide [–] Israel Deliberately Depriving Palestinians in Gaza of Water |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/12/19/extermination-and-acts-genocide/israel-deliberately-depriving-palestinians-gaza |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=20 January 2025 |quote=Israeli authorities' and forces' actions to deprive the population of Gaza of access to water amount to acts of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Specifically, their actions amount to deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Palestinian population in Gaza. Genocidal intent may also be inferred from Israeli authorities' and forces' continued actions to deprive Palestinians in Gaza of water, despite clear data and warnings from the United Nations since October and orders from the International Court of Justice calling for the provision of water since January, alongside Israeli authorities' statements, and therefore these acts may amount to the crime of genocide. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209092600/https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/12/19/extermination-and-acts-genocide/israel-deliberately-depriving-palestinians-gaza |archive-date=9 February 2025}}

{{Further|Gaza Strip evacuations}}

{{See also|Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)}}

File:End_Palestinian_Genocide_(53253921014).jpg on 9 October 2023]]

Israel's evacuation order was characterized as a forcible population transfer by Jan Egeland, the Norwegian former diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Mehul |title=Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment |url=https://www.ft.com/content/eb4717fc-432e-4251-b778-7a365f8de825?accessToken=zwAGB63wDZbYkdPrRxf8Qy5CUdO3eHo2X43oJQ.MEQCIQDcwGudDMv5bHMEEl000xy4DPGx7c0vFLiArY6aUdpF2AIfL1wVgRM8vtVUAlUm6FxWr3LlBBJD1XlhZAq_ln33rw&sharetype=gift&token=37a455ea-c676-4b2f-9449-fbbae0077868 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014132458/https://www.ft.com/content/eb4717fc-432e-4251-b778-7a365f8de825?accessToken=zwAGB63wDZbYkdPrRxf8Qy5CUdO3eHo2X43oJQ.MEQCIQDcwGudDMv5bHMEEl000xy4DPGx7c0vFLiArY6aUdpF2AIfL1wVgRM8vtVUAlUm6FxWr3LlBBJD1XlhZAq_ln33rw&sharetype=gift&token=37a455ea-c676-4b2f-9449-fbbae0077868 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=Financial Times}} A "forcible transfer" is the forced relocation of a civilian population as part of an organized offense against it and is considered a crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court.{{cite web |title=forcible transfer |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/forcible_transfer#:~:text=The%20term%20%22forcible%20transfer%22%20describes,International%20Criminal%20Court%20(ICC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120202602/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/forcible_transfer |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School}} In an interview with the BBC, Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva Convention is a war crime." UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.{{cite web |title=UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124214046/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner}} Raz Segal, an Israeli historian and director of the Holocaust and Genocide Studies program at Stockton University, termed it a "textbook case of genocide."{{cite news |last1=Segal |first1=Raz |author-link=Raz Segal |title=A Textbook Case of Genocide |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201103849/https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=Jewish Currents}} A leaked policy paper from the Israeli Ministry of Intelligence, a junior ministry that conducts research but does not set policy, suggested a permanent expulsion of the population of Gaza into Egypt, which has been described as an endorsement of ethnic cleansing; the Israeli government downplayed the report as a hypothetical "concept paper".{{cite magazine |last=Abraham |first=Yuval |date=30 October 2023 |title=Expel all Palestinians from Gaza, recommends Israeli gov't ministry |url=https://www.972mag.com/intelligence-ministry-gaza-population-transfer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105060636/https://www.972mag.com/intelligence-ministry-gaza-population-transfer/ |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |magazine=+972 Magazine}}{{cite news |last=Teibel |first=Amy |date=31 October 2023 |title=An Israeli ministry, in a 'concept paper,' proposes transferring Gaza civilians to Egypt's Sinai |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-population-transfer-hamas-egypt-palestinians-refugees-5f99378c0af6aca183a90c631fa4da5a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125113621/https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-population-transfer-hamas-egypt-palestinians-refugees-5f99378c0af6aca183a90c631fa4da5a |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=AP News |language=en}} Transfer is a topic of discussion and disagreement within Israel's government with some expressly calling for permanent expulsion of Palestinians from Gaza.{{cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=5 November 2023 |title=Israel Quietly Pushed for Egypt to Admit Large Numbers of Gazans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/world/middleeast/israel-egypt-gaza.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124105420/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/world/middleeast/israel-egypt-gaza.html |archive-date=24 November 2023 |work=The New York Times}}

A March 2025, report by the United Nations Human Rights Commission accused Israel of sexual violence and "genocidal acts", concluding it had committed the crime against humanity of extermination.{{cite news |last=Keaten |first=Jamey |date=14 March 2025 |title=Extermination and Acts of Genocide |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-israel-palestinians-sexual-abuse-human-rights-9cb6955b34a86631b30225fe23d5567f |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405121905/https://apnews.com/article/gaza-israel-palestinians-sexual-abuse-human-rights-9cb6955b34a86631b30225fe23d5567f |archive-date=5 April 2025}}{{Cite news |last=Le Poidevin |first=Olivia |date=13 March 2025 |title=UN experts accuse Israel of genocidal acts and sexual violence in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-accuse-israel-genocidal-acts-sexual-violence-gaza-2025-03-13/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250331031715/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-accuse-israel-genocidal-acts-sexual-violence-gaza-2025-03-13/ |archive-date=31 March 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Gritten |first=David |date=13 March 2025 |title=Gaza war: UN experts accuse Israel of 'genocidal acts' and sexual violence |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/clyr154314vo |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409203744/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/clyr154314vo |archive-date=9 April 2025}}

During the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Israel and settlers have committed violence against Palestinians, forcibly displacing and killing them. A Palestinian activist said that the settler violence was the "tip of the iceberg" of the system that he described as genocidal and apartheid.{{cite news |first=Philippe |last=Pernot |date=16 April 2024 |title=Under siege: Life in the shadow of Israeli settler violence in Masafer Yatta |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/life-shadow-settler-violence-masafer-yatta |work=The New Arab |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912061719/https://www.newarab.com/analysis/life-shadow-settler-violence-masafer-yatta |archive-date=12 September 2024}} During the Gaza war, settler violence and Israeli raids heavily increased. Eitay Mack, an Israeli human rights activist, wrote in the Middle East Eye that the Huwara rampage constituted a pogrom and incitement to genocide.{{cite news |first=Eitay |last=Mack |date=31 January 2024 |title=How Israeli settler terrorism set the stage for genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israeli-settler-terrorism-set-stage-genocide-gaza-how |work=Middle East Eye |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913052226/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israeli-settler-terrorism-set-stage-genocide-gaza-how |archive-date=13 September 2024}} The Adalah Justice Project similarly said that Israeli officials' rhetoric before the attack was genocidal.{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=US faces growing call to deny entry to Israel's Bezalel Smotrich |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/us-faces-growing-call-to-deny-entry-to-israels-bezalel-smotrich |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718081609/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/us-faces-growing-call-to-deny-entry-to-israels-bezalel-smotrich |archive-date=18 July 2024}} The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention stated that Israeli actions in the West Bank during the war were genocide.{{cite web |date=8 April 2024 |title=Israel is Committing Genocide across Palestine: Active Genocide Alert Condemning Ongoing Violence in the West Bank |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/israel-is-committing-genocide-across-palestine:-active-genocide-alert-condemning-ongoing-violence-in-the-west-bank |publisher=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901130246/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/israel-is-committing-genocide-across-palestine%3A-active-genocide-alert-condemning-ongoing-violence-in-the-west-bank |archive-date=1 September 2024}}

It is alleged that Israel has attacked Palestinians using collective punishment,{{cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israel/OPT: Israel must lift illegal and inhumane blockade on Gaza as power plant runs out of fuel |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-opt-israel-must-lift-illegal-and-inhumane-blockade-on-gaza-as-power-plant-runs-out-of-fuel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508202158/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-opt-israel-must-lift-illegal-and-inhumane-blockade-on-gaza-as-power-plant-runs-out-of-fuel/ |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=Amnesty International}}{{cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=UN chief reiterates Gaza ceasefire call, condemns 'collective punishment' of Palestinians |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620113054/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145537 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=United Nations News |publisher=United Nations}} airstrikes (including in refugee camps),{{cite news |first=Ruth |last=Michaelson |date=4 February 2024 |title=Overnight Israeli airstrikes kill scores in Gaza as fears grow of push into Rafah |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/04/overnight-israeli-airstrikes-kill-gaza-fears-grow-push-rafah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628220803/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/04/overnight-israeli-airstrikes-kill-gaza-fears-grow-push-rafah |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=The Guardian}}{{cite web |date= |title=Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718090213/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}{{cite news |first1=Shaimaa |last1=Khalil |first2=Youssef |last2=Taha |date=25 December 2023 |title=Israel Gaza war: Hamas says 70 killed in Israeli air strike on camp |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67817939 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724071251/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67817939 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=BBC News}} famine,{{cite news |date= |title=The UN says there's 'full-blown famine' in northern Gaza |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/the-un-says-theres-full-blown-famine-in-northern-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731170641/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/the-un-says-theres-full-blown-famine-in-northern-gaza |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=PBS NewsHour |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service}}{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=20 March 2024 |title='Man-made famine' charge against Israel is backed by mounting body of evidence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/20/man-made-famine-charge-israel-mounting-evidence-un-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510144510/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/20/man-made-famine-charge-israel-mounting-evidence-un-gaza |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=The Guardian}}{{cite news |last=Bowen |first=Jeremy |date=11 April 2024 |title=Jeremy Bowen: Israel denies famine looms in Gaza, but evidence is overwhelming |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68788140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510001022/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68788140 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=BBC News}} forced displacement (ethnic cleansing),{{bulleted list|

|{{cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Forcible transfer of isolated Palestinian communities and families in Area C under cover of Gaza fighting |url=https://www.btselem.org/settler_violence/20231019_forcible_transfer_of_isolated_communities_and_families_in_area_c_under_the_cover_of_gaza_fighting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508044229/https://www.btselem.org/settler_violence/20231019_forcible_transfer_of_isolated_communities_and_families_in_area_c_under_the_cover_of_gaza_fighting |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=B'tselem}}

|{{harvnb|OHCHR|2023}}

|{{cite web |date=7 June 2017 |title=Israel's Occupation: 50 Years of Dispossession |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/06/israel-occupation-50-years-of-dispossession/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513075544/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/06/israel-occupation-50-years-of-dispossession/ |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=Amnesty International}}

}}{{harvnb|Reynolds|2017}}; {{harvnb|Nofal|Al Tahhan|2023}} looting,{{harvnb|Sabbagh-Khoury|2023|pp=36, 44, 163, 169–177, 183, 186–189, 226–236, 241, 247–251, 256, 265}};

{{harvnb|Sayigh|2023|pp=281–282}};

{{harvnb|Manna|2022|pp=49, 83, 152, 169–170, 174–176, 182, 201, 287 n. 2, 316 n. 26}};

{{harvnb|Khalidi|2020|pp=250 n. 4 and 287 n. 58}};

{{harvnb|Shenhav|2019|p=49}};

{{harvnb|Confino|2018|pp=141–143}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2018|p=185}};

{{harvnb|Nashef|2018|pp=95, 143 n. 4, 178–179, and 180 n.8}};

{{harvnb|Lustick|Berkman|2017|p=41}};

{{harvnb|Rouhana|Sabbagh-Khoury|2017|pp=396 n. 6 and 413}};

{{harvnb|Natour|2016|p=94}};

{{harvnb|Fierke|2014|p=805 n. 17}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2012|pp=16, 135–147}};

{{harvnb|Lentin|2010|pp=31, 70, and 84}};

{{harvnb|Ram|2009|p=371}};

{{harvnb|Morris|2008|pp=154–155, 163, and 281}};

{{harvnb|Abu-Lughod|2007|p=89}};

{{harvnb|Pappé|2006|pp=91–95, 100, 109, 125, 147, 167–169, 190, 200, 204–211}};

{{harvnb|Bajec|2024}};

{{harvnb|Uddin|2023}} psychological warfare,{{harvnb|Hasian Jr.|2020|ps=, pp. 101 ("Israeli-sponsored radio messages that were used to 'wage psychological warfare'") and 103 ("Walid Khalidi, who wrote some of the first Palestinian summaries of what happened during the fall of Haifa in 1959, has recently revisited these issues and concluded that the British colluded with the Haganah in ways that made sure that the use of “psychological warfare tactics” would be used in ruthless ways so that the Plan Dalet could be carried out against unarmed civilians who needed to be moved out of these lands.")}};

{{harvnb|Slater|2020|p=81}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2012|pp=2 and 68|ps=, "From the territory occupied by the Israelis in 1948, about 90 per cent of the Palestinians were driven out — many by psychological warfare and/or military pressure and a very large number at gunpoint."}};

{{harvnb|Lentin|2010|p=109}};

{{harvnb|Shlaim|2009|p=55|ps=, "Morris describes the flight of the Palestinians wave after wave, town by town, and village by village. He gives numerous specific examples of psychological warfare, of intimidation, of expulsion by force and of atrocities committed by the armed forces of the infant Jewish state."}};

{{harvnb|Morris|2008|ps=, pp. 160 ("To reinforce this "whispering," or psychological warfare, campaign, Allon's men distributed fliers, advising those who wished to avoid harm to leave "with their women and children."") and 332 ("employing 'psychological warfare by means of flyers and 'treatment' of civilian inhabitants'")}};

{{harvnb|Sa'di|2007|p=308|ps=, "Morris’s (2004a) research confirms what Palestinians have argued all along; he shows definitively that active expulsion by the Jewish forces, the flight of civilians from the battle zones following the attacks of Jewish forces, psychological warfare, and fear of atrocities and random killing by the advancing Jewish forces were the main causes for the Palestinian refugee problem."}};

{{harvnb|Pappé|2006|ps=, pp. 156 ("The UN 'peace' plan had resulted in people being intimidated and terrorised by psychological warfare, heavy shelling of civilian populations, expulsions, seeing relatives being executed, and wives and daughters abused, robbed and in several cases, raped."), 197 ("...{{nbsp}}from the Chief of Staff, Yigael Yadin: 'Your preparations should include psychological warfare and "treatment" (tipul) of citizens as an integral part of the operation.'"), and 278 n. 27 ("A range of strategies that could only be described as psychological warfare was used by the Jewish forces to terrorize and demoralize the Arab population in a deliberate attempt to provoke a mass exodus. Radio broadcasts in Arabic warned of traitors in the Arabs' midst, describing the Palestinians as having been deserted by their leaders, and accusing Arab militias of committing crimes against Arab civilians. They also spread fears of disease. Another, less subtle, tactic involved the use of loudspeaker trucks. These would be used in the villages and towns to urge the Palestinians to flee before they were all killed, to warn that the Jews were using poison gas and atomic weapons, or to play recorded 'horror sounds' - shrieking and moaning, the wail of sirens, and the clang of fire-alarm bells.")}};

{{harvnb|Morris|2004|ps=, pp. 129, 168-169 ("Jewish tactics in the battle were designed to stun and quickly overpower opposition; demoralisation was a primary aim. It was deemed just as important to the outcome as the physical destruction of the Arab units. The mortar barrages and the psychological warfare broadcasts and announcements, and the tactics employed by the infantry companies, advancing from house to house, were all geared to this goal. The orders of Carmeli's 22nd Battalion were 'to kill every [adult male] Arab encountered’ and to set alight with firebombs 'all objectives that can be set alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic; disperse on route.'"), 230, 246, 250, 252, 468 ("He also ordered the launching of 'psychological warfare operations’ and instructed the units 'to deal with the civilian [populations]'. Yadin did not elaborate but presumably the intention was to frighten civilian communities into flight."), 522 (Israel agreed that 'those of the civilian population who may wish to remain in Al Faluja and 'Iraq al Manshiya are to be permitted to do so{{nbsp}}...' But within days Israel went back on its word. Southern Front's soldiers mounted a short, sharp, well-orchestrated campaign of low-key violence and psychological warfare designed to intimidate the inhabitants into flight. According to one villager's recollection, the Jews 'created a situation of terror, entered the houses and beat the people with rifle butts'.128 Contemporary United Nations and Quakers documents support this description. The UN Mediator, Ralph Bunche, quoting UN observers on the spot, complained that 'Arab civilians . . . at Al Faluja have been beaten and robbed by Israeli soldiers and . . . there have been some cases of attempted rape'."), and 591 ("If Jewish attack directly and indirectly triggered most of the exodus up to June 1948, a small but significant proportion was due to direct expulsion orders and to psychological warfare ploys ('whispering propaganda') designed to intimidate people into flight.")}};

{{harvnb|Fernández|2023}}{{cite news |date=11 January 2009 |title=Israel's Gaza war adds psychological operations |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28608585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120004301/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28608585 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=19 February 2009 |work=NBC News |url-status=live |agency=Associated Press}} rape and sexual violence,{{harvnb|Sabbagh-Khoury|2023|pp=185–186}};

{{harvnb|Sayigh|2023|p=282}};

{{harvnb|Manna|2022|ps=, pp. 75-77 ("[p. 75] The Israeli army carried out killings (including massacres), pillaged, and raped in a number of border villages, including Safsaf, Saliha, Jish, Hula, and Sa'sa', on the day the villages were occupied or shortly thereafter."), 202, and 301 nn. 79-81 ("[n. 79] It seems likely that cases of rape during and after the 1948 war were underreported in the historical literature. With time, it becomes more difficult to investigate those events.")}};

{{harvnb|Hasian Jr.|2020|p=84|ps=, "Palestinian researchers, archivists, interviewers, and others who help chronicle these events now have transcontinental allies who collect oral histories that are filled with tales of the rape of women and the killing of innocent children during the involuntary transfers of the 1940s."}};

{{harvnb|Natour|2016|p=94}};

{{harvnb|Khoury|2012|p=263|ps=, "Many stories of massacres, rape, and expulsion are known, and many other stories are still to be revealed: Tantura, Safsaf, Ein al-Zeitun, Sa’sa’, Sha’ab, Kabri, Abou Shousha, Ai'laboun, and so on."}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2012|pp=82–84|ps=, "[p. 82] The use of rape and other forms of sexual violence by Jewish forces in 1948 as weapons of war and instruments of ethnic cleansing has yet to be studied. In 1948 the rape of Arab women and girls was not a rare or isolated act committed by individual forces, but rather was used deliberately as an instrument to terrorise the civilian population and push people into fleeing their homes."}};

{{harvnb|Lentin|2010|p=31}};

{{harvnb|Ram|2009|p=373}};

{{harvnb|Morris|2008|pp=406–407|ps=, "The Israelis' collective memory of fighters characterized by 'purity of arms' is also undermined by the evidence of rapes committed in conquered towns and villages. About a dozen cases—in Jaffa, Acre, and so on—are reported in the available contemporary documentation and, given Arab diffidence about reporting such incidents and the (understandable) silence of the perpetrators, and IDFA censorship of many documents, more, and perhaps many more, cases probably occurred. Arabs appear to have committed few acts of rape."}};

{{harvnb|Humphries|Khalili|2007|ps=, pp. 209, 211-213 ("[p. 211-212] As Benny Morris writes, the regular and irregular military forces of the Yishuv had employed rape in 'several dozen cases' (Morris 2004a: 592) and the news of the rape, though subsequently silenced by both perpetrators and victims, spread as quickly as the news of massacres, aided by the fear and horror of the Palestinians and the 'whispering campaign' of the Yishuv military commanders{{nbsp}}... these rapes were one of the more devastating components of Hagana assaults and perhaps the primary explanation behind the decision of many of the refugees to flee."), and 223-226}};

{{harvnb|Sa'di|2007|ps=, pp. 293 ("On numerous occasions in the execution of Plan D, the Zionist forces expelled people from their towns and villages, committed rape and other acts of violence, massacred civilians, and executed prisoners of war."), 299-300 ("Morris (2004a) reports that there were 'about a dozen' cases of documented rape, often followed by murder. As he notes, 'We have to assume that the dozen cases of rape that were reported . . . are not the whole story. They are just the tip of the iceberg' (Morris, 2004b: 39)."), and 303-304}};

{{harvnb|Slyomovics|2007|ps=, pp. 31 ("Morris documents statistics of a dozen cases of rapes and twenty-four instances of massacres as supporting evidence for a pattern") and 33-38 ("[p. 37] It has been a major achievement by historians of 1948 that the conditions and numbers of actual rape and civilian massacre of the Palestinian population are finally recognized.")}};

{{harvnb|Pappé|2006|ps=, pp. 90, 132, 156, 184, 196, and 208-211 ("[p. 209] David Ben-Gurion seems to have been informed about each case and entered them into his diary. Every few days he has a sub-section: 'Rape Cases'.")}};

