Scottish diaspora

{{main|Scottish Argentines}}

A Scottish Argentine population has existed at least since 1825.{{cite web|url=http://www.clan-macrae.org.uk/scotland/clannews.cfm?Task=display&ID=65|title=Clan Macrae news|website=Clan-macrae.org.uk|access-date=11 January 2018}} There are an estimated 100,000 Argentines of Scottish ancestry, the most of any country outside the English-speaking world.{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624 |title=Stories of Homecoming - We're on the march with Argentina's Scots |first=Jim |last=Gilchrist |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=14 December 2008 |access-date=28 December 2016}} Scottish Argentines have been incorrectly referred to as English.{{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/~futbolafa/historia.htm|title=Footbol AFA|first=Hector Darvo|last=Pelayes|website=Members.tripod.com}}

{{main|Scottish Brazilians}}

{{main|Scottish Canadians}}

{{see also|Canadian Gaelic}}

Scottish people have a long history in Canada, dating back several centuries. Many towns, rivers and mountains have been named in honour of Scottish explorers and traders such as Mackenzie Bay and the major city of Calgary, Alberta, is named after a Scottish beach. Most notably, the Atlantic province of Nova Scotia is Latin for New Scotland. Once Scots formed the vanguard of the movement of Europeans across the continent. In more modern times, emigrants from Scotland have played a leading role in the social, political and economic history of Canada, being prominent in banking, labour unions, and politics.{{cite web |url=https://www.sfu.ca/scottish/history.html |title=Scottish Studies – History |access-date=11 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080416174029/http://www.sfu.ca/scottish/history.html |archive-date=16 April 2008}}

The first documented Scottish settlement in the Americas was of Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in 1629. On 29 September 1621, the charter for the foundation of a colony was granted by James VI of Scotland to Sir William Alexander.{{cite book |last=Fry |first=Michael |title=The Scottish Empire |publisher=Tuckwell Press |date=2001 |isbn=1-84158-259-X |page=21}} Between 1622 and 1628, Sir William launched four attempts to send colonists to Nova Scotia; all failed for various reasons. A successful occupation of Nova Scotia was finally achieved in 1629. The colony's charter, in law, made Nova Scotia (defined as all land between Newfoundland and New England) a part of mainland Scotland. The Scots have influenced the cultural mix of Nova Scotia for centuries and constitute the largest ethnic group in the province, at 29.3% of its population. Many Scottish immigrants were monoglot Scottish Gaelic speakers from the Gàidhealtachd (Scottish Highlands). Canadian Gaelic was spoken as the first language in much of "Anglophone" Canada, such as Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Glengarry County in Ontario. Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken language in Canada.{{cite book |first=Jonathan |last=Dembling |contribution=Gaelic in Canada: New evidence from an old census |title=Cànan & Cultar/Language & Culture: Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 3 |editor1-first=Wilson |editor1-last=McLeod |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Fraser |editor3-first=Anja |editor3-last=Gunderloch |pages=203–214 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |date=2006}}

As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and amongst the first Europeans to settle in the country, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2011 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,714,970,{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=Statistics Canada: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census |publisher=Statistics Canada |website=12.StatCan.ca |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531020330/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead }} or 15.10% of the nation's total population.

{{main|Scottish Chileans}}

A large proportion of Scottish Chileans are sheep farmers in the Magallanes region of the far south of the country, and the city of Punta Arenas has a large Scottish foundation dating back to the 18th century.

A famous Scot, Thomas, Lord Cochrane (later 10th Earl of Dundonald) formed the Chilean Navy to help liberate Chile from Spain in the independence period. Chile developed a strong diplomatic relationship with Great Britain and invited more British settlers to the country in the 19th century.

The Chilean government land deals invited settlement from Scotland and Wales in its southern provinces in the 1840s and 1850s. The number of Scottish Chileans is still higher in Patagonia and Magallanes regions.

The Mackay School, in Viña del Mar is an example of a school set up by Scottish Chileans. The Scottish and other British Chileans are primarily found in higher education as well in economic management and the country's cultural life.

{{main|Scottish Americans}}

The table shows the ethnic Scottish population in the United States from 1700 to 2013. In 1700, the total population of the American colonies was 250,888 of whom 223,071 (89%) were white and 3.0% were ethnically Scottish. In the 2000 census, 4.8 million Americans{{cite web |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |title=QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000 |date=2020 |work=American FactFinder |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120108032342/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |archive-date=8 January 2012 |url-status=dead }} self-reported Scottish ancestry, 1.7% of the total US population. Another 4.3 million self-reported Scots-Irish ancestry, for a total of 9.2 million Americans self-reporting some kind of Scottish descent.

