Peach#Cultivation

The peach is a deciduous tree or tree like shrub that may very rarely grow to as much as {{convert|10|m|ft|0|spell=us}} tall, but is more typically {{cvt|3|m|ft|0}} with large specimens reaching {{cvt|4|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}}{{sfn|Welsh|Atwood|Goodrich|Higgins|1987|p=538}} The spread of the crown is similar to the height, ranging from 3 to 4 meters.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=101}} They never produce suckers or have thorns.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} Unlike with apples the size of peach trees is not generally controlled by dwarfing rootstocks in commercial orchards.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=530}} A great variety of growth habits have been selected including columnar, dwarf, spreading, and weeping.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=101}} In order to have a single trunk trees must pruned and likewise the branches have a tendance to droop over time and must be trained to allow for access under the tree.{{sfn|Gilman|Watson|1994|p=2}} The bark on the trunk and branches is dark gray with horizontal lenticels. It becomes more scaly and rough as the tree becomes older.{{sfn|NC State Extension}} The root system is deep on peach trees and the roots of peach trees continue to grow during the winter season.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=101}}{{sfn|Crider|1928|p=403}}

Twigs on peach trees have a smooth, hairless surface, the bark is usually red, but may be green on the sides not exposed to the sun.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} As they become older branchlets weather to gray in color.{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=915}} Twigs have true terminal buds at their ends.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}}

Peach leaves are oblong to lanceolate, having sides nearly parallel until tapering at end and base or shaped like the head of a spear.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} The widest portion of the leaf is midway or further towards the leaf tip.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} Each leaf folds along the central rib of the leaf and is often also curved, usually {{convert|7–15|cm|in|0|spell=us}} long and {{cvt|2–4.5|cm|in|0}} wide, though occasionally they may be shorter.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} The surface of the leaves is smooth and hairless, but the leaf stem sometimes has glands.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} The edges of the leaves have serrated edges with blunt teeth.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} The teeth have a reddish-brown gland at the tip.{{sfn|WFO 2024}} Leaves are attached to the twigs by petioles, leaf stems. They are strong and measure 1 to 2 cm. They can also have one or more extrafloral nectaries.{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}}

File:Prunus persica in Aveyron (2).jpg, Aveyron, France]]

Flowers on peach trees are either solitary or in groups of two and usually bloom before the leaves begin to grow.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} They may range in shades from white to red,{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=915}} but having pink or red flowers 2–3.5 cm in width is typical of cultivars selected for their fruit.{{sfn|Krüssmann|1986|pp=42}} Trees grown as ornamentals also may have double flowers, semi-doubled flowers, or bicolored forms.{{sfn|Gilman|Watson|1994|p=1}} Each flower has four or five petals and is somewhat cup shaped with the petals curving to shelter the flower's center.{{sfn|NC State Extension}} Each flower will have 20 to 30 stamens and purple-red anthers at their ends. The single style is nearly as long as the stamens.{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}} The flowers are self-fertile and outcross at about 5%.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=2}}

The bloom period is in the early spring, often cut short by frosts, in February, March, April, or May depending on location.{{sfn|Blackburne-Maze|2003|p=108}}{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=915}} Correspondingly in August or October in New Zealand in the southern hemisphere.{{sfn|Given et al. 2024}}

Trees can begin producing fruit in the two or three years after sprouting.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=2–3}} Because of the hardness of the seed casing peaches are called stone fruits like the others in the Prunus genus, but are more formally called drupes.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=101}} Fruits range in color from greenish white to orange yellow, usually with a blush of red on the side of the fruit most exposed to the sun. Their shape varies wildly from a flattened sphere resembling a doughnut, egg shaped, or a slightly compressed sphere usually with a seam on one side. A normal diameter for a fruit is between {{convert|5 and 7|cm|0|sp=us}}, but sometimes they may be as small as {{cvt|3|cm}} or as large as {{cvt|12|cm}}.{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}}

Image:Drupe fruit diagram.svg

The flesh of the peach is quite variable in color from greenish-white to white to yellow to dark red.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=532}} The texture can also differ, melting, nonmelting, or stony hard all possible.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=507}}

The growth of the fruit is a double-sigmoid growth curve: a beginning quick period of development followed by a resting period of little growth and then a second period of rapid growth.{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|p=334}}

The seed of the peach is much larger and less round than the seeds of its closest living relatives.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=3}} Unlike the pit of an almond, which is only pitted, the peach pit's stony exterior is both pitted and deeply furrowed.{{sfn|Given et al. 2024}}

File:The peaches of New York (1917) (14780111494).jpg

The peach tree was given the name Amygdalus persica by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in his book Systema Naturae. The accepted species name of Prunus persica was published by August Batsch in 1801.{{sfn|POWO 2024}} Though this was far from settled until the 20th century with many different placements of the peach and even divisions of nectarines and flat peaches into different species. The botanist Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick argued persuasively in 1917 that these differences are merely simple mutations and not species or even varieties beginning consensus towards the modern classification.{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|pp=332–333}} This was supported by breeding experiments as early as 1906 showing the hairlessness of nectarines is a recessive trait.{{sfn|Seelig|Fogle|Hesse|2007}} Though sometimes alternative names continue to be used even in the 21st Century with Amygdalus persica being used as recently as 2003 in an authoritative scientific publication.{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}} More than 200 scientific names have been published that are considered synonyms of Prunus persica by Plants of the World Online (POWO).{{sfn|POWO 2024}} Though the majority of sources agree on its classification as Prunus persica, there is division on the correct author citation for the name. Most sources, such as POWO,{{sfn|POWO 2024}} World Flora Online,{{sfn|WFO 2024}} and the Flora of North America give August Batsch credit.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} However, a few sources such as World Plants maintained by the botanist Michael Hassler instead credit Jonathan Stokes with priority dated to 1812.{{sfn|Hassler 2024}}

Prunus persica is classified in Prunus with other stone fruits within the rose family, Rosaceae.{{sfn|WFO 2024}} The further classification into a subgenus or section is disputed. The work of Alfred Rehder, published in 1940, has been widely used to group the species of Prunus.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020a}} Rehder based his system largely on that of Bernhard Adalbert Emil Koehne with the peach placed with the almond in subgenus Amygdalus because similarities in the rough and pitted stone.{{sfn|McVaugh|1951|pp=279, 283–284}} However, since 2000 studies of nuclear and chloroplast DNA have shown that the five subgenera accepted by Rehder are not more closely related to each other than to other species in Prunus.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020a}} In 2013 Shuo Shi and collaborators published research where they proposed it be part of subgenus Prunus together with the plums and cherries, but in a section named Persicae, now corrected to Persica.{{sfn|Shi et al. 2013|p=1070}} However, these groupings are not yet widely accepted.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020a}}

The greatest genetic diversity in peaches is found in China and where it is generally agreed to have been domesticated.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=512}} The species is often thought to be a cultigen, a taxa that has its origins in cultivation rather than as a wild species.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}{{sfn|Li|1983|p=34}}

File:Prunus stones-kansuensis persica davidiana.png

The closest relatives of the peach are the Chinese bush peach (Prunus kansuensis), Chinese wild peach (Prunus davidiana), the smooth stone peach (Prunus mira).{{sfn|Yu et al. 2018|pp=5–6}} Though Charles Darwin speculated that the peach might be a marvelous modification of the almond (Prunus amygdalus), research into the divergence of peach relatives shows this not to be the case. Quite the opposite the almond, while in the same genus, is confirmed to be a more distant relative.{{sfn|Yu et al. 2018|p=2}}

In April 2010, an international consortium, the International Peach Genome Initiative, which includes researchers from the United States, Italy, Chile, Spain, and France, announced they had sequenced the peach tree genome (doubled haploid Lovell). In 2013 they published the peach genome sequence and related analyses. The sequence is composed of 227 million nucleotides arranged in eight pseudomolecules representing the eight peach chromosomes (2n = 16). In addition, 27,852 protein-coding genes and 28,689 protein-coding transcripts were predicted.{{sfn|Verde et al. 2013}}

Particular emphasis in this study is reserved for the analysis of the genetic diversity in peach germplasm and how it was shaped by human activities such as domestication and breeding. Major historical bottlenecks were found, one related to the putative original domestication that is supposed to have taken place in China about 4,000–5,000 years ago, the second is related to the western germplasm and is due to the early dissemination of the peach in Europe from China and the more recent breeding activities in the United States and Europe. These bottlenecks highlighted the substantial reduction of genetic diversity associated with domestication and breeding activities.{{sfn|Verde et al. 2013}}

Though not a separate grouping genetically, nectarines are regarded as different fruits commercially. The difference is the lack of fuzz, the trichomes, on the skin of the fruits.{{sfn|Vendramin et al. 2014|p=1}} Research into the cause of this trait found the transcription factor gene PpeMYB25 regulates the formation of trichomes on peach fruits. A mutation can cause a loss of function resulting in the changed fruit type.{{sfn|Vendramin et al. 2014|p=1, 12}}

Fossil endocarps with characteristics indistinguishable from those of modern peaches have been recovered from late Pliocene deposits in Kunming, dating to 2.6 million years ago. In the absence of evidence that the plants were in other ways identical to the modern peach, the name Prunus kunmingensis has been assigned to these fossils.{{sfn|Su et al. 2015|pp=1–3}} Genetic evidence supports a very early emergence of edibility in the wild ancestors of the peach.{{sfn|Yu et al. 2018|pp=1–2, 5–7}}

File:Amygdalus persica Mann.jpg

The genus name Prunus is from Latin for plum. The specific name persica was given by Linnaeus because European botanists of the 1700s and 1800s continued to believe the Roman accounts of peaches originating in Persia to be correct.{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|p=332}}

The modern English word – and its cognates in many European languages such as the German {{Lang|de|Pfirsich}} and Finnish {{Lang|fi|persikka}} – also have Latin origins.{{sfn|Campbell|2004|pp=274–275}} In ancient Rome the peach was called {{Lang|la|persicum malum}} or simply {{Lang|la|persicum}} meaning {{Gloss|Persian apple}}.{{sfn|Durkin|2009|p=115}} This became the Late Latin {{Lang|la|pessica}} and in turn the medieval {{Lang|la|pesca}}. In Old French it was variously the {{Lang|fro|peche}}, {{Lang|fro|pesche}}, or {{Lang|fro|peske}}. The first usage in England was as the surname Pecche in about 1184–1185.{{sfn|Barnhart|1995|p=549}} The French word was directly adopted into English to mean the fruit and spelled either pechis or peches around the year 1400. In 1605 the first known instance of the modern spelling of peach was published.{{sfn|OED 2025c}} Peach trees are also, less frequently, called common peaches.{{sfn|NC State Extension}}

The various cultivars of peach with smooth skinned fruits are called nectarines. This word was coined by English speakers, originally as an adjective meaning {{Gloss|nectar-like}}, from nectar and the suffix -ine, with the first use in print in 1611.{{sfn|OED 2025b}}{{sfn|OED 2025a}}

File:雅鲁藏布大峡谷Q30026988.jpg, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau]]

The exact place of origin for the domestic peach is unknown. Based on archeology from the 2010s East China near the Yangtze Delta has emerged as a likely candidate and contradicting the theory of domestication in Northwestern China.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|pp=1, 7–8}}{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|p=332}} Many sources since the 1980s have listed North China as its likely place of origin.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}{{sfn|Li|1983|p=34}} They are now naturalized in many other parts of Asia. It grows throughout eastern China and into Inner Mongolia. To the east they are found on the Korean Peninsula and in Japan. To the south they are also found in Vietnam and Laos. In the Indian Subcontinent are reported in the Eastern Himalayas and nearby Assam province, but not Nepal, parts of central India, Pakistan, and the Western Himalayas. Westwards they are also an introduced species in Afghanistan, Iran, and all the countries of Central Asia. Transitioning to Europe they also grow in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, and Turkey.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

In Europe the peach trees are partly naturalized. In western Europe they are found in Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. In central Europe they are reported as escaped from cultivation in Germany, Hungary, and Switzerland and in Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Cyprus, and Greece in the south.{{sfn|POWO 2024}} In the southeast they grow as introduced plants in Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, and Bulgaria.{{sfn|Hassler 2024}}{{sfn|POWO 2024}} To the east they are found in parts of European Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

File:Prunus persica - Starr 03.jpg, Hawaii]]

They also have escaped from cultivation in the African nations of Libya, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and the Cape Verde Islands off the northeast coast. Specific areas of South Africa include the biogeographic areas of the Northern Provinces, Orange Free State, and KwaZulu-Natal.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

In North America, in addition to cultivation, peach saplings are often found growing anywhere pits have been discarded. Most of these feral trees are short lived, but some have established naturalized populations.{{sfn|Rohrer 2020b}} Such escapes are reported in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia.{{sfn|VASCAN 2024}} Trees outside of cultivation have been found in all of the United States east of the Mississippi excluding Minnesota, Vermont, and New Hampshire. In the northwest they are found in Oregon and Idaho.{{sfn|NRCS 2024}} In the Southwestern United States they are to some extent naturalized from California to Texas, with the exception of in Nevada. Similar occurrences are also found in the northwest of Mexico and El Salvador in Central America.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

In South America escapees are only reported from Ecuador and the northeast of Argentina.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

In Australia it is naturalized in the states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia.{{sfn|Harden|Rodd|n.d.}} In New Zealand it can be found as an escapee from cultivation on both the North Island and south Island, especially around Auckland, Christchurch, and in the Otago region.{{sfn|Given et al. 2024}} It is also naturalized on many oceanic islands including the Mariana Islands, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Réunion, and Saint Helena.{{sfn|POWO 2024}}

File:Dried date, peach, apricot, and stones. From Lahun, Fayum, Egypt. Late Middle Kingdom. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg, London]]

Which peaches might be wild type or feral escapes from cultivation is still an open scientific question.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=2}} The authors of the Flora of China wrote in 2003 that completely wild peach trees no longer exist and this view is widely accepted.{{sfn|Lingdi|Bartholomew|2003}}{{sfn|Yu et al. 2018|p=2}} Although its botanical name Prunus persica refers to Persia peaches originated in China,{{sfn|Thacker|1985|p=57}} where they have been cultivated since the Neolithic period.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=4}} From the 1980s to the 2010s it was believed that cultivation started around 2000 BCE.{{sfn|Singh et al. 2020|p=90}}{{sfn|Vaughan|Geissler|2009|p=82}} In 2014 new research was published showing that domestication occurred as early as 6000 BCE in Zhejiang Province on the central east coast of China. The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao site near Hangzhou. Archaeologists point to the Yangtze River Valley as the place where the early selection for favorable peach varieties probably took place.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|pp=3–4}}

A domesticated peach appeared very early in Japan, in 4700–4400 BCE, during the Jōmon period. It was already similar to modern cultivated forms, where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones. This domesticated type of peach was brought into Japan from China. Nevertheless, in China itself, this variety is currently attested only at a later date around 3300 to 2300 BCE.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|pp=1, 5, 7}}

In India, the peach first appeared sometime between 2500 and 1700 BCE, during the Harappan period in the Kashmir.{{sfn|Fuller|Madella|2001|p=341}}

It is also found elsewhere in West Asia in ancient times.{{sfn|Ensminger et al. 1994|p=1719}} Peach cultivation reached Greece by 300 BC.{{sfn|Vaughan|Geissler|2009|p=82}} Alexander the Great is sometimes said to have introduced them into Greece after conquering Persia, but no historical evidence for this claim has been found.{{sfn|Davidson|1999|p=588}} Peaches were, however, well known to the Romans in the first century AD;{{sfn|Vaughan|Geissler|2009|p=82}} the oldest known artistic representations of the fruit are in two fragments of wall paintings, dated to the first century AD, in Herculaneum, preserved due to the Vesuvius eruption of 79 AD, and now held in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples.{{sfn|Sadori et al. 2009|p=46}} Archaeological finds show that peaches were cultivated widely in Roman northwestern Continental Europe, but production collapsed around the sixth century; some revival of production followed with the Carolingian Renaissance of the ninth century.{{sfn|Blan|2019|pp=523–525}}

File:Peach house at scone palace.jpg, Scotland]]

An article on peach tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture.{{sfn|Ibn al-'Awwam|1864|pp=315–318}} The peach was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, and eventually made it to England and France in the 17th century, where it was a prized and expensive treat. Although Thomas Jefferson had peach trees at Monticello, American farmers did not begin commercial production until the 19th century in Maryland, Delaware, Georgia, South Carolina, and finally Virginia.{{sfn|Fogle|1965|p=1}}

The Shanghai honey nectar peach was a key component of both the food culture and agrarian economy the area where the modern megacity of Shanghai stands. Peaches were the cornerstone of early Shanghai's garden culture. As modernization and westernization swept through the city the Shanghai honey nectar peach nearly disappeared completely. Much of modern Shanghai is built over these gardens and peach orchards.{{sfn|Swislocki|2009|pp=29–64}}

The first European botanist to argue that the peach did not originate in Persia was Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1855. He argued on the basis of it not being mentioned by Xenophon in 401 BCE or by other early sources that it could not have arrived there much before it was imported to Rome in the 100s BCE. An important western botanist to argue for a Chinese origin of the species was Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick in 1917. Chinese literature records the fruit for at least 1000 years before its appearance in Europe.{{sfn|Faust|Timon|1995|p=338}}

Peaches were introduced into the Americas in the 16th century by the Spanish. By 1580, peaches were being grown in Latin America and were cultivated by the remnants of the Inca Empire in Argentina.{{sfn|Capparelli et al. 2005}}

File:Drying Peaches at Isleta (NBY 6209).jpg, New Mexico {{circa|1900}}]]

In the United States the peach was soon adopted as a crop by American Indians. In the eastern U.S. the peach also became naturalized and abundant as a feral species.{{sfn|Holland-Lulewicz et al. 2024|pp=1–2}} Peaches were being grown in Virginia as early as 1629. Peaches grown by Indians in Virginia were said to have been "of greater variety and finer sorts" than those of the English colonists. Also in 1629, peaches were listed as a crop in New Mexico.{{sfn|Jett|1977|p=683}} William Penn noted the existence of wild peaches in Pennsylvania in 1683.{{sfn|Fair|2002|p=374}} In fact, peaches may have already spread to the American Southeast by the early to mid 1600s, actively cultivated by indigenous communities such as the Muscogee before permanent Spanish settlement of the region.{{sfn|Holland-Lulewicz et al. 2024|pp=2–4}}

Peach plantations became an objective of American military campaigns against the Indians. In 1779, the Sullivan Expedition destroyed the livelihood of many of the Iroquois people of New York. Among the crops destroyed were plantations of peach trees.{{sfn|NPS Staff|2020}} In 1864, Kit Carson led a successful U.S. army expedition to Canyon de Chelly in Arizona to destroy the livelihood of the Navajo. Carson destroyed thousands of peach trees. A soldier said they were the "best peach trees I have ever seen in the country, every one of them bearing fruit."{{sfn|Sumrak|2017}} The Navajo signed a treaty with the US government in 1868 and were able to return to the canyon. They had saved peach pits and some trees resprouted from stumps and so by the 1870s and 1880s many peach orchards had been restored.{{sfn|Dolan|Wytsalucy|Lyons|2024}}

File:A peach orchard in spring.jpg

Peaches are easiest to grow dry, continental or temperate climates, with conditions of high humidity greatly increasing diseases and pests in subtropics and tropics.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=507}} In addition the trees have a chilling requirement. Most cultivars require 600 to 1,000 hours of chilling at temperatures between {{convert|40 to 50|F|C|order=flip}}. During the chilling period, key chemical reactions occur, but the plant appears dormant. Temperatures under {{cvt|30|F|C|order=flip}} are ineffective for fulfilling the chilling requirement. Once the chilling period is fulfilled, the plant enters a second type of dormancy, the quiescence period. During quiescence, buds break and grow when sufficient warm weather favorable to growth is accumulated.{{sfn|Lockwood|Coston|2007|p=2}} The chilling requirement is not satisfied in tropical or subtropical areas except at high altitudes with low-chill cultivars, some which require less than 100 hours of suitable temperatures.{{sfn|Thakur et al. 2024|p=100}}

File:Bee pollinating peach flower.jpg pollinating it]]

The trees themselves can usually tolerate temperatures to around {{convert|-26|to|-30|C|F}}, although the following season's flower buds are usually killed at these temperatures, preventing a crop that summer. Flower bud death begins to occur between {{convert|-15|and|-25|C|F}}, depending on the cultivar and on the timing of the cold, with the buds becoming less cold tolerant in late winter.{{sfn|Szalay|Papp|Szabó|2000|pp=407–408}} Another climate constraint is spring frost. The trees flower fairly early and the blossom is damaged or killed if temperatures drop below about {{convert|-1.1|C|F}}. If the flowers are not fully open, though, they can tolerate a few degrees colder.{{sfn|Chen|Okie|Beckman|2016|p=816}} The flowers are also vulnerable to temperatrues higher than {{cvt|22 to 25|C}} during the day.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=524}}

Climates with significant winter rainfall at temperatures below {{convert|16|C|F}} are also unsuitable for peach cultivation, as the rain promotes peach leaf curl, which is the most serious fungal disease for peaches. In practice, fungicides are extensively used for peach cultivation in such climates, with more than 1% of European peaches exceeding legal pesticide limits in 2013.{{sfn|European Food Safety Authority|2015|p=29}}

Finally, summer heat is required to mature the crop, with mean temperatures of the hottest month between {{convert|20|and|30|C|F}}.

Peach trees are grown in well draining soils as they are vulnerable to disease in wet soils. They are most productive in topsoils approximately {{convert|18 to 24|in|cm|round=5|order=flip}} with a sandy loam character.{{sfn|Kamas Stein Nesbitt 2015|p=2}}

Most peach trees sold by nurseries are cultivars budded or grafted onto a suitable rootstock. Common rootstocks are 'Lovell Peach', 'Nemaguard Peach', Prunus besseyi, and 'Citation'.{{sfn|Ingels et al. 2007|p=29–30}} The rootstock provides hardiness and budding is done to improve predictability of the fruit quality.

File:Nectarine Fruit Development.jpg in midsummer]]

Typical peach cultivars begin bearing fruit in their third year. Their lifespan in the U.S. varies by region; the University of California at Davis gives a lifespan of about 15 years while the University of Maine gives a lifespan of 7 years there.{{sfn|Hasey|2009|p=2}}{{sfn|Moran|2014}}

Peach trees need full sun, and a layout that allows good natural air flow to assist the thermal environment for the tree. Peaches are planted in early winter.{{sfn|Carroll|2017|p=1}} During the growth season, they need a regular and reliable supply of water, with higher amounts just before harvest.{{sfn|Carroll|2017|pp=3–4}}

Peaches need nitrogen-rich fertilizers more than other fruit trees. Without regular fertilizer supply, peach tree leaves start turning yellow or exhibit stunted growth. Blood meal, bone meal, and calcium ammonium nitrate are suitable fertilizers.

The flowers on a peach tree are typically thinned out because if the full number of peaches mature on a branch, they are undersized and lack flavor. Fruits are thinned midway in the season by commercial growers. Fresh peaches are easily bruised, so do not store well. They are most flavorful when they ripen on the tree and are eaten the day of harvest.{{sfn|Carroll|2017|p=4}}

The peach tree can be grown in an espalier shape. The Baldassari palmette is a design created around 1950 used primarily for training peaches. In walled gardens constructed from stone or brick, which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it, raising the temperature against the wall, peaches can be grown as espaliers against south-facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland.

Peaches and nectarines are best stored at temperatures of 0 °C (32 °F) and in high humidity.{{sfn|Gao|2000}} They are highly perishable, so are typically consumed or canned within two weeks of harvest.

Peaches are climacteric fruits and continue to ripen after being picked from the tree. However, though climacteric fruits continue to ripen nutritional quality may not improve after picking with studies showing Vitamin C content to be higher in peaches when ripened on the tree.{{sfn|Harvard Center for Health 2010}} Both ethylene and the plant hormone auxin are involved in regulating the ripening process.{{sfn|Trainotti|Tadiello|Casadoro|2007|p=3299}} Though the ethylene antagonist 1-Methylcyclopropene can be used to delay the ripening of peaches its use negatively affects the arroma of the fruit.{{sfn|Ziosi et al. 2007|p=167}}{{sfn|Cai et al. 2019|p=573}}

The European earwig (Forficula auricularia) can be a minor to significant pest of the peach fruit, particularly when they are tightly clustered or have splits in the skin. The earwigs feed on the fruit and dirty them with waste.{{sfn|Edwards|1998|p=66}}

The larvae of many moth species are of concern to peach growers. Frequently noted are the peachtree borer (Synanthedon exitiosa),{{sfn|Ingels et al. 2007|p=158}} the peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella),{{sfn|Ingels et al. 2007|p=152}} the yellow peach moth (Conogethes punctiferalis),{{sfn|Ramzan et al. 2024|p=236}} the fruit tree leafroller (Archips argyrospila),{{sfn|Ingels et al. 2007|p=155}} oriental fruit moths (Grapholita molesta), and the lesser peachtree borer (Synanthedon pictipes).{{sfn|Gorsuch|Scott|2021}}

Other moths include the well-marked cutworm (Abagrotis orbis),{{sfn|Kadasa et al. 2022|p=466}} the climbing cutworm (Abagrotis barnesi),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=33}} Lyonetia prunifoliella,{{sfn|Kadasa et al. 2022|p=466}} the grey dagger (Acronicta psi),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=47}} ghost moth (Aenetus virescens),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=50}} the march moth (Alsophila aescularia),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=60}} fruit tree tortrix (Archips podanus),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=83}} cherry fruit moth (Argyresthia pruniella),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=87}} azalea leafminer Caloptilia zachrysa,{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=116}} peach fruit moth (Carposina sasakii),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=119}} apple leaf skeletonizer (Choreutis pariana),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=133}} honeydew moth (Cryptoblabes gnidiella),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=160}} plum fruit moth (Cydia funebrana),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=165}} codling moth (Cydia pomonella),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=168}} figure of eight (Diloba caeruleocephala),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=187}} cherry bark tortrix (Enarmonia formosana),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=200}} apple leaf roller (Epiphyas postvittana),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=211}} brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=228}} the fruit tree borer (Maroga melanostigma),{{sfn|Kadasa et al. 2022|p=466}} winter moth (Operophtera brumata),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=349}} fruit-tree tortrix (Pandemis heparana),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|pp=362–363}} the wood groundling (Parachronistis albiceps),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=368}} apple leaf miner Phyllonorycter crataegella,{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=392}} lesser bud moth (Recurvaria nanella),{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=423}} and false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta).{{sfn|Zhang|1994|p=161}}

The tree is also a host plant for such species as the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), the shothole borer (Scolytus rugulosus), and plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar).{{sfn|Gorsuch|Scott|2021}}

Green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) can be a significant problem on peach trees. They overwinter as eggs on the trees and feed upon them in the spring before moving to other host species during the summer.{{sfn|Edwards|1998|p=46}} Two scale insects can cause serious damage to peach trees, the white peach scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona) and the San Jose scale (Comstockaspis perniciosa).{{sfn|Gorsuch|Scott|2021}}

At best it is poor nectar and pollen source for honey bees, with the double flowering varieties particularly noted for not producing any usable resources for bees. Some fruiting cultivars also produce no pollen and nectar flow is often impacted by early frosts.{{sfn|Johannsmeier|2016|pp=34, 122}}

Though not native to North America, peach trees have become a host for caterpillars of the Eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly (Papilio glacucus). Though they are not a significant pest.{{sfn|NC State Extension}}

{{Main|List of peach and nectarine diseases}}

File:Preparing peaches to be canned.jpg, Africa]]

Peach trees are prone to a disease called leaf curl, which usually does not directly affect the fruit, but does reduce the crop yield by partially defoliating the tree. Several fungicides can be used to combat the disease, including Bordeaux mixture and other copper-based products (the University of California considers these organic treatments), ziram, chlorothalonil, and dodine.{{sfn|Adaskaveg|Duncan|Day|2015}} The fruit is susceptible to brown rot or a dark reddish spot.

File:White peach and cross section edit.jpg

Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known. These are classified into two categories—freestones and clingstones. Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from the pit. Clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit. Some cultivars are partially freestone and clingstone, so are called semifree. Freestone types are preferred for eating fresh, while clingstone types are for canning. The fruit flesh may be creamy white to deep yellow, to dark red; the hue and shade of the color depend on the cultivar.{{sfn|Gao|2000}} The genetic diversity of peach cultivars is highest in China with 495 recognized cultivars.{{sfn|Zheng|Crawford|Chen|2014|p=2}}

Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness, more red color, and shorter fuzz on the fruit surface. These characteristics ease shipping and supermarket sales by improving eye appeal. This selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor, though. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long.{{sfn|Okie|2005|p=3}}

File:White nectarine and cross section02 edit.jpg

The cultivars commonly called nectarines have a smooth skin. It is on occasion referred to as a "shaved peach" or "fuzzless peach", due to its lack of fuzz or short hairs. Though fuzzy peaches and nectarines are regarded commercially as different fruits, with nectarines often erroneously believed to be a crossbreed between peaches and plums, or a "peach with a plum skin", nectarines belong to the same species as peaches. Several genetic studies have concluded nectarines are produced due to a recessive allele, whereas a fuzzy peach skin is dominant.{{sfn|Seelig|Fogle|Hesse|2007}}

As with peaches, nectarines can be white or yellow, and clingstone or freestone. On average, nectarines are slightly smaller and sweeter than peaches, but with much overlap.{{sfn|Seelig|Fogle|Hesse|2007}} The lack of skin fuzz can make nectarine skins appear more reddish than those of peaches, contributing to the fruit's plum-like appearance. The lack of down on nectarines' skin also means their skin is more easily bruised than peaches.

The history of the nectarine is unclear; the first recorded mention in English is from 1611,{{sfn|OED 2025a}} but they had probably been grown much earlier within the native range of the peach in central and eastern Asia. A number of colonial-era newspaper articles make reference to nectarines being grown in the United States prior to the Revolutionary War. The 28 March 1768 edition of the New York Gazette (p. 3), for example, mentions a farm in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, where nectarines were grown. Later, cultivars of higher quality with better shipping qualities were introduced to the United States by David Fairchild of the Department of Agriculture in 1906.{{sfn|Fairchild|Kay|Kay|1938|p=226}}

Peacherines are claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine;{{sfn|Shimabukuro|2004}} they are sometimes marketed in Australia and New Zealand.{{sfn|Clark|2013|p=21}} The linguist Louise Pound, in 1920, wrote that the term peacherine is an example of language stunt.{{sfn|Pound|1920|p=89}}

{{Main|Flat peach}}

Flat peaches, or pan-tao, have a flattened shape, in contrast to ordinary near-spherical peaches.{{sfn|Bassi|Monet|2008|p=16}}

Peach trees are also grown for ornamental value in gardens, but trees specifically selected for this purpose have small, inedible fruits.{{sfn|Davis|1997|p=54}}

{{See also|Peach production in China}}

In 2023, world production of peaches (combined with nectarines for reporting) was 27.1 million tonnes, led by China with 65% of the total. Spain, the next most productive country, only produced about 5% of the total (table). Peaches rank third in total production of temperate fruits after the apple and pear.{{sfn|Byrne et al. 2009|p=505}}

The U.S. state of Georgia is known as the "Peach State" due to its significant production and shipping of peaches in the 1870s and 1880s,{{sfn|Taylor|2018}} with the first export of to New York occurring around 1853 and significant amounts being sold there by 1858.{{sfn|Fair|2002|pp=382, 390}} In 2014, Georgia was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina.{{sfn|Taylor|2018}} The largest peach producing countries in Latin America are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico.{{sfn|Navarro Villa|2024}}

{{nutritional value

| name = Peaches, raw

| kcal = 46

| water = 88 g

| protein = 0.91 g

| fat = 0.27 g

| carbs = 9.87 g

| fiber = 1.5 g

| sugars = 8.39 g

| calcium_mg = 4

| iron_mg = 0.34

| magnesium_mg = 8

| phosphorus_mg = 22

| potassium_mg = 122

| sodium_mg = 13

| zinc_mg = 0.23

| copper_mg = 0.078

| manganese_mg = 0.026

| vitC_mg = 4.1

| thiamin_mg = 0.024

| riboflavin_mg = 0.031

| niacin_mg = 0.806

| pantothenic_mg = 0.153

| vitB6_mg = 0.025

| folate_ug = 6

| vitA_ug = 24

| betacarotene_ug = 224

| vitE_mg = 0.73

| vitK_ug = 3

| source_usda = 1

| note = From USDA FoodData Central{{sfn|ARS 2019b}}

}}

Raw peach flesh is 88% water, 10% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). A medium-sized raw peach, weighing {{convert|100|g|abbr=on}}, supplies 46 calories, and contains no micronutrients having a significant percentage of the Daily Value (DV, table). A raw nectarine has similar low content of nutrients.{{sfn|ARS 2019a}} The glycemic load of an average peach (120 grams) is 5, similar to other low-sugar fruits.{{sfn|Atkinson|Foster-Powell|Brand-Miller|2015}}

Total polyphenols in mg per 100 g of fresh weight were 14–113 in white-flesh nectarines, 17–78 in yellow-flesh nectarines, 20–113 in white-flesh peaches, and 16–93 mg per 100 g in yellow-flesh peaches.{{sfn|Gil et al. 2002|pp=4978–4979}} The major phenolic compounds identified in peach are chlorogenic acid, catechins and epicatechins,{{sfn|Cheng|Crisosto|1995|p=836}} with other compounds, identified by HPLC, including gallic acid and ellagic acid.{{sfn|Infante et al. 2011|pp=448–449}} Rutin and isoquercetin are the primary flavonols found in clingstone peaches.{{sfn|Chang et al. 2000|p=149}} The levels of flavonols and cyanidins are highest in the skins. Though phenols vary by cultivar and due to the growing conditions in a growing season.{{sfn|Andreotti et al. 2008|p=22}} Red-fleshed peaches are rich in anthocyanins, especially red fleshed varieties and their skins.{{sfn|Cevallos-Casals et al. 2006|p=274}} malvin glycosides in clingstone peaches.{{sfn|Chang et al. 2000|p=149}}

As with many other members of the rose family, peach seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides, primarily amygdalin.{{sfn|Lee et al. 2017|p=237}} Amygdalin decomposes into a sugar molecule,hydrogen cyanide gas, and benzaldehyde. Hydrogen cyanide poisons the action of a critical enzyme for the use of oxygen in cells, resulting in death in severe cases.{{sfn|Kingsbury|1972|pp=88–89}} While peach seeds are not the most toxic within the rose family (see bitter almond), large consumption of these chemicals from any source is potentially hazardous to animal and human health.{{sfn|Cho et al. 2013|pp=143–145}}

Peach allergy or intolerance is a relatively common form of hypersensitivity to proteins contained in peaches and related fruits (such as almonds). Symptoms range from local effects (e.g. oral allergy syndrome, contact urticaria) to more severe systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis (e.g. urticaria, angioedema, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms).{{sfn|Besler|Cuesta Herranz|Fernández-Rivas|2000|p=185}} Adverse reactions are related to the "freshness" of the fruit: peeled or canned fruit may be tolerated.{{sfn|Cuesta‐Herranz et al. 1998|p=78}}

Due to their close relatedness, the kernel of a peach stone tastes similar to almond, and peach stones are used to make a cheap version of marzipan, known as persipan.{{sfn|Haase et al. 2013}}

The attractive smell of a ripe peach has 110 different volatile molecules combined, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, polyphenols and terpenoids. The proportions vary significantly between different cultivars of peach.{{sfn|Sánchez et al. 2012|pp=1,3}}{{sfn|Spence|2022|p=383}}

Peaches are not only a popular fruit, but also are symbolic in many cultural traditions, such as in art, paintings, and folk tales such as the Peaches of Immortality.

File:桃と月季花（長春花）に鶴図-Cranes, Peach Tree, and Chinese Roses MET DP277568.jpg]]

Peach blossoms are highly prized in Chinese culture. The ancient Chinese believed the peach to possess more vitality than any other tree because their blossoms appear before leaves sprout. When early rulers of China visited their territories, they were preceded by sorcerers armed with peach rods to protect them from spectral evils. On New Year's Eve, local magistrates would cut peach wood branches and place them over their doors to protect against evil influences.{{sfn|Doré|Kennelly|1914|pp=504–505}} Peach wood was also used for the earliest known door gods during the Han. Another author writes:

{{Blockquote|The Chinese also considered peach wood (t'ao-fu)({{lang-zh|c=桃符|p=Táofú

}})

protective against evil spirits, who held the peach in awe. In ancient China, peach-wood bows were used to shoot arrows in every direction in an effort to dispel evil. Peach-wood slips or carved pits served as amulets to protect a person's life, safety, and health.{{sfn|Simoons|1991|p=218}}}}

Peachwood seals or figurines guarded gates and doors, and, as one Han account recites, "the buildings in the capital are made tranquil and pure; everywhere a good state of affairs prevails".{{sfn|Simoons|1991|p=218}} Writes the author, further:

{{Blockquote|Another aid in fighting evil spirits were peach-wood wands. The Li-chi (Han period) reported that the emperor went to the funeral of a minister escorted by a sorcerer carrying a peachwood wand to keep bad influences away. Since that time, peachwood wands have remained an important means of exorcism in China.{{sfn|Simoons|1991|p=218}}}}

Similarly, peach trees would often be planted near the front door of a house to bring good fortune.{{sfn|Thacker|1985|p=57}}

Peach kernels, tao ren ({{lang-zh|c=桃仁|p=Táorén}}), are a common ingredient used in traditional Chinese medicine to dispel blood stasis and unblock bowels.{{sfn|Bensky|Gamble|Kaptchuk|1992|pp=278–279}}

In an orchard of flowering peach trees, Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei took an oath of brotherhood in the opening chapter of the classic Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Another peach orchard, in "The Peach Blossom Spring" by poet Tao Yuanming, is the setting of the favourite Chinese fable and a metaphor for utopias. A peach tree growing on a precipice was where the Taoist master Zhang Daoling tested his disciples.{{sfn|Eskildsen|1998|p=26}}

The deity Shòu Xīng ({{lang-zh|s=寿星}}), a god of longevity, is usually depicted with a very large forehead and holding a staff in his left hand and a large peach in his right hand due its associations with a long life.{{sfn|Valder|1999|pp=110–111}} A long-standing traditional birthday food for seniors is a symbolic longevity peach (shòutáo bao - 寿桃包), a type of lotus seed bun shaped like a peach, frequent in Taiwan and Cantonese culture.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=148}}{{sfn|Gong|2005|p=174}}

The term fēntáo ({{lang-zh|c=分桃}}), which is variously translated as "half-eaten peach", "divided peach", or "sharing a peach", was first used by Han Fei, a Legalist philosopher, in his work Han Feizi. From this story it became a byword for homosexuality.{{sfn|Kang|2009|pp=22, 103}}{{sfn|Hinsch|1990|pp=20, 73, 89}} The book records the incident when courtier Mizi Xia bit into an especially delicious peach and gave the remainder to his lover, Duke Ling of Wei, as a gift so that he could taste it, as well.{{sfn|Hinsch|1990|p=20}}

As recorded by the traveller Isabella Bird in 1898, wands made of peach wood are used in parts of Korean shamanism. During the third part of an exorcism ritual for malevolent spirits a wand made of an eastern branch of a peach tree is used.{{sfn|Bird|1898|pp=228–230}} Originating from Daoism, the peach is one of ten symbols of longevity used in Korean art.{{sfn|Vos|1997|pp=21, 23}}

An important piece of Korean art features the peach. Dream Journey to the Peach Blossom Land is the only existing signed and dated work by An Kyŏn. It depicts the imagined utopian Peach Blossom Land from a fable by the Chinese poet Tao Yuanming.{{sfn|Yang-mo & Smith 1998|p=310}}

File:Japanese Fairy Book - Ozaki - 247.png

The world's sweetest peach is grown in Fukushima, Japan. The Guinness world record for the sweetest peach is currently held by a peach grown in Kanechika, Japan, with a sugar content of 22.2%. However, a fruit farm in rural Fukushima, Koji grew a much sweeter peach, with a Brix score of 32°. Degrees Brix measures the sugar content of the fruit, and is usually between 11 and 15 for a typical peach from a supermarket.{{sfn|Sturmer|Asada|2020}}

Momotarō, whose name literally means "peach child", is a folktale character named after the giant peach from which he was birthed.{{sfn|Leeming|2001|p=120}}

Two traditional Japanese words for the color pink correspond to blossoming trees: one for peach blossoms ({{transliteration|ja|momo-iro}}), and one for cherry blossoms (Cherry blossom#Symbolism in Japan).

A Vietnamese mythic history states that in the spring of 1789, after marching to Ngọc Hồi and then winning a great victory against invaders from the Qing dynasty of China, Emperor Quang Trung ordered a messenger to gallop to Phú Xuân citadel (now Huế) and deliver a flowering peach branch to the Empress Ngọc Hân. This took place on the fifth day of the first lunar month, two days before the predicted end of the battle. The branch of peach flowers that was sent from the north to the centre of Vietnam was not only a message of victory from the Emperor to his consort, but also the start of a new spring of peace and happiness for all the Vietnamese people. In addition, since the land of Nhật Tân had freely given that very branch of peach flowers to the Emperor, it became the loyal garden of his dynasty.

The protagonists of The Tale of Kieu fell in love by a peach tree, and in Vietnam, the blossoming peach flower is the signal of spring. Finally, peach bonsai trees are used as decoration during Vietnamese New Year (Tết) in northern Vietnam.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Pêches.jpg, A Still Life Painting of Peaches, 1881–82]]

Many famous artists have painted with peach fruits placed in prominence. Caravaggio, Vicenzo Campi, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Édouard Manet, Henri Fantin-Latour, Severin Roesen, Peter Paul Rubens, and Van Gogh are among the many influential artists who painted peaches and peach trees in various settings.{{sfn|Torpy|2010|p=203}}{{sfn|Janick|n.d.|pp=6, 9}} Scholars suggest that many compositions are symbolic, some an effort to introduce realism.{{sfn|Spike|2010|pp=23–24}} For example, Tresidder claims the artists of Renaissance symbolically used peach to represent heart, and a leaf attached to the fruit as the symbol for tongue, thereby implying speaking truth from one's heart;{{sfn|Tresidder|2004|p=168}} a ripe peach was also a symbol to imply a ripe state of good health. Caravaggio's paintings introduce realism by painting peach leaves that are molted, discolored, or in some cases have wormholes – conditions common in modern peach cultivation.{{sfn|Janick|n.d.|p=6}}

In literature, Roald Dahl deciding on using a peach in his children's fantasy novel James and the Giant Peach after considering many other fruits including an apple, pear, or cherry. He thought the flavor and flesh of the peach to be more exciting.{{sfn|Sturrock|2010|p=351}}

File:Peaches in baskets.jpg

Despite it not being first or even second in peach production and the peach contributing far less than 1% of the state's agricultural production, the peach is strongly associated in American culture with the state of Georgia.{{sfn|Okie|2016|pp=2–4}} However, the peach did not officially become the official fruit of Georgia until 1995.{{sfn|Georgia Secretary of State 2018}} It has been proceeded by South Carolina, which named the peach its state fruit in 1984.{{sfn|Aylesworth|Aylesworth|1996|p=51}} They were joined in giving the peach an official state status by Delaware naming it the state flower in 1995 and designating peach pie as its official dessert in 2009.{{sfn|GIC|2018}} Alabama also named it the state tree fruit in 2006 in addition to the blackberry designated as the state fruit in 2004.{{sfn|ADAH 2014a}}{{sfn|ADAH 2014b}}

The peach was marketed by the Georgia Fruit Exchange and later the Georgia Peach Grower's Association as being particularly tasty and special from the 1910s to the 1960s.{{sfn|Okie|2016|pp=124–130}} This also coincided with parts of Georgia wanting to distance itself from being, "the home of slavery and lynching and Confederate memorials," in the words of Frank Smith Horne.{{sfn|Okie|2016|p=168}} The local movement to create a new county centred on Fort Valley to be named Peach County sponsored Peach Blossom Festivals from 1922 to 1926. They promoted a vision of a new progressive south that also ignored the black labor upon which the peach harvest, like that of cotton, depended.{{sfn|Okie|2016|pp=147, 152, 159}} Though the acreage of has declined to just one twelfth of its 1925 peak,{{sfn|Okie|2016|p=220}} from 1935, Georgia has been nicknamed the "Peach State".{{sfn|OED 2025d}}

{{Clear}}

File:Pink Peach(Prunus persica) Blossom Over the Kathmandu City.jpg|Delicate pink peach blossoms bloom vibrantly against clear spring sky.

File:Peachblossoms3800ppx.JPG|alt=Tree in blossom

File:Prunus_persica（花桃）4035837.JPG|Peach blossoms

File:Peach flowers.jpg|alt=Blossoms

File:Ruhland, Grenzstr. 3, Pfirsich-Strauch, Rinde, 01.jpg|Gray bark on trunk with lenticels

File:Breskva Collins - zametnuti plodovi.jpg|Incipient fruit development

File:Prunus persica coupe MHNT.jpg|alt=Wood

File:Specimens of peach wood.jpg|Color and grain of peach wood

File:Prunus persica - Peach Hungary.jpg|alt=Fruits on tree

File:Prunus persica pit.jpg|alt=Seed

File:Starr-130504-4357-Prunus_persica_var_persica-Florida_Prince_fruit_on_branch-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_(24842890479).jpg|Peaches on tree

File:Hillview_Farms_peaches_in_a_basket.jpg|Peaches in a basket

File:Retrato de Isabella y John Stewart.jpg|Portrait of Isabella and John Stewart by Charles Willson Peale, 1774

File:Still Life Basket of Peaches by Raphaelle Peale 1816.jpeg|Still Life Basket of Peaches by Raphaelle Peale, 1816

File:Claude Monet - Das Pfirsichglas.jpg|A Jar of Peaches by Claude Monet {{circa|1866}}

File:Bairei_kachō_gafu,_Spring_04,_peach-blossoms_and_green_pheasants.jpg|"Spring 4, peach-blossoms and green pheasants" by Kōno Bairei, 1883

File:Pomological Watercolor POM00005183.jpg|Peach (cultivar 'Berry'), watercolour, 1895

