Scafells
{{Short description|Range of fells in Cumbria, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Scafells
| photo = File:Evening_Scafells_from_Wastwater_-_geograph.org.uk_-_122825.jpg
| photo_caption = View of the Scafells from Wastwater
| elevation = max. {{Convert|978|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} at Scafell Pike
| prominence =
| location = Cumbria, England
| range = Cumbrian Mountains
| map = United Kingdom Lake District#England#United Kingdom
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|54.471|-3.144|display=inline, title|region:GB_scale:100000}}
| topo =
| type = Caldera
| age = -
| last_eruption = +400 MYA
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
|embedded=
}}
The Scafells, or Scafell Massif,{{cite book |last1=Gannon |first1=Paul |title=Rock Trails Lakeland - A Hillwalker's Guide to the Geology & Scenery |date=April 2009 |publisher=Pesda Press |isbn=9781906095154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjwfT_nDvLQC |access-date=29 April 2021}} are a range of fells in the Cumbrian Mountains of England, made up of the remains of a caldera volcano. Fells in the range include Broad Crag, Ill Crag, Scafell, and Scafell Pike, England's tallest mountain. Great End, Lingmell and Slight Side are also usually included within the definition. These hills form part of the Southern Fells.
Image:Annotated Scafell range.jpg|thumb|left|400px|The Scafell range as seen looking west from Crinkle Crags. (Interactive labels.)
rect 23 372 252 419 Slight Side (762m)
rect 173 794 560 834 Scafell East Buttress
rect 707 787 893 861 Esk Crag or Buttress (c. 750m)
rect 245 303 409 358 Sca Fell (964m)
rect 408 238 637 280 Mickledore (c.840m)
rect 544 174 826 213 South Summit (c. 950m)
rect 706 310 928 355 Scafell Pike (978m)
rect 870 238 1108 286 Broad Crag (934m)
rect 1043 308 1198 360 Ill Crag (935m)
rect 1238 311 1446 351 Great End (910m)
rect 0 0 1444 1085 Click hyperlink or button to expand
desc none
{{clear left}}
Geology
Geologically, parts of the Scafell massif are the remnants of a volcano that erupted in the Ordovician period over 400 million years ago. This volcano, geologically described as a caldera and an "inverse stratovolcano", as well as all other volcanoes of the Lake District, are long since extinct.[https://books.google.com/books?id=-6gqvAbdS-MC&pg=PA118 Geology of England and Wales, pp118ff]
The volcano is an example of a piecemeal caldera whose collapse, in contrast with a wholesale piston-like subsidence, occurred in a piece-by-piece fashion along faults and whose measurements suggest formation from an eruption of a VEI-7 magnitude, comparable to the Minoan eruption at Santorini in the Greek Aegean in c. 1600 BCE. The Scafell dacite, between Little Narrowcove and Aaron Crags, is a lava dome formed during the last stages of volcanic activity at Scafell massif.
English Munros
{{main|List of Furth mountains in the British Isles#English Munros}}
An English Munro (or Furth) is a mountain summit that exceeds {{convert|3000|ft|1}} and has a prominence of more than {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=off}}. In England there are six peaks that meet that criteria and four of those are part of the Scafell Massif.{{efn| In Scotland there are 442 peaks that meet that criteria. See Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles >
Murdos.}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse;
!style="text-align:left"|Peak !style="text-align:right"|Height !style="text-align:right"|Prominence !style="text-align:left"|OSI Grid !style="text-align:center"|Highest |
| Scafell Pike‡
|align=right|978 |align=right|912 |{{gbm4ibx|NY215072}} |align=center|P600 |
| Sca Fell
|align=right|964 |align=right|133 |{{gbm4ibx|NY207065}} |align=center|Hewitt |
| Ill Crag
|align=right|935 |align=right|57 |{{gbm4ibx|NY223073}} |align=center|Hewitt |
| Broad Crag
|align=right|934 |align=right|52 |{{gbm4ibx|NY218075}} |align=center|Hewitt |
(‡) Have the prominence of over {{convert|150|m|0}} to qualify as a "Real Munro".
Protected area
The Scafells are situated within a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI){{Cite web |title=SSSI detail |url=https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1001922&SiteName=scafell%20pikes&countyCode=&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk}}{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Scafell Pikes |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/137628 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Protected Planet}} designated in 1988 called Scafell Pikes. This protected area includes Seathwaite Fell, Great Slack, Great End, Long Pike, III Crag, Symonds Knott, Slight Side and Scafell Pike and the area of this SSSI is 1102 hectares. This area is protected because of the lichens found in the summit boulder field.
= Details of Scafell Pikes SSSI =
The summit boulder field is the highest in England and is covered in shattered rock debris. Lichens on these rocks include species from Rhizocarpon, Umbilicaria, Sphaerophorus, Lecidea and Cladonia (species of interest include Rhizocarpon geographicum, Umbilicaria cylindrica and Sphaerophorus fragilis). The moss species Rhacomitrium lanuginosum and the beetle Nebria nivalis have also been recorded here.
The crags of Great End have alpine herbs such as roseroot, alpine cinquefoil, alpine saw-wort and bearberry, as well as juniper. To the north of Scafell Pike herbs on rock ledges include mountain sorrel, alpine lady's mantle, alpine meadow-rue, starry saxifrage, purple saxifrage, mossy saxifrage and mountain saxifrage. The ferns lemon-scented fern (Oreopteris), beech fern, oak fern, scaly male-fern and broad buckler fern have also been recorded here.
North of Great End is Sprinkling Tarn and Styhead Tarn that have aquatic plants including intermediate water-starwort, quillwort, shoreweed, floating bur-reed and awlwort. Water lobellia is found in Styhead Tarn.
The wet habitats of Seathwaite Fell support populations of a butterfly called the small mountain ringlet.
= Land ownership in Scafell Pikes SSSI =
All of the land within Scafell Pikes SSSI is owned by the National Trust.{{Cite web |date=2020-10-06 |title=Mapping the habitats of England’s ten largest institutional landowners |url=https://whoownsengland.org/2020/10/06/mapping-the-habitats-of-englands-ten-largest-institutional-landowners/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Who owns England? |language=en}}
Accident black spots
File:Mountain Rescue Post, Mickledore - geograph.org.uk - 1330089.jpg
The traverse between England's two highest summit's via Mickledore col requires considerable care and caution. The route via Broad Stand is best avoided because it is dangerous.{{cite web |title= Broad Stand – There is no easy route direct from Scafell to Scafell Pike! |url= https://www.wmrt.org.uk/advice/accident-black-spots/scafell-broad-stand/
|publisher= Wasdale Mountain Rescue Team |access-date= 1 December 2023}} There is a safer but longer route available via Foxes Tarn.
Gallery
File:Scafells from Bow Fell.JPG|Scafell massif from Bowfell
References
{{reflist}}