The 2008 US Census 2008 American Community Survey figures showed approximately 5.8 million Americans self-identified as being of Scottish ancestry, and another 3.5 million Scots-Irish, for 9.3 million total.{{cite book |date=October 2010 |chapter=Population |title=Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011 |location=Washington DC |publisher=United States Census Bureau, US Department of Commerce |chapter-url= https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2010/compendia/statab/130ed/tables/pop.pdf |at=p. 50, table 52}} In turn citing: {{cite web |publisher=US Census Bureau |title=2008 American Community Survey |at=Table B04006: "People Reporting Ancestry" |url= https://data.census.gov/table?q=B04006:+PEOPLE+REPORTING+ANCESTRY&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006 |via=Data.Census.gov |access-date=23 August 2023}} In the 2013 American Community Survey, 5.3 ;million identified as Scottish and another nearly 3 million as of Scots-Irish descent, for about 8.3 million total.{{cite web |title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2013 American Community Survey 1-year Estimates |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table |archive-url= https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2015 |work=American FactFinder |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=30 November 2012}}

Self-reported numbers are regarded by demographers as massive under-counts, because Scottish ancestry is known to be disproportionately under-reported among the majority of mixed ancestry,{{cite book |first=Mary C. |last=Walters |title=Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |date=1990 |pages=31–36}} and because areas where people reported "American" ancestry were the places where, historically,

Scottish and Scots-Irish Protestants settled in North America (that is: along the North American coast, Appalachia, and the Southeastern United States). The number of actual Americans of Scottish descent today is estimated to be 20 to 25 million{{cite journal |first1=James |last1=McCarthy |first2=Euan |last2=Hague |title=Race, Nation, and Nature: The Cultural Politics of 'Celtic' Identification in the American West |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=94 |issue=2 |date=5 November 2004 |page=392|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402014.x |s2cid=128668995 }} Citing: {{cite book |first=J. |last=Hewitson |title=Tam Blake and Co.: The Story of the Scots in America |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Canongate Books |date=1993}}{{cite magazine |url= http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html |url-status=dead |title=Tartan Day 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415205446/http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html |archive-date=15 April 2012 |magazine=ScotlandNow |issue=7 |date=March 2007 |access-date=7 September 2008}}{{cite web |url= http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |title=Scottish Parliament: Official Report, 11 September 2002, Col. 13525 |website=Scottish.Parliament.uk |publisher=Scottish Parliament |access-date=25 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110807041559/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |archive-date=7 August 2011}}{{cite web |url= http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |title=Scottish Parliament: European and External Relations Committee Agenda, 20th Meeting 2004 (Session 2), 30 November 2004, EU/S2/04/20/1 |work=Scottish.Parliament.uk |publisher=Scottish Parliament |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=25 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605215530/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2011}} (up to 8.3% of the total US population), and Scots-Irish, 27 to 30 million{{cite book |first=James |last=Webb |title=Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America |location=New York |publisher=Broadway Books |date=2004 |at=Front flap |quote=More than 27 million Americans today can trace their lineage to the Scots, whose bloodline was stained by centuries of continuous warfare along the border between England and Scotland, and later in the bitter settlements of England's Ulster Plantation in Northern Ireland. |isbn=0767916883}}{{cite news |first=James |last=Webb |url= http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110005798 |title=Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=23 October 2004 |access-date=7 September 2008}} (up to 10% of the total US population), the subgroups overlapping and not always distinguishable because of their shared ancestral surnames.

Large-scale emigration from Scotland to America began in the 1700s after the Battle of Culloden, when the Clan structures were broken up. Anti-Catholic persecution{{cite book |last=MacKay |first=Donald |date=1996 |title=Scotland Farewell: The People of the Hector |edition=3rd illustrated |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=1896219128 |page=vii}}{{cite book |last=Campey |first=Lucille H. |date=2007 |title=After the Hector: The Scottish Pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton 1773–1852 |edition=2nd |location=Toronto |publisher=National Heritage Books |isbn=9781550027709 |pages=60–61}} and the Highland Clearances also obliged many Scottish Gaels to emigrate. The Scots went in search of a better life and settled in the thirteen colonies, mainly around South Carolina and Virginia.

