Persecution of Yazidis

After some Kurdish tribes became Islamized in the 10th century, they joined in the persecution of Yazidis in the Hakkari mountains.{{Cite book|last=Naby|first=Eden|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e1282|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023141910/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e1282|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2020|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Esposito|chapter=Yazīdīs|author-link=Eden Naby}}{{cite journal |last1=Kizilhan |first1=Jan Ilhan |last2=Noll-Hussong |first2=Michael |title=Individual, collective, and transgenerational traumatization in the Yazidi |journal=BMC Medicine |date=2017 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=198 |doi=10.1186/s12916-017-0965-7 |pmid=29224572 |pmc=5724300 |issn=1741-7015|doi-access=free }} Due to their religion, Muslim Kurds persecuted and attacked the Yazidis with particular brutality.{{cite book |last1=Hosseini |first1=S. Behnaz |title=Trauma and the Rehabilitation of Trafficked Women: The Experiences of Yazidi Survivors |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-07869-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFzsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16}} Sometimes, during these massacres, Muslim Kurds tried to force the Yazidis to convert to Islam.{{Cite book|last1=Orient-Institut|first1=Deutsches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klFtAAAAMAAJ&q=attempts+by+Kurdish+Muslims|title=Population policy in Turkey: family planning and migration between 1960 and 1992|last2=Franz|first2=Erhard|date=1994|publisher=Deutsches Orient-Institut|isbn=9783891730348|page=332|quote=Throughout history, there was no shortage of attempts by Kurdish Muslims to violently convert the Yazidis to Islam.}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fm0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|title=Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations: Influence, Adaptation, and Change|date=2017-04-26|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781787147287|page=75}} Almost the whole Yazidi population were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by Muslim Kurds and Turks in the 19th century.{{Cite book|last=Travis|first=Hannibal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8lAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Yazidis+were+nearly+wiped+out+by+massacres+carried+out+by+Kurds.|title=Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan|date=2010|publisher=Carolina Academic Press|isbn=9781594604362|quote=The Yazidis were nearly wiped out in massacres which were committed against them by Turks and Kurds.}}{{Cite book|last1=Ghareeb|first1=Edmund A.|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ghar|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|last2=Dougherty|first2=Beth|date=2004-03-18|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810865686|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ghar/page/248 248]|quote=Massacres at the hands of the Ottoman Turks and Kurdish princes almost wiped out the Yazidis during the 19th century.|url-access=registration}}

In 1254, Sheikh Adī’s grand-nephew al-Ḥasan b. ‘Adī together with 200 of his supporters were executed by Badr al-Din Lu'Lu, who was an Armenian convert to Islam and Zangid governor of Mosul, Sheikh Adi's tomb at Lalish was then desecrated.

In 1415, a Shāfi‘ī theologian, ‘Izz al-Dīn al Hulwānī, with the military support of the Sunni Kurds of the Sindi tribe and the lord of Ḥiṣn Kayfā, attacked Lalish and burnt down the temple. The Yazidis later rebuilt their temple and the tomb of Sheikh Adi.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&q=Sindi+Kurds&pg=PA45|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781784532161|pages=45|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Die Religionsgemeinschaft der Yezidi: Weh dem, der nicht ans Höllenfeuer glaubt - Qantara.de|url=https://de.qantara.de/inhalt/die-religionsgemeinschaft-der-yezidi-weh-dem-der-nicht-ans-hoellenfeuer-glaubt|website=Qantara.de - Dialog mit der islamischen Welt|date=30 August 2007 |language=de}}{{Citation|last=Allison|first=Christine|title=The Yazidis|date=2017-01-25|url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-254|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254|isbn=978-0-19-934037-8|access-date=2021-05-29}}

File:Geli Ali Beg.jpeg in Iraqi Kurdistan is named after the Yazidi leader Ali Beg who was killed there in 1832 by the Kurdish prince Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/explainer-who-are-the-yazidis|title=Explainer: Who are the Yazidis?|website=SBS News|language=en}}]]

In the year 1585, the Yazidis in the Sinjar mountain were attacked by the Sunni Kurds from Bohtan.{{Cite web|title=Yazīdīs - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e1282|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023141910/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e1282|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2020|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com}}

In the year 1832, about 70,000 Yazidis were killed by the Sunni Kurdish princes Bedir Khan Beg and Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz.{{Cite news|last=Steinvorth|first=Daniel|date=2016-12-22|title=Jagd auf den Engel Pfau {{!}} NZZ|language=de-CH|newspaper=Neue Zürcher Zeitung|url=https://www.nzz.ch/international/nahost-und-afrika/bedrohte-minderheiten-im-orient-jagd-auf-den-engel-pfau-ld.135327|access-date=2019-09-30|issn=0376-6829}} During his research trips in 1843, the Russian traveller and orientalist Ilya Berezin mentioned that 7,000 Yazidis were killed by Kurds of Rawandiz on the hills of Nineveh near Mosul, shortly before his arrival.{{Cite web|last=Field|first=Henry|date=1951|title=Appendix A: A visit to the Yezidis in 1843 by Ilya Berezin, in The Anthropology of Iraq|url=https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:428462247$90i|access-date=2019-09-30|website=iiif.lib.harvard.edu|page=76}} According to many historical reports{{Which|date=May 2024}}, the Bedir Khan massacres can today be classified as a genocide.{{Cite book|last=King|first=Diane E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNcyAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|title=Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-6354-1|pages=187|language=en}}

In 1831, Muhammad Pasha massacred the people of the Kellek village. He then went northward and attacked the entire Yazidi-inhabited foothill country which was located east of Mosul. Some Yazidis managed to take refuge in the neighboring forests and mountain fastnesses, and a few of them managed to escape to distant places.{{Cite book|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCbspX-dGPYC&pg=PA58|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|date=2006-06-19|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3093-7|language=en}}

File:The_Mountains_of_Kuyunjik.jpeg

In 1832, Muhammad Pasha and his troops committed a massacre against the Yazidis in Khatarah. Subsequently, they attacked the Yazidis in Shekhan and killed many of them.{{Cite book|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCbspX-dGPYC&q=bedir+khan+beg+yazidis&pg=PA63|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|date=2006|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=9780815630937|language=en}} In another attempt he and his troops occupied over 300 Yazidi villages. The emir kidnapped over 10,000 Yazidis and sent them to Rawandiz and gave them the ultimatum of converting to Islam or being killed. Most of them converted to Islam and those who refused to convert to Islam were killed.{{Cite book|last=NEBEZ|first=Jemal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQIxDwAAQBAJ&q=Ezidis&pg=PT254|title=Der kurdische Fürst MĪR MUHAMMAD AL-RAWĀNDIZĪ genannt MĪR-Ī KŌRA: Ein Beitrag zur kurdischen Geschichte|date=2017-08-14|publisher=epubli|isbn=9783745011258|language=de}}

In 1832, Bedir Khan Beg and his troops committed a massacre against the Yazidis in Shekhan. His men almost killed the whole Yazidi population of Shekhan. Some Yazidis tried to escape to Sinjar.{{cite book|author1=Barbara Henning|title=Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family|date=2018|isbn=978-3863095512|page=99|publisher=University of Bamberg Press }}{{Cite book|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&q=bedir+khan+beg+yezidis&pg=PA52|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781784532161|pages=52|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Lescot|first=Roger|url=https://archive.org/details/MN40205ucmf_0|title=Enquête sur les Yezidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjār [microform]|date=1938|publisher=Beyrouth : [Institut français de Damas]|others=Internet Archive|pages=125|language=fr}} When they attempted to escape towards Sinjar, many of them drowned in the Tigris river. Those who could not swim were killed. About 12,000 Yazidis were killed on the bank of the Tigris river by Bedir Khan Beg's men. Yazidi women and children were also kidnapped.{{Cite web|last1=Tagay|first1=Sefik|last2=Ortac|first2=Serhat|title=Die Eziden und das Ezidentum – Geschichte und Gegenwart einer vom Untergang bedrohten Religion|url=https://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/6271994/21807c33b23c0f8e930ad75a1da7753c/data/eziden-und-ezidentum.pdf|pages=49–50|language=de}}

In 1833, the Yazidis who lived in the Aqrah region were again attacked by Muhammad Pasha and his soldiers. The perpetrators killed 500 Yazidis in the Greater Zab. Afterwards, Muhammad Pasha and his troops attacked the Yazidis who lived in Sinjar and killed many of them.{{Cite book|last=Ateş|first=Sabri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUQIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914|date=2013-10-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107033658|language=en}}

In 1844, Bedir Khan Beg and his men committed a massacre against the Yazidis in the Tur Abdin region. His men also captured many Yazidis and forced them to convert to Islam. The inhabitants of seven Yazidi villages were all forced to convert to Islam.

File:Mir Ali Beg.jpg)]]

Many Yazidis also defended themselves against the attacks. So did Ali Beg, the Yazidi leader in Sheikhan. The Yazidi leader Ali Beg mobilized his forces in order to oppose Muhammad Pasha, who mobilized the Kurdish tribes which lived in the surrounding mountains in order to launch an attack against the Yazidis. Ali Beg's troops were outnumbered and he was captured and killed by Muhammad Pasha.

After the Ottomans had given the Yazidis a certain legal status in 1849 through repeated interventions by Stratford Canning and Sir Austen Henry Layard,{{Cite web|last=Allison|first=Christine|title=The Yazidis|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/36072/ALLISONThe%20YazidisOxfordResearchEncyclopaediaofReligion%C2%A0.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|access-date=2020-12-01|page=4}} they sent their Ottoman general Omar Wahbi Pasha (later known as "Ferîq Pasha" in the memory of the Yazidis) in 1890{{Cite book|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|date=2014-08-20|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-78453-216-1|pages=56|language=en}} or 1892 from Mosul to the Yazidis in Shaikhan and again gave the Yazidis an ultimatum to convert to Islam. When the Yazidis refused, the areas of Sinjar and Shaykhan were occupied and another massacre committed among the residents. The Ottoman rulers mobilized the Hamidiye cavalry, later founded in 1891, to take action against the Yazidis. Many Yazidi villages were attacked by the Hamidiye cavalry and the residents were killed. The Yazidi villages of Bashiqa and Bahzani were also raided and many Yazidi temples were destroyed. The Yazidi Mir Ali Beg was captured and held in Kastamonu. The central shrine of the Yazidis Lalish was converted into a Quran school. This condition lasted for twelve years until the Yazidis were able to recapture their main shrine Lalish.

During the Armenian genocide, many Yazidis were killed by Hamidiye cavalry.{{Cite book|last=Maisel|first=Sebastian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAFeDwAAQBAJ&q=yezidis+alongside+armenians&pg=PA266|title=The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society|date=2018-06-30|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440842573|pages=266|language=en}} According to Aziz Tamoyan, as many as 300,000 Yazidis were killed with the Armenians, while others fled to Transcaucasia.{{Cite book|last=Rezvani|first=Babak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gMXAwAAQBAJ&q=yezidis+armenian+genocide+kurds&pg=PA145|title=Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift|date=2014-03-15|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789048519286|pages=145|language=en}}

Despite the fact that the Yazidis hid 20,000 Christians from the Ottomans in the Sinjar Mountains during the Armenian genocide{{Cite book|last=Lescot|first=Roger|url=https://archive.org/details/MN40205ucmf_0|title=Enquête sur les Yezidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjār [microform]|date=1938|publisher=Beyrouth : [Institut français de Damas]|others=Internet Archive|pages=127–128|language=fr}} and many Yazidis found refuge in Armenia as they fled from the Kurds and Turks, the Yazidis were discriminated against in Armenia. Yazidi children tended to hide their identities in schools so they would not be discriminated against.{{Cite web|title=Armenia 2019 International Religious Freedom Report|url=https://am.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/92/irfr2019.pdf|website=United States Department of State|page=7}} Furthermore, the term "Yezidi" is often used by non-Yazidis as an insult.{{Cite web|title=Alternative report on Armenia's implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/ARM/INT_CERD_NGO_ARM_27047_E.pdf|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|page=8}}

In 1921, Yazidis in the Kingdom of Iraq under British rule were oppressed and attacked by the British army. The British Army attacked Yazidi villages between 1925 and 1935, killing over 100 Yazidis, including a Yazidi leader.{{Cite web|last=Suha|first=Hazeem Hassen|date=2016|title=Investigating Sexual and Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War and a Tool of Genocide against Indigenous Yazidi Women and Girls by ISIS in Iraq|url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/jh343w09t|website=Oregon State University|page=17}} According to Arbella Bet-Shlimon, in 1935 the Iraqi Army attacked eleven Yazidi villages, placed Sinjar under martial law, and then sentenced many Yazidi prisoners to death or to long sentences because they had resisted mandatory conscription; some of the prisoners were even paraded in front of a jeering crowd in Mosul that killed one of the captives.{{Cite web|last=Bet-Shlimon|first=Arbella|date=October 2022|title=Military State: Iraq Faces an Ongoing Crisis of Sovereignty 90 Years After Independence|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/military-state|website=History Today}}

{{Main|Yazidi genocide}}

In the 21st century, Yazidis faced targeted violence from insurgents during the Iraq War, including an April 2007 massacre that killed 23, and the 2007 Yazidi communities bombings, which killed 796. The Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ) was set up to defend Yazidis in the aftermath of these attacks.{{Cite journal|date=2009-11-10|title=On Vulnerable Ground|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/11/10/vulnerable-ground/violence-against-minority-communities-nineveh-provinces-disputed|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}

File:Yezidi Genocide Memorial Day.jpg

The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL, which began with the 2014 Sinjar massacre, led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidis from their ancestral lands in Sinjar. Thousands of Yazidi women and girls were forced into sexual slavery by the Sunni fundamentalist majority-Arab terrorist group ISIL, and thousands of Yazidi men were killed.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/world/middleeast/turkish-airstrike-in-iraqi-territory-kills-a-kurdish-militant-leader.html|title=Turkish Airstrike in Iraqi Territory Kills a Kurdish Militant Leader|last=Callimachi|first=Rukmini|date=16 August 2018|work=New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021073815/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/world/middleeast/turkish-airstrike-in-iraqi-territory-kills-a-kurdish-militant-leader.html|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}} Five thousand Yazidi civilians were killed{{cite journal|last1=Cetorelli|first1=Valeria|title=Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=14|issue=5|pages=e1002297|date=9 May 2017|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297|pmid=28486492|pmc=5423550 |doi-access=free }}

According to a report by Human Rights Watch, the Kurdish authorities have used heavy-handed tactics against the Yazidis and was accused of kidnapping and beating two Yazidi men belonging to the Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress who criticized the actions of the authorities. After the Kurdish authorities kidnapped them, they gave them two options, either they would accept that they were Kurds or they would confess that they were "terrorists". In addition, the Kurdish officers asked which language they speak. When the Yazidis replied "Yazidi", they were further tortured.{{Cite journal|date=2009-11-10|title=On Vulnerable Ground {{!}} Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/11/10/vulnerable-ground/violence-against-minority-communities-nineveh-provinces-disputed|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|quote=In one incident, Kurdish intelligence officers arrested two Yazidi activists, Khalil Rashu Alias and Wageed Mendo Hamoo, in May 2007. The two told Human Rights Watch that Kurdish authorities imprisoned the pair for almost six months and tortured them for resisting what they called the Kurdish colonization of their territory in Sinjar.}}

There have also been some demographic changes in Yazidi-majority areas after the fall of Saddam. In the Sheikhan area, which is considered a historic Yazidi stronghold, the Kurdish authorities have allegedly settled Sunni Kurds to strengthen their claim that it should be included within the Kurdistan Region.{{Cite web|last=Documentation|first=Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and|date=2017-10-02|title=Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der JesidInnen, insbesondere in der Provinz Ninawa [a-10353]|url=https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1419199.html|access-date=2019-06-19|website=www.ecoi.net|language=de}} In modern times, Kurdistan Region is accused of taking over traditional Yazidi settlements.{{Cite book|last=Shanks|first=Kelsey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI74CgAAQBAJ&q=yazidis+kurdification&pg=PT122|title=Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq|date=2015-11-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317520429|language=en}}

According to Yazidi activists reports, from 2003 to 2012, around 30 Yazidi women and girls were kidnapped and forced into marriage with Asayish members.{{Cite web|last=Documentation|first=Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and|date=2012-06-27|title=Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der Jesiden in Mosul; IFA [a-8101]|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1200177.html|access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.ecoi.net|language=de}}

All of the massacres of the Yazidis were committed by the Muslim side.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}During their history, the Yazidis have mostly been under the pressure of their Muslim neighbors, which led to violence and massacres at times.

Kurdish muftis have given the persecution of Yazidis a religious character and they have also legalized it. Also Kurdish mullahs such as Mahmud Bayazidi viewed the Yazidis as unbelievers.

Remembering persecution is a central part of Yazidi identity.{{Cite web|title=Yazidi survivors of ISIS rape told children unwelcome {{!}} Stephen Quillen|url=https://thearabweekly.com/yazidi-survivors-isis-rape-told-children-unwelcome|access-date=2020-12-05|website=AW|language=en}} The Yazidis speak of 74 genocides of them in their history and call these genocides "Farman". The number of 72 Farman can be derived from the oral traditions and folk songs of the Yazidis.{{Cite book|last=Savucu|first=Halil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lR4DwAAQBAJ&q=72+ferman&pg=PT69|title=Yeziden in Deutschland: Eine Religionsgemeinschaft zwischen Tradition, Integration und Assimilation|date=2016-10-10|publisher=Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag|isbn=978-3-8288-6547-1|language=de}}{{Cite book|last=Kartal|first=Celalettin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45N4DwAAQBAJ&q=72+ferman&pg=PA44|title=Deutsche Yeziden: Geschichte, Gegenwart, Prognosen|date=2016-06-22|publisher=Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag|isbn=978-3-8288-6488-7|language=de}} "Farman" meant "decree" in Persian, and referenced the decrees given by the Ottoman government targeting the Yazidis, which were so numerous that the Yazidis began to interpret the word as having meant genocide.Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq, 2019, pp. 165, Bayar Mustafa Sevdeen, Thomas Schmidinger, {{ISBN|9781912997152}} The last Farman is number 74 and denotes the genocide of the Yazidis by the IS terrorists.{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=Iraq Yazidis: The 'forgotten' people of an unforgettable story|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45406232|access-date=2020-12-05}}

• {{cite journal |last1=von Joeden-Forgey |first1=Elisa |last2=McGee |first2=Thomas |title=Editors' Introduction: Palimpsestic Genocide in Kurdistan |journal=Genocide Studies International |date=1 November 2019 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.3138/gsi.13.1.01 |s2cid=208687918 |url=https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/full/10.3138/gsi.13.1.01 |issn=2291-1847}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Six-Hohenbalken |first1=Maria |title=The 72nd Firman of the Yezidis: A "Hidden Genocide" during World War I? |journal=Genocide Studies International |date=1 November 2019 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=52–76 |doi=10.3138/gsi.13.1.04 |s2cid=208688838 |url=https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/full/10.3138/gsi.13.1.04}}

• Yazidi history
• Soran Emirate

{{reflist}}

Category:Cultural assimilation

Category:Forced religious conversion

Category:Kurdish nationalism

Category:Massacres in the Ottoman Empire

Category:Persecution of Yazidis by Muslims

Category:Yazidi history

fr:Yézidisme#Persécutions