Salto, Uruguay

During the Guarani War the governor of Rio de la Plata, José de Andonaegui, and the Marquis of Valdelirios pleaded with Governor José Joaquín de Viana to move north with an army of 400 men and enforce the terms of the Treaty of Madrid. In October 1756 Viana built several barracks for his army located in the area who had to survive on hunting and fishing. The sheds he built were called San Antonio del Salto Chico. Thus, the short-lived first settlement in the present city of Salto dates from 8 November 1756, which remains as its date of foundation. Some people say it was "by chance", such as the writer Francisco Bauza in his book Dominación española en Uruguay. In 1757, Viana and the superior Governor of Buenos Aires, Pedro de Cevallos, built a strong fort called San Antonio. The fort had a chapel, which was under the patronage of San Antonio de Padua. Also in that period, Spanish troops captured the Portuguese colony at Colonia del Sacramento and used its facilities for seven years before abandoning it in 1763.

On 16 June 1768, the buildings in Salto were occupied by Francisco de Paula Bucareli with 1,500 soldiers seeking to expel the Jesuits from all Spanish territory, as ordered by Carlos III.{{cite book|last=Marley|first=David|title=Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgGVTOr2EsC&pg=PA447|access-date=22 December 2011|date=February 2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-100-8|page=447}} The fort of San Antonio served as an arms depot and later as a prison for most of the priests, who were later taken to Buenos Aires or deported overseas. While the Jesuits were imprisoned Lieutenant Nicolás García took care of the fort and three boats. A big flood of the Yapeyú River caused considerable damage and the fort was rebuilt at a nearby site, this time on the western side of the Uruguay River in the current Concordia area, in order to act as a river-road junction. In early 1782 the settlement already had permanent residents.

On 12 February 1811 Francisco Javier de Elío declared war on the Board of Buenos Aires. Montevideo was besieged by José Rondeau and José Gervasio Artigas, so Elío asked for help from Portugal. Later the Spanish and the Board of Buenos Aires had to sign an agreement, because Buenos Aires was blockaded by sea. In an armistice agreement it decided to lift the siege of Montevideo and the blockade of the Rio de la Plata. However, General Artigas had to withdraw to the north in what became known at the Exodus of the Western People.{{cite book|title=Articas and the Emancipation of Uruguay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzY8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA150|access-date=22 December 2011|publisher=CUP Archive|page=150|id=GGKEY:G34D9993112}} Among the members of the Exodus of the Western People were a considerable number of important people in Uruguayan history, including some 6,000 military personnel and 4,500 civilians. In December 1811 they camped for one month on the Uruguay River very close to Salto. In that place the Board of Buenos Aires awarded the title of Lieutenant Governor, Chief Justice and Captain of the Department to Artigas who "guided the revolutionaries in a ten-year crusade to liberate the people from Imperial Spanish rule."{{cite web|url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=11251|title=José Artigas Monument|publisher=New York City Government Parks|access-date=22 December 2011}} After the Battle of Las Piedras on 18 May 1811, Artigas was named "Chief of the Orientales". After 1820, Artigas was forced to live in exile in Paraguay but his movement had been very successful and led to the establishment of the First Republic of Uruguay on 25 August 1825.

Before the Independence of Uruguay Salto had acquired the category of "Pueblo" (village) and on 16 May 1835, by Decree, it was recognized as being a "Villa" (town). Then, on 16 June 1837, Salto was made capital of the department by the Act of Ley Nº 158.

In late October 1845 roughly 1,000 of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Italian and Uruguayan troops advanced up the Uruguay River and took Gualeguaychú in Argentina before seizing Salto, remaining there several months as they plotted against Justo José de Urquiza, Cesar Diaz and Servando Gomez.{{cite book|last=Marley|first=David|title=Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgGVTOr2EsC&pg=PA739|access-date=22 December 2011|date=February 2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-100-8|page=739}} On 8 February 1846 Garibaldi defeated Gomez's army, killing several hundred at San Antonio Chico Creek outside Salto. Garibaldi lost about a hundred men in the battle. Montevideo accepted him as General on February 16 when news of his victory reached the city.

On 8 June 1863 Salto's status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) by the Act of Ley Nº 780, which was reaffirmed on 3 March 1869 by the Act of Ley Nº 1.000.

File:Salto Grande dam.JPG]]

During the late 2010s, Salto city saw a spate in criminal activity similar to those of other border cities across Latin America like Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, with drug trafficking and femicides among the principal crimes committed. According to Nicolas SantAnna, the president of the local commerce and industry syndicate, Salto's Don Atilio has become Uruguay's most dangerous barrio.{{cite web|url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/que-pasa/salto-ciudad-golpeada.html|title=Salto, la ciudad golpeada|last=ElPais}}

In 2023, Salto had a population of 114,084.{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/salto.html|title=Census 2011: Resultados Finales|publisher=INE|access-date=25 August 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/cuadros/NIVEL%20DEPARTAMENTAL/Salto/P_3_SAL.xls |title=Censos 2011 Cuadros Salto |year=2012 |publisher=INE |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114005443/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/cuadros/NIVEL%20DEPARTAMENTAL/Salto/P_3_SAL.xls |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/toponimico/Categorizaci%F3n%20localidades%20urbanas%20orden%20alfab%E9tico.pdf |title=Statistics of urban localities (1834–2004) |publisher=INE |year=2012 |access-date=5 September 2012}}

The city is located on Route 3 about {{convert|496|km}} northwest of Montevideo, and on the east bank of the Río Uruguay across from the city of Concordia in Argentina. About {{convert|12|km}} north of the city the Salto Grande Bridge, built on top of the Salto Grande Dam, joins the two sides.

Built on hills and bluffs, the city is situated near the Rio Uruguay's 'big jump' falls, which is also the location of the Salto Grande Dam.{{cite book|last1=Bao|first1=Sandra|last2=Clark|first2=Gregor|last3=Symington|first3=Andy |author4=Bridget Gleeson |author5=Lucas Vidgen|title=Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niPCqL9IXNQC&pg=PA568|access-date=22 December 2011|date=1 August 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-464-9|pages=568–}} The land is low lying alongside the river bank, with an elevation of {{convert|48|m}} above sea level.

Salto has a humid subtropical climate typical of the region, with sunny and hot summers with occasional heavy rainfall combined with mild winters.

{{Weather box

|location = Salto (1991–2020, extremes 1942–2020)

|single line = y

|metric first = y

|Jan record high C = 42.2

|Feb record high C = 41.6

|Mar record high C = 40.0

|Apr record high C = 37.0

|May record high C = 32.4

|Jun record high C = 30.8

|Jul record high C = 31.6

|Aug record high C = 35.5

|Sep record high C = 38.4

|Oct record high C = 37.8

|Nov record high C = 39.5

|Dec record high C = 41.0

|year record high C = 42.2

|Jan high C = 32.2

|Feb high C = 30.7

|Mar high C = 29.0

|Apr high C = 25.2

|May high C = 21.1

|Jun high C = 18.5

|Jul high C = 18.1

|Aug high C = 20.8

|Sep high C = 22.4

|Oct high C = 25.1

|Nov high C = 28.3

|Dec high C = 30.7

|year high C = 25.2

|Jan mean C = 25.6

|Feb mean C = 24.6

|Mar mean C = 22.7

|Apr mean C = 19.2

|May mean C = 15.7

|Jun mean C = 13.2

|Jul mean C = 12.6

|Aug mean C = 14.5

|Sep mean C = 16.1

|Oct mean C = 19.0

|Nov mean C = 21.7

|Dec mean C = 24.0

|year mean C = 19.1

|Jan low C = 19.1

|Feb low C = 18.4

|Mar low C = 16.5

|Apr low C = 13.4

|May low C = 10.3

|Jun low C = 8.0

|Jul low C = 7.1

|Aug low C = 8.2

|Sep low C = 9.9

|Oct low C = 12.9

|Nov low C = 15.0

|Dec low C = 17.3

|year low C = 13.0

|Jan record low C = 8.3

|Feb record low C = 7.0

|Mar record low C = 4.4

|Apr record low C = 0.4

|May record low C = -2.0

|Jun record low C = -5.6

|Jul record low C = -5.0

|Aug record low C = -3.6

|Sep record low C = -3.0

|Oct record low C = -0.8

|Nov record low C = 3.6

|Dec record low C = 5.4

|year record low C = -5.6

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 129.6

|Feb precipitation mm = 142.1

|Mar precipitation mm = 128.4

|Apr precipitation mm = 157.2

|May precipitation mm = 105.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 79.9

|Jul precipitation mm = 55.1

|Aug precipitation mm = 69.4

|Sep precipitation mm = 86.3

|Oct precipitation mm = 149.5

|Nov precipitation mm = 130.5

|Dec precipitation mm = 152.6

|year precipitation mm = 1385.8

|Jan precipitation days = 7

|Feb precipitation days = 7

|Mar precipitation days = 7

|Apr precipitation days = 7

|May precipitation days = 6

|Jun precipitation days = 5

|Jul precipitation days = 5

|Aug precipitation days = 5

|Sep precipitation days = 6

|Oct precipitation days = 8

|Nov precipitation days = 7

|Dec precipitation days = 7

|year precipitation days = 77

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan humidity = 62

|Feb humidity = 67

|Mar humidity = 70

|Apr humidity = 75

|May humidity = 78

|Jun humidity = 80

|Jul humidity = 76

|Aug humidity = 72

|Sep humidity = 69

|Oct humidity = 69

|Nov humidity = 65

|Dec humidity = 62

|year humidity = 71

|Jan sun = 283.1

|Feb sun = 238.7

|Mar sun = 242.5

|Apr sun = 193.2

|May sun = 168.1

|Jun sun = 140.7

|Jul sun = 164.5

|Aug sun = 195.6

|Sep sun = 201.0

|Oct sun = 222.6

|Nov sun = 260.0

|Dec sun = 281.8

|year sun = 2591.8

|source 1 = Instituto Uruguayo de Metereología{{cite web

| url = https://www.inumet.gub.uy/clima/estadisticas-climatologicas/tablas-estadisticas

| language = es

| title = Estadísticas climatológicas

| publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología

| access-date = 16 May 2023}}

{{cite web

| url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt

| title = RECORDS METEOROLOGICOS EN EL URUGUAY

| publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología

| access-date = 16 May 2023

| language = es}}

|source 2 = NOAA (precipitation and sun 1991–2020),{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230807221145/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Uruguay/CSV/Salto_86360.csv

| archive-date = 7 August 2023

| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Uruguay/CSV/Salto_86360.csv

| title = Salto Climate Normals 1991–2020

| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| access-date = 7 August 2023}} Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (humidity 1980–2009){{cite web

| last1=Castaño |first1=José |last2=Giménez |first2=Agustín |last3=Ceroni |first3=Mauricio |last4=Furest |first4=José |last5=Aunchayna |first5=Rossina

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181212202531/http://www.inia.uy/Publicaciones/Documentos%20compartidos/18429021211104157.pdf

| archive-date = 12 December 2018

| url = http://www.inia.uy/Publicaciones/Documentos%20compartidos/18429021211104157.pdf

| language = es

| title = Caracterización Agroclimática del Uruguay 1980–2009

| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria

| access-date = 12 December 2018}}

}}

File:Homenaje a Eladio Dieste monumento Salto 01.jpg

File:MuseoFachadaSalto.jpg]]

File:Salto Uruguay visto del puerto.jpg

File:Calle en Salto.jpg

At the entrance of the city there is a memorial to the engineer Eladio Dieste. The memorial is formally called "La Puerta de la Sabiduría" ("The Door of Wisdom") and commonly known as "La Gaviota" ("The Seagull"). It was constructed by moving a structure built for station facilities and service by Leggiero Barbieri, a now-defunct trading firm. It is located at the intersection of Route 3 and Route 31 with Avenida Pascual Harriague, named after Pascual Harriague, who introduced grape cultivation in Uruguay. Salto is the site of a large number of works by Eladio Dieste, including an industrial warehouse/factory (Refrescos del Norte, 1978), an inn (north coast), a Municipal Bus Terminal, and a private bus company terminal (Turlit, 1980).{{cite book|last=Sennott|first=Stephen|title=Encyclopedia of twentieth century architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opvy1zGI2EcC&pg=PA363|access-date=22 December 2011|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-433-7|pages=363–}} Other prominent architects include J.P. Sanguinetti with his masterpiece "El Campo y yo".{{cn|date=February 2023}}

The center of the city lies on Calle Uruguay, the heart of the business district, and many of the historic buildings in the immediate vicinity are significant. An apartment building called "El Mirador", the highest building in the city, opened in 2007. A museum of note is the Museo del Hombre y la Tecnología. There is a Plaza named after General Artigas in the central part of the city, containing a large statue of him. The largest park in the city is called the Parque Solari.

• Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist (Roman Catholic)
• Holy Cross Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
• Sacred Heart of Jesus Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
• Parish Church of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel (Roman Catholic)

Popular activities among young people include drinking mate (an herbal beverage), going dancing at night and crossing into Argentina to go shopping in Concordia on weekends. One of the attractions are the thermal pools located close to the city. They are kept at over 38 °C (100 F) around the year. Salto is also known for its street Calle Uruguay, where locals stroll during weekend nights to socialize and drink mate with friends. Despite its many slum areas, Salto is considered one of the higher class areas of Uruguay for its various amenities that most of the country is lacking. The International Cultural Centre was founded in Salto in August 1990.{{cite book|last=Behar|first=Lisa Block de|title=A rhetoric of silence and other selected writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YL8Z0jho7eoC&pg=PA302|access-date=22 December 2011|year=1995|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-014425-3|page=302}} The main football club is Salto Fútbol Club which plays in the Uruguayan Segunda División. Their home ground is located at the Estadio Ernesto Dickinson, which has a capacity of about 6,500.

