Scrophulariaceae
{{Short description|Figwort family of flowering plants}}
{{automatic taxobox
|name = Figwort family
|image = Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg
|image_caption = Scrophularia nodosa
|taxon = Scrophulariaceae
|authority = Juss.
|subdivision_ranks = Genera
|subdivision = See text
|synonyms =
- Bontiaceae Horan.
- Buddlejaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.
- Hebenstretiaceae Horan.
- Limosellaceae J.Agardh
- Myoporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
- Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal
- Selaginaceae Choisy, nom. cons.
- Spielmanniaceae J.Agardh, nom. illeg.
- Verbascaceae Bercht. & J.Presl{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1023 |title=Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2003-01-17 |access-date=2011-10-17}}
}}
The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.
Taxonomy
{{Expert needed|botany|talk=|reason=This article needs a comparison between the current and obsolete circumscriptions of the group, its current composition, and the present location of excluded taxa. None of these issues is adequately dealt with here|date=August 2015}}
In the past, it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic.Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae, but also several new families.{{cite journal |author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A.|title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348–361| year=2001 | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255 |issue = 2 |jstor = 2657024| doi-access = free}}{{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title = Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13–22|year=2003}} - on line [http://www.cnps.org/cnps/publications/fremontia/Fremontia_Vol30-No2.pdf here] Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from the Scrophulariacae sensu lato.
Fischer (2004) considered the family to consist of three subfamilies – Antirrhinoideae, Gratioloideae, and Digitalidoideae. He further divided the Gratioloideae into five tribes – Gratioleae, Angeloniaeae, Stemodieae, Limoselleae, and Lindernieae. He then divided the Gratioleae, with its 16 genera (and about 182 species) into three subtribes – Caprarinae, Dopatrinae, and Gratiolinae. The Gratiolinae had 10 genera (about 121 species) distributed through temperate and tropical America – Bacopa and Mecardonia (formerly Herpestis), Amphianthus, Gratiola, Sophronanthe, Benjaminia, Scoparia, Boelkea, Maeviella, and Braunblequetia. Many of these were transferred to the family Plantaginaceae, in the tribe Gratioleae.
Uses
The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:
- Scrophularia, figworts
- Verbascum, mulleins
Genera
The family Scrophulariaceae in its APG IV (2016){{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–20 |doi= 10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free }} circumscription includes 62 genera and about 1830 known species.{{cite journal | author = Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free }} As of May 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts 58 genera.[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30466893-2 Scrophulariaceae Juss.] Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
File:Leucophyllum frutescens (Purple Sage) W2 IMG 1125.jpg ]]
File:FHG776.jpg sp. near Shiraz, Iran]]
=Excluded genera=
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
References
{{Reflist|3}}
Further reading
- {{cite book
| author = Fischer, E.
| editor = Kubitzki, K.
| editor2 = Kadereit, J. W.
| title = Flowering Plants – Dicotyledons: Lamiales
| ref = fischer2004scrophulariaceae
| pages = 333−432
| chapter = Scrophulariaceae
| series = The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
| volume = VII
| year = 2004
| publisher = Springer
| isbn = 978-3-540-40593-1
}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/19970102054059/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?SCROPHULARIACEAE Kew list of Scrophulariaceae]
- [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamScrophulariaceae.html Family Scrophulariaceae] Flowers in Israel
- [http://www.verbascum.org verbascum.org]
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q53473}}
{{Authority control}}