{{harvnb|Schulz|2003|ps=, pp. 28 and 136 ("According to [Kitty] Warnock [Land Before Honor: Palestinian Women in the Occupied Territories, Monthly Review Press 1990], honour was an ingredient in the exodus as fear and concern to save women from being raped was a reason for flight.")}};

{{harvnb|Urquhart|2006}}{{cite web |date=19 February 2024 |title=Israel/oPt: UN experts appalled by reported human rights violations against Palestinian women and girls |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/israelopt-un-experts-appalled-reported-human-rights-violations-against |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512083544/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/israelopt-un-experts-appalled-reported-human-rights-violations-against |archive-date=12 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}} and the deliberate and systematic infliction of life-threatening conditions by military siege.{{bulleted list|

|{{cite news |date=18 March 2024 |title=Oxfam accuses Israel of 'deliberately' blocking aid to famine-stalked Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/18/israel-deliberately-blocking-medical-aid-from-gaza-oxfam-report-warns |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505150827/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/18/israel-deliberately-blocking-medical-aid-from-gaza-oxfam-report-warns |archive-date=5 May 2024}}

|{{cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title='Insidious campaign' by Israel is denying lifesaving aid to Gaza says UNRWA chief |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/11486760 |website=United Nations News |publisher=United Nations |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417232117/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/11486760 |archive-date=17 April 2024}}

|{{harvnb|Lakhani|2024}}

|{{cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=In 2022, too, Israel prevented thousands of Palestinians in need of medical care from leaving Gaza for treatment |url=https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20230404_in_2022_too_israel_prevented_thousands_of_palestinians_in_need_of_medical_care_from_leaving_gaza_for_treatment |website=B'tselem |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512074251/https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20230404_in_2022_too_israel_prevented_thousands_of_palestinians_in_need_of_medical_care_from_leaving_gaza_for_treatment |archive-date=12 May 2024}}

|{{cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Israel: Record-Low in Gaza Medical Permits |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/israel-record-low-gaza-medical-permits |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513234514/https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/israel-record-low-gaza-medical-permits |archive-date=13 May 2024}}

|{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Helen |last2=Yang |first2=Maya |last3=Belam |first3=Martin |last4=Kearney |first4=Christine |date=12 November 2023 |title=Aid groups urge attacks on healthcare centres to stop – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/12/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-vows-to-press-on-with-full-force-as-fighting-rages-around-main-gaza-hospital |work=The Guardian |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318185446/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/12/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-vows-to-press-on-with-full-force-as-fighting-rages-around-main-gaza-hospital |archive-date=18 March 2024}}

}}

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people{{efn|Usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group.{{citation |chapter=Article II |chapter-url=https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf |title=Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide |title-link=Genocide Convention |date=9 December 1948 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114161753/https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf |url-status=live}}}} in whole or in part. According to Yair Auron, from 1948 to 2008, "researchers" did not analyze the Israel–Palestine conflict in terms of the concept of genocide, but discussion subsequently began. In 2017 Auron stated that he expected increasing discourse over time regarding the concept of a Palestinian genocide.{{cite book |last1=Auron |first1=Yair |author1-link=Yair Auron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iD1DDwAAQBAJ |title=The Holocaust, Rebirth, and the Nakba: Memory and Contemporary Israeli–Arab Relations |date=4 October 2017 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-5949-2 |access-date=12 November 2023}}

The term 'genocide' was coined in 1944 by a Jewish Polish legal scholar, Raphael Lemkin, who wrote{{efn|Originally published as Genocide - A Modern Crime in the April 1945 issue of Free World magazine}} that "the term does not necessarily signify mass killings".{{sfn|Center for Constitutional Rights|2016|p=1}}{{sfn|Shaw|2013|pp=4–5}}

{{blockquote|More often [genocide] refers to a coordinated plan aimed at destruction of the essential foundations of the life of national groups so that these groups wither and die like plants that have suffered a blight. The end may be accomplished by the forced disintegration of political and social institutions, of the culture of the people, of their language, their national feelings and their religion. It may be accomplished by wiping out all basis of personal security, liberty, health and dignity. When these means fail the machine gun can always be utilized as a last resort. Genocide is directed against a national group as an entity and the attack on individuals is only secondary to the annihilation of the national group to which they belong.{{sfn|Center for Constitutional Rights|2016|p=1}}}}

According to Ernesto Verdeja, associate professor of political science and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame, there are three ways to conceptualize genocide other than the legal definition: in academic social science, in international politics and policy, and in colloquial public usage. The academic social science approach does not require proof of intent, and social scientists often define genocide more broadly.{{sfn|Burga|2023}} The international politics and policy definition centers around prevention policy and intervention and may actually mean "large-scale violence against civilians" when used by governments and international organizations. Lastly, Verdeja says the way the general public colloquially uses "genocide" is usually "as a stand-in term for the greatest evils".{{Cite web |last=Samuel |first=Sigal |date=13 November 2023 |title=How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=Vox |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709145636/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |archive-date=9 July 2024}} Alexander Hinton, UNESCO Chair on genocide prevention at Rutgers University, says the colloquial definition centers on "large scale destruction and acts perpetrated against a population" and points to the Holocaust and the Guatemalan genocide as examples that fall under this definition.{{sfn|Burga|2023}}

{{See also|South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)}}

In 1948, the United Nations Genocide Convention defined genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". The five acts were: killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to destroy the group, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group. Victims must be targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a group, not randomly.{{cite web |author=Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide |date=2014 |title=Legal definition of genocide |url=https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130033138/http://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2016 |access-date=29 December 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}{{cite web |author=Voice of America |date=15 March 2016 |title=What Is Genocide? |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/what-is-genocide/3238713.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811221949/https://www.voanews.com/a/what-is-genocide/3238713.html |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=29 December 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=Voice of America}}

Several actions pertaining to these five acts have been identified:

• Israel has been accused of killing Palestinians. In South Africa’s suit against Israel at the International Court of Justice, prosecutors recognised the mass killing of Palestinians in Gaza.
• Israel has been accused of causing Palestinians serious bodily and mental harm. Among the attack types utilised by Israel against the Palestinians include psychological warfare,{{harvnb|Hasian Jr.|2020|ps=, pp. 101 ("Israeli-sponsored radio messages that were used to 'wage psychological warfare'") and 103 ("Walid Khalidi, who wrote some of the first Palestinian summaries of what happened during the fall of Haifa in 1959, has recently revisited these issues and concluded that the British colluded with the Haganah in ways that made sure that the use of “psychological warfare tactics” would be used in ruthless ways so that the Plan Dalet could be carried out against unarmed civilians who needed to be moved out of these lands.")}};

{{harvnb|Slater|2020|p=81}};

{{harvnb|Masalha|2012|pp=2 and 68|ps=, "From the territory occupied by the Israelis in 1948, about 90 per cent of the Palestinians were driven out — many by psychological warfare and/or military pressure and a very large number at gunpoint."}};

{{harvnb|Lentin|2010|p=109}};

{{harvnb|Shlaim|2009|p=55|ps=, "Morris describes the flight of the Palestinians wave after wave, town by town, and village by village. He gives numerous specific examples of psychological warfare, of intimidation, of expulsion by force and of atrocities committed by the armed forces of the infant Jewish state."}};

{{harvnb|Morris|2008|ps=, pp. 160 ("To reinforce this "whispering," or psychological warfare, campaign, Allon's men distributed fliers, advising those who wished to avoid harm to leave "with their women and children."") and 332 ("employing 'psychological warfare by means of flyers and 'treatment' of civilian inhabitants'")}};

{{harvnb|Sa'di|2007|p=308|ps=, "Morris’s (2004a) research confirms what Palestinians have argued all along; he shows definitively that active expulsion by the Jewish forces, the flight of civilians from the battle zones following the attacks of Jewish forces, psychological warfare, and fear of atrocities and random killing by the advancing Jewish forces were the main causes for the Palestinian refugee problem."}};

{{harvnb|Pappé|2006|ps=, pp. 156 ("The UN 'peace' plan had resulted in people being intimidated and terrorised by psychological warfare, heavy shelling of civilian populations, expulsions, seeing relatives being executed, and wives and daughters abused, robbed and in several cases, raped."), 197 ("...{{nbsp}}from the Chief of Staff, Yigael Yadin: 'Your preparations should include psychological warfare and "treatment" (tipul) of citizens as an integral part of the operation.'"), and 278 n. 27 ("A range of strategies that could only be described as psychological warfare was used by the Jewish forces to terrorize and demoralize the Arab population in a deliberate attempt to provoke a mass exodus. Radio broadcasts in Arabic warned of traitors in the Arabs' midst, describing the Palestinians as having been deserted by their leaders, and accusing Arab militias of committing crimes against Arab civilians. They also spread fears of disease. Another, less subtle, tactic involved the use of loudspeaker trucks. These would be used in the villages and towns to urge the Palestinians to flee before they were all killed, to warn that the Jews were using poison gas and atomic weapons, or to play recorded 'horror sounds' - shrieking and moaning, the wail of sirens, and the clang of fire-alarm bells.")}};

{{harvnb|Morris|2004|ps=, pp. 129, 168-169 ("Jewish tactics in the battle were designed to stun and quickly overpower opposition; demoralisation was a primary aim. It was deemed just as important to the outcome as the physical destruction of the Arab units. The mortar barrages and the psychological warfare broadcasts and announcements, and the tactics employed by the infantry companies, advancing from house to house, were all geared to this goal. The orders of Carmeli's 22nd Battalion were 'to kill every [adult male] Arab encountered’ and to set alight with firebombs 'all objectives that can be set alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic; disperse on route.'"), 230, 246, 250, 252, 468 ("He also ordered the launching of 'psychological warfare operations’ and instructed the units 'to deal with the civilian [populations]'. Yadin did not elaborate but presumably the intention was to frighten civilian communities into flight."), 522 (Israel agreed that 'those of the civilian population who may wish to remain in Al Faluja and 'Iraq al Manshiya are to be permitted to do so{{nbsp}}...' But within days Israel went back on its word. Southern Front's soldiers mounted a short, sharp, well-orchestrated campaign of low-key violence and psychological warfare designed to intimidate the inhabitants into flight. According to one villager's recollection, the Jews 'created a situation of terror, entered the houses and beat the people with rifle butts'.128 Contemporary United Nations and Quakers documents support this description. The UN Mediator, Ralph Bunche, quoting UN observers on the spot, complained that 'Arab civilians . . . at Al Faluja have been beaten and robbed by Israeli soldiers and . . . there have been some cases of attempted rape'."), and 591 ("If Jewish attack directly and indirectly triggered most of the exodus up to June 1948, a small but significant proportion was due to direct expulsion orders and to psychological warfare ploys ('whispering propaganda') designed to intimidate people into flight.")}};

{{harvnb|Fernández|2023}} rape and sexual violence.

• Israel has been accused of imposing living conditions intended to destroy Palestinians as a group. Following the Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982, an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride investigated reported violations of International Law by Israel and four of its six members concluded that "the deliberate destruction of the national and cultural rights and identity of the Palestinian people amount[ed] to genocide".{{sfn|Schabas|2000|p=235}}{{sfn|Said|1984|p=27}} The Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal, a 'citizens' tribunal', in 2013 found Israel guilty of genocide for actions taken over the previous 67 years, agreeing with the prosecution that the "harsh conditions of life were deliberately inflicted to destroy" Palestinians.{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|pp=13–15}}
• Israel has been accused of preventing Palestinian births. The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights alleges that Israeli measures have been intended to prevent births. It lists such measures as: "lack of protection from military attacks, poor health services and unsafe access to healthcare, restricted access to adequate food and dire living conditions elevating risks during pregnancy." It notes that "[a]ll these violations have increased miscarriages among pregnant women, preterm labors and stillbirths while many of them fear maternal mortality or stillbirth due to lack of healthcare and ignoring their special needs."{{cite web |date=30 March 2024 |title=Israel's Measures Intended to Prevent Births within Gaza Strip [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israels-measures-intended-prevent-births-within-gaza-strip-enar |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240806180901/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israels-measures-intended-prevent-births-within-gaza-strip-enar |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |agency=Palestinian Centre for Human Rights}} In South Africa’s suit against Israel at the International Court of Justice, prosecutors noted the Israeli imposition of measures preventing Palestinian births through the destruction of essential health services vital for the survival of pregnant women and their babies. The suit read that all of such actions were "intended to bring about their [Palestinians] destruction as a group".{{cite news |last=Lawal |first=Shola |date=3 January 2024 |title=Can South Africa's ICJ case against Israel stop war in Gaza? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/3/can-south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-stop-war-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104022412/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/3/can-south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-stop-war-in-gaza |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• Israel has been accused of forcibly transferring children from Palestinian groups. Independent organisation Defence for Children International - Palestine (DCIP) has stated that since 2000, the Israeli military has detained some 13,000 Palestinian children, almost all boys between the ages of 12 and 17.{{cite news |first=Henriette |last=Chacar |date=30 December 2023 |title=For Palestinians arrested under occupation, a childhood disrupted |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-arrested-under-israeli-occupation-childhood-disrupted-2023-12-30/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231230105744/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-arrested-under-israeli-occupation-childhood-disrupted-2023-12-30/ |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=Reuters |ref=Chacar2023b}} Miranda Cleland, a DCIP advocacy officer, stated: "Everywhere a Palestinian child turns, there is the Israeli military to exert some kind of control over their life". Based on collected affidavits from 766 children detained between 2016 and 2022, DCIP found approximately 59% had been abducted by soldiers at night. 75% of children were subjected to physical violence and 97% were interrogated without a family member or lawyer present. One quarter are placed in solitary confinement for two or more days even before the beginning of a trial. Palestinian human rights group Addameer has concluded that throwing stones is the most frequent charge against Palestinian minors detained in the West Bank, punishable by up to 20 years in prison under Israeli military law. The Geneva-based Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor notes that the Israeli army has abducted Palestinian children and transferred them out of Gaza. It stated: "Numerous testimonies that the rights group has received say that the Israeli army regularly detains and transfers Palestinian children without disclosing their whereabouts".{{cite web |title=Israel 'kidnaps' Palestinian infants from Gaza, takes them to unknown place |url=https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/israel-kidnaps-palestinian-infants-from-gaza-takes-them-to-unknown-place-16510307 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627094924/https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/israel-kidnaps-palestinian-infants-from-gaza-takes-them-to-unknown-place-16510307 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=21 May 2024 |agency=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor |work=TRT World}}

{{Main|South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)}}

In December 2023, South Africa became the first country to file a suit against Israel at the International Court of Justice, accusing the state of committing genocide in Gaza in violation of the Genocide Convention.{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=4 January 2024 |title=Stakes high as South Africa brings claim of genocidal intent against Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/04/stakes-high-as-south-africa-brings-claim-of-genocidal-intent-against-israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106152436/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/04/stakes-high-as-south-africa-brings-claim-of-genocidal-intent-against-israel |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The Guardian}}{{cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=Application instituting proceedings and request for the indication of provisional measures |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=International Court of Justice |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105144115/https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/203394 |url-status=live}} South Africa stated that "acts and omissions by Israel{{nbsp}}... are genocidal in character, as they are committed with the requisite specific intent{{nbsp}}... to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a part of the broader Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group". Genocidal actions listed in the suit included the mass killing of Palestinians in Gaza, the destruction of their homes, their expulsion and displacement,{{efn|There has been 1,900,000 internally displaced persons in the Gaza Strip since 7 October 2023{{cite web |title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |website=Human Rights Watch |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110222554/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |archive-date=10 January 2024}}}} as well as the Israeli blockade on food, water and medical aid to the region. Additionally, South Africa noted the Israeli imposition of measures preventing Palestinian births through the destruction of essential health services vital for the survival of pregnant women and their babies. The suit read that all of such actions were "intended to bring about their [Palestinians] destruction as a group". South Africa also asserts that statements made by Israeli officials, such as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, have displayed "genocidal intent". Several human rights organizations and other nations have supported South Africa in their suit.{{cite press release |last=Garriga |first=Melissa |date=2 January 2024 |title=Peace Groups Urge Countries to Join South Africa in Charging Israel With Genocide |url=https://www.codepink.org/icj_petition_delivery |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=CodePink |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103001846/https://www.codepink.org/icj_petition_delivery |archive-date=3 January 2024 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Nicaragua v. Germany}}

On 1 March 2024, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against Germany at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) under, inter alia, the Genocide Convention. These proceedings arose from Germany's support for Israel in the Gaza war.{{cite news |date=1 March 2024 |title=Nicaragua files application to World Court, accusing Germany of complicity in Gaza genocide |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/nicaragua-files-application-world-court-accusing-germany-complicity-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302035942/https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/nicaragua-files-application-world-court-accusing-germany-complicity-gaza |archive-date=2 March 2024 |work=Middle East Eye}}{{Cite web |last=Argüello Gómez |first=Carlos J. |date=1 March 2024 |title=Application instituting proceedings |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/193/193-20240301-app-01-00-en.pdf#page=29 |website=International Court of Justice |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425054904/https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/193/193-20240301-app-01-00-en.pdf#page=29 |url-status=live}}{{rp|at=¶ 16}}{{cite news |last=van den Berg |first=Stephanie |date=1 March 2024 |title=Nicaragua files case at World Court against Germany for aiding Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/nicaragua-files-case-world-court-against-germany-aiding-israel-2024-03-01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304124259/https://www.reuters.com/world/nicaragua-files-case-world-court-against-germany-aiding-israel-2024-03-01/ |archive-date=4 March 2024 |work=Reuters}} Imogen Saunders of the Australian National University wrote that Nicaragua's application was the "first{{nbsp}}... to allege contribution to the act of genocide rather than the commission of the act itself".{{Cite web |last=Saunders |first=Imogen |date=6 March 2023 |title=Interventions and Inadmissibility: Nicaragua v Germany, the Monetary Gold principle, and the Genocide Convention at the International Court of Justice |url=https://law.anu.edu.au/interventions-and-inadmissibility-nicaragua-v-germany-monetary-gold-principle-and-genocide |website=ANU College of Law |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523185620/https://law.anu.edu.au/interventions-and-inadmissibility-nicaragua-v-germany-monetary-gold-principle-and-genocide |url-status=live}}

According to a May 2024 report by the University Network for Human Rights, "actions taken by Israel's government and military in and regarding Gaza following the Hamas attacks of October 7, 2023, constitute breaches of the international law prohibitions on the commission of genocide."{{cite report |title=Genocide in Gaza: Analysis of international law and its application to Israel's military actions since October 7, 2023 |author1=International human rights clinic, Boston University School of Law |author2=International human rights clinic, Cornell Law School |author3=Centre for human rights, University of Pretoria |author4=Lowenstein human rights project, Yale Law School |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b3538249d5abb21360e858f/t/66475850eceb152a52fd55fe/1715951696844/Genocide+in+Gaza+-+Final+version+051524.pdf |date=15 May 2024 |publisher=University Network for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713191608/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b3538249d5abb21360e858f/t/66475850eceb152a52fd55fe/1715951696844/Genocide+in+Gaza+-+Final+version+051524.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2024}} Human rights lawyer Susan Akram, commenting on the report and on the resistance to labeling Israel’s actions as genocide, said, "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza".

File:All_Out_for_Gaza_IMG_7000-(7)_(53276209172).jpg, United States, 18 October 2023]]

In 2010, political science professor Martin Shaw argued that the elimination of the majority of Palestinian Arab society in Israel in 1948 constituted genocide.{{page needed|date=January 2024}} Shaw opined that the scope of genocide is not restricted to human annihilation, instead he recommends an "international historical perspective" that focuses on the aims of genocide and defines "genocidal violence" as widespread destructive measures aimed at civilians.{{sfn|Al-Hardan|2016|pp=48–49}} With the broadened definition of genocide, Shaw contends that the 1948 Nakba was partially genocidal with regard to Palestinian society: with "specific genocidal thrusts developed situationally and incrementally, through local as well as national decisions{{nbsp}}... a partly decentered, networked genocide, developing in interaction with the Palestinian and Arab enemy, in the context of war".{{sfn|Al-Hardan|2016|pp=48–49}} Shaw further detailed this in 2013, in the context of arguments that since a relatively low number of Palestinian Arabs were killed in the Nakba compared to those expelled it could not be considered a genocide, where Shaw draws on Lemkin's definitions of societal destruction being the definition of genocide, which does not necessitate the annihilation of individuals in the group, and points to how this is the more common form of genocide observed in the literature.{{sfn|Shaw|2013|pp=4–5}} In response to Shaw's 2010 article, psychologist and genocide scholar Israel Charny detailed how he believed Israel's actions in the Nakba were ethnic cleansing and involved genocidal massacres, it was overall genocide.{{sfn|Docker|2012|p=3}}

In 2010, in considering the case of Palestinians in Gaza, historian and sociologist Uğur Ümit Üngör pointed to the extreme asymmetrical nature of violent conflict as the core element of genocidal dynamics, which he found present in the history of Israel and Palestine.{{sfn|Üngör|2024|p=6}}

Human rights scholars Haifa Rashed and Damien Short have voiced their belief that Lemkin's original concept of genocide can be used to analyse "the historical and continuing, cultural and physical, destructive social and political relations involved in the Israel/Palestine conflict".{{sfn|Rashed|Short|2012|p=1142}} In a separate publication, Rashed, Short, and John Docker argued that the conflict did not receive enough attention in the field of genocide studies, as the academic "field fears Zionist intimidation and ad hominem attack".{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|p=18}} The trio raised the possible argument of the ongoing "Zionist project as a structural settler-colonial genocide against the Palestinian people".{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|p=18}} The trio stated: "Discriminatory land and planning policies" could be viewed using the lens of a government repressing "minority rights" of Palestinian Israelis, but this "does not preclude individual victims experiencing this as genocidal".{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|p=18}} This conception has also been supported by other academics.{{cite journal |last=Abed |first=Mohammed |author-link=Mohammed Abed al-Jabri |date=2006 |title=Clarifying the Concept of Genocide |journal=Metaphilosophy |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |volume=37 |pages=308–330 [327–328] |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9973.2006.00443.x |number=3–4}}{{sfn|Saldívar|2010|pp=826–827}} Historian Lawrence Davidson, in his book about cultural genocide, included a chapter about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Davidson |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.36019/9780813553443-004/html?lang=en |title=Cultural Genocide |date=2012 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-5344-3 |pages=65–88 |language=en |chapter=4. Israel and Palestinian Cultural Genocide |doi=10.36019/9780813553443-004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012083033/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.36019/9780813553443-004/html?lang=en |archive-date=12 October 2023 |s2cid=225033547}}

Some academics who support the case of genocide view the treatment of Palestinians by Israel over the past century as moving between repressive and destructive policies, with Rosemary Sayigh describing it as a continuing state of repression punctuated with "spasms of genocidal violence".{{sfn|Shaw|2013|p=3}}{{cite journal |last=Sayigh |first=Rosemary |author-link=Rosemary Sayigh |date=October 1983 |title=Women in Struggle: Palestine |journal=Third World Quarterly |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=5 |pages=880–886 |doi=10.1080/01436598308419739 |jstor=3990828 |number=4}}

Michael Sfard, an Israeli human rights lawyer who argued on behalf of Yesh Din that Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, said in 2021 that Israel's policy against the Palestinians did not meet the genocide threshold and the accusation cheapened the concept.{{cite news |last=Sales |first=Ben |date=26 May 2021 |title=People are accusing Israel of genocide. These human rights lawyers beg to differ |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/people-are-accusing-israel-of-genocide-these-human-rights-lawyers-beg-to-differ/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124194735/https://www.timesofisrael.com/people-are-accusing-israel-of-genocide-these-human-rights-lawyers-beg-to-differ/ |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel}}{{cite thesis |last=Sharma |first=Shreya |date=2021 |title=A Gender Perspective on the Responsibility to Protect: Case study of Machsom Watch in Israel |degree=MSc |publisher=Univerzita Karlova (Charles University) |url=https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/152226/120399038.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111180522/https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/152226/120399038.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2023}}

Political sociologist Ronit Lentin wrote in 2010 that the 1948 Nakba was not "genocide", but ethnic cleansing or "spaciocide".{{sfn|Lentin|2010|p=23}} Derek Penslar, a professor of Israel Studies at the University of Oxford, opined in 2013 that Palestinians suffered "ethnic cleansing" during the Nakba, but "not a genocide", as Penslar said that the latter "means that you wipe out a people";{{cite news |last1=Kalmus |first1=Jonathan |date=14 March 2013 |title=Israel studies professor: 1948 really was ethnic cleansing, not genocide |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/103408/israel-studies-professor-1948-really-was-ethnic-cleansing-not-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317061315/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/103408/israel-studies-professor-1948-really-was-ethnic-cleansing-not-genocide |archive-date=17 March 2013 |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=The Jewish Chronicle}} Rashed, Short, and Docker wrote that "Penslar mistakenly interprets the concept of genocide."{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|pp=12–13}}

Earlier, historian Ilan Pappé in 2006 and genocide scholar Mark Levene in 2007 both stated that the Nakba in 1948 was "ethnic cleansing", without stating that it was "genocide", with Levene stating that Pappé's research on the Nakba "demands the attention of readers and researchers engaged with the subject of genocide and its suboptimal variants", with the Nakba being "of ongoing relevance – just as much as the Armenian genocide".{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|pp=9–10}} John Docker argued in 2010 that while Pappé does not label the Nakba as a genocide, when reviewing the evidence and argumentation presented in Pappé's 2006 book The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, it aligns with Lemkin's conceptualisation of genocide.{{sfn|Docker|2012}} Pappé would in 2006 and 2007 describe the killings of Palestinians by Israel in Gaza during 2006 as "genocide",{{sfn|Pappé|2010|pp=201–205}} and in 2009 he described the 2009 Gaza War as "genocide", decrying that the "genocidal operations" are being treated as "unconnected to anything that happened in the past and not associated with any ideology or system".{{sfn|Lentin|2010|p=142}} Pappé in 2013 cited a speech by Israel's Prime Minister Shimon Peres that year as having failed to recognize the existence of Palestinians in the history of Israel, which to Pappé "is the point where ethnic cleansing becomes genocidal. When you are eliminated from the history book and the discourse of the top politicians".{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|p=15}}

Political scientist Ian Lustick in 2006 described the Nakba as "the expulsion of Palestinians from their homes and refusal to allow them to return", and stated that "It was a tragic and unjust and opportunistically accelerated unfolding of the logic of circumstances, not a genocidal campaign."{{cite journal |last1=Lustick |first1=Ian |author-link=Ian Lustick |date=2006 |title=Negotiating Truth: The Holocaust, Lehavdil, and al-Nakba |journal=Journal of International Affairs |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=51–77 |jstor=24358013}} Patrick Wolfe, in a 2006 article analyzing the relationship and differences between settler colonialism and genocide, discussed the example of Palestinians who "threw rocks [at Israelis] and died for their efforts", and further described Palestinians as becoming "more and more dispensable", with Gaza and the West Bank becoming increasingly like Indian reservations or even like the Warsaw Ghetto.{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Patrick |author1-link=Patrick Wolfe |date=21 December 2006 |title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=387–409 |doi=10.1080/14623520601056240 |doi-access=free}}{{sfn|Lentin|2016|p=40}}

File:1948_Arab-Israeli_War_997008137024705171.jpg

Nur Masalha in 2012 argued that the Nakba was both "politicide" ("dissolution of the Palestinian people's existence as a legitimate social, political and economic entity") and "cultural genocide" ("destruction and elimination of the cultural pattern of a group, including language, local traditions,{{nbsp}}... monuments, place names, landscape, historical records{{nbsp}}... in brief, the shrines of the soul of a nation"), with strategies for "de-Arabisation of the land" including new Hebrew names for places replacing Palestinian names, and planting forests over destroyed Palestinian villages.{{sfn|Masalha|2012|pp=10, 11, 88, 120}}

Yair Auron in 2017 analyzed the 1948 Nakba using the definition of genocide from the 1948 United Nations Genocide Convention (as any other definition would result in "complete chaos" according to Auron), concluding that "Israel committed ethnic cleansing but not a genocide", thus arguing that the underlying aim of the Nakba was not to kill Palestinians, but to "get rid of them, and in doing so, [the Israelis] commit massacres", noting the expulsion of people from over 400 villages. According to Auron, ethnic cleansing is one of the "elements of genocide", though "not an act of genocide". Auron differentiates massacres in genocides as being "part of the comprehensive plan", while massacres in ethnic cleansing are "localized and usually stem from hatred or vengeance". Auron noted that the claim that the 1948 Nakba was genocide has been increasingly advanced by Palestinians, and is also promoted by some European and North American scholars.

Auron argues that there are four main factors why he did not consider 1948 as a genocide against Palestinians: (1) the Arabs initiated the war, resulting in Israel experiencing "critical existential combat" for several weeks; (2) Israel had no "intention of annihilating" a social group; (3) generally, perpetrators of genocide have at least near-absolute force superiority, which Israel did not have; (4) despite "slurs", there was no "racist ideology" towards Palestinians, exemplified by Israeli groups like Hashomer living similarly to Bedouins.

Bashir Bashir and Amos Goldberg in 2018 described the Nakba as part of "the same modern and global history of genocide and ethnic cleansing" as the Holocaust; although the events differed in "degree of murderousness", they shared a "common global framework of violence created by strong nationalism combined with imperial and colonial ideology and policies", with the Nakba involving the attempt to "de-Arabize and ethnic-cleanse Palestine".

{{sfn|Bashir|Goldberg|2018|p=[https://archive.org/details/holocaustnakba/page/20/mode/1up 20]|loc=§ "The Historical Global Register: The Holocaust and the Colonial Framework", pp. 14–20}} Meanwhile, Alon Confino in 2018 contrasted the "genocide" of the Holocaust with the "ethnic cleansing" of the Nakba, describing the latter as aimed at "removing, not annihilating, an ethnic group".{{sfn|Confino|2018|p=[https://archive.org/details/holocaustnakba/page/138/mode/1up 138]}} Jerome Slater in 2020 described the Nakba as "ethnic cleansing" due to the "forced expulsions" of Palestinians, but also said that "no genocide" occurred due to around 150,000 Palestinians remaining in Israel at the end of the war, who "were allowed to remain there".{{sfn|Slater|2020|pp=80–87}}

Cary Nelson in 2019 stated that the notion of Israel having "engaged in genocide" was "unwarranted slander", and suggested that some people repeat it out of ignorance, just as those who repeated the blood libel about Jews poisoning the wells in Europe did. Nelson further described the accusation of Israel having "genocidal designs on Palestinians" as "false", and the accusation of Israel committing "incremental genocide" in Gaza as "malicious". Nelson described a phenomenon where academics "say publicly that Israel is a settler-colonialist, genocidal, racist, and apartheid state"; Nelson recommends that these allegations should be presented to higher education students "as debatable", instead of being "commonly" presented as facts.{{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Cary |author1-link=Cary Nelson |title=Israel Denial: Anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism, & The Faculty Campaign Against the Jewish State |date=7 June 2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-04508-9}}

In a 2019 interview, Benny Morris stated that in his view, what happened to Palestinians in 1948 was not a genocide.{{cite news |last=Aderet |first=Ofer |author-link=:he:עופר אדרת |date=22 January 2019 |title='Israel Will Decline, and Jews Will Be a Persecuted Minority. Those Who Can Will Flee to America' |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2019-01-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-will-decline-and-jews-will-be-persecuted-those-who-can-will-flee/0000017f-e552-d9aa-afff-fd5a159f0000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016053048/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2019-01-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-will-decline-and-jews-will-be-persecuted-those-who-can-will-flee/0000017f-e552-d9aa-afff-fd5a159f0000 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=Haaretz |language=en|postscript=none}} {{in lang|en}}. Morris had written in an earlier 2016 opinion article that the events of 1948 also did not amount to an ethnic cleansing.{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |date=10 October 2016 |title=Israel Conducted No Ethnic Cleansing in 1948 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2016-10-10/ty-article/.premium/israel-conducted-no-ethnic-cleansing-in-1948/0000017f-db91-d3a5-af7f-fbbfa2270000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121173631/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2016-10-10/ty-article/.premium/israel-conducted-no-ethnic-cleansing-in-1948/0000017f-db91-d3a5-af7f-fbbfa2270000 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}

Marouf Hasian Jr. in 2020 stated the Nakba exemplified a situation where "empowered decisions-makers are reluctant to call some historical incidents colonial genocides", while "many Palestinian and other Arab writers" have compared the Nakba to "colonial genocides".{{cite book |last1=Hasian |first1=Marouf |title=Debates on Colonial Genocide in the 21st Century |date=2020 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-21277-3 |pages=8, 10, 78, 80, 103}} Hasian describes that some "Israelis worry that al-Nakba consciousness-raising threatens state legitimacy", while "many Israeli supporters" do not consider the Nakba as any form of genocide, instead arguing that there was "spontaneous Arab Palestinian fleeing that was based on calls from neighboring Arab nations". Hasian concludes that "public deliberation, and political events" caused "so many" people to attempt to separate the 1948 Nakba from "the 'real' genocides". Hasian further highlighted how restrictive "Auschwitz-centered, or Lemkin-like ways" of defining genocide was preventing consideration of the Nakba as genocide.

Stephen Sedley, writing in the London Review of Books, discussed a trip organized by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office to Hebron to observe the Israeli army's treatment of Palestinian children, and wrote about how one of the first things they saw was graffiti on the door of a deserted Palestinian shop that said "Gas the Arabs". He remarked "Nobody, evidently, has a monopoly of genocidal abuse."{{cite journal |last=Sedley |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Sedley |date=10 May 2018 |title=Stephen Sedley · Short Cuts: Labour and Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v40/n09/stephen-sedley/short-cuts |url-status=live |journal=London Review of Books |volume=40 |issue=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615145152/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v40/n09/stephen-sedley/short-cuts |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=10 December 2023}} Academics, such as Clare Brandabur and Mohammed Nijim, argue for considering not just specific events in the determination of whether Palestinians have been subjected to genocide, but for the totality of their treatment since at least the Nakba.{{sfn|Nijim|2023|pp=190–191}} In Brandabur's article "Roadmap to Genocide", she argues that the sum of Israel's actions against Palestinians since the Nakba fit the definition of genocide as described by Lemkin in his book "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe".{{cite book |last=Lemkin |first=Raphael |author-link=Raphael Lemkin |title=Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress |date=1944 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=79–95 |chapter=Genocide |chapter-url=http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm |archive-date=26 May 2007 |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526221818/http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm |url-status=live}}

In 2024, Mark Levene labelled the mass destruction of infrastructure under Israel's Dahiya doctrine that had been implemented against Gaza since 2006, as urbicide and a tool of genocide.{{sfn|Levene|2024|pp=6–7}} In a 2024 academic article, historian Yoav Di-Capua charts a history of increasing genocidal ideology among Hardal, building on Kahanist ideology.{{sfn|Di-Capua|2024|p=4}} He identifies Smotrich and Ben-Gvir as politicians who seek the adoption of the ideology of Hardal as national policy,{{sfn|Di-Capua|2024|pp=5, 12–13}} and pointing to an increasing presence of Hardalim among the officers and soldiers of the IDF.{{sfn|Di-Capua|2024|pp=13–14}}

{{see also|Gaza genocide#Academic and legal discourse}}

In the context of the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the Israeli counterattacks, and the imposed complete blockade, which included the denial of water and food to the civilian population, Israeli historian Raz Segal described it as a "textbook case of genocide" and connected it to the Nakba, the expulsion of Palestinians during the establishment of Israel in 1948.{{sfn|Segal|2023}} With other academics also detailing Israel's attacks on infrastructure, food, and water as being genocidal in nature,{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=3}}{{sfn|Samudzi|2024|pp=6–7}} while others have described these actions as genocidal when Israel previously engaged in them prior to 2023.{{sfn|Nijim|2023|pp=168, 180–183}}

Historian Omer Bartov wrote in November 2023 that he believes that "there is no proof that genocide is currently taking place in Gaza", noting the distinctions between ethnic cleansing and genocide. However he called for "stop[ping] Israel from letting its actions become a genocide" and said that "[...] we may be watching an ethnic cleansing operation that could quickly devolve into genocide". In February 2024, Bartov told Anadolu: "There seems to be intentional destruction of housing. There is destruction of places of worship, especially of mosques. There's destruction of universities and schools, which seems to be intentional. They can certainly come under war crimes, it can come under crimes against humanity, and it can come under genocide".

In April 2024, Amos Goldberg, professor of Holocaust History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, stated in an essay that: "Yes, it is genocide". He said: "It is so difficult and painful to admit it, but despite all that, and despite all our efforts to think otherwise, after six months of brutal war we can no longer avoid this conclusion."{{cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Amos |author-link=Amos Goldberg |date=18 April 2024 |title=Yes, it is genocide |url=https://thepalestineproject.medium.com/yes-it-is-genocide-634a07ea27d4 |translator-first=Sol |translator-last=Salbe |website=The Palestine Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908230033/https://thepalestineproject.medium.com/yes-it-is-genocide-634a07ea27d4 |archive-date=8 September 2024}}{{efn|Originally published in Hebrew in Sikha Mekomit,{{cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Amos |author-link=Amos Goldberg |date=17 April 2024 |title=כן, זה רצח עם |language=he |trans-title=Yes, it is genocide |url=https://www.mekomit.co.il/ps/134005/ |website=Sikha Mekomit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622054826/https://www.mekomit.co.il/ps/134005/ |archive-date=22 June 2024}} Goldberg reiterated his view in a July 2024 interview with Elias Feroz in Jacobin.{{cite magazine |last=Goldberg |first=Amos |author-link=Amos Goldberg |date=7 July 2024 |title=Israeli Historian: This Is Exactly What Genocide Looks Like |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/07/amos-goldberg-genocide-gaza-israel |magazine=Jacobin |interviewer-first=Elias |interviewer-last=Feroz |quote=I admit that, at first, I was reluctant to call it genocide, and sought any indication to convince myself that it is not. No one wants to see themselves as part of a genocidal society. But there was explicit intent, a systematic pattern, and a genocidal outcome — so, I came to the conclusion that this is exactly what genocide looks like. And once you come to this conclusion, you cannot remain silent. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912111210/https://jacobin.com/2024/07/amos-goldberg-genocide-gaza-israel |archive-date=12 September 2024}}}}

Historian Yoav Di-Capua believes that politicians, such as Smotrich and Ben-Gvir, are using the Gaza war to implement a plan to have the ideology of Hardal adopted as national policy in Israel.{{sfn|Di-Capua|2024|pp=5, 12–13}}

{{see also|Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza#Legal discourse}}

There has been longstanding legal discourse on whether a case can be made that Israel has violated the Genocide Convention, with American human rights lawyer Francis Boyle, the professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, first suggesting that such a case should be brought to bear in 1998.{{sfn|Lendman|2010|pp=30–31}}{{cite journal |last1=Boyle |first1=Francis A. |author1-link=Francis Boyle |date=2000 |title=Palestine: Sue Israel for Genocide before the International Court of Justice! |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=161–166 |doi=10.1080/13602000050008979 |s2cid=144055710}}{{cite book |last1=Boyle |first1=Francis A. |author1-link=Francis Boyle |title=The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-10792-2 |pages=259–262 |language=en |chapter=Israel's Crimes against Palestinians: War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, Genocide |doi=10.1057/9780230107922_33 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019172120/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_33 |archive-date=19 October 2023}} Boyle's argument is that Israel has "ruthlessly implemented a systematic and comprehensive military, political, and economic campaign with the intent to destroy in substantial part the national, ethnic, racial and different religious (Muslim and Christian) group" of Palestinians.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Rashed|1a2=Short|1a3=Docker|1y=2014|1p=13|1ps=; citing:|2a1=Boyle|2y=2003|2p=159}}

The Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal, a 'citizens' tribunal', in 2013 found Israel guilty of genocide for actions taken over the previous 67 years, agreeing with the prosecution that the "harsh conditions of life were deliberately inflicted to destroy" Palestinians.{{sfn|Rashed|Short|Docker|2014|pp=13–15}}

The Russell Tribunal on Palestine, a 'people's tribunal', in response to the 2014 Gaza War held an extraordinary session where they determined Israel failed in its duties under the Genocide Convention to punish the direct crime of genocide and incitement to genocide.{{cite report |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/dplc/dv/summary-of-findings_/summary-of-findings_en.pdf |title=Extraordinary Session on Gaza: Summary of Findings |date=25 September 2014 |publisher= |location=Brussels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511221338/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/dplc/dv/summary-of-findings_/summary-of-findings_en.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2021}}

File:Destroyed_ambulance_in_the_CIty_of_Shijaiyah_in_the_Gaza_Strip.jpg in Gaza City during the 2014 Gaza War]]

Since 2021, there has been an ongoing investigation of war crimes in Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank conducted by the International Criminal Court (ICC).{{cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=ICC receives lawsuit over Israel's 'apartheid', 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120201158/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} On November 9, Al Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, filed a lawsuit with the ICC, calling for the inclusion of Israeli crimes against humanity, namely apartheid and genocide, in their ongoing investigation and for the arrest of Benyamin Netanyahu, Isaac Herzog, Yoav Gallant and others suspected of committing these crimes.{{sfn|Burga|2023}}{{cite web |last=Rights |first=Al Mezan Center for Human |date=9 November 2023 |title=Palestinian human rights organizations call on ICC to issue arrest warrants against Israeli leaders for genocide and incitement to genocide |url=https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46313 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117011300/https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46313 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Al Mezan Center for Human Rights |language=en}}

On 9 November 2023, three Palestinian civil rights groups filed a lawsuit against Israel with the International Criminal Court.{{cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=Three rights groups file ICC lawsuit against Israel over Gaza 'genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111191809/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}} The groups charged Israel with war crimes, apartheid, and genocide, calling for the ICC to issue arrest warrants for significant Israeli officials. On November 13, Defence for Children International, Al-Haq, and Palestinians living in Gaza and the United States, represented by the Center for Constitutional Rights, filed a lawsuit against Joe Biden, Antony Blinken, and Lloyd Austin for failure to prevent genocide, citing Israel's "mass killings," targeting of schools and hospitals, collective punishment, use of chemical weapons, forced expulsion, and blockage of food, water, electricity and other basic needs.{{cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |author-link=Chris McGreal |date=13 November 2023 |title=US rights group sues Biden for alleged 'failure to prevent genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/13/biden-lawsuit-alleged-failure-prevent-genocide-israel-palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121091027/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/13/biden-lawsuit-alleged-failure-prevent-genocide-israel-palestine |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{cite news |last=Thakker |first=Prem |date=13 November 2023 |title=Palestinians Sue Biden for Failing to Prevent Genocide in Gaza |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/11/13/gaza-lawsuit-biden-israel-genocide/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119191530/https://theintercept.com/2023/11/13/gaza-lawsuit-biden-israel-genocide/ |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=The Intercept |language=en-US}}{{cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=Defense for Children International—Palestine, et al. v. . Joseph Biden, et al. |url=https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2023/11/Complaint_DCI-Pal-v-Biden_w.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126214249/https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2023/11/Complaint_DCI-Pal-v-Biden_w.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2023}} The lawsuit seeks to enact an emergency order to end diplomatic and military aid to Israel for their international crimes.{{cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=Stop the Genocide |url=https://ccrjustice.org/node/10102 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114032720/https://ccrjustice.org/stop-the-genocide |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Center for Constitutional Rights |language=en}} On November 22, Euro-Med Monitor urged the United Nations to constitute Israel's actions in Gaza as genocide, investigate crimes against humanity, and take action to prevent any more death or destruction.{{cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Euro-Med Monitor to UN: Recognise Israel's actions in Gaza as genocide - occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/euro-med-monitor-un-recognise-israels-actions-gaza-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128051022/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/euro-med-monitor-un-recognise-israels-actions-gaza-genocide |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}} On December 22, Paula Gaviria Betancur, Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons (IDPs) warned that Israel's military operation in Gaza aimed to "deport the majority of the civilian population en masse" thus "repeating a long history of mass forced displacement of Palestinians by Israel".{{sfn|OHCHR|2023}}

On 29 December 2023, South Africa filed a case with the International Court of Justice accusing Israel of genocidal acts in Gaza.{{cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa files case at ICJ accusing Israel of 'genocidal acts' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/29/south-africa-files-case-at-icj-accusing-israel-of-genocidal-acts-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108083945/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/29/south-africa-files-case-at-icj-accusing-israel-of-genocidal-acts-in-gaza |archive-date=8 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}} On 28 January 2024, a conference on resettling Gaza was attended by 11 cabinet ministers and 15 coalition members of the Israeli Knesset which, according to the Guardian "'appears to violate the international court of justice ruling last week that Israel must "take all measures within its power" to avoid acts of genocide in its war in Gaza, including the "prevention and punishment of genocidal rhetoric.'"{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=29 January 2024 |title=Israeli ministers attend conference calling for 'voluntary migration' of Palestinians |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/29/israeli-ministers-attend-conference-calling-for-voluntary-migration-of-palestinians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129181036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/29/israeli-ministers-attend-conference-calling-for-voluntary-migration-of-palestinians |archive-date=29 January 2024 |work=The Guardian}}

Both Israel and Palestine frequently accuse the other of planning to commit genocide.{{sfn|Short|2016|p=70}}{{sfn|Samudzi|2024|p=1}}

In late 2023, various global leaders and officials voiced their perspectives on the Israel-Gaza conflict, with many labeling Israel's actions in Gaza as "genocide." Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian,{{cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Iran Accuses Israel of 'Genocide' Against the Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4602621-iran-accuses-israel-‘genocide’-against-palestinians-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031095402/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4602621-iran-accuses-israel-%E2%80%98genocide%E2%80%99-against-palestinians-gaza |archive-date=31 October 2023 |publisher=Asharq Al-Awsat}} Pakistani Foreign Minister Jalil Abbas Jilani,{{cite news |title=FM Jilani equates Israeli strikes, blockade of Gaza to genocide against Palestinians |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1781220/fm-jilani-equates-israeli-strikes-blockade-of-gaza-to-genocide-against-palestinians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024004155/https://www.dawn.com/news/1781220/fm-jilani-equates-israeli-strikes-blockade-of-gaza-to-genocide-against-palestinians |archive-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Dawn}} the Taliban,{{cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan condemns in the strongest terms the bombardment of the Al-Mamadani Hospital in Gaza by the Zionist forces and deems this act barbaric and a crime against humanity. |url=https://mfa.gov.af/en/the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-condemns-in-the-strongest-terms-the-bombardment-of-the-al-mamadani-hospital-in-gaza-by-the-zionist-forces-and-deems-this-act-barba/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117192320/https://mfa.gov.af/en/the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-islamic-emirate-of-afghanistan-condemns-in-the-strongest-terms-the-bombardment-of-the-al-mamadani-hospital-in-gaza-by-the-zionist-forces-and-deems-this-act-barba/ |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2024 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan) |language=en-US |quote=We stand in solidarity with the Palestinians, and with countries and organizations calling for the immediate end of the ongoing genocide and bringing its perpetrators to justice.}}{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vasu |date=14 November 2023 |title=Decoding Pakistan and Afghanistan's Public Responses to the Israel-Hamas War |url=https://www.stimson.org/2023/decoding-pakistan-and-afghanistans-public-responses-to-the-israel-hamas-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117192321/https://www.stimson.org/2023/decoding-pakistan-and-afghanistans-public-responses-to-the-israel-hamas-war/ |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2024 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US |quote=The Taliban's response to the current conflict is entirely in support of the Palestinians and calls out Israeli aggression for violating their rights and the sanctity of Al-Aqsa and other mosques in Palestine. In a series of tweets, Afghanistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs referred to Israel's bombardment as a "genocide."}} Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Edna |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |last3=Stepansky |first3=Joseph |title=Abbas: Israel's war on Gaza is 'genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2488711 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116004227/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2488711 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}} Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro,{{cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Israel committing 'genocide' against Palestinian people |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/206973/Israel-committing-genocide-against-Palestinian-people |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016175619/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/206973/Israel-committing-genocide-against-Palestinian-people |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=Mehr News}} and the Kurdistan Communities Union were among those who condemned Israel's actions.{{cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=KCK: Attacks on the Palestinian people must stop |url=https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/kck-attacks-on-the-palestinian-people-must-stop-69877 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206185701/https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/kck-attacks-on-the-palestinian-people-must-stop-69877 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Firat News Agency |language=en |quote=Last night, the Israeli state launched an airstrike on a hospital in Gaza and unfortunately hundreds of people lost their lives in this attack. This attack is an attack of massacre and genocide.}}{{cite web |date=5 November 2023 |title=Kalkan: We defend the just cause of the Palestinian people until the end |url=https://anfenglish.com/features/kalkan-we-defend-the-just-cause-of-the-palestinian-people-until-the-end-70128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206185914/https://anfenglish.com/features/kalkan-we-defend-the-just-cause-of-the-palestinian-people-until-the-end-70128 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Firat News Agency |language=en |quote=Some time ago, Armenians in Karabakh were facing genocide. People were suffering. Now the same situation is happening in Gaza.}} Palestinian-American U.S. Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib accused President Biden of supporting this "genocide,"{{cite news |last=Demirjian |first=Karoun |date=30 October 2023 |title=Democratic Rifts Over Israel Burst to the Forefront in Congress |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/us/politics/democrats-israel-gaza.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108195142/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/us/politics/democrats-israel-gaza.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |work=The New York Times}} leading to a resolution for censure against her by the Republican caucus, sponsored by Marjorie Taylor Greene. On 4 November, Tlaib released a video in which she directly accused President Biden of supporting "the genocide of the Palestinian people".{{cite news |date=4 November 2023 |title=US Representative Tlaib accuses Biden of supporting genocide against Palestinians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-representative-tlaib-accuses-biden-supporting-genocide-against-palestinians-2023-11-04/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126213309/http://www.reuters.com/world/us-representative-tlaib-accuses-biden-supporting-genocide-against-palestinians-2023-11-04/ |archive-date=26 November 2023 |publisher=Reuters}}{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}} Craig Mokhiber from the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights resigned, criticizing the organization for its response to the Gaza war.{{cite news |last=Houghtaling |first=Ellie Quinlan |date=31 October 2023 |title=He Went There: Top U.N. Official Resigns Citing "Genocide" in Gaza |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/176538/top-un-official-resigns-citing-genocide-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113085903/https://newrepublic.com/post/176538/top-un-official-resigns-citing-genocide-gaza |archive-date=13 November 2023 |publisher=The New Republic |quote=Once again, we are seeing a genocide unfolding before our eyes, and the Organization that we serve appears powerless to stop it.}}{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}} A day after Colombia withdrew its ambassador from Israel, President Gustavo Petro posted on X in Spanish: "It's called genocide, they do it to remove the Palestinian people from Gaza and take it over. The head of the state who carries out this genocide is a criminal against humanity. Their allies cannot talk about democracy."{{cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title='Genocide', Colombia says as Latin American states condemn Israel over Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/genocide-colombia-says-as-latin-american-states-condemn-israel-over-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120090306/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/genocide-colombia-says-as-latin-american-states-condemn-israel-over-gaza |archive-date=20 November 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}{{cite news |last1=Rueda |first1=Manuel |title=Israel suspends military exports to Colombia over its president's criticism of Gaza siege |url=https://apnews.com/article/colombia-israel-petro-suspend-defense-exports-a92effbb531ea4631d25a8c1d32ede28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012058/https://apnews.com/article/colombia-israel-petro-suspend-defense-exports-a92effbb531ea4631d25a8c1d32ede28 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=Associated Press}} Leaders from Turkey,{{cite news |last1=Gumrukcu |first1=Tuvan |last2=Karakas |first2=Burcu |date=20 October 2023 |title=Turkey's Erdogan calls on Israel to stop its attacks on Gaza 'amounting to genocide' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-stop-attacks-gaza-amounting-genocide-2023-10-20/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102065137/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-stop-attacks-gaza-amounting-genocide-2023-10-20/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |publisher=Reuters}} Brazil,{{cite web |last1=Verdélio |first1=Andreia |date=25 October 2023 |title=President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126232437/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Agência Brasil}} and Syria also condemned Israel's actions.{{cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Syria denounced Western support for Israel's massacre in Gaza |url=https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/10/26/syria-denounced-western-support-for-israels-massacre-in-gaza/#:~:text=Damascus%2C%20Oct%2026%20(Prensa%20Latina,led%20by%20the%20United%20States. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030202033/https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/10/26/syria-denounced-western-support-for-israels-massacre-in-gaza/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Prensa Latina}}

File:Pro-Palestine_demonstators_at_a_subway_station_in_Toronto,_12_November_2023_02.jpg, Canada, 12 November 2023]]

The international response continued with various nations expressing strong condemnation. The Honduran ministry of foreign affairs stated "Honduras energetically condemns the genocide and serious violations of international humanitarian law that the civilian Palestinian population is suffering in the Gaza Strip".{{cite news |last=Sforza |first=Lauren |date=6 November 2023 |title=These 8 countries have pulled ambassadors from Israel amid Hamas war |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/4296621-these-8-countries-have-pulled-ambassadors-from-israel-amid-hamas-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142216/https://thehill.com/homenews/4296621-these-8-countries-have-pulled-ambassadors-from-israel-amid-hamas-war/ |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=The Hill}} South Africa recalled its diplomatic mission from Israel and criticized Israel's ambassador for disparaging those "opposing the atrocities and genocide of the Israeli government".{{cite news |last=Magome |first=Mogomotsi |date=6 November 2023 |title=South Africa recalls ambassador and diplomatic mission to Israel and accuses it of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.timesunion.com/news/world/article/south-africa-recalls-ambassador-and-diplomatic-18471371.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123181620/https://www.timesunion.com/news/world/article/south-africa-recalls-ambassador-and-diplomatic-18471371.php |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Times Union |agency=Associated Press}} South African President Cyril Ramaphosa accused Israel of war crimes and acts "tantamount to genocide" in Gaza.{{cite news |last1=Imray |first1=Gerald |date=21 November 2023 |title=South African leader accuses Israel of war crimes |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-palestine-putin-xi-brics-0c070286b154198a36f0cf7440f973b5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130015556/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-palestine-putin-xi-brics-0c070286b154198a36f0cf7440f973b5 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |access-date=28 November 2023 |publisher=AP News}} Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Al Sudani and Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi labeled the conflict a "genocide."{{cite news |last=Mahmoud |first=Sinan |date=6 November 2023 |title=Iraq and Iran describe Israel's war in Gaza as 'genocide' against Palestinians |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2023/11/06/iraqi-pm-visits-tehran-on-first-stop-of-regional-tour-to-discuss-israel-gaza-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114011548/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2023/11/06/iraqi-pm-visits-tehran-on-first-stop-of-regional-tour-to-discuss-israel-gaza-war/ |archive-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=The National |quote="Anyone who wants to contain this conflict and to prevent its spillover in the region should exert pressure on the authorities of the occupation to stop this aggression and the devastating and systematic killing, " Mr Al Sudani said. [...] "The aid from the United States to the Zionist regime [Israel] is encouraging them to kill and commit cruel acts of neglect against the Palestinian people, " Mr Raisi said. [...] "These horrible crimes against humanity are a genocide, which is carried out by the Zionist regime [Israel] with the support of the United States and certain European countries."}} Meanwhile, journalist Ishaan Tharoor highlighted that: "In protests around the world, in the corridors of the United Nations and in the angry chambers of social media, one word is getting louder and louder: genocide." with governments, UN rapporteurs, and scholars echoing this sentiment.{{cite news |last=Ishaan |first=Tharoor |date=7 November 2023 |title=Israel's war in Gaza and the specter of 'genocide' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/07/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126233812/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/07/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine/ |archive-date=26 November 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} The same month Jeremy Corbyn, former leader of the UK Labour Party, called for an International Criminal Court investigation.{{cite news |last=Corbyn |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Corbyn |date=6 November 2023 |title=The ICC must investigate the crime of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/6/the-icc-must-investigate-the-crime-of-genocide-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124075158/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/6/the-icc-must-investigate-the-crime-of-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}

UN experts reported that "grave violations" committed by Israeli forces against the Palestinians of Gaza "point to a genocide in the making" and cited evidence including "increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to 'destroy the Palestinian people under occupation', loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure."{{cite web |author= |date=16 November 2023 |title=Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224050530/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=OHCHR |quote=Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.}}

Contrasting these views, Israel's Ambassador to the Philippines, Ilan Fluss, denied allegations of genocide, asserting Israel's efforts to minimize civilian casualties and target Hamas members.{{sfn|Antonio|2023|ps=: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."}} US national security advisor John Kirby stated that applying the term "genocide" to Israeli actions was "inappropriate," while emphasizing Hamas' stated intent "What Hamas wants, make no mistake about it, is genocide," explaining "They want to wipe Israel off the map".{{cite news |last=Lazaroff |first=Tovah |date=21 November 2023 |title=Kirby: word genocide thrown around inappropriately against Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-774296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121052003/https://www.jpost.com/international/article-774296 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}{{cite news |last=Magid |first=Jacob |date=21 November 2023 |title='Genocide' accusations by anti-Israel activists 'pretty inappropriate' — White House |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/genocide-accusations-by-anti-israel-activists-pretty-inappropriate-white-house/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121115636/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/genocide-accusations-by-anti-israel-activists-pretty-inappropriate-white-house/ |archive-date=21 November 2023 |work=Times of Israel |quote="Israel is not trying to wipe the Palestinian people off the map. Israel is not trying to wipe Gaza off the map. Israel is trying to defend itself against a genocidal terrorist threat. So if we're going to start using that word, Fine. Let's use it appropriately," Kirby says.}}

In February 2024, law professor and United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food, Michael Fakhri, accused the state of Israel of being "culpable" of genocide, as according to Fakhri, firstly "Israel has announced its intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, simply for being Palestinian", and secondly Israel was denying food to Palestinians by halting humanitarian aid and "intentionally" destroying "small-scale fishing vessels, greenhouses and orchards in Gaza{{nbsp}}[...] We have never seen a civilian population made to go so hungry so quickly and so completely, that is the consensus among starvation experts. Israel is not just targeting civilians, it is trying to damn the future of the Palestinian people by harming their children."{{sfn|Lakhani|2024}}

File:Gas_the_Arabs_painted_in_Hebron.jpg, in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, calling for the gassing of Arabs, above a tag for the right-wing group the Jewish Defense League{{cite magazine |last=Harkinson |first=Josh |date=11 March 2015 |title=Why are US taxpayers subsidizing right-wing Israeli settlers? |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/03/hebron-fund-israeli-settlers-tax-exempt-irs-avaaz/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123185054/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/03/hebron-fund-israeli-settlers-tax-exempt-irs-avaaz/ |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |magazine=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}{{cite magazine |last=Matar |first=Haggai |date=10 May 2014 |title=How I got involved in a 14-year-old girl's murder case |url=https://www.972mag.com/how-i-got-involved-in-a-14-year-old-girls-murder-case/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122195518/https://www.972mag.com/how-i-got-involved-in-a-14-year-old-girls-murder-case/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |magazine=+972 Magazine |language=en-US}}]]

Statements of genocidal intent have long been a feature of the Israeli cultural landscape, not least in the chant or slogan of "Death to Arabs" – a regular invocation at far-right Israeli protests and marches, such at the annual march marking "Jerusalem Day".{{cite magazine |last=Ziv |first=Oren |date=30 May 2022 |title=WATCH: Jewish supremacists chant 'Death to Arabs' during Flag March |url=https://www.972mag.com/jewish-supremacists-flag-march-jerusalem/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125022350/https://www.972mag.com/jewish-supremacists-flag-march-jerusalem/ |archive-date=25 November 2023 |magazine=+972 Magazine}}{{cite web |last=Doyle |first=Chris |date=2 June 2022 |title=Israel–Palestine: Would western media walk on eggshells if Arabs were chanting 'death to Jews'? |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-arabs-chanting-death-jews-western-media-eggshells |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321053619/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-arabs-chanting-death-jews-western-media-eggshells |archive-date=21 March 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}

In 2023, several high-profile individuals and groups voiced strong opinions on the Israel-Gaza conflict, with some labelling Israel's actions as genocide. Writer Jazmine Hughes left The New York Times Magazine after signing an open letter condemning Israel's actions in Gaza calling them "an attempt to conduct genocide".{{cite news |last1=Selk |first1=Avi |last2=Chery |first2=Samantha |date=4 November 2023 |title=N.Y. Times writer quits over open letter accusing Israel of 'genocide' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/11/04/nyt-jazmine-hughes-resigns/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118013610/https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/11/04/nyt-jazmine-hughes-resigns/ |archive-date=18 November 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Statement of Solidarity |url=https://www.writersagainstthewarongaza.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124061259/https://www.writersagainstthewarongaza.com/ |archive-date=24 November 2023 |website=Writers against the war on Gaza}} Musician Macklemore expressed his view that the conflict is a genocide at a rally in Washington.{{cite magazine |last1=Moench |first1=Mallory |last2=Gordon |first2=Anna |date=5 November 2023 |title=Key Moments From the Pro-Palestinian Marches Across the U.S. |url=https://time.com/6331688/protest-marches-us-gaza-war-ceasefire/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120191131/https://time.com/6331688/protest-marches-us-gaza-war-ceasefire/ |archive-date=20 November 2023 |magazine=TIME}} Feminist scholars Angela Davis and Zillah Eisenstein, among nearly 150 other signatories, signed an open letter which reads "We will not be silent when the bells of genocide ring. Silence is complicity."{{cite web |last=Zhang |first=Sharon |date=30 October 2023 |title=Over 140 Prominent Feminist Scholars Demand Ceasefire, End to Occupation in Gaza |url=https://truthout.org/articles/over-140-prominent-feminist-scholars-demand-ceasefire-end-to-occupation-in-gaza/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117172657/https://truthout.org/articles/over-140-prominent-feminist-scholars-demand-ceasefire-end-to-occupation-in-gaza/ |archive-date=17 November 2023 |website=Truthout}} Mexican actress Melissa Barrera was reportedly fired from "Scream VII" for social media posts supporting Palestine and labelling Israel's actions as "genocide and ethnic cleansing".{{cite news |date=22 November 2023 |title=Susan Sarandon, Melissa Barrera dropped from Hollywood companies after comments on Israel–Hamas war |url=https://apnews.com/article/melissa-barrera-susan-sarandon-israel-palestine-scream-101895c5aafe2ec2f77e3dcda706e6ec |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122183348/https://apnews.com/article/melissa-barrera-susan-sarandon-israel-palestine-scream-101895c5aafe2ec2f77e3dcda706e6ec |archive-date=22 November 2023 |work=Associated Press News}}