The majority of Scots-Irish originally came from Lowland Scotland and the Scottish Borders before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland mostly in the 17th century {{crossreference|(see Plantation of Ulster)}} and from there, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the 18th century.

Later Scottish Americans descended from 19th-century Scottish immigrants tend to be concentrated in the West, while others in New England are the descendants of immigrants from the Maritime Provinces of Canada, especially in the 1920s.

Americans who identify themselves as of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2000 Census.{{cite web |url= http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/02/18876/32939 |title=Table 1.1: Scottish population by ethnic group - All People |website=Scotland.gov.uk |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=25 August 2012}} There are many US-based Scottish clan societies and other heritage organizations (such as the Saint Andrews societies, Caledonian societies, An Comunn Gàidhealach America, Slighe nan Gàidheal), through which "Scottish migrants have remained attached to their homeland".Brancaz (2015), para. 5. Citing: Harper (2003), pp. 359–360

{{main|Scottish Australians}}

A steady rate of Scottish immigration continued into the 20th century, with substantial numbers of Scots continued to arrive after 1945.{{cite book |title=The Scots in Australia |date=2008 |first=Malcolm |last=Prentis |publisher=University of New South Wales Press |isbn=9781921410215}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}} From 1900 until the 1950s, Scots favoured New South Wales, as well as Western Australia and Southern Australia.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} A strong cultural Scottish presence is evident in the Highland games, dance, Tartan day celebrations, Clan and Gaelic speaking societies found throughout modern Australia.

According to the 2011 Australian census 130,204 Australian residents were born in Scotland,{{cite web |url= http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POLTD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Person%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Birthplace&

|title=20680-Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex — Australia |format=Microsoft Excel |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |work=2006 Census |access-date=2 November 2008}} while 1,792,600 claimed Scottish ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry. This is the fourth most commonly nominated ancestry and represents over 8.9% of the total population of Australia.

{{main|Scottish New Zealanders}}

File:NZ Religious denominations by TA 2013.svg

Scottish migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation, with a large proportion of Pākehā New Zealanders being of Scottish descent.{{cite web|url=http://www.naturemagics.com/world-guide/new-zealand.shtm|title=Loading...|website=Naturemagics.com|access-date=11 January 2018}} However, identification as "British" or "European" New Zealanders can sometimes obscure their origin. Many Scottish New Zealanders also have Māori or other non-European ancestry.

The majority of Scottish immigrants settled in the South Island. All over New Zealand, the Scots developed different means to bridge the old homeland and the new. Many Caledonian societies were formed, well over 100 by the early twentieth century, who helped maintain Scottish culture and traditions. From the 1860s, these societies organised annual Caledonian Games throughout New Zealand. The games were sports meets that brought together Scottish settlers and the wider New Zealand public. In so doing, the games gave Scots a path to cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders.{{cite journal |first=Tanja |last=Bueltmann |title='No Colonists are more Imbued with their National Sympathies than Scotchmen': The Nation as an Analytical Tool in the Study of Migration |journal=New Zealand Journal of History |date=2009 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=169–181 |url= https://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/docs/2009/NZJH_43_2_05.pdf}}

The Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland founded Dunedin at the head of Otago Harbour in 1848 as the principal town of its Scottish settlement. The name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the Scottish capital.{{cite book |editor-last=McLintock |editor-first=A. H. |date=1949 |title=The History of Otago: The Origins and Growth of a Wakefield Class Settlement |location=Dunedin, New Zealand |publisher=Otago Centennial Historical Publications |oclc=154645934}} Charles Kettle, the city's surveyor, instructed to emulate the characteristics of Edinburgh, produced a striking, "Romantic" design.{{cite book |last=Hocken |first=Thomas Moreland |date=1898 |title=Contributions to the Early History of New Zealand (Settlement of Otago) |location=London |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Company |oclc=3804372}} The result was both grand and quirky streets as the builders struggled and sometimes failed to construct his bold vision across the challenging landscape. Captain William Cargill, a veteran of the war against Napoleon, was the secular leader. The Reverend Thomas Burns, a nephew of the poet Robert Burns, was the spiritual guide.

