Rowther

The name Ravuttar (or Ravutta, Ravuthar, Rowther, Rawther) means king, horseman, or cavalry warrior in the Tamil language and is derived from the word Rājaputra, in the sense of 'prince', 'nobleman', or 'horseman'. D.C. Sircar points out that Ravutta or Rahutta, as a title, means a 'subordinate ruler'.{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=C. V. Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YowBAAAAMAAJ&q=Ravutta|title=Administration and Society in Medieval Āndhra (A.D. 1038–1538) Under the Later Eastern Gaṅgas and the Sūryavaṁśa Gajapatis|publisher=Mānasa Publications|year=1976|page=88|language=en}} Some scholars claim that the name comes from Rathore, a name common among the Muslim Rajputs of North India.{{Cite book|last=Bayly, Susan|title=Saints, goddesses, and kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|date=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-37201-1|location=Cambridge, England|page=98|oclc=70781802}} Historically, they are parts of clans traditionally holding positions as rulers and military folk. 'Ravuta' means a high-ranking title King, lord, or feudatory ruling chief.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWN4SiqU9VQC&q=Ravutta|title=Itihas|date=1975|publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh.|language=en}}

'Rahut' or 'rowt' means Warrior and 'raya' means captain.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKg-AAAAcAAJ&q=rahut&pg=PA18|title=The Wars of the Rajas, Being the History of Anantapuram: Written in Telugu; in Or about the Years 1750–1810. Translated Into English by Charles Philip Brown. II|date=1853|publisher=Printed at the Christian knowledge society's Press|language=en}} 'Rāvuttarayan' or 'Rāvuttakartan' means high military chief of cavalry.

Rowthers are largest Muslim community in Tamil Nadu. they found all over Tamil Nadu and in Central and Southern Kerala. Their mother tongue is Tamil.{{Cite web |last=SUDHEER |first=NISHADA |date=12 September 2021 |title=The History of Ravuthers in Irinjalakuda: Life, Culture and History of Ravuthharangadi |url=http://dspace.christcollegeijk.edu.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1346/11/CCATMHI015.pdf }} Many of them are familiar with the Perso-Arabic script. They adhere to the principles of Islam, engaging in the study of the Quran and other religious texts in Arabic. Simultaneously, despite their commitment to their Islamic faith, they share a common pride with all Tamils in their rich Tamil language and vibrant cultural heritage.{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ashok Pratap |title=Psychological implications in industrial performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Pub. House |first2=Patiraj |last2=Kumari |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=707 |oclc=295034951}}

Rowthers generally speak Tamil.{{Cite book|last=Parmar|first=Pooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ik3zCQAAQBAJ&dq=Rauther+tamil+culture&pg=PA44|title=Indigeneity and Legal Pluralism in India: Claims, Histories, Meanings|date=2015-07-20|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08118-5|language=en}}

They have their own distinct culinary traditions which notably include Rowther Biryani.,{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Priyadarshini|date=2020-05-23|title=The Indian Eid feast goes beyond biryani and sevaiyan|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/a-very-indian-eid-11590161532702.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=mint|language=en}}{{Cite news|last=Jeshi|first=K.|date=2021-05-04|title=The myriad tastes and cultural influences of iftar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/the-myriad-tastes-and-cultural-influences-of-iftar/article34481550.ece|access-date=2022-01-12|issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthers+|title=A Handbook of Kerala|date=2000|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|isbn=978-81-85692-31-9|language=en}} which is made of Jeera Samba rice, and desserts like Dumroot, a cake-like dish made out of semolina. Mutton is the preferred meat for special occasions like wedding events, house warming ceremonies, etc.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Much like other Muslim communities, Drinking Culture is non-existent due to Islam's stance regarding consumption of alcohol. As is the consumption of pork and usage of products derived from pigs. Due to following Hanafi rulings, they also might abstain from consuming shellfish like prawns, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, etc.due to them being deemed Makruh in the Hanafi madhab.

The Elderly Men wear solid white Vēṭṭis (unstitched) or solid white Kayili (stitched) for formal occasions. For more informal settings, a colored and patterned (checkered or striped) kayili is worn, usually as loungewear, regardless of age group and social standings. Religious Clerics or men who might be devout in their beliefs wear a jubbah, often paired with a kayili. For special occasions, men might wear a waistcoat. Men usually get married wearing either a Western Suit or a Sherwani. They wear a white skullcap as headgear, especially if they are devout. Other headgear include the Turban and the Fez, which aren't worn as frequently as everyday headgear as how the white skullcap might be, usually reserved for special occasions.