Russian-American author Masha Gessen when asked if what was happening in Gaza was a genocide said, "I think there are some fine distinctions between genocide and ethnic cleansing and I think that there are valid arguments for using both terms".{{cite web |last1=Gessen |first1=Masha |author1-link=Masha Gessen |date=21 December 2023 |title=Masha Gessen Responds to Controversy After Comparing Gaza to a Nazi Ghetto |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU6kP9UqhGI&t=977s |website=YouTube |publisher=Amanpour and Company |language=en |format=video |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110030226/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU6kP9UqhGI&t=977s |url-status=live}} When pressed further they stated, "it is at the very least ethnic cleansing". This was followed soon after controversy surrounding Gessen's reception of the Hannah Arendt Prize over remarks in a New Yorker article critical of Israeli actions in the strip in which Gessen compared them to an Eastern European ghetto "being liquidated" by the Nazis.{{cite magazine |last1=Gessen |first1=Masha |author-link=Masha Gessen |date=9 December 2023 |title=In the Shadow of the Holocaust |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-weekend-essay/in-the-shadow-of-the-holocaust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117043556/https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-weekend-essay/in-the-shadow-of-the-holocaust |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker}} In December 2023, Olly Alexander, set to represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024,{{cite news |last=Penna |first=Dominic |date=20 December 2023 |title=BBC urged to sack Eurovision entrant who called Israel an 'apartheid state' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/20/bbc-pressure-olly-alexander-eurovision-israel-apartheid/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223180327/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/20/bbc-pressure-olly-alexander-eurovision-israel-apartheid/ |archive-date=23 December 2023 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}} signed a letter by the LGBT association Voices4London accusing Israel of genocide against Palestinians.{{cite news |date=21 December 2023 |title=UK Eurovision act Olly Alexander criticised for signing statement calling Israel an 'apartheid state' and accusing it of genocide |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-eurovision-act-olly-alexander-criticised-for-signing-statement-calling-israel-an-apartheid-state-and-accusing-it-of-genocide-13035601 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103135440/https://news.sky.com/story/uk-eurovision-act-olly-alexander-criticised-for-signing-statement-calling-israel-an-apartheid-state-and-accusing-it-of-genocide-13035601 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |work=Sky News}} This stance led to condemnation from the Israeli government and the Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA), who asked the BBC to disallow Alexander's Eurovision participation. However, the BBC declined Israel's request, choosing not to sever ties with Alexander over his political views.{{cite news |last=Penna |first=Dominic |date=22 December 2023 |title=BBC will not stop Eurovision contestant expressing his political views |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/22/bbc-eurovision-contestant-olly-alexander-political-views/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131731/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/22/bbc-eurovision-contestant-olly-alexander-political-views/ |archive-date=30 December 2023 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}

File:Palestine_Rally_End_The_Siege,_Stop_the_War_on_Gaza_(53264904773).jpg on October 15, 2023, holding sign invoking the "Shoah" in a call to end Israel's actions against Gaza]]

Those who have accused Israel of genocide have cited various statements made by Israeli government and military officials as evidence of intent to commit genocide. During the 2008–09 Gaza War, Israeli Defense Minister Matan Vilnai said: "The more Qassam [rocket] fire intensifies and the rockets reach a longer range, they will bring upon themselves a bigger Shoah because we will use all our might to defend ourselves." Colleagues said that his statement had meant "disaster" rather than "genocide".{{sfn|Rashed|Short|2012|p=1155}}{{sfn|Shaw|2010|pp=2–3}}{{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Rory |date=1 March 2008 |title=Israeli minister warns of Holocaust for Gaza if violence continues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/01/israelandthepalestinians1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106192536/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/01/israelandthepalestinians1 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |work=The Guardian}}

Scholars, such as Mark Levene,{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=5}} Raz Segal, Luigi Daniele,{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=1}} and Shmuel Lederman,{{sfn|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2}} alongside news outlets such as AP News,{{cite news |last=Goldenberg |first=Tia |date=18 January 2024 |title=Harsh Israeli rhetoric against Palestinians becomes central to South Africa's genocide case |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-south-africa-genocide-hate-speech-97a9e4a84a3a6bebeddfb80f8a030724 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305035421/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-south-africa-genocide-hate-speech-97a9e4a84a3a6bebeddfb80f8a030724 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |work=AP News}} have highlighted the increasing genocidal rhetoric in Israeli discourse since Benjamin Netanyahu's 2015 prime ministership. {{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|pp=1–2}} They specifically highlight comments from Bezalel Smotrich, Itamar Ben-Gvir, and Ayelet Shaked.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2}} Statements made by Israeli politicians during the 2023–24 Gaza War were cited by South Africa in its allegation at the International Court of Justice that Israel has committed genocide against the Palestinian people.{{sfn|El-Affendi|2024|p=6}}

On 28 October 2023, Netanyahu said Israelis were "committed to completely eliminating this evil from the world" and added: "You must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible. And we do remember." The quotation refers to Deuteronomy 25:17 in the Hebrew Bible.{{efn|"Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way as ye came forth out of Egypt; how he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, all that were enfeebled in thy rear, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God. Therefore it shall be, when the Lord thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget." (Deuteronomy 25:17–19, Jewish Publication Society of America Version){{cite speech |title=Statement by PM Netanyahu |last=Netanyahu |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Netanyahu |date=28 October 2023 |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-28-oct-2023 |access-date=9 February 2024 |location=Jerusalem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014944/https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-28-oct-2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |url-status=live}}{{sfn|El-Affendi|2024|p=2}} The phrase "Remember what Amalek did to you"({{langx|he|זכור את אשר עשה לך עמלק}}) is used in Holocaust memorials, including Yad Vashem and the Hague Jewish Monument.{{cite magazine |last=Rosenberg |first=Yair |author-link=Yair Rosenberg |date=21 January 2024 |title=What Did Top Israel War Officials Really Say About Gaza? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/01/israel-south-africa-genocide-case-fake-quotes/677198/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205221304/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/01/israel-south-africa-genocide-case-fake-quotes/677198/ |archive-date=5 February 2024 |magazine=The Atlantic}}}} Critics say Netanyahu's reference to Amalek alludes to an incident in 1 Samuel 15:3, in which God commands the Israelites to commit genocide against the Amalekites.{{efn|"Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass." (1 Samuel 15:3, King James Version){{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}}}} Noah Lanard of Mother Jones'' described the Amalek verses as among the most violent in the Bible and said they have a long history of being used by Israelis on the far-right, such as Baruch Goldstein, to justify killing Palestinians.{{cite web |last=Lanard |first=Noah |date=3 November 2023 |title=The dangerous history behind Netanyahu's Amalek rhetoric |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/11/benjamin-netanyahu-amalek-israel-palestine-gaza-saul-samuel-old-testament/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124213319/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/11/benjamin-netanyahu-amalek-israel-palestine-gaza-saul-samuel-old-testament/ |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Mother Jones}} Yair Rosenberg says the Deuteronomy verse refers to the need to remember an attack against the Jewish people. NPR issued a correction to indicate that Netanyahu had added a citation to Deuteronomy, rather than Samuel, in his speech, but added: "Both stories call for the Israelites to completely eliminate their attackers. In the Book of Deuteronomy, the text reads 'blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven'."{{cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=Netanyahu's references to violent biblical passages raise alarm among critics |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/07/1211133201/netanyahus-references-to-violent-biblical-passages-raise-alarm-among-critics |work=Morning Edition |publisher=National Public Radio |archive-date=10 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210045554/https://www.npr.org/2023/11/07/1211133201/netanyahus-references-to-violent-biblical-passages-raise-alarm-among-critics |url-status=live}}

On 9 October 2023, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said Israel would launch a "complete siege" of Gaza, with plans to cut off electricity, food, water and fuel supplies, saying: "We are fighting human animals and will act accordingly."{{sfn|Karantth|2023}} Gallant's statements were criticized as expressing genocidal intent towards Palestinians, and of calling for collective punishment of Gazan civilians.{{harvnb|Karantth|2023}}: "While it appears that Gallant was specifically referring to Hamas fighters in that comment, the rest of the minister's remarks called for further oppression of all people in Gaza by denying them basic human needs."; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|p=1}}{{cite news |last1=Schifrin |first1=Nick |last2=Sagalyn |first2=Dan |last3=Kopelev |first3=Sonia |last4=Warsi |first4=Zeba |date=11 January 2024 |title=Experts give 2 perspectives on accusations Israel is committing genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/experts-give-2-perspectives-on-accusations-israel-is-committing-genocide-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223120304/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/experts-give-2-perspectives-on-accusations-israel-is-committing-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=23 February 2024 |work=PBS NewsHour |quote="They used Yoav Gallant, the defense minister's statement that he's going after — that they're fighting human animals. He says, oh, I just meant Hamas, but, in fact, if you listen to him, he was talking about the siege, which is of everybody in Gaza."}}{{cite news |last=Baroud |first=Ramzy |date=23 October 2023 |title=Israel's Gaza war rooted in dehumanizing, genocidal language |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2396301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123234708/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2396301 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=Arab News}} Israeli Minister of Finance Bezalel Smotrich stated that Israel had "returned Khan Yunis to the stone age".{{cite news |date=9 April 2024 |title=Smotrich: Sinwar senses weakness, only military pressure will return hostages |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/388213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410184325/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/388213 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=Israel National News |language=en}}

Other Israeli figures whose statements on the 2023 war have been cited by accusers include Ariel Kallner, a Knesset member for Likud, who said Israel's sole goal was "A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 1948", and IDF spokesman Daniel Hagari, who said Israeli forces would turn Gaza into a "city of tents" with the focus on "damage and not on accuracy".{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}} Amichay Eliyahu, a cabinet minister, and Tally Gotliv, a Likud parliament member, have called for Israel to use nuclear weapons on Gaza. Gotliv said: "It's time for a doomsday weapon. Not flattening a neighborhood. Crushing and flattening Gaza." Galit Distel-Atbaryan said that Israelis should focus on "Erasing all of Gaza from the face of the earth" and either forcing the Gazans into Egypt or killing them.{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}} Raz Segal said statements such as these represented a "textbook case of genocide": "If this is not special intent to destroy, I don't know what is."{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}} Anshel Pfeffer says that Benjamin Netanyahu has tolerated extreme rhetoric, including "apocalyptic threats and conspiracy theories", from his allies to serve his own personal political interests.{{cite news |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |author-link=Anshel Pfeffer |date=20 November 2023 |title=Why Netanyahu Won't Shut Down the Crazy Talk About 'Resettling' Gaza |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-20/ty-article/.premium/why-netanyahu-wont-shut-down-the-crazy-talk-about-resettling-gaza/0000018b-ee0b-d6a0-a7ff-ee7fa0c30000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213134016/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-20/ty-article/.premium/why-netanyahu-wont-shut-down-the-crazy-talk-about-resettling-gaza/0000018b-ee0b-d6a0-a7ff-ee7fa0c30000 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}

Ramzy Baroud of Arab News compared the rhetoric from Israeli officials with the language used in Rwanda ahead of the Rwandan genocide, such as the refrain by the Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) in Rwanda that Tutsis were "cockroaches" and a 1983 quote from former Israeli army chief of staff Rafael Eitan that Arabs are like "drugged cockroaches in a bottle". Journalist Chris McGreal, who won an Amnesty International Media Award for his reporting of the Rwandan genocide,{{cite news |date=26 November 2002 |title=Awards for Guardian journalists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/nov/26/theguardian.pressandpublishing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312111654/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/nov/26/theguardian.pressandpublishing |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |work=The Guardian |location=London}} also described the rhetoric against Palestinians as being "eerily familiar" to the rhetoric used against Tutsis.{{cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |author-link=Chris McGreal |date=16 October 2023 |title=The language being used to describe Palestinians is genocidal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/16/the-language-being-used-to-describe-palestinians-is-genocidal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121075045/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/16/the-language-being-used-to-describe-palestinians-is-genocidal |archive-date=21 November 2023 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}

On 14 November 2023, Israel's finance minister Bezalel Smotrich said he welcomed "the initiative of the voluntary emigration of Gaza Arabs to countries around the world". He said that "the State of Israel will no longer be able to accept the existence of an independent entity in Gaza".{{cite news |date=14 November 2023 |title=Israeli minister calls for voluntary emigration of Gazans |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-minister-calls-voluntary-emigration-gazans-2023-11-14/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121235512/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-minister-calls-voluntary-emigration-gazans-2023-11-14/ |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}} Critics, such as Palestinian National Initiative president Mustafa Barghouti, have likened the statement to a call for ethnic cleansing.{{cite news |date=14 November 2023 |title=Israeli minister supports 'voluntary migration' of Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/israeli-minister-supports-voluntary-migration-of-palestinians-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121065831/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/israeli-minister-supports-voluntary-migration-of-palestinians-in-gaza |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} The Palestinian Authority's Ministry of Foreign affairs accused Israel of engaging in a "genocide" supported by Smotrich. Likud Intelligence Minister Gila Gamliel said the international community should promote the "voluntary resettlement" of Palestinians in Gaza to sites around the globe.{{cite news |date=19 November 2023 |title=Likud minister suggests world should promote 'voluntary resettlement' of Gazans |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/likud-minister-suggests-world-should-promote-voluntary-resettlement-of-gazans/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121193914/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/likud-minister-suggests-world-should-promote-voluntary-resettlement-of-gazans/ |archive-date=21 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel}} A Channel 12 survey reported that 44 percent of responders said they were in favor of a renewal of Jewish settlement in Gaza.{{cite news |date=18 November 2023 |title=Survey shows substantial support for renewal of Jewish settlement in Gaza after war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/survey-shows-substantial-support-for-renewal-of-jewish-settlement-in-gaza-after-war |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122180446/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/survey-shows-substantial-support-for-renewal-of-jewish-settlement-in-gaza-after-war |archive-date=22 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel}}

File:Free_Palestine_will_not_be_cancelled_(53309781090).jpg on November 4, 2023, holding a "Stop the Genocide in Gaza" sign]]

In November 2023, Israel's former justice minister, Ayelet Shaked, spoke of transforming Khan Younis into a soccer field with "the assistance of God and the IDF". He said Israel should pressure countries worldwide into accepting quotas of Gazan refugees, ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 per country.{{cite news |date=22 November 2023 |title=Ayelet Shaked makes provocative statements on relocating population in Gaza |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231122-ayelet-shaked-makes-provocative-statements-on-relocating-population-in-gaza/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223103717/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231122-ayelet-shaked-makes-provocative-statements-on-relocating-population-in-gaza/ |archive-date=23 December 2023 |work=Middle East Monitor}} Otzma Yehudit MK Limor Son Har-Melech, said: "there is no escape from returning and fully controlling the Gaza Strip", including "extensive and flourishing settlement" across "the entire length and width of the strip".{{cite news |date=24 November 2023 |title=Otzma Yehudit MK calls for control of Gaza Strip |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-774881 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119104402/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-774881 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}} David Azoulay, the local council head of the town of Metula, said the people of Gaza should be transported to "Lebanon's shores where there are enough refugee camps". He said: "the entire Gaza Strip should be emptied and levelled flat, just like in Auschwitz. Let it become a museum, showcasing the capabilities of the State of Israel and dissuading anyone from living in the Gaza Strip" and "demonstrating the madness of the people who lived there". His statements were condemned by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.{{cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title=Israel council leader says Gaza 'should become Auschwitz' |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-council-leader-says-gaza-should-become-auschwitz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222074527/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-council-leader-says-gaza-should-become-auschwitz |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=The New Arab |language=en}}

In the Florida legislature, Democratic Representative Angie Nixon, supporting a ceasefire resolution, highlighted the high death toll of Palestinians questioning how many had to die before a ceasefire was called for,{{efn|Around 10,000 Palestinians had been reported dead at the time of the debate.{{sfn|Salam|2023|ps=: "We are at 10,000 dead Palestinians. How many will be enough?"}}}} Republican Representative Michelle Salzman replied instantly "All of them". Salzman's remark, perceived as a call for genocide, led to calls for censure or resignation from Nixon and the Florida chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations called for her to be censured or to resign.{{cite news |last=Mitrovica |first=Andrew |title=Getting away with a call to genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/20/all-of-them |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216224755/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/20/all-of-them |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{cite news |last=Salam |first=Erum |date=10 November 2023 |title=Outrage grows after 'chilling call for genocide' by Florida Republican |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/10/florida-republican-michelle-salzman-palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204212337/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/10/florida-republican-michelle-salzman-palestine |archive-date=4 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} CAIR-Florida Executive Director Imam Abdullah Jaber said in a statement: "This chilling call for genocide by an American lawmaker is the direct result of decades of dehumanization of the Palestinian people by advocates of Israeli apartheid and their eager enablers in government and the media."{{cite news |date=10 November 2023 |title=CAIR-Florida Condemns Lawmaker's Call for Killing of 'All' Palestinians, Calls for GOP Censure and Public Repudiation |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-florida-condemns-lawmakers-call-for-killing-of-all-palestinians-calls-for-gop-censure-and-public-repudiation/ |work=Council on American-Islamic Relations |archive-date=10 February 2024 |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210140515/https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-florida-condemns-lawmakers-call-for-killing-of-all-palestinians-calls-for-gop-censure-and-public-repudiation/ |url-status=live}}

In October, Republican Florida governor Ron DeSantis said "If you look at how [people in Gaza] behave, not all of them are Hamas, but they are all anti-Semitic" and called for a "swift and lethal response."{{cite news |last=Alafriz |first=Olivia |date=14 October 2023 |title=DeSantis: U.S. should not accept Gaza refugees |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/14/desantis-they-are-all-anti-semitic-00121587 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102085245/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/14/desantis-they-are-all-anti-semitic-00121587 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=Politico |language=en}}

File:Stop_the_genocide,_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_(53275371893).jpg}}]]

Republican US Congressman Max Miller, on Fox News, stated that Palestine is "about to get eviscerated{{nbsp}}... to turn that into a parking lot." He said there should be "no rules of engagement" during Israel's bombardment of Gaza.{{cite news |date=26 October 2023 |title=US congressman: 'Palestine will be turned into a parking lot' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231026-us-congressman-palestine-will-be-turned-into-a-parking-lot/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028030424/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231026-us-congressman-palestine-will-be-turned-into-a-parking-lot/ |archive-date=28 October 2023 |work=Middle East Monitor}} Miller also questioned the accuracy of the Gaza Health Ministry's claim that 10,000 people have been killed in Gaza, saying that he believes many of those killed have been "Hamas terrorists", not innocent civilians.{{cite web |last=Eaton |first=Sabrina |date=17 November 2023 |title=U.S. Rep. Max Miller defends Israel's conduct of Hamas war after visit to Tel Aviv |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/11/us-rep-max-miller-defends-israels-conduct-of-hamas-war-after-visit-to-tel-aviv.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216072034/https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/11/us-rep-max-miller-defends-israels-conduct-of-hamas-war-after-visit-to-tel-aviv.html |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=cleveland.com |language=en}}

Former Republican Representative Michele Bachmann appearing in December on The Charlie Kirk Show claimed all Palestinians were "clever assassins" and that they should be forcefully relocated to Iran. She received a round of applause from the audience, while Kirk replied that US policies should be more like those of the current Israeli government.{{cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Michele Bachmann Calls for Ethnic Cleansing in Gaza: 'They Need To Be Removed From That Land' |url=https://www.mediaite.com/tv/michele-bachmann-calls-for-ethnic-cleansing-in-gaza-they-need-to-be-removed-from-that-land/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224135124/https://www.mediaite.com/tv/michele-bachmann-calls-for-ethnic-cleansing-in-gaza-they-need-to-be-removed-from-that-land/ |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Mediaite |language=en}}{{cite web |author=Media Matters Staff |date=18 December 2023 |title=Michelle Bachmann to Charlie Kirk: "It's time that Gaza ends. The 2 million people who live there, they are clever assassins. They need to be removed from that land." |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/charlie-kirk/michelle-bachmann-charlie-kirk-its-time-gaza-ends-2-million-people-who-live-there-they |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219113014/https://www.mediamatters.org/charlie-kirk/michelle-bachmann-charlie-kirk-its-time-gaza-ends-2-million-people-who-live-there-they |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Media Matters for America |language=en}}

Republican U.S. Representative Brian Mast compared all Palestinians to Nazis in November on the House floor.{{cite magazine |last=Otten |first=Tori |date=1 November 2023 |title=Republican Representative Directly Compares All Palestinians to Nazis |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/176559/republican-representative-brian-mast-compares-palestinians-nazis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203033548/https://newrepublic.com/post/176559/republican-representative-brian-mast-compares-palestinians-nazis |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date=3 February 2024 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}} On January 31, 2024, Mast said that Palestinian babies are not innocent civilians but "terrorists" who should be killed, that more infrastructure in Gaza needs to be destroyed, and "It would be better if you kill all the terrorists and kill everyone who are supporters."{{cite magazine |last=Otten |first=Tori |date=1 February 2024 |title=GOP Congressman Says Dead Palestinian Babies Aren't All That Innocent |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/178679/gop-congressman-brian-mast-dead-palestinian-babies-not-innocent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201235221/https://newrepublic.com/post/178679/gop-congressman-brian-mast-dead-palestinian-babies-not-innocent |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=3 February 2024 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}}

Ahmad Abuznaid, the executive director of the US Campaign for Palestinian Rights (USPCR) said that "There is a bipartisan effort to dehumanise the Palestinian people," referring especially to President Joe Biden voicing doubt over the accuracy of the Palestinian death count and attacks on Palestinian American Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib for her criticism of Israel's military offensive.{{cite news |last=Harb |first=Ali |title=Anti-Palestinian sentiment rises amid bipartisan US support for Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/anti-palestinian-sentiment-rises-amid-bipartisan-us-support-for-israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217071455/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/anti-palestinian-sentiment-rises-amid-bipartisan-us-support-for-israel |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

The accusation of genocide has been largely rejected by Israelis.{{sfn|Pappé|2010|pp=201–205}}{{cite book |last1=Polya |first1=Gideon |title=The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-10792-2 |pages=39–42 |language=en |chapter=Ongoing Palestinian Genocide |doi=10.1057/9780230107922_3 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_3 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201251/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_3 |url-status=live}} Despite most Israelis rejecting the accusation of genocide, some Israelis and many in the Jewish diaspora – including several Holocaust survivors – have protested against the Israeli government, claiming that such accusations are true.{{harvnb|Pappé|2010|pp=201–205}}; {{harvnb|Segal|2023}}; {{harvnb|JTA|Kampeas|2021}}; {{harvnb|Center for Constitutional Rights|2016|pp=6–7}}{{cite news |last1=Rocca |first1=Ryan |last2=Carty |first2=Matt |date=10 November 2023 |title=Protest held at Toronto's Union Station over Israel-Hamas conflict |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10081243/toronto-union-station-pro-palestine-protest/ |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=Global News |language=en-CA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409223813/https://globalnews.ca/news/10081243/toronto-union-station-pro-palestine-protest/ |archive-date=9 April 2024}}

Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore says that "Jews are now accused of the very crimes they themselves have suffered [...] when no genocide has taken place or been intended", with the effect that the word has "been so devalued by its metaphorical abuse that it has become meaningless".{{cite magazine |last1=Montefiore |first1=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |date=27 October 2023 |title=The Decolonization Narrative Is Dangerous and False |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/10/decolonization-narrative-dangerous-and-false/675799/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231028061758/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/10/decolonization-narrative-dangerous-and-false/675799/ |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |magazine=The Atlantic}} In 2015, sociologist David Hirsh said there has never been a genocide of Palestinians, and that there was no evidence of genocide in Gaza. Hirsh says that accusations of genocide against Israel – whether in Gaza, the West Bank, or Lebanon – are commonly made by anti-Zionists to demonize Israel and "oversimplify the complex dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". Zionist history professor Robert S. Wistrich says the genocide accusation is "purely fictional".{{cite journal |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |date=2014 |title=Gaza, Hamas, and the Return of Antisemitism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601 |journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=35–48 |doi=10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601 |s2cid=142072208 |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180752/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601 |url-status=live}}

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken has called the genocide accusation against Israel "meritless".{{cite news |last=Samuels |first=Ben |date=9 January 2024 |title=Blinken: Genocide Charge Against Israel Is 'Meritless'; Palestinians Must Be Allowed Return to North Gaza |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-01-09/ty-article/.premium/blinken-genocide-charge-against-israel-meritless-palestinians-must-be-allowed-return/0000018c-ef8f-da6b-abdd-ffcf48d60000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109203811/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-01-09/ty-article/.premium/blinken-genocide-charge-against-israel-meritless-palestinians-must-be-allowed-return/0000018c-ef8f-da6b-abdd-ffcf48d60000 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=Haaretz}} U.S. Democratic Party Representative Ritchie Torres calls the characterisation "blood libel".{{cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |date=11 November 2023 |title=Two Young Democratic Stars Collide Over Israel and Their Party's Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/nyregion/aoc-torres-israel-gaza.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118155151/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/nyregion/aoc-torres-israel-gaza.html |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Conservative American radio talk show host Dennis Prager says that characterising the conflict as a genocide against the Palestinians is antisemitic.{{cite book |last1=Prager |first1=Dennis |author1-link=Dennis Prager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAeeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19 |title=Why the Jews?: The Reason for Antisemitism |last2=Telushkin |first2=Joseph |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7432-4620-0 |page=xix |language=English}}

In May 2024, NYU Langone Health fired Hesen Jabr, a Muslim Palestinian-American nurse, after she called Israel's actions in Gaza "genocide" during an award acceptance speech.{{cite news |last=Oladipo |first=Gloria |date=31 May 2024 |title=New York hospital fires nurse after calling Gaza war a 'genocide' in speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/31/new-york-university-hospital-fires-nurse-gaza-war-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602163328/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/31/new-york-university-hospital-fires-nurse-gaza-war-genocide |archive-date=2 June 2024 |work=The Guardian}}

File:Timeline_of_Israel-Palestine_fatalities_2008-2023.png and Palestinian deaths preceding the Gaza war in 2023. Most were civilians.{{cite web |title=Data on casualties |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120083937/https://www.ochaopt.org/data/casualties |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}}{{cite news |last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel-Gaza crossfire as death toll rises |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012150320/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=ABC News}}]]

Ilan Pappé reported in 2008 that since the year 2000 "almost 4,000 Palestinians have been killed by Israeli forces, half of them children, and more than 20,000 wounded."{{efn|Most of these occurred during the Second Intifada where, from 29 September 2000 to 1 January 2005, 3,179{{cite web |url=http://212.150.54.123/casualties_project/stats_page.cfm |title=Breakdown of Fatalities: 27 September 2000 through 1 January 2005 |publisher=International Institute for Counter-Terrorism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703195937/http://212.150.54.123/casualties_project/stats_page.cfm |archive-date=3 July 2007}} Full report: {{cite web |first=Don |last=Radlauer |date=29 September 2002 |url=http://212.150.54.123/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=439 |title=An Engineered Tragedy: Statistical Analysis of Casualties in the Palestinian – Israeli Conflict, September 2000 – September 2002 |publisher=International Institute for Counter-Terrorism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928191559/http://212.150.54.123/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=439 |archive-date=28 September 2007}}{{cite news |title=Intifada toll 2000–2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3694350.stm |access-date=10 November 2012 |work=BBC News |date=8 February 2005 |archive-date=17 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117121043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3694350.stm |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_01_09_english.pdf |title=Field Update on Gaza from the Humanitarian Coordinator |date=9 January 2009 |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924055012/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_01_09_english.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}–3,354 {{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/statistics/casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=26&eM=12&eY=2008&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |title=B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities |publisher=B'Tselem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701064428/http://www.btselem.org/english/statistics/Casualties.asp?sD=29&sM=09&sY=2000&eD=26&eM=12&eY=2008&filterby=event&oferet_stat=before |archive-date=1 July 2010}} Palestinians were killed.}} According to data from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 6,735 Palestinians had been killed from January 1, 2008, to October 6, 2023.{{efn|1,116{{cite news |last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |date=2009 |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel/idf-releases-cast-lead-casualty-numbers |title=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228033510/https://www.jpost.com/israel/idf-releases-cast-lead-casualty-numbers |archive-date=28 December 2020}}–1,417{{cite web |url=http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/36-2009.html |title=Confirmed figures reveal the true extent of the destruction inflicted upon the Gaza Strip; Israel's offensive resulted in 1,417 dead, including 926 civilians, 255 police officers, and 236 fighters. |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612193512/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/36-2009.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2009}} Palestinian deaths in the Gaza War (2008–2009).

2,125–2,310 Palestinian deaths in the 2014 Gaza War.{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc |title=Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1 |date=23 June 2015 |website=OHCHR |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228154326/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc |archive-date=28 December 2023}}{{sfn|Nijim|2023|pp=179–180}}

250+ Palestinian deaths in the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.{{cite web |title=2021 was the deadliest year since 2014, Israel killed 319 Palestinians in oPt 5-year record in house demolitions: 895 Palestinians lost their homes |url=https://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20220104_in_deadliest_year_since_2014_israel_killed_319_palestinians_in_opt |publisher=B'Tselem |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104225644/https://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20220104_in_deadliest_year_since_2014_israel_killed_319_palestinians_in_opt |archive-date=4 January 2022}}}}

During the ongoing Gaza war, which began on 7 October 2023, a Reliefweb report released 18 November 2023, which labels Israel's actions in Gaza as a genocide, reported that 15,271 Palestinians in Gaza had been killed, 32,310 Palestinians had been injured, and an estimated 41,500 were unaccounted for.{{cite web |author=Euro-Med Monitor |author-link=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor |date=18 November 2023 |title=Friday 17 November: Twenty thousand Palestinians believed to be killed in Israel's genocide of Gaza |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/friday-17-november-twenty-thousand-palestinians-believed-be-killed-israels-genocide-gaza-enar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226003110/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/friday-17-november-twenty-thousand-palestinians-believed-be-killed-israels-genocide-gaza-enar |archive-date=26 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Reliefweb}} Multiple news and academic outlets have subsequently reported on updated figures, with at least 20,000 Palestinians having been killed in Gaza, an estimated 70% of whom were women and children.{{cite journal |last1=Faddoul |first1=Alix |last2=Shannon |first2=Geordan |last3=Asghar |first3=Khudejha |last4=Boukari |first4=Yamina |last5=Smith |first5=James |last6=Neilson |first6=Amy |date=18 December 2023 |title=The health dimensions of violence in Palestine: a call to prevent genocide |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02751-4/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |volume=403 |issue=10421 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02751-4 |pmid=38128558 |s2cid=266357297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221154829/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02751-4/fulltext |archive-date=21 December 2023}}{{harvnb|Thomas|2023}}; {{harvnb|AP News|2023a}}; {{harvnb|Sawafta|Fick|2023}}; {{harvnb|Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor|2023}}; {{harvnb|Burga|2023}} Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office by 3 January 2024, over 22,300 people had been confirmed dead.{{cite news |date=3 January 2024 |title=Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says War Death Toll Hits 22,313 |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-war-death-toll-hits-22-313-584e999b?refsec=topics_afp-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103101715/https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-war-death-toll-hits-22-313-584e999b?refsec=topics_afp-news |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=3 January 2024 |publisher=Barron's}} About 7,000 people are missing, likely buried under the rubble.{{cite news |title=Deaths in Gaza surpass 14,000, according to its authorities |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/23/deaths-in-gaza-surpass-14000-according-to-its-authorities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201143821/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/23/deaths-in-gaza-surpass-14000-according-to-its-authorities |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=28 November 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}} Over 52,000 have been wounded.{{sfn|Thomas|2023}}{{sfn|AP News|2023a}}

Indirect Palestinian deaths from disease are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of health care infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee, and reduction in UNRWA funding; 186,000 Palestinians or more may have died as a result of the conflict according to a July 2024 conservative estimate by Rasha Khatib, Martin McKee, and Salim Yusuf published in The Lancet.{{cite journal |last1=Khatib |first1=Rasha |last2=McKee |first2=Martin |author2-link=Martin McKee |last3=Yusuf |first3=Salim |author3-link=Salim Yusuf |title=Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential |journal=The Lancet |publisher=Elsevier BV |year=2024 |volume=404 |issue=10449 |pages=237–238 |issn=0140-6736 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3 |pmid=38976995 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext |quote=Armed conflicts have indirect health implications beyond the direct harm from violence. Even if the conflict ends immediately, there will continue to be many indirect deaths in the coming months and years from causes such as reproductive, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. The total death toll is expected to be large given the intensity of this conflict; destroyed health-care infrastructure; severe shortages of food, water, and shelter; the population's inability to flee to safe places; and the loss of funding to UNRWA, one of the very few humanitarian organisations still active in the Gaza Strip. In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7·9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip. |archive-date=27 September 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240927011250/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext |url-status=live}} Michael Spagat criticized their methodology, saying that the projection "lacks a solid foundation and is implausible".{{Cite news |last=Bigg |first=Matthew Mpoke |date=11 July 2024 |title=Fighting Isn't the Only Killer of Gazans Amid the War, Researchers Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/middleeast/gaza-war-death-toll-lancet.html |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712123712/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/middleeast/gaza-war-death-toll-lancet.html%20 |archive-date=12 July 2024}} Even so, Spagat allowed it was "fair to call attention to the fact that not all of the deaths are going to be direct violent ones" and has called the death toll in Gaza "staggeringly high".{{Cite news |first1=Jake |last1=Horton |first2=Shayan |last2=Sardarizadeh |first3=Adam |last3=Durbin |date=16 May 2024 |title=Gaza war: Why is the UN citing lower death toll for women and children? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69014893 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711140750/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69014893 |archive-date=11 July 2024}}

In 1948, more than 700,000 Palestinians – about half of prewar Mandatory Palestine's Arab population – fled from their homes or were expelled by Zionist militias and, later, the Israeli army{{harvnb|Ibish|2018}}; {{harvnb|Hazkani|2019}}; {{harvnb|Warf|Charles|2020}}; {{harvnb|Gerber|2008}}; {{harvnb|Petersen-Overton|Schmidt|Hersh|2010|p=49}}; {{harvnb|Natour|2015|p=81}}{{harvnb|Slater|2020|p=406}}: "There is no serious dispute among Israeli, Palestinian, or other historians about the central facts of the Nakba. All of the leading Israeli New Historians—particularly Morris, Shlaim, Pappé, and Flapan—extensively examined the issue and revealed the facts. Other accounts have reached the same conclusions. For example, see Ben-Ami, "A War to Start All Wars"; Rashid Khalidi, "The Palestinians and 1948"; Walid Khalidi, "Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited"; Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians; Raz, Bride and the Dowry. Reviewing the evidence marshaled by Morris and others, Tom Segev concluded that "most of the Arabs in the country, approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war. In other words, before the Arab armies invaded the country" (Haaretz, July 18, 2010). Other estimates have varied concerning the number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled before the May 1948 Arab state attack; Morris estimated the number to be 250,000–300,000 (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 262); Tessler puts it at 300,000 (A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 279); Pappé's estimate is 380,000 (The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 96). In another recent review of the evidence, the Israeli historian Daniel Blatman estimates the number to be about 500,000 (Blatman, "Netanyahu, This Is What Ethnic Cleansing Really Looks Like"). Whatever the exact number, even Israeli "Old Historians" now admit that during the 1948 war, the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians, though they emphasized the action as a military "necessity." For example, see Anita Shapira, Israel: A History, 167–68. In July 2019, the Israeli government sought to cover up the extensive documentary evidence in its state archives that revealed detailed evidence about the extent of the Nakba—even the evidence that had already been published by newspapers and Israeli historians. A Haaretz investigation of the attempted cover-up concluded: "Since early last decade, Defense Ministry teams have scoured local archives and removed troves of historic documents to conceal proof of the Nakba, including Israeli eyewitness reports at the time" (Shezaf, "Burying the Nakba: How Israel Systematically Hides Evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs")."{{cite news |date=15 May 2018 |title=Why Nakba is the Palestinians' most sombre day, in 100 and 300 words |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44114385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122041924/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44114385 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |work=BBC News |quote=...{{nbsp}}up to 750,000 Palestinians who had lived on that land fled or were expelled from their homes.}} during the 1948 Palestine war.{{cite book |last1=McDowall |first1=David |title=The Palestinians |last2=Palley |first2=Claire |publisher=Minority Rights Group Report no 24 |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-946690-42-8 |page=10}}

Since the beginning of the Gaza war, nearly 2 million people have been displaced within the Gaza Strip.{{cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |last2=Borger |first2=Julian |date=19 December 2023 |title=Palestinian death toll in Gaza nears 20,000 with nearly 2 million people displaced |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/19/palestinian-casualties-in-gaza-near-20000-with-nearly-2m-people-displaced |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224201330/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/19/palestinian-casualties-in-gaza-near-20000-with-nearly-2m-people-displaced |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |work=The Guardian}}{{sfn|El-Affendi|2024|p=6}}

{{See also|Accusations of United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Gaza Strip|War crimes in the Gaza war#CCR lawsuit against Joe Biden}}

File:Pro Palestine Rally7 Austin Texas 2023.jpg, United States, 12 November 2023]]

Some commentators have accused Western media and governments, especially those of the United States, of supporting genocide against Palestinians.{{cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=The EU and its Governments Support the Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing Promoted by Israel |url=https://litci.org/en/the-eu-and-its-governments-support-the-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing-promoted-by-israel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102110049/https://litci.org/en/the-eu-and-its-governments-support-the-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing-promoted-by-israel/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=International Worker's League |language=en-US}}{{cite web |last=Beaklini |first=Bruno Lima Rocha |date=25 October 2023 |title='War propaganda' - Brazil's media has abandoned journalistic standards over Gaza |url=http://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/2393 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104164637/https://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/2393 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Al Jazeera Media Institute |language=en}}{{cite news |last=Porras |first=Simón Rodríguez |date=25 October 2023 |title=Aimé Césaire reminds us why Western powers accept the genocide committed in Gaza |url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/why-western-powers-accept-israels-genocide-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117190839/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/why-western-powers-accept-israels-genocide-gaza |archive-date=17 January 2024 |work=The New Arab}} Among other journalists and scholars,{{cite news |last=Levitz |first=Eric |date=13 October 2023 |title=The U.S. Is Giving Israel Permission for War Crimes |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/10/the-u-s-is-giving-israel-permission-for-war-crimes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026105732/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/10/the-u-s-is-giving-israel-permission-for-war-crimes.html |archive-date=26 October 2023 |publisher=The Intelligencer}} the Canada-based sociologist M. Muhannad Ayyash has accused the United States of complicity in the alleged genocide, in this case amidst the Gaza war in which the United States has provided significant aid to Israel.{{cite news |last=Ayyash |first=M. Muhannad |date=2 November 2023 |title=A genocide is under way in Palestine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/2/a-genocide-is-under-way-in-palestine# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121162240/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/2/a-genocide-is-under-way-in-palestine |archive-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera |quote=For genocide to happen, two critical elements are needed: the infrastructural and material capabilities to commit the genocide and the ability to conceal the genocide by calling it something other than what it is. The West is participating in both of these critical elements{{nbsp}}... In terms of material capabilities, the United States empire has sent, not one, but two aircraft carriers to the region, and has made it abundantly clear in word and deed that if any state or group attempts to enter the picture and aid Palestinians in their desperate attempt to survive Israel's genocidal operation, that the US will intervene with its full force. Years of US and Western aid and support to Israel have allowed Israel to develop the infrastructural capabilities to carry out a genocide{{nbsp}}... In terms of concealment, political, media, social and cultural institutions are fully mobilised in the West to hide and conceal this act of genocide, presenting it as a righteous violence of a victimised Jewish people everywhere in the world. Those expressing support for Palestine in the West are being threatened with job loss (and are actually losing their jobs), possible criminal charges and bans, and other punitive measures and harassment campaigns.}}

On 13 October 2023, journalist Eric Levitz of The Intelligencer argued that governmental administrations of the United States, such as the Biden administration, have given approval to Israeli war crimes against Palestinians in the Gaza war, and that no military solution can achieve Israel's security goals short of ethnic cleansing and genocide. This sentiment was later supported by Mark Levene applying A. Dirk Moses' analysis that "absolute securitization lends itself to collective targeting of human groups, more precisely civilians, regardless of issues of ethnos or genos."{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=2}} On 19 October 2023, amid the war, lawyers at the Center for Constitutional Rights voiced their belief that Israel's actions were "calculated to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza", and warned the Biden administration that "U.S. officials{{nbsp}}... [could] be held responsible for their failure to prevent Israel's unfolding genocide, as well as for their complicity, by encouraging it and materially supporting it." On 1 November 2023, the Defence for Children International accused the United States of complicity with Israel's "crime of genocide."{{cite news |title=Rights group accuses US of complicity in children's deaths in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455675 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101201727/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455675 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}} On 4 January 2024, the United States government acknowledged it was not conducting formal assessments of whether Israel was violating international humanitarian law.{{cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Alexander |last2=Banco |first2=Erin |last3=Berg |first3=Matt |title=US hasn't formally assessed if Israel violating human rights |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/01/04/us-hasnt-formally-assessed-if-israel-violating-human-rights-00133799 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107043524/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/01/04/us-hasnt-formally-assessed-if-israel-violating-human-rights-00133799 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=Politico}}

In November 2023, president Joe Biden was nicknamed "Genocide Joe" by critics of his support for Israel.{{cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=White House Asked Point Blank About Pro-Ceasefire Protesters Calling Biden 'Genocide Joe' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpiceCp2Cp0 |access-date=20 November 2023 |via=YouTube |newspaper=Forbes}} National Security Council spokesman John Kirby, described by Israeli media outlet Ynet as "an exceptionally accomplished Israeli advocate",{{cite news |last1=Shmilovitz |first1=Tzippy |date=18 December 2023 |title=How John Kirby became one of Israel's leading spokespeople |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rjwja2hlt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221195325/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rjwja2hlt |archive-date=21 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Ynet News}} said "Israel's trying to defend itself against a genocidal terrorist threat. So if we're going to start using that word, fine, let's use it appropriately". On 13 November 2023, the New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights sued Biden for allegedly failing in his duties, defined under national and international laws, to prevent Israel committing genocide in Gaza in the Gaza war. The complaint alleged that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure and forced expulsions amounted to genocide.{{cite magazine |last=Mansoor |first=Sanya |date=21 November 2023 |title=Pro-Palestinian Americans Are Pushing Biden to Pivot |url=https://time.com/6337911/biden-israel-policy-palestine-pressure/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102191717/https://time.com/6337911/biden-israel-policy-palestine-pressure/ |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=23 November 2023 |magazine=TIME |language=en}} In a declaration in the lawsuit, genocide scholar William Schabas said that in his view there was a "serious risk of genocide" and that the US was "in breach of its obligation" under the 1948 Genocide Convention and international law.{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Natalie |date=23 November 2023 |title=Palestinians file lawsuit accusing Biden administration of violating Genocide Convention |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/palestinians-file-lawsuit-accusing-biden-administration-of-violating-genocide-convention/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213203151/https://www.courthousenews.com/palestinians-file-lawsuit-accusing-biden-administration-of-violating-genocide-convention/ |archive-date=13 December 2023 |website=Courthouse News Service}} In January 2024 a federal judge dismissed the case Defense for Children International-Palestine et al v. Biden et al, saying the Constitution prevents his court from determining foreign policy, which is reserved to the political branches of U.S. government, though he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged President Biden to rethink U.S. policy, writing "it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide."{{cite news |last=Hubler |first=Shawn |date=31 January 2024 |title=A federal judge dismisses a suit to block U.S. support of Israel — but urges Biden to re-examine his approach |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/world/middleeast/joe-biden-israel-support.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201153444/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/world/middleeast/joe-biden-israel-support.html%20 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=The New York Times}}

File:53.Gather.AaronBushnellVigil.WDC.26February2024_(53562513386).jpg held outside of the Israeli embassy in Washington, D.C., 26 February 2024]]

In February 2024, the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention stated the Biden Administration was complicit in alleged genocide in Gaza.{{cite news |title=In Gaza, Biden administration complicit: Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-afraid-to-leave-as-israel-fires-on-hospital?update=2708406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214182846/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-afraid-to-leave-as-israel-fires-on-hospital?update=2708406 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |quote=None of the Biden Administration’s tactics to deny genocide and avoid accountability will withstand the test of time. President Biden and key administration officials are on a path to be remembered as the principal enablers of one of the worst genocides in the 21st century}} Ali Harb wrote that the US has continued to arm and fund the Israeli military while it conducts a genocide.{{cite news |last1=Harb |first1=Ali |title=Biden is said to be angry at Netanyahu, but US rewards keep coming |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716692 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219045326/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716692 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}} In February 2024, following a U.S. veto of a UN ceasefire resolution, Cuban president Miguel Diaz-Canel Bermudez stated, "They are accomplices of this genocide of Israel against Palestine".{{cite news |title=Cuba: US 'accomplices' in devastation of Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2721122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221081559/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2721122 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}

In February 2024 lawyers representing Palestinians in Germany filed a criminal complaint against various senior politicians including Olaf Scholz, Annalena Baerbock, Robert Habeck, and Christian Lindner for "aiding and abetting" the genocide in Gaza.{{cite news |last=Schaer |first=Cathrin |date=23 February 2024 |title=German lawyers sue Scholz, alleging complicity in Gaza 'genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/23/german-lawyers-sue-politicians-including-scholz-over-complicity-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224051949/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/23/german-lawyers-sue-politicians-including-scholz-over-complicity-in-gaza |archive-date=24 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}{{cite news |date=23 February 2024 |title=Gaza victims sue German government for 'aiding genocide against Palestinians' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240223-gaza-victims-sue-german-government-for-aiding-genocide-against-palestinians/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224115453/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240223-gaza-victims-sue-german-government-for-aiding-genocide-against-palestinians/ |archive-date=24 February 2024 |work=Middle East Monitor}} On 1 March 2024, Nicaragua instituted proceedings against Germany at the ICJ under the Genocide Convention, concerning Germany's support for Israel in the Gaza war.

In March 2024, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, Foreign Minister Penny Wong, Opposition Leader Peter Dutton, and others were referred to the ICC by Sydney-based firm Birchgrove Legal as accessories to genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, citing the defunding of UNRWA, the provision of military aid, and "unequivocal political support" for Israel's actions during the Gaza war.{{cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title=Anthony Albanese dismisses ICC war crimes allegations: Experts weigh in on the claims |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/anthony-albanese-dismisses-icc-war-crimes-allegations-experts-weigh-in-on-the-claims/xu4kueiql |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305094219/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/anthony-albanese-dismisses-icc-war-crimes-allegations-experts-weigh-in-on-the-claims/xu4kueiql |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=SBS News |language=en}}{{cite web |last=Rothwell |first=Donald |date=5 March 2024 |title=Why have Anthony Albanese and other politicians been referred to the ICC over the Gaza war? |url=http://theconversation.com/why-have-anthony-albanese-and-other-politicians-been-referred-to-the-icc-over-the-gaza-war-225079 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305092042/https://theconversation.com/why-have-anthony-albanese-and-other-politicians-been-referred-to-the-icc-over-the-gaza-war-225079 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}

• Gaza genocide
• Atrocity crime
• Demographics of the State of Palestine
• Demographic history of Palestine (region)
• Genocides in history (21st century)#Israel/Palestine
• Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
• Israel and apartheid
• Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
• Allegations of genocide in the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel
• Ten stages of genocide
• Timeline of the name Palestine
• Air strikes in the Gaza Strip (December 2008)
• Reactions in Iran to the Gaza War (2008-2009)

{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Abu-Laban |first1=Yasmeen |last2=Bakan |first2=Abigail B. |date=July 2022 |title=Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting |journal=The Political Quarterly |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=508–516 |doi=10.1111/1467-923X.13166 |s2cid=250507449}}
• {{cite book |last1=Abu-Lughod |first1=Lila |author-link=Lila Abu-Lughod |title=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-231-13579-5 |editor1-last=Sa'di |editor1-first=Ahmad H. |editor1-link=Ahmad H. Sa'di |pages=77–104 |chapter=Return to Half-Ruins: Memory, Postmemory, and Living History in Palestine |access-date=2 December 2023 |editor2-last=Abu-Lughod |editor2-first=Lila |editor2-link=Lila Abu-Lughod |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77}}
• {{cite book |last1=Abu-Lughod |first1=Lila |author1-link=Lila Abu-Lughod |title=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory |last2=Sa'di |first2=Ahmad H. |author2-link=Ahmad H. Sa'di |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-231-13579-5 |editor1-last=Sa'di |editor1-first=Ahmad H. |editor1-link=Ahmad H. Sa'di |pages=1–24 |chapter=Introduction: The Claims of Memory |editor2-last=Abu-Lughod |editor2-first=Lila |editor2-link=Lila Abu-Lughod |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |author1-link=Mohamed Adhikari |last2=Carmichael |first2=Cathie |last3=Jones |first3=Adam |last4=Kapila |first4=Shruti |last5=Naimark |first5=Norman |author5-link=Norman Naimark |last6=Weitz |first6=Eric D. |author6-link=Eric D. Weitz |date=2018 |title=Genocide and Global and/or World History: Reflections |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=20 |pages=134–153 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2017.1363476 |number=1}}
• {{cite book |last1=Al-Hardan |first1=Anaheed |title=Palestinians in Syria: Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities |date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54122-0}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Ali |first=Zarefa Akram |date=11 September 2012 |title=A Narration Without an End: Palestine and The Continuing Nakba |url=https://fada.birzeit.edu/bitstream/20.500.11889/1502/1/thesis_19022013_102752.pdf |publisher=Birzeit University |type=MA}}
• {{cite book |last=Alpher |first=Yossi |author-link=Yossi Alpher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCxyBgAAQBAJ |title=Periphery: Israel's Search for Middle East Allies |date=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3102-3}}
• {{cite news |last1=Antonio |first1=Raymund |date=23 October 2023 |title=Civilians not a target: Envoy decries 'genocide' tag of Israel–Hamas war |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/10/23/civilians-not-a-target-envoy-decries-genocide-tag-of-israel-hamas-war |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101160309/https://mb.com.ph/2023/10/23/civilians-not-a-target-envoy-decries-genocide-tag-of-israel-hamas-war |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=Manila Bulletin |quote=Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians.}}
• {{cite news |date=2 December 2023 |title=Israeli offensive shifts to crowded southern Gaza, driving up death toll despite evacuation orders |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-2-2023-f300e8dac70d5309bf5f5a75bace7689 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216054613/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-2-2023-f300e8dac70d5309bf5f5a75bace7689 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=AP News |language=en |ref={{sfnref |AP News|2023a}}}}

• {{cite news |last=Bajec |first=Alessandra |date=18 January 2024 |title=How Israeli soldiers are engaged in widespread looting in Gaza |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/how-looting-israeli-soldiers-gaza-widespread |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514130841/https://www.newarab.com/analysis/how-looting-israeli-soldiers-gaza-widespread |archive-date=14 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=The New Arab}}
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• {{cite book |last1=Bäuml |first1=Yair |title=Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04483-8 |editor1-last=Rouhana |editor1-first=Nadim N. |editor1-link=Nadim Rouhana |pages=103–136 |language=en |chapter=Israel's Military Rule over Its Palestinian Citizens (1948–1968): Shaping the Israeli Segregation System |access-date=21 January 2024 |editor2-last=Huneidi |editor2-first=Sahar S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103}}
• {{cite book |last1=Bishara |first1=Azmi |author1-link=Azmi Bishara |title=Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04483-8 |editor1-last=Rouhana |editor1-first=Nadim N. |editor1-link=Nadim Rouhana |pages=137–155 |language=en |chapter=Zionism and Equal Citizenship: Essential and Incidental Citizenship in the Jewish State |access-date=21 January 2024 |editor2-last=Huneidi |editor2-first=Sahar S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137}}
• {{cite news |last=Bishara |first=Marwan |author-link=Marwan Bishara |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israel is manufacturing a case for genocide |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/12/israel-is-manufacturing-a-case-for-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120213933/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/12/israel-is-manufacturing-a-case-for-genocide |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |newspaper=Al Jazeera |language=en-US}}
• {{cite book |last1=Boyle |first1=Francis Anthony |author1-link=Francis Boyle |title=Palestine, Palestinians, and International Law |date=2003 |publisher=Clarity Press |location=Atlanta, Georgia, US |isbn=978-0-932863-37-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestinepalesti0000boyl |url-access=registration}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Bruneau |first1=Emile |last2=Kteily |first2=Nour |date=2017 |title=The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare |journal=PLoS One |volume=12 |page=e0181422 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1281422B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0181422 |pmc=5528981 |pmid=28746412 |doi-access=free |number=7}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Burga |first=Solcyré |date=13 November 2023 |title=Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In |url=https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125022352/https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts/ |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |magazine=Time}}

• {{cite report |url=https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2016/10/Background%20on%20the%20term%20genocide%20in%20Israel%20Palestine%20Context.pdf |title=The Genocide of the Palestinian People: An International Law and Human Rights Perspective |author=Center for Constitutional Rights |date=October 2016 |publisher=Center for Constitutional Rights |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102093049/https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2016/10/Background%20on%20the%20term%20genocide%20in%20Israel%20Palestine%20Context.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2023}}
• {{cite news |last1=Chacar |first1=Henriette |date=10 November 2023 |title=Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012813/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=Reuters |ref=Chacar2023a}}
• {{cite book |last1=Confino |first1=Alon |author-link1=Alon Confino |title=The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History |date=2018 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54448-1 |editor1-last=Bashir |editor1-first=Bashir |pages=135–153 |chapter=When Genya and Henryk Kowalski Challenged History–Jaffa, 1949: Between the Holocaust and the Nakba |access-date=6 December 2023 |editor2-last=Goldberg |editor2-first=Amos |editor2-link=Amos Goldberg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustnakba/page/134/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=K2NbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT231 Google Books] link.)
• {{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=William A. |title=The Plight of the Palestinians: A long history of destruction |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-28656-0 |editor1-last=Cook |editor1-first=William A. |pages=1–26 |language=en |chapter=Introduction |doi=10.1057/9780230107922_1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126194448/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_1 |archive-date=26 January 2024}}

• {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Rochelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC |title=Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced |date=2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7313-3 |language=en}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Di-Capua |first1=Yoav |title=Genocidal Mirroring in Israel/Palestine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=5 June 2024 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2361978 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Docker |first1=John |date=2012 |title=Instrumentalising the Holocaust: Israel, Settler-Colonialism, Genocide (Creating a Conversation Between Raphaël Lemkin and Ilan Pappé) |journal=Holy Land Studies |language=en |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.3366/hls.2012.0027 |issn=1474-9475}}

• {{cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Nearly 25,000 Palestinians killed during 70-day Israeli genocide in Gaza |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6035/Nearly-25,000-Palestinians-killed-during-70-day-Israeli-genocide-in-Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220142411/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6035/Nearly-25,000-Palestinians-killed-during-70-day-Israeli-genocide-in-Gaza |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor |ref={{sfnref |Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor|2023}}}}
• {{cite news |last=Eghbariah |first=Rabea |date=22 November 2023 |title=The "Harvard Law Review" Refused to Run This Piece About Genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/harvard-law-review-gaza-israel-genocide/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206163957/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/harvard-law-review-gaza-israel-genocide/ |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=The Nation |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378}}
• {{cite journal |last1=El-Affendi |first1=Abdelwahab |date=18 January 2024 |title=The Futility of Genocide Studies After Gaza |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2305525 |doi-access=free}}

• {{cite news |last=Fernández |first=Belén |date=6 November 2023 |title=Israel's psychological operation in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/6/israels-psychological-operation-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507173518/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/6/israels-psychological-operation-in-gaza |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{cite journal |last=Fierke |first=Karin M. |date=2014 |title=Who is my neighbour? Memories of the Holocaust/ al Nakba and a global ethic of care |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354066113497490 |url-status=live |journal=European Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=787–809 |doi=10.1177/1354066113497490 |issn=1354-0661 |s2cid=146188931 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604133323/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354066113497490 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023}}
• {{cite book |last=Fisk |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Fisk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC&pg=PA374 |title=Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280130-2 |pages=382–383}}
• {{cite news |last=Fisk |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Fisk |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-forgotten-massacre-8139930.html |title=The forgotten massacre |work=The Independent |date=15 September 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608212929/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-forgotten-massacre-8139930.html |archive-date=8 June 2024}}

• {{cite book |last=Gerber |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-eMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |title=Remembering and Imagining Palestine: Identity and Nationalism from the Crusades to the Present |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-58391-7 |quote=One of the more important consequences of the 1948 war was the expulsion and/or flight of some 750,000 Palestinians from their homes inside Israel, and the refusal of Israel to allow them to return, despite an express UN decision calling on it to do so.{{nbsp}}... About 750,000 of the 900,000 strong Palestinian population were expelled, or fled, all completely terrorized and fearing for their lives}}
• {{cite journal |last=Ghanim |first=Honaida |date=2009 |title=Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9 |issn=0891-4486 |s2cid=144148068 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319073244/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=31 December 2023}}
• {{cite book |last=Gonzalez |first=Nathan |author-link=Nathan Gonzalez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HypnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |title=The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East |date=2013 |publisher=Nortia Media Ltd |isbn=978-0-98-422521-7 |page=113}}

• {{Cite book |last=Hasian Jr. |first=Marouf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogGfDwAAQBAJ |title=Debates on Colonial Genocide in the 21st Century |date=2020 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-21278-0 |language=en |access-date=6 November 2023}}
• {{cite book |last=Hazkani |first=Shay |title=Dear Palestine A Social History of the 1948 War |date=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-2766-6 |quote="It is noteworthy that the aforementioned silk gloves were not invoked when discussing the Palestinian "exodus," i.e., the expulsion and flight of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, which became a pressing concern in the months following the adoption of Plan D (tokhnit dalet) by the Haganah's general staff in March 1948."}}
• {{cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=World Court to hear Genocide Case Against Israel |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/10/world-court-hear-genocide-case-against-israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110151152/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/10/world-court-hear-genocide-case-against-israel |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Human Rights Watch |ref={{sfnref |Human Rights Watch |2024}}}}
• {{cite book |last1=Humphries |first1=Isabelle |title=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory |last2=Khalili |first2=Laleh |author-link2=Laleh Khalili |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-231-13579-5 |editor-last1=Sa'di |editor-first1=Ahmad H. |editor-link1=Ahmad H. Sa'di |pages=207–228 |chapter=Gender of Nakba Memory |access-date=31 December 2023 |editor-last2=Abu-Lughod |editor-first2=Lila |editor-link2=Lila Abu-Lughod |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207}}

• {{cite magazine |last=Ibish |first=Hussein |date=14 May 2018 |title=A 'Catastrophe' That Defines Palestinian Identity |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/05/the-meaning-of-nakba-israel-palestine-1948-gaza/560294/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026182502/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/05/the-meaning-of-nakba-israel-palestine-1948-gaza/560294/ |archive-date=26 October 2023 |magazine=The Atlantic |quote=the overwhelming majority of Palestinian Arabs, perhaps 700,000 to 800,000 people, had either fled or been expelled}}

• {{cite news |author1=JTA |last2=Kampeas |first2=Ron |date=13 June 2021 |title=Israel 'is an apartheid state,' a quarter of U.S. Jews say in new poll |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/a-quarter-of-u-s-jews-agree-that-israel-is-an-apartheid-state-in-new-survey-1.9995986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016145851/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2021-07-13/ty-article/a-quarter-of-u-s-jews-agree-that-israel-is-an-apartheid-state-in-new-survey/0000017f-dbaa-db5a-a57f-dbea1c830000 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |newspaper=Haaretz}}

• {{Cite book |last=Kapeliouk |first=Amnon |author-link=Amnon Kapeliouk |title=Enquête sur un massacre: Sabra et Chatila |language=fr |trans-title=Investigation into a massacre: Sabra and Shatila |publisher=Seuil |year=1982 |isbn=2-02-006391-3 |translator-first=Khalil |translator-last=Jehshan}}
• {{cite news |last=Karantth |first=Sanjana |date=9 October 2023 |title=Israeli Defense Minister Announces Siege on Gaza To Fight 'Human Animals' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/israel-defense-minister-human-animals-gaza-palestine_n_6524220ae4b09f4b8d412e0a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116060725/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/israel-defense-minister-human-animals-gaza-palestine_n_6524220ae4b09f4b8d412e0a |archive-date=16 January 2024 |work=The Huffington Post}}
• {{cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Rashid |author-link=Rashid Khalidi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXlwDwAAQBAJ |title=The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017 |date=2020 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |isbn=978-1-62779-854-9}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Khoury |first1=Elias |author-link=Elias Khoury |date=January 2012 |title=Rethinking the Nakba |journal=Critical Inquiry |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=250–266 |doi=10.1086/662741 |s2cid=162316338}}
• {{cite book |last=Khoury |first=Nadim |title=The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History |date=2018 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54448-1 |editor1-last=Bashir |editor1-first=Bashir |pages=114–131 |chapter=Holocaust/Nakba and the Counterpublic of Memory |editor2-last=Goldberg |editor2-first=Amos |editor2-link=Amos Goldberg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustnakba/page/114/mode/2up}}
• {{cite book |last=Kimmerling |first=Baruch |author-link=Baruch Kimmerling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB7lVldlFT4C |title=Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14329-5 |language=en}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Kuttab |first=Daoud |date=17 December 2023 |title=It's Not Just the Killing. Why Must Israel Dehumanize Palestinians? |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/177526/israel-defense-forces-dehumanize-palestinians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111062736/https://newrepublic.com/article/177526/israel-defense-forces-dehumanize-palestinians |archive-date=11 January 2024 |magazine=The New Republic}}

• {{cite news |last1=Lakhani |first1=Nina |date=27 February 2024 |title=Israel is deliberately starving Palestinians, UN rights expert says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228041844/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=The Guardian}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lederman |first1=Shmuel |date=29 January 2024 |title=Gaza as a Laboratory 2.0 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2309706 |s2cid=}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lendman |first1=Steve |title=The Plight of the Palestinians |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-28656-0 |editor1-last=Cook |editor1-first=William |pages=29–38 |language=en |chapter=Israel's Slow-Motion Genocide in Occupied Palestine |doi=10.1057/9780230107922_2 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012083039/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_2 |archive-date=12 October 2023}}
• {{cite book |last=Lentin |first=Ronit |author-link=Ronit Lentin |title=Thinking Palestine |date=2008 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84277-907-1 |chapter=The Contested Memory of Dispossession: Commemorizing the Palestinian Nakba in Israel}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lentin |first1=Ronit |author-link=Ronit Lentin |title=Co-memory and melancholia: Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba |date=2010 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-8170-5 |edition=1st}}
• {{cite journal |last=Lentin |first=Ronit |author-link=Ronit Lentin |date=2016 |title=Palestine/Israel and State Criminality: Exception, Settler Colonialism and Racialization |journal=State Crime Journal |volume=5 |pages=32–50 |doi=10.13169/statecrime.5.1.0032 |jstor=10.13169/statecrime.5.1.0032 |doi-access=free |number=1}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Levene |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Levene |date=21 January 2024 |title=Gaza 2023: Words Matter, Lives Matter More |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2301866}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lustick |first1=Ian S. |author1-link=Ian Lustick |title=Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State |last2=Berkman |first2=Matthew |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04483-8 |editor1-last=Rouhana |editor1-first=Nadim N. |editor1-link=Nadim Rouhana |pages=39–72 |language=en |chapter=Zionist Theories of Peace in the Pre-state Era: Legacies of Dissimulation and Israel's Arab Minority |access-date=14 November 2023 |editor2-last=Huneidi |editor2-first=Sahar S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39}}

• {{cite news |last1=Mackenzie |first1=James |last2=Lubell |first2=Maayan |date=29 October 2023 |title=Israel launches Gaza war's second phase with ground operation, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231029040509/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=Reuters |quote=Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas{{nbsp}}... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world."}}
• {{cite journal |last=Manna |first=Adel |author-link=Adel Manna |year=2013 |title=The Palestinian Nakba and its Continuous Repercussions |journal=Israel Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=86–99 |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86 |issn=1084-9513 |s2cid=143785830}}
• {{cite book |last=Manna |first=Adel |author-link=Adel Manna |url=https://luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.129/ |title=Nakba and Survival: The Story of Palestinians Who Remained in Haifa and the Galilee, 1948-1956 |date=2022 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38936-6 |doi=10.1525/luminos.129 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129022206/https://luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.129/ |archive-date=29 January 2024}}
• {{cite book |last1=Masalha |first1=Nur |author1-link=Nur Masalha |title=The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory |date=9 February 2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84813-972-5}}
• {{cite book |last=Masalha |first=Nur |author-link=Nur Masalha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb2rDwAAQBAJ |title=Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History |date=2018 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-78699-275-8 |access-date=6 November 2023}}
• {{cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=Cuba apoya la demanda de Sudáfrica ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia contra el genocidio de Israel en Palestina |trans-title=Cuba supports South Africa's lawsuit before the International Court of Justice against Israel's genocide in Palestine |url=https://cubaminrex.cu/es/cuba-apoya-la-demanda-de-sudafrica-ante-la-corte-internacional-de-justicia-contra-el-genocidio-de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181941/http://cubaminrex.cu/es/cuba-apoya-la-demanda-de-sudafrica-ante-la-corte-internacional-de-justicia-contra-el-genocidio-de |archive-date=11 January 2024 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=es |ref={{sfnref |Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs |2024}}}}
• {{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |edition=2nd |access-date=21 January 2024 |orig-date=1988 |authorlink=Benny Morris}}
• {{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC |title=1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |language=en |access-date=14 January 2024 |authorlink=Benny Morris}}
• {{cite news |last=Munayyer |first=Yousef |date=24 October 2015 |title=Netanyahu's Holocaust Revisionism Actually Reflects Widespread Dehumanization of Palestinians |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/netanyahus-holocaust-revisionism-actually-reflects-widespread-dehumanization-of-palestinians/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120192531/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/netanyahus-holocaust-revisionism-actually-reflects-widespread-dehumanization-of-palestinians/ |archive-date=20 November 2020 |work=The Nation}}

• {{cite news |last1=Narea |first1=Nicole |last2=Samuel |first2=Sigal |date=13 November 2023 |title=How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124174721/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=Vox}}
• {{cite book |last=Nashef |first=Hania A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMV1DwAAQBAJ |title=Palestinian Culture and the Nakba: Bearing Witness |date=30 October 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-38749-1 |access-date=2 April 2021}}
• {{cite book |last=Natour |first=Ghaleb |title=Catastrophes Views from Natural and Human Sciences |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |editor-last=Hoppe |editor-first=Andreas |page=81 |chapter=The Nakba—Flight and Expulsion of the Palestinians in 1948 |quote=The Nakba is a catastrophe describing "the expulsion and flight of the Palestinians which reached its peak in 1948"}}
• {{cite book |last=Natour |first=Ghaleb |title=Catastrophes: Views from Natural and Human Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |isbn=978-3-319-20846-6 |editor-last=Hoppe |editor-first=Andreas |language=en |chapter=The Nakba—Flight and Expulsion of the Palestinians in 1948 |access-date=14 November 2023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdQLCwAAQBAJ}}
• {{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinian UN envoy accuses Israel of 'genocidal' campaign against Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-un-envoy-accuses-israel-genocidal-campaign-against-gaza-2023-10-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114095429/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-un-envoy-accuses-israel-genocidal-campaign-against-gaza-2023-10-10/ |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |newspaper=Reuters News |language=en-US}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Nijim |first=Mohammed |date=2020 |title=Genocide in Gaza: Physical destruction and beyond |url=https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/items/bab461c1-ddf9-4e22-b37d-f5e6bf8d0b47 |publisher=University of Manitoba |type=MA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126213003/https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/items/bab461c1-ddf9-4e22-b37d-f5e6bf8d0b47 |archive-date=26 January 2024}}
• {{cite journal |last=Nijim |first=Mohammed |date=2023 |title=Genocide in Palestine: Gaza as a case study |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=165–200 |doi=10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261 |issn=1364-2987 |eissn=1744-053X |s2cid=248334822 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016025119/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=2 January 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=Nofal |first1=Aziza |last2=Al Tahhan |first2=Zena |date=25 May 2023 |title='War crime': Israel forcibly transfers Palestinian village |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/5/25/war-crime-israel-forcibly-transfers-palestinian-village |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426185636/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/5/25/war-crime-israel-forcibly-transfers-palestinian-village |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{cite book |last=Nuwayhed al-Hout |first=Bayan |title=Sabra and Shatila September 1982 |year=2004 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=0-7453-2303-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usQtAQAAIAAJ |author-link=Bayan Nuwayhed |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008001754/https://books.google.com/books?id=usQtAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}

• {{cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Israel working to expel civilian population of Gaza, UN expert warns |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/israel-working-expel-civilian-population-gaza-un-expert-warns |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222190950/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/israel-working-expel-civilian-population-gaza-un-expert-warns |archive-date=22 December 2023 |website=OHCHR |ref={{sfnref |OHCHR |2023}}}}

• {{cite book |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |title=The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine |date=2006 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-056-0 |language=en}}
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• {{cite journal |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |date=12 November 2021 |title=Everyday Evil in Palestine: The View from Lucifer's Hill |url=https://journals.library.mun.ca/index.php/JU/article/view/2319 |journal=Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=70–82 |doi=10.2021/ju.v1i1.2319 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=2564-2154}}
• {{cite book |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrttEAAAQBAJ |title=A History of Modern Palestine |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-24416-9 |edition=3rd |orig-date=2004}}
• {{cite book |last1=Petersen-Overton |first1=Kristofer J. |url=https://www.academia.edu/37602648 |title=Peace Philosophy in Action |last2=Schmidt |first2=Johannes D. |last3=Hersh |first3=Jacques |date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-11299-5 |editor1-last=Carter |editor1-first=Candice C. |page=49 |chapter=3. Retooling Peace Philosophy: A Critical Look at Israel's Separation Strategy |doi=10.1057/9780230112995 |quote="as scores of historical documentation has since revealed, the Yishuv encouraged the flight or directly forced 750,000 Palestinians (more than 80 percent of the population at the time) from their homeland in 1948 and destroyed 531 Palestinian villages" |editor2-last=Kumar |editor2-first=Ravindra}}

• {{cite book |last=Quandt |first=William B. |author-link=William B. Quandt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rmCPnSghbcC&pg=PA256 |title=Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24631-7 |page=266}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Ram |first1=Uri |date=September 2009 |title=Ways of Forgetting: Israel and the Obliterated Memory of the Palestinian Nakba |journal=Journal of Historical Sociology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=366–395 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6443.2009.01354.x}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Rashed |first1=Haifa |last2=Short |first2=Damien |author2-link=Damien Short |date=2012 |title=Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation? |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1142–1169 |doi=10.1080/13642987.2012.735494 |s2cid=145422458}}
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• {{cite journal |last=Said |first=Edward W. |author-link=Edward Said |date=1984 |title=Permission to Narrate |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=13 |pages=27–48 |doi=10.2307/2536688 |jstor=2536688 |number=3}}
• {{cite journal |last=Saldívar |first=Martha Vanessa |date=December 2010 |title=From Mexico to Palestine: An Occupation of Knowledge, a Mestizaje of Methods |journal=American Quarterly |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=62 |pages=821–833 |doi=10.1353/aq.2010.a409338 |s2cid=145324721 |number=4}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Samudzi |first1=Zoé |author-link=Zoé Samudzi |date=18 January 2024 |title="We are Fighting Nazis": Genocidal Fashionings of Gaza(ns) After 7 October |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2305524}}
• {{cite news |last1=Sawafta |first1=Ali |last2=Fick |first2=Maggie |date=7 December 2023 |title=How many Palestinians have died in Gaza? Death toll explained |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-many-palestinians-have-died-gaza-war-how-will-counting-continue-2023-12-06/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212021332/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-many-palestinians-have-died-gaza-war-how-will-counting-continue-2023-12-06/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=8 December 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}
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• {{cite book |last1=Schiff |first1=Ze'ev |author1-link=Ze'ev Schiff |url=https://archive.org/details/israelslebanonwa0000schi |title=Israel's Lebanon War |last2=Ya'ari |first2=Ehud |author2-link=Ehud Yaari |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-671-47991-6 |url-access=registration}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Segal |first1=Raz |author1-link=Raz Segal |last2=Daniele |first2=Luigi |date=5 March 2024 |title=Gaza as Twilight of Israel Exceptionalism: Holocaust and Genocide Studies from Unprecedented Crisis to Unprecedented Change |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2325804 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite book |last=Schabas |first=William |author-link=William Schabas |title=Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-521-78262-7}}
• {{cite web |last=Schiavenza |first=Matt |date=14 May 2018 |title=The Politics of Dehumanization |url=https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/politics-dehumanization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929062724/https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/politics-dehumanization |archive-date=29 September 2023 |website=Asia Society}}
• {{cite book |last=Schulz |first=Helena Lindholm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyX5XowgxzsC |title=The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-26821-9 |access-date=7 April 2021}}
• {{cite news |last=Segal |first=Raz |author-link=Raz Segal |date=13 October 2023 |title=A Textbook Case of Genocide |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125093604/https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |publisher=Jewish Currents |language=en}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |date=24 January 2024 |title=A World Without Civilians |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2306714 |s2cid=}}
• {{cite news |last1=Shamim |first1=Sarah |date=11 January 2024 |title=Which countries back South Africa's genocide case against Israel at ICJ? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/9/which-countries-back-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126071244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/9/which-countries-back-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author1-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |date=2010 |title=Palestine in an International Historical Perspective on Genocide |journal=Holy Land Studies |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.3366/hls.2010.0001}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author1-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |date=2013 |title=Palestine and Genocide: An International Historical Perspective Revisited |journal=Holy Land Studies |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.3366/hls.2013.0056}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |date=3 January 2024 |title=Inescapably Genocidal |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2023.2300555 |s2cid=266778978}}
• {{cite book |last=Shenhav |first=Yehouda |author-link=Yehouda Shenhav |title=Jews and the Ends of Theory |date=2019 |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=978-0-8232-8201-2 |editor1-last=Ginsburg |editor1-first=Shai |pages=48–64 |chapter=The Palestinian Nakba and the Arab-Jewish Melancholy |editor2-last=Land |editor2-first=Martin |editor3-last=Boyarin |editor3-first=Jonathan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pouUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77}}
• {{cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |author-link=Avi Shlaim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1qcEAAAQBAJ |title=Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations |date=2009 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78960-165-7 |access-date=6 November 2023}}
• {{cite book |last1=Short |first1=Damien |author-link=Damien Short |title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84813-546-8 |language=en}}
• {{cite book |last1=Slater |first1=Jerome |title=Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020 |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-045908-6}}
• {{cite book |last=Slyomovics |first=Susan |title=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory |date=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231509701 |editor-last1=Sa'di |editor-first1=Ahmad H. |editor-link1=Ahmad H. Sa'di |pages=27–52 |chapter=The Rape of Qula, a Destroyed Palestinian Village |access-date=1 February 2024 |editor-last2=Abu-Lughod |editor-first2=Lila |editor-link2=Lila Abu-Lughod |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5oHFei_GuMC&pg=PA27}}
• {{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Mitch |last2=McCarthy |first2=Lauren |last3=Londoño |first3=Ernesto |last4=Jordan |first4=Miriam |date=12 October 2023 |title=Palestinian Americans, Dismayed by Violence, Say Historical Context Is Being Overlooked |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/us/palestinians-reaction-israel-hamas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112091142/http://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/us/palestinians-reaction-israel-hamas.html |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |newspaper=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}

• {{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |date=21 December 2023 |title=Israel Gaza: What Gaza's death toll says about the war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67764664 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224231727/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67764664 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC Verify}}

• {{cite news |last=Uddin |first=Rayhan |date=15 December 2023 |title='Psychological warfare': Israeli troops go on looting and vandalism spree across Gaza |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-troops-looting-vandalism-spree-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507173518/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-troops-looting-vandalism-spree-gaza |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=Middle East Eye}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Üngör |first1=Uğur Ümit |author-link=Uğur Ümit Üngör |date=26 January 2024 |title=Screaming, Silence, and Mass Violence in Israel/Palestine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2309709 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite news |date=27 October 2022 |title=Israel's illegal occupation of Palestinian territory, tantamount to 'settler-colonialism': UN expert |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/10/1129942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028193618/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/10/1129942 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |work=UN News |publisher=United Nations |ref={{sfnref |United Nations |2022}}}}
• {{cite news |last=Urquhart |first=Conal |date=2 May 2006 |title=Israeli soldiers accused of raping 11-year-old |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/02/israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220152049/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/02/israel |archive-date=20 February 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=The Guardian}}
• {{cite journal |last=Usher |first=Graham |authorlink=Graham Usher (journalist) |date=2006 |title=The wall and the dismemberment of Palestine |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0306396806061084 |journal=Race & Class |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=47 |pages=9–30 |doi=10.1177/0306396806061084 |s2cid=144318760 |number=3}}

• {{cite book |last1=Warf |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA384 |title=Clinical Care for Homeless, Runaway and Refugee Youth: Intervention Approaches, Education and Research Directions |last2=Charles |first2=G. |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-40675-2 |quote=By 1948, the majority of Palestinians, about 700,000 to 800,000 people from 500 to 600 villages, were displaced. They were either expelled or fled from their homes for fear of being killed, as had actually taken place in a number of villages.}}
• {{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=30 October 2023 |title=Entire population of Gaza becoming 'dehumanised' says UN commissioner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/entire-population-of-gaza-becoming-dehumanised-says-un-commissioner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104222301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/entire-population-of-gaza-becoming-dehumanised-says-un-commissioner |archive-date=4 November 2023 |work=The Guardian}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Patrick |date=January 2012 |title=Purchase by Other Means: The Palestine Nakba and Zionism's Conquest of Economics |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=133–171 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648830 |s2cid=53367151 |doi-access=free|hdl=1959.3/357334 |hdl-access=free}}

{{refend}}

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• {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf80EAAAQBAJ |title=An oral history of the Palestinian Nakba |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-786-99351-9 |editor1-last=Abdo |editor1-first=D. N. |editor2-last=Masalha |editor2-first=N. |editor2-link=Nur Masalha}}
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• {{cite news |last=Eid |first=Haidar |date=24 June 2022 |title=Fifteen years of Gaza blockade: Open the doors of our prison now |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/24/gaza-blockade-15-years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805190445/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/24/gaza-blockade-15-years |archive-date=5 August 2022 |work=Al Jazeera}}
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• {{cite journal |last1=Sultany |first1=Nimer |date=9 May 2024 |title=A Threshold Crossed: On Genocidal Intent and the Duty to Prevent Genocide in Palestine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2351261 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite web |title=Palestine refugees |url=https://www.unrwa.org/palestine-refugees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518102009/https://www.unrwa.org/palestine-refugees |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=UNRWA |ref={{sfnref |UNRWA}}}}
• {{cite web |title=Frequently asked questions |url=https://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705150425/https://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=9 August 2020 |website=UNRWA |language=en |ref={{sfnref |UNRWA: FAQ}}}}
• Roundtable in Journal of Genocide Research:
• {{cite journal |last1=Fassin |first1=Didier |author-link=Didier Fassin |date=5 February 2024 |title=The Rhetoric of Denial: Contribution to an Archive of the Debate about Mass Violence in Gaza |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2308941 |s2cid=}}
• {{cite journal |last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |author1-link=Omar Shahabudin McDoom |date=25 April 2024 |title=Expert Commentary, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and the Question of Genocide: Prosemitic Bias within a Scholarly Community? |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2346403 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Tanielian |first1=Melanie S. |date=5 February 2024 |title=The Silent Slow Killer of Famine: Humanitarian Management and Permanent Security |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2310866 |s2cid=}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Jessica |date=17 April 2024 |title=A "Tragic Humanitarian Crisis": Israel's Weaponization of Starvation and the Question of Intent |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2339637 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite book |title=Palestina: Anatomía de un Genocidio |date=2024 |publisher=LOM Ediciones |isbn=978-956-00-1820-5 |editor-last=Karmy |editor-first=Rodrigo |series=Política. Ciencias Sociales y Humanas |location=Santiago de Chile |language=es-cl |trans-title=Palestine: Anatomy of a Genocide |editor-last2=Zerán Chelech |editor-first2=Faride |editor-last3=Slachevsky |editor-first3=Paulo}}

{{Commons}}

• {{cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=UN panel discussion: 2023 War on Gaza: The Responsibility to Prevent Genocide |url=https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1v/k1vpr1yczg |publisher=United Nations}}

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