From 1570 to 1630, some 6,000 Scots served as mercenary soldiers of Denmark.{{sfn|Feduszka|2009|p=55}}

As England is Scotland's only land neighbour, there has been significant Scottish migration to England since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. London now has two Church of Scotland congregations, the ScotsCare charity (formerly the Royal Scottish Corporation), and Scottish social clubs. Corby has a significant Scottish population due to its historic steel industry.{{citation needed|date=August 2023|reason=Probably none of this is wrong, but it needs sources nonetheless.}}

File:William Davisson. Line engraving by P. Lombart after D. Schu Wellcome V0001490.jpg, court doctor of Kings of France and Poland]]

Between 1570 and 1630, some 11,000 Scots served as mercenary soldiers of France.{{sfn|Feduszka|2009|p=55}}

William Davidson ({{circa|1593}}–{{circa|1669}}) was an authority on medicine, pharmacy and chemistry in France, court doctor of the French king, and the first native of the British Isles to become a professor of chemistry in France.

{{main|Ulster Scots people}}

{{see also|Plantations of Ireland|Gallowglass}}

The Ulster-Scots, commonly known as Scots-Irish outside of Ireland, are an ethnic group in Ireland, found mostly in the Ulster region and to a lesser extent in the rest of Ireland. Their ancestors were mostly Protestant Lowland Scottish migrants, the largest numbers coming from Galloway, Lanarkshire, Stirlingshire, and Ayrshire, although some came from the Scottish Borders region, and others from further north in the Scottish Lowlands (Perthshire and the North East) and also to a lesser extent from the Highlands.

These Scots migrated to Ireland in large numbers both as a result of the government-sanctioned Plantation of Ulster and the previous and contemporary settlement of Scots in Antrim and Down by James Hamilton, Hugh Montgomery, and Lord Randal MacDonnell; the former a planned process of colonisation beginning in 1610 which took place under the auspices of King James I on land confiscated from members of the Gaelic nobility of Ireland who fled Ulster, and the latter a private scheme beginning in 1606, but also authorised by King James. These arrivals joined other Scots already in the area from centuries of smaller-scale immigration by Scottish gallowglass mercenaries and their families.

Ulster-Scots emigrated onwards from Ireland in significant numbers to what is now the United States and to all corners of the then-worldwide British Empire; Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the West Indies, British India, and to a lesser extent Argentina and Chile. Scotch-Irish is a traditional term for Ulster-Scots in North America.

The Scots, forming a significant diaspora in Poland (see Poland section below), rarely settled in the Lithuanian part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; however, they conducted trade there, and there were Scottish communities in Kėdainiai and Słuck.{{sfn|Wijaczka|2010|p=204}}{{cite book|author= |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom X|year=1889|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=839}} Out of gratitude for the opportunity to settle in Kėdainiai, the Scottish burghers funded scholarships for students from Lithuania at the University of Edinburgh.{{cite journal|last=Bagińska|first=Elżbieta|year=2012|title=Edukacja kaznodziejów ewangelicko-reformowanych na Litwie w XVII wieku|journal=Studia Podlaskie|language=pl|publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku|volume=XX|page=68|issn=0867-1370}} Many of them intermixed with ethnic Lithuanians, and as a result, there are some Lithuanians with partial Scottish ancestry today.

File:Portius WR.jpg]]

Since the mid-16th century, historical records document the presence of Scots trading, serving as mercenary soldiers, and settling in Poland.{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/people-places/scotland-and-poland-a-500-year-relationship-1-4081795 |title=Scotland and Poland: A 500 year relationship |work=The Scotsman |date=24 March 2016 |access-date=10 December 2016}} The vast majority were traders, from wealthy merchants to the thousands of pedlars who ensured that the term {{lang|pl|szot}} became synonymous in the Polish language with "tinker".{{cite book |last1=Murdoch |first1=Steve |title=Scotland and the Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648 |date=2001 |publisher=Brill}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}} A "Scotch Pedlar's Pack in Poland" became a proverbial expression. It usually consisted of cloths, woollen goods and linen kerchiefs (head coverings). Itinerants also sold tin utensils and ironware such as scissors and knives. By 1562 the community was sizeable enough that the Scots, along with the Italians, were recognized by the Sejm as traders whose activities were harming Polish cities; in 1566, they were banned from roaming and peddling their wares.{{cite book |last1=Steuart |first1=A. F. |title=Papers Relating to the Histories of Scots in Poland 1576–1793 |date=1915 |publisher=Edinburgh}}

However, from the 1570s onward, it was recognized that such bans were ineffectual. A heavy tax was placed upon them instead. Thomas Chamberlayne, an English eyewitness, described them disapprovingly in a 1610 letter to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, stating that "[t]hese Scotts for the most parte are height landers [i.e. highlanders] men of noe credit, a Company of pedeling knaves..."{{cite journal |title=Thomas Chamberlayne to Robert Cecil (Elbląg, 29 Novembris 1610)" |journal=EFE |volume=4 |issue=68 |pages=81–82}}

Linked to some degree of persecution and their role in the Danzig uprising, protection (and by extension, a form of control) was offered by King Stephen Báthory in the Royal Grant of 1576, assigning Scottish immigrants to a district in Kraków. By the first half of the 17th century, the affairs of the Scottish community were regulated by twelve Brotherhoods with seats across various Polish cities; this included a tribunal that met to adjudicate disputes in the Royal city of Toruń.{{page needed|date=July 2023}} In 1603, the office of the Scottish General (Generał Szkocki) was created to collect taxes and organize the judiciary over all Scots in Poland, with Captain Abraham Young appointed by King Sigismund III Vasa as the first superior.{{sfn|Feduszka|2009|pp=52–53}}

Scottish mercenary soldiers first served in large numbers in the late 1570s. Many were former traders. According to Spytko Wawrzyniec Jordan, one of King Stephen Báthory's captains, they were former pedlars who, "having abandoned or sold their booths ... buckle on their sword and shoulder their musket; they are infantry of unusual quality, although they look shabby to us ... 2000 Scots are better than 6000 of our own infantry."{{cite journal |last1=Biegánksa |first1=Anna |title=Żołnierze szkoccy w dawnej Rzeczpospolitej |journal=Rzeczypospolitej Studia i Materiały do Historii Wojskowości |date=1984 |volume=27}} It is possible that the shift from peddling to military occupations was connected to the implementation of heavy taxation on pedlars in the 1570s. Scottish mercenary soldiers were recruited specifically by King Stephen Báthory following his experience with them in forces raised by Danzig against him in 1577.{{page needed|date=July 2023}} Báthory commented favourably upon the Scots and expressed a wish for them to be recruited in campaigns that he was planning against Muscovy. A steady stream of Scots soldiers served the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from this point forward.

Records from 1592 mention Scots settlers granted citizenship of Kraków, and give their employment as trader or merchant. Fees for citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder, or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding.

File:Warszawa, ul. Wąski Dunaj 10 20170518 001.jpg, mayor of Warsaw]]

By the 17th century, an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Scots lived in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.{{cite book |first1=Eric |last1=Richards |date=2004 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC&pg=PA53 |via=Google Books |title=Britannia's Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |page=53 |isbn=1852854413}} Many came from Dundee and Aberdeen.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The largest Scottish communities could be found in Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin, Lwów, Poznań, Warsaw and Zamość, and sizeable numbers of Scots also lived in Brzeziny, Bydgoszcz, Człopa, Krosno, Łobżenica, Raciąż, Sieradz, Sierpc, Tarnów, Tuchola, Wałcz, Warta and Zakroczym.{{sfn|Feduszka|2009|p=53}} Small communities also existed in Biały Bór, Borek Wielkopolski, Brody, Chojnice, Czarne, Człuchów, Gniew, Gostyń, Iłża, Jedlińsk, Koronowo, Opole Lubelskie, Puck, Skoki, Starogard, Szamotuły, Szydłowiec, Świecie and Węgrów.{{sfn|Wijaczka|2010|pp=202–203, 205–206}}{{cite book|author= |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VII|year=1886|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=560}}{{cite book|author= |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom X|year=1889|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=686}}{{cite book|author= |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XI|year=1890|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=782}} Settlers from Aberdeenshire were mainly Episcopalians or Catholics, but there were also large numbers of Calvinists. As well as Scottish traders, there were also many Scottish soldiers in Poland. In 1656, a number of Scottish highlanders travelled to Poland, serving under the King of Sweden in his war against it.