Women's traditional attire is the sari,{{Cite web |title=தமிழ் முஸ்லிம்களின் பொங்கல் கொண்டாட்டம் கொண்டிருக்கும் சேதி |url=https://www.arunchol.com/kombai-anwar-article-on-tamil-muslims-pongal |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=அருஞ்சொல்}} serving as a bridal wear and for other formal occasions. Elderly women usually wear the sari as an everyday attire, regardless of the occasion. Over the decades, both as formal and informal wear, as is the case with the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the Salwar Kameez has become more prevalent, especially among working women and among the younger generations.{{Cite journal |last1=Osella |first1=Caroline |last2=Osella |first2=Filippo |date=June 2007 |title=Muslim Style in South India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/136270407X202790 |journal=Fashion Theory |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2–3 |pages=233–252 |doi=10.2752/136270407X202790 |issn=1362-704X}} The older generations used to wrap around an unstitched and white over-sheet by the name of 'Thupathi' over their garments, as a marker of modesty and Purdah.{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/IMCollectiveSG/posts/the-much-awaited-post-on-the-thuppati-or-duppati-is-here-before-the-burqa-made-i/138137807904280/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.facebook.com}} However, due to evolving trends and cultural exchange, nowadays, as Purdah, women wear the Abaya, usually black in colour, paired with a headscarf.

Both men and women might dye their hair (and beard, in the case of men) with Henna, in compliance with a Prophetic tradition. Women also apply Henna as bridal makeup and for other special occasions.{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Zainab |date=2022-10-30 |title=Henna: An Ode To Islamic Tradition |url=https://muslimgirl.com/henna-an-ode-to-islamic-tradition/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Muslim Girl |language=en-US}} Applying Surma as an eyeliner is another Prophetic tradition, as it is also a local cultural practice, especially more prevalent among women. Men might refrain from wearing silk garments and gold accessories due to a religious dictate of gold and silk being discouraged for men.

The community also celebrates a festival called Chandanakudam every year.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

'Ravuttar', 'Rawther', and 'Rowther' are common surnames among the group,{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWN4SiqU9VQC&q=ravutta+prince|title=Itihas|date=1975|publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh.|language=en}} but other titles often used are below:

• Sahib{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S. |title=Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=0-19-563357-1|location=Delhi|oclc=35662663}}
• Khan{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrXUAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthers+khan|title=Census of India, 1961: Pondicherry state|date=1964|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=12|language=en}}
• Shah
• Pillai/Pillay/Thampi/Thambi{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ&q=pillai+title+Rawthers |title=Many Rawthers in erstwhile Travancore used the title "Pillai/Pillay" in south kerala, A Handbook of Kerala |date=2000 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-31-9 |language=en}} (Travancore and Tamil Nadu)
• Ambalam and Vijayan{{Cite book |last=Kamāl |first=Es Em |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIIcAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D |title=Muslīmkaḷum Tamil̲akamum |date=1990 |publisher=Islāmiya Āyvu Paṇpāṭu Maiyam |language=ta}} (Ramnad Zamindhari Estate)
• Servai{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ9DAAAAYAAJ&q=Ravuthar+servai|title=Proceedings|date=2000|publisher=Indian History Congress|language=en}} Servaikkarar (In 1730s, Ravuttan Servaikkarar (Rauten Cheerwegaren) was a high military ranked man in Ramnad Kingdom.[https://www.academia.edu/8170165/The_Heirs_of_Vijayanagara_Court_Politics_in_Early_Modern_South_India_in_preparation_ The Heirs of Vijayanagara Court Politics in Early-Modern South India] Author ; Lennart Bes)

Rowthers are Soldiers, officials, and literati attached to Muslim Court in the Deccan.{{Cite book|last=Richman|first=Paula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgqqQAsXOW0C&q=Ravuttars&pg=RA1-PA34|title=Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre|date=1997-10-01|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1063-4|language=en}} In described as a Rāuta, Rāutta or Rāvutta derived from Sanskrit Rajaputra and was often assumed by subordinate rulers.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGPVAAAAMAAJ&q=Ravuta+title|title=Indian Studies|date=1967|publisher=Ramakrishna Maitra|language=en}}{{cite book|last1=Aiyangar|first1=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066742|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|year=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=95–96|ref=Aiyangar}}

Later, Chola kings too invited Horse traders from the Seljuk Empire who belonged to the Hanafi school.{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&q=rawther+muslim+turkish+cavalry&pg=PT404|title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life…|date=2020-12-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64899-659-7|language=en}} During 8th-10th centuries, an armada of Turkish traders settled in Madurai, Tanjore, Tiruchirapalli, Tharangambadi, Nagapattinam, Muthupet, Koothanallur and Podakkudi.{{Cite book |title=Pferde in Asian : Geschichte, Handel und Kultur |trans-title=Horses in Asia : history, trade, and culture |author=Fragner, Bert G. |author2=Kauz, Ralph |author3=Ptak, Roderich |author4=Schottenhammer, Angela |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-7001-6638-2 |location=Wien |pages=150–160 |oclc=1111579097}}

These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. There are some Anatolian and Safavid inscriptions found in a wide area from Tanjore to Thiruvarur and in many villages. These inscriptions are seized by the Madras Museum. Some Turkish inscriptions were also stolen from the Big Mosque of Koothanallur in 1850.{{Cite book|last=Arunachalam, S. |title=The history of the pearl fishery of the Tamil coast |date=2011 |publisher=Pavai Publications |isbn=978-81-7735-656-4 |page=96 |oclc=793080699}}

There are two factions of Rowthers in Tamil Nadu, Tamils cavalry warriors covers majority of Tamil Nadu while Seljuk Turkic clan remains in Delta districts and some south tamilnadu districts and Kerala. Both now Tamil and Turkish Hanafi expanded with population and some circumstantial evidence in historical sources that the Rowthers are related to Vellalar converts.{{Cite book|author=Tschacher, Torsten |title=Islam in Tamilnadu : varia |date=2001 |publisher=Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg |isbn=3-86010-627-9|location=Halle (Saale)|page=99|oclc=50208020}} Rowthers worked in the administration of the Vijayanagar Nayaks.{{Cite book |title=Madras, Chennai : a 400-year record of the first city of modern India|date=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |editor=Muthiah, S. |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|edition=1st |location=Chennai|page=140|oclc=419265511}}

The Rowthers were an endogamous group. But like all modern societies, they have adapted to modern norms and rituals.{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=Ashok Pratap Singh& Patiraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&q=rawther&pg=PA707|title=Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance|date=2007|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-200-9|language=en}}

Nevertheless, in cities, inter-marriages do occur, although they are rare" (Vines, 1973). Parallel and cross-cousins are potential spouses. Remembering the community's historic valor, during marriage ceremonies, the bridegroom is conducted in a horseback procession.

Traditionally the Rowthers were landlords and landowning community (historically mentioned as Rowthers were brave cavaliers and early Muslim horse-traders in Tamil literature{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIDWAAAAMAAJ&q=Horse+trader|title=Special Volume on Conservation of Stone Objects|date=2003|publisher=Commissioner of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}), but today, they deal with various trade and occupations, mostly being self-employed. They deal in gemstones, gold, textiles, and real estate and participate in the food, beverage, and hospitality industry, construction work, and general merchandising. Some profess traditionally white-collar professions like doctors, engineers, advocates, civil servants, accountants, and teachers.

There is no traditional caste council or panchayat as such among the Rowthers. Learned and Elderly individuals, and Religious Clerics act as advisors. The Rowther have an association that preaches against dowry and collects funds for charity.{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ashok Pratap |title=Psychological implications in industrial performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Pub. House |first2=Patiraj |last2=Kumari |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=708 |oclc=295034951}}

Rowthers belong to the Sunni sect of Islam and subscribe to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence. They follow the five basic tenets of Islam, which are:

1. Belief in the Shahadah,
2. Offering mandatory Prayers five times a day, at specific and prescribed time periods,
3. Observing fast during the month of Ramadan,
4. Giving charity (Zakah) to the poor, and
5. Going on the Hajj pilgrimage, once in a person's lifetime, if said person has the means to do so (financially, physically, or otherwise).

Their adherence to the Hanafi madhab

Being Hanafi adherents, Rowthers tend to subscribe to the Deobandi movement, which is a reformist movement that arose during the 19th century in North India. The aim of this movement is to eradicate religious innovations and other practices that the movement might deem 'heretical' or 'deviant', all of which might have crept within the subcontinent's Muslims and their practices over the centuries.

In contrast, they can also be part of the Barelvi movement (Sunnat Jamaath), which also began in North India during the late 19th century. The Barelvi movement emphasise more on retaining the centuries of religious traditions and practices, and encourages visiting the resting place (Dargahs) of Awliyas and seeking intercession.

There are some minority, particularly among the youth, that might follow Salafism, primarily due to the efforts and groundwork of reformist Salafi organizations like the Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamaath, who discourage the practice of sticking to one madhab for religious rulings.

The major festivals celebrated are Eid-Ul-Fitr, Chandanakudam, and Bakr-id.

The well-known legend of the Shiva saint Manikkavacakar of the 9th century is connected with the purchase of horses for the Pandya king. In that, the god Shiva who appeared in disguise as a horse trader to protect the saint and he is called as Rowther. Also, the Tamil god Murugan is praised by saint Arunagirinathar as சூர் கொன்ற ராவுத்தனே (Oh Ravuttan, who vanquished Sooran) and மாமயிலேரும் ராவுத்தனே (Oh Ravuttan, who rides on the great peacock) in his Kanthar Alangaram ([https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D கந்தர் அலங்காரம்]) and in Kanthar Venba (கந்தர் வெண்பா).{{cite web|title=மயிலேறும் இராவுத்தன்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/anantha-jothi/562251-lord-muruga.html|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=2 July 2020 |language=ta}}{{cite web|last=கமால்|first=எஸ் எம்|title=முஸ்லீம்களும் தமிழகமும்/ராவுத்தர் - விக்கிமூலம்|url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ta.wikisource.org|language=ta}}{{Cite book |title=Madras, Chennai: a 400-year record of the first city of modern India |date=2008 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |author=Muthiah, S. |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |page=140 |oclc=419265511}}

This shows the religious harmony of Rowthers and Saivites in early Tamilakam till now.{{Cite book|last=Rājāmukamatu|first=Je|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthar|title=Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900|date=2005|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Cōmale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYkeAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|title=Maturai Māvaṭṭam|date=1980|publisher=Kastūrpā Kānti Kan̲yā Kurukulam, Veḷiyīṭṭup Pakuti|language=ta}}{{Cite news|last=Anwar|first=Kombai S.|date=2018-06-07|title=A secular temple in Kongu heartland|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-secular-temple-in-the-heart-of-kongu-nadu/article24103046.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}

There were Tamil Rowthers working in the administration of the Vijayanagara Empire in the Khurram Kunda. The inscription details the dedication of the land by the Rowther to a Murugan temple in Cheyyur.

File:Murugan Ravuttan.jpg

File:Sri Muthallu Rawother.JPG

Muththaal Ravuttar (meaning Muslim Rowther is a Prakrit derivation from raja-putra) figures as Tamil male deities who protect Tamil land.

Rowthers are one of the most prominent Muslim groups in South India, making their mark in various fields, from jurisprudence to Entertainment.

The community gives importance to education. Due to Globalization and the 1991 Economic Reforms, a lot of societal and cultural shifts have taken place. The aftermath has resulted in women being more active participants of the workforce and an increase in their participation in higher education and academia.{{Cite web |title=More Muslim Women Enrolled in Higher Edu Institutes Than Muslim Men: AISHE Report |url=https://thewire.in/education/more-muslim-women-in-higher-education-than-muslim-men-aishe-report |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=The Wire |language=en}} Grants and scholarships have been established by numerous Muslim minority institutions to make education easier for women to seek and access. Thus, women today, are encouraged and emphasised to pursue and excel in secular education as much as it might be encouraged for them to excel in religious education.

Due to easier and better access to religious resources and more religious awareness, the community has also gradually begun to allow women to pray in masjids, particularly during the occasions of Jummah and Eid, and make them more active participants in masjid activities (hosting seminars, workshops, and classes). Historically, in the Indian subcontinent, due to societal and cultural reasons, more so than any religious mandate, women were discouraged to attend, pray, and participate in masjids.{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-01-08 |title='No ban on women entering Vavar mosque' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/no-ban-on-women-entering-vavar-mosque/article25941783.ece |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite news |date=2016-04-19 |title=Juma Masjid to be opened for women |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/juma-masjid-to-be-opened-for-women/article8496761.ece |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite web |last=Aafaq |first=Zafar |date=2022-12-16 |title=For Muslim women in India, mosques remain largely out of bound – even without entry bans |url=https://scroll.in/article/1039610/for-women-jama-masjids-temporary-entry-ban-is-a-reminder-of-their-exclusion-from-mosques-in-india |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}

{{Main|List of Rowthers}}

• Tamil people
• Quaid-e-Millath
• Tamil Muslims
• Mukkulathor

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• J. P. Mulliner. Rise of Islam in India. University of Leeds chpt. 9. Page 215
• {{Cite book|author=Hussein, Asiff |title=Sarandib : an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka|date=2007|publisher=Asiff Hussein|isbn=978-955-97262-2-7|edition=1st |location=Nugegoda|oclc=132681713}}
• {{Cite book |title=People of India. Tamil Nadu|date=1997|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India|editor=Singh, K. S. |editor2=Thirumalai, R. |editor3=Manoharan, S. |isbn=81-85938-88-1|location=Madras|pages=1259–1262|oclc=48502905}}
• {{Cite book |title=Kerala|date=2002|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India|editor=Singh, K. S. |editor2=Madhava Menon, T. |editor3=Tyagi, D. |editor4=Kulirani, B. Francis |isbn=81-85938-99-7|location=New Delhi|page=1306|oclc=50814919}}
• Mines, Mattison. Social Stratification among the Muslim Tamils in Tamil Nadu, South India, Imtiaz Ahmad, ed, Caste, and Social Stratification among the Muslims, Manohar book service, New Delhi, 1973.
• Nanjundayya, H.V. and lyer, LK.A, 1931, The Mysore Tribes and Castes, IV, The Mysore University. Mysore.
• Thurston, E., Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Government Press, Madras, 1909.

{{Indian Muslim}}

Category:Muslim communities lists

Category:History of Tamil Nadu

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Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu

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