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• {{Cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Alan |author-link1=Alan Davidson (food writer) |date=1999 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000davi_g3y4/page/588 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 |oclc=55747419 |access-date=26 December 2024}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Brian |date=1997 |title=The Gardener's Essential Plant Guide : Over 4,000 Varieties of Garden Plants Including Trees, Shrubs, and Vines |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenersessenti0000davi_v7f3/page/54/ |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=San Diego, California |publisher=Laurel Glen Publishing |isbn=978-1-57145-601-4 |oclc=37513042 |access-date=4 October 2024}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Doré |first1=Henri |last2=Kennelly |first2=M. |translator-last1=Kennelly |translator-first1=M. |translator-link1= |date=1914 |title=Researches into Chinese Superstitions |url=https://archive.org/details/researchesintoch05dor/page/505 |language=en |volume=V |edition=English |location=Shanghai, China |publisher=Tʻusewei Printing Press |oclc=1742009 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Durkin |first1=Philip |date=2009 |title=The Oxford Guide to Etymology |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordguidetoety0000durk/page/115 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-923651-0 |oclc=301948893 |access-date=29 September 2024}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Linda |date=1998 |title=Organic Tree Fruit Management |url=https://archive.org/details/organictreefruit0000edwa/page/66 |url-access=registration |language=en |location=Keremeos, British Columbia |publisher=Certified Organic Associations of British Columbia |isbn=978-0-7726-3615-7 |oclc=45818011 |access-date=12 January 2025}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Ensminger |first1=Audrey H. |last2=Ensminger |first2=M.E. |last3=Konlande |first3=James E. |last4=Robson |first4=John R.K. |date=1994 |title=Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMA9gYIj-C4C&q=%22Prunus+persica%22&pg=PA1040 |language=en |volume=2. I–Z |edition=Second |location=Boca Raton, Florida |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8980-1 |oclc=28963802 |access-date=26 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Ensminger et al. 1994}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Eskildsen |first1=Stephen |date=1998 |title=Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/asceticisminearl0000eski/page/26 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Albany, New York |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-585-06009-5 |oclc=42855374 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Fairchild |first1=David |author-link1=David Fairchild |last2=Kay |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Kay |first3=Alfred |date=1938 |title=The World Was My Garden : Travels of a Plant Explorer |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwasmygarden00fair/page/226 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |oclc=}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Faust |first1=Miklos |last2=Timon |first2=Béla |editor1-last=Janick |editor1-first=Jules |date=1995 |chapter=Chapter 10. Origin and Dissemination of Peach |title=Horticultural Reviews |language=en |volume=17 |edition=First |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=331–379 |doi=10.1002/9780470650585.ch10 |isbn=9780471573357 |oclc=827631597}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Fogle |first1=H.W. |date=1965 |title=Peach Production East of the Rocky Mountains |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A-PURL-gpo22282/pdf/GOVPUB-A-PURL-gpo22282.pdf |url-status=live |language=en |edition=First |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture |oclc=755264053 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227172731/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A-PURL-gpo22282/pdf/GOVPUB-A-PURL-gpo22282.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024}}
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• {{Cite book |last1=Hedrick |first1=Ulysses Prentiss |author-link1=Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick |last2=Howe |first2=George Henry |last3=Taylor |first3=Orrin Morehouse |last4=Tubergen |first4=Charles Burton |date=1917 |title=The Peaches of New York |url=https://archive.org/details/peachesofnewyor00hedr/page/n282 |language=en |location=Albany, New York |publisher=State of New York, Department of Agriculture |oclc=2082497 |access-date=3 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Hedrick et al. 1917}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Hinsch |first1=Bret |date=1990 |title=Passions of the Cut Sleeve : The Male Homosexual Tradition in China |language=en |edition=First |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06720-2 |oclc=20755546}}
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• {{Cite book |last1=Ingels |first1=Chuck A. |last2=Geisel |first2=Pamela M. |last3=Maxwell |first3=Norton V. |last4=Andris |first4=Harry L. |last5=Flint |first5=Mary Louise |last6=Johnson |first6=T. Scott |last7=Laivo |first7=Edward D. |last8=Prichard |first8=Terry L. |last9=Schwankl |first9=Lawrence J. |last10=Teviotdale |first10=Beth L. |last11=Vossen |first11=Paul M. |editor-last1=Ingels |editor-first1=Chuck A. |editor-last2=Geisel |editor-first2=Pamela M. |editor-last3=Maxwell |editor-first3=Norton V. |date=2007 |title=The Home Orchard : Growing Your Own Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees |url=https://archive.org/details/homeorchardgrowi0000unse/page/29 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Oakland, California |publisher=University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources |isbn=978-1-879906-72-3 |oclc=99996018 |access-date=29 December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Ingels et al. 2007}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Okie |first1=William Thomas |date=2016 |title=The Georgia Peach |language=en |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781107785335 |isbn=978-1-107-78533-5 |oclc=952276835}}
• {{cite book |last1=Sadori |first1=Laura |last2=Allevato |first2=Emilia |last3=Bosi |first3=Giovanna |last4=Caneva |first4=Giulia |author-link4= |last5=Castiglioni |first5=Elisabetta |last6=Celant |first6=Alessandra |last7=Di Pasquale |first7=Gaetano |last8=Giardini |first8=Marco |last9=Mazzanti |first9=Marta |last10=Rinaldi |first10=Rossella |last11=Rottoli |first11=Mauro |last12=Susanna |first12=Francesca |editor-last1=Morel |editor-first1=Jean-Paul |editor-last2=Mercuri |editor-first2=Anna Maria |date=2009 |chapter=The introduction and diffusion of peach in ancient Italy |chapter-url=http://www.plants-culture.unimo.it/book/05%20Sadori%20et%20alii.pdf |title=Plants and Culture : Seeds of the Cultural Heritage of Europe |url-status= |language=en, it |location=Bari, Italy |publisher=Edipuglia |isbn=9788872285749 |oclc=1158440816 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152355/http://www.plants-culture.unimo.it/book/05%20Sadori%20et%20alii.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2013 |access-date= |ref={{sfnref|Sadori et al. 2009}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Akath |last2=Patel |first2=R.K. |last3=Babu |first3=K.D. |last4=De |first4=L.C. |editor-last1=Peter |editor-first1=K.V. |date=2020 |chapter=5. Low Chilling Peaches |title=Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops |url-access= |format= |type= |series= |language= |volume=2 |edition= |location=Pitam Pura, New Delhi, India |publisher=New India Publishing Agency |isbn=978-93-89571-66-0 |oclc=1013169774 |ref={{sfnref|Singh et al. 2020}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Simoons |first1=Frederick J. |date=1991 |title=Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry |language=en |location=Boca Raton, Florida |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8804-0 |oclc=20392910}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Spike |first1=John T. |author-link1=John Spike |date=2010 |chapter=Caravaggio and the Origins of Roman Still Life Painting |editor-last1=De Groft |editor-first1=Aaron H. |editor-link1=Aaron De Groft |title=Caravaggio – Still Life with Fruit on a Stone Ledge |url=http://www.johntspike.com/uploads/CaravaggioFinalText12-23.pdf |language=en |location=Williamsburg, Virginia |publisher=Muscarelle Museum of Art, The College of William and Mary |isbn=978-0-9705725-6-1 |oclc=700941565 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152349/http://www.johntspike.com/uploads/CaravaggioFinalText12-23.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2013 |access-date=4 January 2025}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Sturrock |first1=Donald |date=2010 |title=Storyteller |url=https://archive.org/details/xstorytellerhbtb0000dona/page/351 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=London |publisher=HarperPress |isbn=978-0-00-725477-4 |oclc=768248123 |access-date=6 January 2024}}
• {{cite book |last1=Swislocki |first1=Mark |date=2009 |title=Culinary Nostalgia |language=en |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-6012-6 |oclc=609217045}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Thacker |first1=Christopher |author-link1=Christopher Thacker |date=1985 |orig-date=1979 |title=The History of Gardens |script-title= |trans-title= |title-link= |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgardens00chri/page/57 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=Paperback |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05629-9 |oclc=5133474}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Thakur |first1=Disha |last2=Thakur |first2=Kiran |last3=Thakur |first3=Manish |last4=Thakur |first4=Kishore |editor-last1=Rajasekharan |editor-first1=P. E. |editor-last2=Ramanatha Rao |editor-first2=V. |date=2024 |chapter=Peach |title=Fruit and Nut Crops |language=en |location=Singapore |publisher=Springer |pages=99–117 |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-5348-6_3 |eissn=2524-8456 |isbn=978-981-99-5347-9 |issn=2524-8448 |oclc=1429614942 |ref={{sfnref|Thakur et al. 2024}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Thomé |first1=Otto Wilhelm |author1-link=Otto Wilhelm Thomé |last2=Migula |first2=Walter |author2-link=Walter Migula |date=1905 |title=Prof. Dr. Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, in Wort und Bild, für Schule und Haus; mit ... Tafeln ... von Walter Müller |trans-title=Prof. Dr. Thomé's Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, in words and pictures, for school and home; with ... Plates ... by Walter Müller |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12307920 |url-status=live |language=de |volume=3 |location=Gera-Untermhaus, German Empire |publisher=F.E. Köhler |oclc=77887721 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310000000/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12307920 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |access-date=4 January 2025}} [https://archive.org/details/floravondeutschl03thom/page/n414 Alt URL]
• {{Cite book |last1=Tresidder |first1=Jack |date=2004 |title=1,001 Symbols: An Illustrated Guide to Imagery and Its Meaning |url=https://archive.org/details/1001symbolsillus0000tres_m0c3/page/n169 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition= |location=San Francisco |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-0-8118-4282-2 |oclc=52152867 |access-date=5 January 2025}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Valder |first1=Peter |date=1999 |title=Garden Plants of China |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenplantsofch0000vald_t1h6/page/110 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition=First |location=Glebe, New South Wales |publisher=Florilegium |isbn=978-1-876314-02-6 |oclc=222405710 |access-date=2 January 2025}}
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• {{Cite book |last1=Vos |first1=Ken |date=1997 |title=Symbolism & Simplicity : Korean Art from the Collection of Won-Kyung Cho |url=https://archive.org/details/symbolismsimplic0000vosk/page/23 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition= |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |publisher=Hotei Publishing |isbn=978-90-74822-04-6 |oclc=38855981 |access-date=27 February 2025}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Welsh |first1=Stanley L. |author-link1=Stanley Larson Welsh |last2=Atwood |first2=N. Duane |last3=Goodrich |first3=Sherel |last4=Higgins |first4=Larry C. |date=1987 |title=A Utah Flora |url=https://archive.org/details/utahflora0000unse/page/538 |url-access=registration |series=Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, No. 9 |language=en |edition=First |location=Provo, Utah |publisher=Brigham Young University |jstor=23377658 |oclc=9986953694 |access-date=18 November 2024}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Yang-mo |first1=Chŏng |last2=Hwi-joon |first2=Ahn |last3=Sŏng-mi |first3=Yi |last4=Lena |first4=Kim |last5=Hongnam |first5=Kim |last6=Youngsook |first6=Pak |last7=Best |first7=Jonathan W. |editor-last1=Smith |editor-first1=Judith G. |chapter= |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access= |title=Arts of Korea |url=https://archive.org/details/artsofkorea0000unse_b5b0/page/310 |url-access=registration |language=en |location=New York |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-850-8 |oclc=38831761 |access-date=2 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Yang-mo & Smith 1998}}}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Bin-Cheng |date=1994 |title=Index of Economically Important Lepidoptera |url=https://archive.org/details/indexofeconomica0000zhan/page/33 |url-access=registration |language=en |location=Wallingford, Connecticut |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-0-85198-903-7 |oclc=30777644 |access-date=21 January 2025}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Ziosi |first1=V. |last2=Bregoli |first2=A. M. |last3=Fiori |first3=G. |last4=Noferini |first4=M. |last5=Costa |first5=G. |editor-last1=Ramina |editor-first1=Angelo |editor-last2=Chang |editor-first2=Caren |editor-last3=Giovannoni |editor-first3=Jim |editor-last4=Klee |editor-first4=Harry |editor-last5=Perata |editor-first5=Pierdomenico |editor-last6=Woltering |editor-first6=Ernst |date=2007 |chapter=1-MCP effects on ethylene emission and fruit quality traits of peaches and nectarines |title=Advances in Plant Ethylene Research: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on the Plant Hormone Ethylene |language=en |location=Dordrecht, the Netherlands |publisher=Springer |pages=167–174 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_38 |isbn=978-1-4020-6014-4 |oclc=191450918 |s2cid=81245874 |ref={{sfnref|Ziosi et al. 2007}}}}

{{Refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite journal |last1=Andreotti |first1=Carlo |last2=Ravaglia |first2=Daniela |last3=Ragaini |first3=Alessandro |last4=Costa |first4=Guglielmo |date=August 2008 |title=Phenolic compounds in peach (Prunus persica) cultivars at harvest and during fruit maturation |journal=Annals of Applied Biology |language=en |volume=153 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7348.2008.00234.x |ref={{sfnref|Andreotti et al. 2008}}}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Besler |first1=Matthias |last2=Cuesta Herranz |first2=Javier |last3=Fernández-Rivas |first3=Montserrat |date=2000 |title=Allergen Data Collection: Peach (Prunus persica) |url=http://www.food-allergens.de/password/PDF-downloads/complete-data/peach.pdf |journal=Internet Symposium on Food Allergens |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=185–201 |doi= |doi-access= |issn= |jstor= |jstor-access= |pmc= |pmid= |url-access= |access-date= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121131350/http://www.food-allergens.de/password/PDF-downloads/complete-data/peach.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2024}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Blan |first1=Noah |date=November 2019 |title=Charlemagne's peaches: a case of early medieval European ecological adaptation |journal=Early Medieval Europe |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=521–545 |doi=10.1111/emed.12374}}
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• {{Cite web |url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/planting-and-early-care-of-the-peach-orchard.html?Forwarded=pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-1026/HLA-6244web.pdf/ |title=Planting and Early Care of the Peach Orchard |last1=Carroll |first1=Becky |date=February 2017 |website=OSU Extension |publisher=Oklahoma State University |language=en |access-date=29 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108034731/http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-1026/HLA-6244web.pdf/ |archive-date=8 November 2017}}
• {{cite web |last1=Mackie |first1=Matt |date=2 November 2018 |title=Is Georgia really the Peach State? |url=https://wgxa.tv/news/local/is-georgia-really-the-peach-state |website=WGXA News |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407164554/https://wgxa.tv/news/local/is-georgia-really-the-peach-state |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=29 May 2019}}
• {{Cite web |url=https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/2068e/ |title=Bulletin #2068, Growing Peaches in Maine |last1=Moran |first1=Renae |date=2014 |website=Cooperative Extension Publications |publisher=University of Maine |language=en |access-date=25 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826105737/http://umaine.edu/publications/2068e/ |archive-date=26 August 2015}}
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• {{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-clinton-sullivan-campaign-of-1779.htm |title=The Clinton-Sullivan Campaign of 1779 |last1=NPS Staff |date=2020 |website=Fort Stanwix National Monument |series=The Military History of Fort Schuyler |publisher=National Park Service |language=en |access-date=7 November 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107223102/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-clinton-sullivan-campaign-of-1779.htm |archive-date=7 November 2023}}
• {{cite usda plants|symbol=PRPE3 |title=Prunus persica |date=5 October 2024 |ref={{sfnref|NRCS 2024}}}}
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• {{cite web |last1=Okie |first1=William Thomas |date=14 August 2017 |title=The Fuzzy History of the Georgia Peach |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fuzzy-history-georgia-peach-180964490/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807051416/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fuzzy-history-georgia-peach-180964490/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=8 January 2025}}
• {{cite web |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Prunus |title=Prunus |last1=Rohrer |first1=Joseph R. |date=5 November 2020 |website=Flora of North America |language=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905203046/http://floranorthamerica.org/Prunus |archive-date=5 September 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Rohrer 2020a}}}}
• {{cite web |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Prunus_persica |title=Prunus persica |last1=Rohrer |first1=Joseph R. |date=5 November 2020 |website=Flora of North America |language=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418015101/http://floranorthamerica.org/Prunus_persica |archive-date=18 April 2024 |ref={{sfnref|Rohrer 2020b}}}}
• {{Cite web |url=http://food.oregonstate.edu/faq/uffva/nectarine2.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions |last1=Seelig |first1=R.A. |last2=Fogle |first2=Harold W. |last3=Hesse |first3=Claron O. |date=22 May 2007 |orig-date=1971 |website=Food Resource |publisher=Oregon State University |language=en |access-date=28 December 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714065820/http://food.oregonstate.edu/faq/uffva/nectarine2.html |archive-date=14 July 2008}}
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• {{Cite web |url=http://chge.med.harvard.edu/programs/food/nutrition.html |title=Healthy and Sustainable Food |author1= |date=2010 |website=The Center for Health and the Global Environment |publisher=Harvard Medical School |language=en |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211191254/http://chge.med.harvard.edu/programs/food/nutrition.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 |ref={{sfnref|Harvard Center for Health 2010}}}}
• {{Cite OED|Nectarine, Adj. & N. (2)|5327466125 |ref={{sfnref|OED 2025a}}}}
• {{Cite OED|Nectarine, N. (1)|1154557334 |ref={{sfnref|OED 2025b}}}}
• {{Cite OED|Peach|8560354383 |ref={{sfnref|OED 2025c}}}}
• {{Cite OED|Peach State, N.|9556213713 |ref={{sfnref|OED 2025d}}}}
• {{cite POWO |id=1212858-2 |title=Prunus persica (L.) Batsch |access-date=28 September 2024 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2024}}}}
• {{cite web |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/prunus-persica/ |title=Prunus persica (Common Peach, Peach)|website=North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |publisher=North Carolina State University |language=en |access-date=3 October 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613101333/https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/prunus-persica/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |ref={{sfnref|NC State Extension}}}}
• {{Cite WFO |title=Prunus persica (L.) Batsch |id=0001005418 |access-date=29 September 2024 |ref={{sfnref|WFO 2024}}}}
• {{cite web |title=Prunus persica (Linnaeus) Batsch |url=https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8872 |website=Database of Canadian Vascular Plants (VASCAN) |access-date=5 October 2024 |ref={{sfnref|VASCAN 2024}}}}
• {{cite web |last1= |date=2018 |title=State Fruit |url=http://sos.ga.gov/state_symbols/state_fruit.htm |website=Georgia State Symbols |language=en |publisher=Georgia Secretary of State |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529182638/http://sos.ga.gov/state_symbols/state_fruit.htm |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019 |ref={{sfnref|Georgia Secretary of State 2018}}}}
• {{cite web |last1= |date=6 February 2014 |title=State Fruit of Alabama |url=https://archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_fruit.html |website=Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama |language=en |publisher= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129092156/https://archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_fruit.html |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=12 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|ADAH 2014a}} }}
• {{cite web |last1= |date=6 February 2014 |title=State Tree Fruit of Alabama |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/emblems/st_treefruit.html |website=Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama |language=en |publisher= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130161527/https://archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_treefruit.html |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=12 January 2025 |ref={{sfnref|ADAH 2014b}} }}
• {{cite web |last1=GIC |date=2018 |title=Facts & Symbols |url=https://delaware.gov/guides/facts/ |website=Delaware.gov |language=en |publisher=Government Information Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220061833/https://delaware.gov/guides/facts/ |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=13 January 2025}}

{{Refend}}

• Okie, William Thomas. The Georgia Peach: Culture, Agriculture, and Environment in the American South (Cambridge Studies on the American South, 2016).

{{Commons category multi|Peaches|Prunus persica}}

{{Wikispecies|Prunus persica}}

• {{PFAF|Prunus persica}}
• [https://nchfp.uga.edu/how/freeze/fruits/freezing-peaches-or-nectarines/ National Center for Home Food Preservation—Freezing Peaches or Nectarines]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063802/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/prpe3.htm Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu – Prunus persica images]
• [https://www.clemson.edu/peach Clemson.edu: Everything About Peaches]

{{Peaches}}

{{US state flowers}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13189}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Crops originating from China

Flora of China

Category:Fruits originating in East Asia

Category:Garden plants of Asia

Category:Ornamental trees

Category:Peaches

Category:Plants described in 1753

Category:Prunus

Category:Drupes

Category:Fruit trees

Category:Symbols of Alabama

Category:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)