Salto was one of the host cities of the official 1967 Basketball World Cup.

The public health system in city is heavily supported by the regional national hospital Hospital Regional de Salto, which has 258 conventional beds and 30 intensive care beds.{{cite web|url=http://www.arturuguay.org/wp-content/files_mf/1340050632salto_publicacion_20090625.pdf|title=Diagnóstico económico local del departamento de Salto|access-date= December 2, 2012 |author=Ec. Pedro Barrenechea |author2=Ec. Adrián Rodríguez |author3=Ec. Carlos Troncoso |date=August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308091111/http://arturuguay.org/wp-content/files_mf/1340050632salto_publicacion_20090625.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}

Because of its geography, near other regions with Aedes aegypti mosquitos, Salto is one of the more vulnerable cities to mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever.{{Cite journal|last1=Basso|first1=C.|last2=Garcia da Rosa|first2=E.|last3=Romero|first3=S.|last4=Gonzalez|first4=C.|last5=Lairihoy|first5=R.|last6=Roche|first6=I.|last7=Caffera|first7=R. M.|last8=da Rosa|first8=R.|last9=Calfani|first9=M.|last10=Alfonso-Sierra|first10=E.|last11=Petzold|first11=M.|date=2015-02-01|title=Improved dengue fever prevention through innovative intervention methods in the city of Salto, Uruguay|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=109|issue=2|pages=134–142|doi=10.1093/trstmh/tru183|issn=0035-9203|pmc=4299522|pmid=25604764}}

Salto lies at the junction of the north–south National Route 3 and east–west National Route 31 on the eastern bank at the beginning of the Lower Uruguay River,{{cite book|last=Koebel|first=William Henry|author-link=William Henry Koebel|title=Uruguay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0wpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA235|access-date=22 December 2011|edition=Public domain|year=1911|publisher=C. Scribner's Sons|pages=234, 235–}} opposite the Argentine city of Concordia. The city is located {{convert|145|km}} by road south of Bella Union and {{convert|120|km}} by road north of Paysandu.{{cite map|title= Maps|publisher=Google Maps}} It is located {{convert|225|km}} by road west of Tacuarembo.

Salto is connected to Montevideo by regular bus services and by the railroad track Montevideo – Salto – Artigas. The main railway station is the Salto railway station (Estacion Salto). Nueva Hesperides International Airport had scheduled connections with Montevideo until 2015, enabling easy access to the local thermal baths. There are plans to improve it and local business people are keen to see it expand, allowing freight (particularly fruit) to be shipped directly from the region.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

It is served by the Nueva Hesperides International Airport.

File:Uruguay 2 - England 1 - Luis Suarez and Edinson Cavani.jpg and Edinson Cavani are from Salto]]

• Uruguayan author Horacio Quiroga was born in Salto in 1879.
• Enrique Amorim was born in Salto in 1900.
• Pedro Rocha, intercontinental champion, Peñarol, was born in 1942.
• Professional footballers Luis Suárez (Inter Miami CF), Edinson Cavani (Boca Juniors) and Bruno Fornaroli (Melbourne Victory) were born in Salto in 1987. The former two were members of the Uruguay squad that achieved a fourth-place finish at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, while the latter achieved the Golden Boot in 2015–16 A-League season.
• Association of Tennis Professionals Uruguayan No.1 Pablo Cuevas resides in Salto, though he was born in Argentina.

• List of diplomatic missions in Uruguay#Salto

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons}}

• {{Wikivoyage-inline|Salto}}
• [http://viajandoporuruguay.blogspot.com/2009/07/termas-de-salto-grande.html Termas de Salto Grande ({{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} north of the city), Viajando Por Uruguay]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121010052249/http://www.ine.gub.uy/mapas/censos2011/para%20colgar%20en%20web/pdf/15_UYSA/Localidades/A0H_15120%20Salto.pdf INE map of Salto]
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Salto |short=x}}

{{Salto Department}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities in Uruguay

Category:Populated places in the Salto Department

Category:Port cities and towns in Uruguay

Category:Uruguay River

Category:Argentina–Uruguay border crossings

Category:Populated places established in 1756

Category:1750s establishments in Uruguay

Category:1756 establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru