Salmon-crested cockatoo
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = {{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}
| image = Cacatua moluccensis -Cincinnati Zoo-8a.jpg
| image_caption = At Cincinnati Zoo
| parent = Cacatua (subgenus)
| taxon = Cacatua moluccensis
| authority = (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
}}
The salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis), also known as the Moluccan cockatoo, is a cockatoo endemic to the Seram archipelago in eastern Indonesia. At a height of up to {{convert|46|–|52|cm|ft|abbr=on}} and weight of up to {{convert|850|g|lb|abbr=on}}, it is among the largest of the white cockatoos. The female is slightly smaller than the male on average. It has white-pink feathers with a definite peachy glow, a slight yellow on the underwing and underside of the tail feathers and a large retractable recumbent crest, which it raises when threatened, revealing hitherto concealed bright red-orange plumes to frighten potential attackers. It may also be raised in excitement or in other "emotional" displays. Some describe the crest as "flamingo-colored". It also has one of the louder calls in the parrot world and in captivity is a capable mimic.
In the wild, the salmon-crested cockatoo inhabits lowland forests below 1000 m. Its diet consists mainly of seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as coconuts. Some additional evidence shows that they eat insects off the ground, and pet Moluccan cockatoos have tested positive for anemia if their diets do not include enough protein.
Taxonomy
The salmon-crested cockatoo was formally described in 1788 by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus moluccensis.{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=331 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2896931 }} Gmelin based his description on those by earlier ornithologists. George Edwards had described and illustrated the cockatoo in 1751,{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1751 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=4 | page=160; Plate 160 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196374 }} Mathurin Jacques Brisson had described it in 1760,{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | volume=4 | language=French, Latin | pages=209-211, No. 10 | location=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36195328 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen. and the Comte de Buffon in had described and illustrated the cockatoo in 1779.{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1779 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=6 | location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | page=91 | chapter=Le Kakatoës à huppe rouge | language=French | chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069718q/f129.item }}{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Le Kakatoes à huppe rouge | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=5 | location=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 498 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35214617 }} The type locality is the Maluku Islands.{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1937 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=3 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=175 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477890 }} The salmon-crested cockatoo is now one of 11 species placed in the genus Cacatua that was introduced in 1817 by Louis Pierre Vieillot. The species is monotypic; no subspecies are recognised.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 February 2023 }}
Distribution and habitat
The salmon-crested cockatoo is endemic to the Seram archipelago in eastern Indonesia, and has been introduced to the Hawai'ian island of Oahu, where a small population has become established.{{cite web | url=https://ebird.org/species/saccoc | title=Salmon-crested Cockatoo - eBird }} Although they have been observed in the wild in Puerto Rico, they are probably the result of escaped pets, and no reproduction has been recorded.{{cite journal |last1=Falcón |first1=Wilfredo |last2=Tremblay |first2=Raymond L. |title=From the cage to the wild: introductions of Psittaciformes to Puerto Rico |journal=PeerJ |date=30 October 2018 |volume=6 |pages=e5669 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5669 |pmid=30397538 |pmc=6214232 |doi-access=free }}
Status in the wild
The salmon-crested cockatoo is an endangered species,{{cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?Genus=Cacatua&Species=moluccensis&source=animals&tabname=status|title=Status of Cacatua moluccensis|publisher=[CITES CITES] database|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416004422/http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?Genus=Cacatua&Species=moluccensis&source=animals&tabname=status|archive-date=16 April 2013}} and has been listed on appendix I of CITES since 1989, which makes commercial international trade in wild-caught birds prohibited. Trade in captive-bred birds is legal only with appropriate CITES certification. Numbers have declined due to illegal trapping for the cage-bird trade and habitat loss. During the height of the trapping of this species, over 6,000 birds were being removed from the wild per year. It has a stronghold in Manusela National Park on Seram, although even today some illegal trapping continues.
Aviculture
File:Cacatua moluccensis -Kuala Lumpur Bird Park-8b.jpg]]
The salmon-crested cockatoo can no longer be imported into the United States because it is listed on the Wild Bird Conservation Act. They are being bred in captivity, though. They are popular for their beauty and trainability, which makes them popular in trained bird shows.
The salmon-crested cockatoo is widely considered to be one of the most demanding parrots to keep as a pet due to their high intelligence, large size, potential noise level (some of the loudest birds in the world, with calls up to 129 decibels),{{cite web | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-loudest-animals.html | title=The World's Loudest Animals | date=21 June 2018 }} and need to chew. They require a very large and very sturdy cage or aviary. Salmon-crested cockatoos are highly social, and pets can be extremely cuddly, affectionate, and gentle birds. This can lead to problems if a young cockatoo is spoiled with a great deal of attention and cuddling when young and does not get the opportunity to learn to play with toys, forage, or otherwise entertain itself.
Salmon-crested cockatoos require a great deal of attention and activity to remain healthy and well-adjusted. Attention and training from human caregivers is important in keeping them occupied, as are chewable toys and foraging toys that require them to work for their food. As with most large cockatoos, the salmon-crested cockatoo may develop health and behavioural problems such as feather-plucking and aggression if not provided with the appropriate environment, attention, and enrichment opportunities.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
In captivity, the salmon-crested cockatoo has been known to live for an extremely long time, with a captive individual mentioned in a 2011 paper having lived to the age of 92 years.{{Cite journal|title= Survival on the ark: life history trends in captive parrots|language=en|pmc = 3289156|year = 2012|last1 = Young|first1 = A. M.|last2 = Hobson|first2 = E. A.|last3 = Lackey|first3 = L. B.|last4 = Wright|first4 = T. F.|journal = Animal Conservation|volume = 15|issue = 1|pages = 28–53|pmid = 22389582|doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00477.x|bibcode=2012AnCon..15...28Y }}
Breeding
Moluccan cockatoos breed once a year, usually between December and March, when vegetation growth is at its peak and food is readily available.
Gallery
File:Cacatua moluccensis excited.jpg|Salmon-crested cockatoo displaying (wings clipped)
File:Cacatua moluccensis - closeup of head.jpg|Closeup of head and crest
File:Moluccan cockatoo 31l07.JPG|In Tropical Birdland, Leicestershire, England
File:Cacatua moluccensis -profile -head-8a.jpg
File:Salmon-crested cockatoo in Sawai.jpg|In Sawai, Seram Island
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{Commons|Cacatua moluccensis}}
- [http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/moluccan_cockatoo/ World Parrot Trust] Parrot Encyclopedia – Species Profiles
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080502215550/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Cacatua_moluccensis/ ARKive – images and movies of the salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)]
- [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/search/species_search.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1401&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013150723/http://www.rdb.or.id/detailbird.php?id=46 Red Data Book]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070525103358/http://www.pc-zoo.com/birds/salmon_crested_cockatoo.htm Moluccan Cockatoo photo on Pc-Zoo]
- [http://www.indonesian-parrot-project.org/ Project Bird Watch & eco-tourism development in Indonesiion Islands]
- [http://www.birdchannel.com/bird-magazines/bird-talk/2007-october/avoid-cockatoo-syndrome.aspx 9 Steps To Avoid “Unwanted Cockatoo Syndrome”]
{{Cockatoos}}
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