The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Many royal grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 18th century, at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population. Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") was half Polish, since he was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart, the "Old Pretender", and Maria Clementina Sobieska, granddaughter of John III Sobieski, king of Poland.{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tb0u8ZzaiRYC&pg=PA68 |title=Polish Roots |first=Rosemary A. |last=Chorzempa |via=Google Books |isbn=9780806313788 |access-date=3 October 2012 |date=1993 |page=68|publisher=Genealogical Pub. }}{{cite web |url= http://www.scotland.org/about/history-tradition-and-roots/features/culture/1576.html |title=Scotland and Poland |publisher=Scotland.org |access-date=19 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090303134041/http://scotland.org/about/history-tradition-and-roots/features/culture/1576.html |archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=December 2016}}{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/scotland/s_ne/article_1.shtml |title=Legacies – Immigration and Emigration – Scotland – North-East Scotland – Aberdeen's Baltic Adventure – Article Page 1 |publisher=BBC |date=5 October 2003 |access-date=19 March 2009}} In 1691, the City of Warsaw elected the Scottish immigrant Aleksander Czamer (Alexander Chalmers) as its mayor.{{cite web|url=http://www.warsaw-life.com/news/news/1228-Warsaw's_Scottish_Mayor_Remembered |title=Warsaw's Scottish Mayor Remembered |work=Warsaw-Life.com |access-date=19 March 2009}}

File:Biala-Podl-tablica-k-św-Anny-Sztuart-Haliburton.jpg of Scottish parish priest Thomas de Stuart Haliburton at the Saint Anne church in Biała Podlaska]]

There are places named after the Scottish settlers in Poland, i.e. Stare Szkoty ("Old Scots"), a former suburb of Gdańsk, today a neighborhood within the city limits, inhabited by Scots since the 15th and 16th centuries,{{sfn|Wijaczka|2010|p=201}} and the village of Szkocja ("Scotland"), founded in 1823.{{cite book|author= |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XI|page=923}}{{cite book|last=Stojanowski|first=Hubert|translator-last1=Dudek|translator-first1=Zdzisław|title=Koloryt ziemi suwalskiej|year=2015|language=pl,en|location=Suwałki|pages=8–9|isbn=978-83-926944-6-5}}

In 1879, Scottish specialists were brought to Warsaw to run a newly established hornware factory of Polish industrialist {{ill|Ludwik Józef Krasiński|pl}}.{{cite book|author= |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VIII|year=1887|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=697}}

In the 2011 Polish census, 632 people declared Scottish nationality.{{cite book|author=|url=https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf|title=Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011|year=2013|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|page=266|isbn=978-83-7027-521-1}}

Notable people include:

• James Murray ({{circa|1500s|1600s}}), naval captain and shipbuilder
• Robert Abercromby (1536–1613), Jesuit missionary, lecturer at the Collegium Hosianum in Braniewo
• William Bruce ({{circa|1560}}–after 1613), professor and lecturer at the Zamoyski Academy in Zamość, later diplomat of King James VI of Scotland.{{sfn|Feduszka|2009|pp=56–57}}
• William Davidson ({{circa|1593}}–{{circa|1669}}), court doctor of King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland{{cite magazine|author=|year=1948|title=William Davidson of Aberdeen : 1648|magazine=Nature|volume=162|page=954}}
• {{Interlanguage link|Robert Gilbert Porteous|pl|Robert Wojciech Portius}} ({{circa|1600}}–1661), wealthiest merchant of 17th-century Krosno{{sfn|Feduszka|2009|p=53}}
• Patrick Gordon (1635–1699), student of the Collegium Hosianum, officer in the Polish Army
• Alexander Chalmers (1645–1703), merchant, jurist, city mayor in Warsaw

{{see also|Scottish Russians}}

From 1570 to 1630, some 30,000 Scots served as mercenary soldiers of Sweden.{{sfn|Feduszka|2009|p=55}}

{{Portal|Scotland}}

• English-speaking world
• European diaspora
• Celtic diaspora (disambiguation)
• Scottish Business Network

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite magazine|last=Feduszka|first=Jacek|year=2009|title=Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku|magazine=Czasy Nowożytne|language=pl|publisher=Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego|volume=22|issn=1428-8982}}
• {{cite book|last=Wijaczka|first=Jacek|editor-last1=Kopczyński|editor-first1=Michał|editor-last2=Tygielski|editor-first2=Wojciech|year=2010|title=Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona|chapter=Szkoci|isbn=978-83-11-11724-2}}

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWrMvo2tLJo&t=3s Imaginaire Celtique YouTube: "The Celtes around the World", with Gearóid Ó hAllmhuráin, Director of School of Irish Studies, Concordia University.]

{{British diaspora}}

{{European diasporas}}

Category:Ethnic groups in Ireland

Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom