Saint Anne

The story is similar to that of Samuel, whose mother Hannah ({{langx|he|{{Script/Hebrew|חַנָּה}}}} Ḥannāh "favour, grace"; etymologically the same name as Anne) had also been childless. The Immaculate Conception was eventually made dogma by the Catholic Church following an increased devotion to Anne in the twelfth century.{{cite book

|last=Nixon

|first=Virginia

|title=Mary's Mother: Saint Anne in Late Medieval Europe

|url=https://archive.org/details/marysmothersaint00nixo

|url-access=limited

|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press

|year=2004

|pages=[https://archive.org/details/marysmothersaint00nixo/page/n26 12]–14

|isbn=978-0-271-02466-0

}} Dedications to Anne in Eastern Christianity occur as early as the sixth century.Procopius' Buildings, Volume I, Chapters 11–12 In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Anne and Joachim are ascribed the title Ancestors of God,{{cite web |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2020/09/09/102546-holy-and-righteous-ancestors-of-god-joachim-and-anna |title=Holy and Righteous Ancestors of God, Joachim and Anna |work=The Orthodox Faith – Lives of the Saints |publisher=The Orthodox Church in America |access-date=13 September 2020 }} and both the Nativity of Mary and the Presentation of Mary are celebrated as two of the twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church. The Dormition of Anne is also a minor feast in Eastern Christianity. In Lutheran Protestantism, it is held that Martin Luther chose to enter religious life as an Augustinian friar after invoking St. Anne while endangered by lightning.{{cite book|last=Brecht|first=Martin|author-link=Martin Brecht|title=Martin Luther: His road to Reformation, 1483–1521|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hH6nI6Q6qBIC&pg=PA48|year=1985|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-4514-1414-1|page=48}}

Anne ({{langx|ar|حنة بنت فاقوذ|Ḥannah bint Faḳūdh}}) is also revered in Islam, recognized as a highly spiritual woman and as the mother of Mary. She is not named in the Quran, where she is referred to as "the wife of Imran". The Quran describes her remaining childless until her old age. One day, Anne saw a bird feeding its young while sitting in the shade of a tree, which awakened her desire to have children of her own. She prayed for a child and eventually conceived; her husband, Imran, died before the child was born. Expecting the child to be male, Anne vowed to dedicate him to isolation and service in the Second Temple;"O my Lord! I do dedicate into Thee what is in my womb for Thy special service: So accept this of me: For Thou hearest and knowest all things." (Quran 3:35).{{cite book

|last=Wheeler

|first=Brannon M.

|title=Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis

|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group

|year=2002

|isbn=0-8264-4957-3}}{{cite book

|last=Da Costa

|first=Yusuf

|title=The Honor of Women in Islam

|publisher=LegitMaddie101

|year=2002

|isbn=1-930409-06-0}} however, Anne bore a daughter instead, and named her Mary. Her words upon delivering Mary reflect her status as a great mystic, realising that while she had wanted a son, this daughter was God's gift to her:{{quote|When she delivered, she said, “My Lord! I have given birth to a girl,”—and Allah fully knew what she had delivered—“and the male is not like the female. I have named her Mary, and I seek Your protection for her and her offspring from Satan, the accursed.” So her Lord accepted her graciously and blessed her with a pleasant upbringing—entrusting her to the care of Zachariah...|{{qref|3|36-37|c=y}}}}

File:Saint Anne et Marie enfant.JPG

Although the canonical books of the New Testament never mention the mother of the Virgin Mary, traditions about her family, childhood, education, and eventual betrothal to Joseph developed very early in the history of the church. The oldest and most influential source for these is the apocryphal Gospel of James, first written in Koine Greek around the middle of the second century AD. In the West, the Gospel of James fell under a cloud in the fourth and fifth centuries when it was accused of "absurdities" by Jerome and condemned as untrustworthy by Pope Damasus I, Pope Innocent I, and Pope Gelasius I.{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/44sr.htm |title=Reames, Sherry L. ed., "Legends of St. Anne, Mother of the Virgin Mary: Introduction", Middle English Legends of Women Saints, Medieval Institute Publications, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 2003 |publisher=Lib.rochester.edu |access-date=15 August 2013}} However, despite having been condemned by the Church, it was taken over almost in toto by another apocryphal work, the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, which popularised most of its stories.{{Cite book|last1=Ehrman|first1=Bart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqQ9LSzs8hgC|title=The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations|last2=Plese|first2=Zlatko|date=21 July 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983128-9|language=en}}

Ancient belief, attested to by a sermon of John of Damascus, was that Anne married once. {{Cite web |last=Wehling |first=Fr John |date=2017-09-02 |title=Excerpts From St John Of Damascus: An Oration On The Nativity Of The Holy Theotokos Mary |url=https://www.ocanwa.org/single-post/2017/09/02/excerpts-from-st-john-of-damascus-an-oration-on-the-nativity-of-the-holy-theotokos-mary |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=st-john-oca |language=en}} The sister of Saint Anne was Sobe, mother of Elizabeth. In the fifteenth century, the Catholic cleric Johann Eck related in a sermon that St Anne's parents were named Stollanus and Emerentia. Frederick George Holweck, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1907) regards this genealogy as spurious.{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01538a.htm|title=Holweck, Frederick. "St. Anne." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 3 May 2013 "The renowned Father John of Eck of Ingolstadt, in a sermon on St. Anne (published at Paris in 1579), pretends to know even the names of the parents St. Anne. He calls them Stollanus and Emerentia. He says that St. Anne was born after Stollanus and Emerentia had been childless for twenty years"|date=1 March 1907|publisher=Newadvent.org|access-date=15 August 2013}}

In the 4th century and then much later in the fifteenth century, a belief arose that Mary was conceived of Anne without original sin. This belief in the Immaculate Conception states that God preserved Mary's body and soul intact and sinless from her first moment of existence, through the merits of Jesus Christ. The Immaculate Conception, often confused with the Annunciation of the Incarnation (Mary's virgin birth of Jesus), was made dogma in the Catholic church by Pope Pius IX's papal bull, Ineffabilis Deus, in 1854. The 13th century Speculum Maius of Vincent of Beauvais incorporates information regarding the life of Saint Anne from an earlier work by Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim Abbey.{{sfn|Nixon|2004|p=12}}

File:Adriaen van Overbeke - Birth of St. Anne - Petrikirche altarpiece.jpeg ({{Circa|1521}}–1525)]]

In the Eastern church, the veneration of Anne herself may go back as far as {{Circa|550}}, when Justinian built a church in Constantinople in her honour.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DosEAAAAQAAJ&q=Justinian+Constantinople+church+%22St+Anne%22&pg=PA97|title=The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints. ed. by F.C. Husenbeth. [With] The history of the blessed virgin Mary, by the abbé Orsini, tr. by F.C. Husenbeth|last1=Butler|first1=Alban|last2=Orsini|first2=Mathieu|date=1857|publisher=Henry|location=London|pages=97|language=en}} The earliest pictorial sign of her veneration in the West is an eighth-century fresco in the church of Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome. The Feast of the Conception of the Virgin Mary had reached southern Italy by the ninth century. In the Latin Church St. Anne was not venerated, except, perhaps, in the south of France, before the thirteenth century. A shrine at Douai, in northern France, was one of the early centres of devotion to St. Anne in the West.{{cite web |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ANNE.HTM |title=Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc |publisher=Ewtn.com |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718101138/http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/anne.htm |url-status=dead }}

The Anna Selbdritt was a type of iconography depicting the three generations of Saint Anne, Mary, and the child Jesus. Emphasizing the humanity of Jesus, it drew on the earlier conventions of the Seat of Wisdom, and was popular in northern Germany in the 1500s.Welsh, Jennifer. The Cult of St. Anne in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, Routledge, 2016, {{ISBN|9781134997879}} During the High Middle Ages, Saint Anne became increasingly identified as a maritime saint, protecting sailors and fisherman, and invoked against storms.

Two well-known shrines to St. Anne are that of Ste-Anne-d'Auray in Brittany, France; and that of Ste-Anne-de-Beaupré near the city of Québec. The number of visitors to the Basilica of Ste-Anne-de-Beaupré is greatest on St Anne's Feast Day, 26 July, and the Sunday before the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, 8 September. In 1892, Pope Leo XIII sent a relic of St Anne to the church.{{cite web |url=http://www.olomc-ottawa.com/Anne&Joachim.html |title=Saint Anne and Saint Joachim, Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Parish, Ottawa, Ontario |publisher=Olomc-ottawa.com |access-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810123226/http://www.olomc-ottawa.com/Anne%26Joachim.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 }}

In the Maltese language, the Milky Way galaxy is called It-Triq ta' Sant'Anna, literally "The Way of St. Anne".{{Cite web| title = The Milky Way Project – It-Triq ta' Sant'Anna {{!}} What is the Milky Way?| work = maltastro.org| access-date = 2 November 2015| url = http://www.maltastro.org/milkyway/?page_id=56| archive-date = 4 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093003/http://www.maltastro.org/milkyway/?page_id=56| url-status = dead}} In the United States, the Daughters of the Holy Spirit named the former Annhurst College in her honor.{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/367744245/ |title=State Board Accredits New College |newspaper=Hartford Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |page=2 |date=26 May 1944 |access-date=2 November 2019 |via=newspapers.com}}

File:Feast of Saint Anne in Marsaskala Malta.jpg, Malta]]

By the middle of the 7th century, a distinct feast day, the Conception of St. Anne (Maternity of Holy Anna) celebrating the conception of Mary by Saint Anne, was observed at the Monastery of Saint Sabas.[https://www.archpitt.org/the-immaculate-conception-the-conception-of-st-anne-when-she-conceived-the-holy-mother-of-god-according-to-the-ruthenian-tradition/ "The Conception of St. Anne 'When She Conceived the Holy Mother of God', The Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh] It is now known in the Greek Orthodox Church as the feast of "The Conception by St. Anne of the Most Holy Theotokos", and celebrated on 9 December.[https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=329 "Saints and Feasts", Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America] In the Roman Catholic Church, the Feast of Saints Anne and Joachim is celebrated on 26 July.

• 26 July

• 25 July: (Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos)
• 9 September: (Holy and Righteous Ancestors of God, Joachim and Anna, Afterfeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God)
• 9 December (The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God)

• 26 July: Anne is remembered (with Joachim) in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 26 July.{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}

• 26 July

• 7 November (The Departure of St. Anna (Hannah), the mother of the Theotokos){{Cite web |title=ИОАКИМ И АННА |url=https://www.pravenc.ru/text/468935.html#part_5 |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=www.pravenc.ru}}

• 9 December (The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God)
• Tuesday, 2nd week after Dormition of the Mother of God{{Cite web |last=Armenian Church |title=Commemoration of Sts. Joachim and Anna, Parents of the Holy Mother of God, and Oil-Bringing Women |url=https://armenianchurch.ge/en/kalendar-prazdnikov/description-2/august/commemoration-of-sts-joachim-and-anna-parents-of-the-holy-mother-of-god-and-oil-bringing-women |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=armenianchurch.ge |language=en-gb}} (with Joachim)

• 26 July (Anne and Joachim){{Cite web |title=Syro-Malabar Liturgical Calendar |url=https://www.syromalabarliturgy.org/assets/assettt/Panchangam%20English%20short%202021.pdf}}

• 9 September (Mar Joachim and Martha Anna){{Cite web |title=The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church – The Sacred Lectionary |url=https://www.syromalankarausa.org/sites/default/files/epl/Panchangom%202020-2021%20English.pdf}}

• 9 September (St. Anne and Joachim, Parents of the Blessed Virgin Mary){{Cite web |title=Saint Joseph Maronite Catholic Church |url=https://sjmcc.org/documents/2020/12/Maronite%20Calendar-1.pdf}}

The alleged relics of St. Anne were brought from the Holy Land to Constantinople in 710 and were kept there in the church of St. Sophia as late as 1333. During the 12th and 13th centuries, returning crusaders and pilgrims from the East brought relics of Anne to a number of churches, including most famously those at Apt, in Provence, Ghent, and Chartres. St. Anne's relics have been preserved and venerated in the many cathedrals and monasteries dedicated to her name, for example in Austria, Canada,{{cite web |url=http://www.shrinesaintanne.org/eng/2_5_relics.htm |title=Arm Reliquary Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré Shrine, Quebec |publisher=Shrinesaintanne.org |date=3 July 1960 |access-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508054442/http://www.shrinesaintanne.org/eng/2_5_relics.htm |archive-date=8 May 2013 }} Germany, Italy,{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/faszination-welterbe/5059266513/ |title=Flickr photograph of the so-called 'speaking reliquary' (tells the pilgrim what is venerated) |language=de |publisher=Flickr.com |date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 August 2013}} and Greece in the semi-autonomous Mount Athos, and the city of Katerini.{{cite web|author=Bender |url=http://vita-nostra-in-ecclesia.blogspot.com/2010/07/feast-of-joachim-and-anne.html |title=Arm relic Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls |publisher=Vita-nostra-in-ecclesia.blogspot.com |date=26 July 2010 |access-date=15 August 2013}} Medieval and baroque craftsmanship is evidenced in, for example, the metalwork of the life-size reliquaries containing the bones of her forearm. Examples employing folk art techniques are also known. Düren has been the main place of pilgrimage for Anne since 1506, when Pope Julius II decreed that her relics should be kept there.

File:Basilique Saint-Anne.JPG, Quebec, Canada]]

The Church of Saint Anne in Beit Guvrin National Park was built by the Byzantines and the Crusaders in the 12th century, known in Arabic as Khirbet ({{lit|ruin}}) Sandahanna, the mound of Maresha being called Tell Sandahanna. Saint Anne is the patroness of unmarried women, housewives, women in labour or who want to be pregnant, grandmothers, mothers and educators. She is also a patroness of horseback riders, cabinet-makers and miners. As the mother of Mary, this devotion to Saint Anne as the patron of miners arises from the medieval comparison between Mary and Christ and the precious metals silver and gold. Anne's womb was considered the source from which these precious metals were mined.{{Cite web |date=17 April 2016 |title=st_anne |url=http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/courses/medmil/pages/non-mma-pages/text_links/st_anne.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417131450/http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/courses/medmil/pages/non-mma-pages/text_links/st_anne.html |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=14 July 2022 }}

Saint Anne is the patron saint of Brittany (France), Cuenca (Ecuador), Chinandega (Nicaragua), the Mi'kmaq people of Canada, Castelbuono (Sicily), Quebec (Canada), Santa Ana (California), Norwich (Connecticut), Detroit (Michigan),{{cite web|url=http://www.aod.org/patron-saint/ |title=St. Anne – Archdiocese of Detroit |publisher=Aod.org |access-date=15 August 2013}} Adjuntas (Puerto Rico), Santa Ana and Jucuarán (El Salvador), Berlin (New Hampshire), Santa Ana Pueblo, Seama, and Taos (New Mexico), Chiclana de la Frontera, Marsaskala, Tudela and Fasnia (Spain), Town of Sta Ana Province of Pampanga, Molo, Iloilo City, Balasan, Iloilo, Hagonoy, Santa Ana, Taguig City, Saint Anne Shrine, Malicboy, Pagbilao, Quezon and Malinao, Albay (Philippines), Santana (Brazil), Saint Anne (Illinois), Sainte Anne Island, Baie Sainte Anne and Praslin Island (Seychelles), Bukit Mertajam and Port Klang (Malaysia), Kľúčové (Slovakia) and South Vietnam. The parish church of Vatican City is Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri. There is a shrine dedicated to Saint Anne in the Woods in Bristol, United Kingdom.

File:John Everett Millais - Christ in the House of His Parents (`The Carpenter's Shop') - Google Art Project.jpg by John Everett Millais, 1849–50]]

In John Everett Millais's 1849–50 work, Christ in the House of His Parents, Anne is shown in her son-in-law Joseph's carpentry shop caring for a young Jesus who had cut his hand on a nail. She joins her daughter Mary, Joseph, and a young boy who will later become known as John the Baptist in caring for the injured hand of Jesus.

The subject of Joachim and Anne The Meeting at the Golden Gate was a regular component of artistic cycles of the Life of the Virgin. The couple meet at the Golden Gate of Jerusalem and embrace. They are aware of Anne's pregnancy, of which they have been separately informed by an archangel. This moment stood for the conception of Mary, and the feast was celebrated on the same day as the Immaculate Conception. Artworks representing the Golden Gate and the events leading up to it were influenced by the narrative in the widely read Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine. The Birth of Mary, the Presentation of Mary and the Marriage of the Virgin were usual components of cycles of the Life of the Virgin in which Anne is normally shown here. Her emblem is a door. She is often portrayed wearing red and green, representing love and life.

Anne is never shown as present at the Nativity of Christ but is frequently shown with the infant Christ in various subjects. She is sometimes believed to be depicted in scenes of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the Circumcision of Christ, but in the former case, this likely reflects a misidentification through confusion with Anna the Prophetess. There was a tradition that Anne went (separately) to Egypt and rejoined the Holy Family after their Flight to Egypt. Anne is not seen with the adult Christ, so was regarded as having died during the youth of Jesus.Some writers gave her age at death, as part of a general family chronology, but no generally accepted tradition developed on this point, even during the Middle Ages. Anne is also shown as the matriarch of the Holy Kinship, the extended family of Jesus, a popular subject in late medieval Germany; some versions of these pictorial and sculptural depictions include Emerentia who was reputed in the fifteenth century to be Anne's mother. In modern devotions, Anne and her husband are invoked for protection for the unborn.

The role of the Messiah's grandparents in salvation history was commonly depicted in early medieval devotional art in a vertical double-Madonna arrangement known as the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. Another typical subject has Anne teaching the Virgin Mary the Scriptures.

File:Faras Saint Anne (detail).jpg|Coptic Saint Anne, 8th century, National Museum in Warsaw

File:Anna Selbdritt 003.jpg|German, 15th century. Anne holds Mary and Christ

File:Frankfurt Karmeliterkloster Annenaltar.jpg|German, 15th century, Legends of St Anne

File:Annarelief.jpg|German, 16th century. Relief of the St. Anne's Head, Annakirche Dueren

File:Annaschrein.jpg|German, 16th century. St. Anne's Shrine, home of St. Anne's Head, Annakirche Dueren

File:Annuciation to Anne.jpg|Annunciation to Anne mosaic, 12th century, Chora Church, Istanbul

File:AnneSantiago.jpg|The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Cathedral Museum of the Church of Santiago de Compostela

File:AnneMalines.jpg|A Belgian Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (labeled Ste Anne Trinitaire by the museum)

File:Eglise Sainte-Enimie statue sainte Anne Vierge Enfant.jpg|A French Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (15th-century) from Languedoc-Roussillon

File:AnneHuelgas.jpg|A Spanish Virgin and Child with Saint Anne influenced ultimately by Greek "Hodegetria" icons

File:AnnaSelbdrittMexico.jpg|The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne from Oaxaca, Mexico

File:AnneGiuLungara.jpg|St. Anne Teaching the Virgin to Read, Church of San Giuseppe alla Lungara, Rome

File:Brooklyn Museum - Saint Anne (Sainte Anne) - James Tissot - overall.jpg|Saint Anne, James Tissot, Brooklyn Museum

File:Anna-pic1a.jpg|Saint Anne (Die Heilige Anna) with child Jesus, by Otto Bitschnau, 1883O. Bitschnau: Das Leben der Heiligen Gottes 1883, 558

File:BMVB - Doménico Theotokópoulus - La Sagrada Família amb Santa Anna i Sant Joanet - 8606.jpg|The Holy Family with Saint Anne and Saint-Jeannet by El Greco (c. 1600), conserved in the Biblioteca Museu Víctor Balaguer

File:Sankt Anna und Maria Abtei.jpg|Saint Anne and Virgin Mary. Josef Moroder-Lusenberg school (c. 1890) in Badia

File:Wertingen St. Martin 304.JPG|The instruction of Mary. Catholic parish church of St. Martin in the district of Dillingen (Bavaria).

File:Guido Reni - Education of the Virgin - WGA19315.jpg|The Education of the Virgin. Guido Reni (1640-1642)

File:Josef Winterhalder Anna unterweist Maria.jpg|St. Anne teaching St. Mary, Josef Winterhalder the Younger

File:L'Education de la Vierge.jpg| The education of the Virgin, Eugène Delacroix (1842)

File:Jean-Baptiste Jouvenet - The Education of the Virgin - WGA12032.jpg| The Education of the Virgin Mary, Jean Jouvenet (1700)

File:Mary and St. Anne - Iglesia del Salvador - Seville.JPG|Mary and St. Anne. Iglesia del Salvador, Seville

File:Heiligenblut - Pfarrkirche - Erziehung der jungen Maria.jpg|Education of Virgin Mary, Parish church Saint Vinzenz

File:Saint Anne with Virgin and Child.jpg|Saint Anne with Virgin and Child, ca. 1400-1425

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed 2 motets :
• Pour Ste Anne, H.315, for 2 voices and continuo (around 1675)
• Canticum Annae, H.325, for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments, and continuo (around 1680).
• Johann Sebastian Bach composed a prelude and fugue :
• [[Clavier-%C3%9Cbung_III#Prelude_and_fugue BWV_552|

Prelude and Fugue in E-Flat Major, BWV 552]] (published 1739)

{{portal|Catholic Church/Patron Archive/July 26}}

• {{annotated link|Church of Saint Anne, Jerusalem}}
• {{annotated link|Church of St. Ann (disambiguation)}}
• {{annotated link|Feast of the Conception of the Virgin Mary}}
• {{annotated link|Molo Church}}
• {{annotated link|Molo, Iloilo City}}
• {{annotated link|Statue of Saint Anne, Charles Bridge}}
• {{annotated link|St Anne's College, Oxford}}
• {{annotated link|The Line of Saint Anne}}
• {{annotated link|Virgin and Child with Saint Anne}}

{{Reflist|group="N"}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Saint Anne}}

• [https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saints-joachim-and-anne/ Brief Franciscan Media article on "Sts. Joachim and Ann"]
• [http://www.christianiconography.info/anne.html "Saint Anne"] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] website
• [http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/maryNativity.htm "Here Followeth the Nativity of Our Blessed Lady"] from the Caxton translation of the Golden Legend
• [http://www.christianiconography.info/protevangelium.htm The Protevangelium of James]
• [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.vii.v.i.html The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew]
• [http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/44sr.htm Reames, Sherry L. ed.,"Legends of St. Anne, Mother of the Virgin Mary: Introduction", Middle English Legends of Women Saints, Medieval Institute Publications, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 2003]
• [https://www.routledge.com/The-Cult-of-St-Anne-in-Medieval-and-Early-Modern-Europe/Welsh/p/book/9781138690080 Welsh, Jennifer. The Cult of St. Anne in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Routledge, 2017.]

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Category:1st-century BCE Jews

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