Ska punk
{{Short description|Fusion music genre}}
{{Distinguish|Skate punk}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Ska punk
| stylistic_origins = * Ska
| cultural_origins = Late 1970s, United Kingdom
| derivative forms =
| fusiongenres = {{flatlist|
- Skacore
- crack rock steady
}}
}}
Ska punk (also spelled ska-punk) is a fusion genre that mixes ska music and punk rock music. Ska punk tends to feature brass instruments, especially horns such as trumpets, trombones and woodwind instruments like saxophones, making the genre distinct from other forms of punk rock. It is closely tied to third wave ska, which reached its zenith in the mid-1990s.
Before ska punk began, many ska bands and punk rock bands performed on the same bills. Some music groups from the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as the Clash, the Deadbeats, the Specials, the Beat, and Madness fused characteristics of punk rock and ska, but many of these were punk bands playing an occasional ska-flavored song or ska bands with punk influences. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, ska-punk enjoyed its greatest success, heralded by bands such as Fishbone, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Sublime, Less Than Jake, and more.
Ska punk had significant mainstream success in the middle-to-late 1990s, with many bands topping pop and rock music charts. The best-selling ska punk record of the era was No Doubt's Tragic Kingdom, which was certified diamond by the RIAA in 1999 and was certified diamond by Music Canada in 1997. By the early 2000s, many of the bands in ska punk had broken up, and the genre lost mainstream appeal, though it continued to have underground popularity and featured a revival in the late 2010s with bands like the Interrupters returning to chart success, when their song "She's Kerosene" reached the top 5 on alternative and rock music charts in Canada and the US, as well as in the early 2020s with hyperpop duo 100 gecs album 10,000 gecs incorporating elements of ska punk to critical acclaim.{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/100-gecs-10000-gecs/|title=100 gecs: 10,000 gecs Album Review|website=Pitchfork|last=Shepherd|first=Julianne Escobedo|date=March 16, 2023|access-date=March 20, 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/100-gecs-10000-gecs-review-3413372|website=NME|title=100 gecs – '10,000 gecs' review: an intoxicating hurricane of manic nostalgia|last=Robinson|first=Ellie|date=March 15, 2023|access-date=March 20, 2023}}
Characteristics
Ska punk combines ska music with punk rock music.{{cite web|title=Ska Revival|url=http://allmusic.com/explore/style/ska-revival-d386|website=AllMusic|access-date=14 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209194023/http://allmusic.com/explore/style/ska-revival-d386|archive-date=9 December 2010}} Ska punk often features wind instruments, especially horns{{cite web |url=http://punkmusic.about.com/od/punk101/a/subgenres_2.htm |title=The Subgenres of Punk Rock |last=Cooper |first=Ryan |publisher=About.com |access-date=30 September 2016 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014083308/http://punkmusic.about.com/od/punk101/a/subgenres_2.htm |url-status=dead }} such as saxophones, trombones{{sfn|Walker|2016|p=74}} and trumpets, making the genre distinct from other forms of punk rock. It is similar to traditional Jamaican ska, but faster and heavier.
History
=Predecessors and early development (late 1970s, 1980s, early 1990s)=
File:Opivy2.jpg performing live at 924 Gilman Street in 1988]]
Before ska punk started, many ska bands and punk rock bands performed on the same bills together and appealed to the same audiences.{{sfn|Marciniak|2015|p=xxxiii}} A ska revival occurred simultaneously around the beginning of British punk rock and the near-simultaneous rebirth of the late 1970s British mod and skinhead movements.{{sfn|Diehl|2013|p=46}} During the late 1970s and early 1980s in United Kingdom, many punk rock bands mixed punk rock with ska influences. Pioneering punk rock band the Clash incorporated influences from ska alongside a range of other genres on their seminal 1979 post-punk album London Calling.{{AllMusic |class=album |tab=review |id=r4095 |first=Stephen Thomas |last=Erlewine |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |accessdate=7 April 2016}} Songs like 1978's "Kill the Hippies" by the Deadbeats prominently featured horns, although there are no ska elements. Other British bands that were influenced by both punk rock and ska included the Specials, the Beat and Madness. With both films like the 1981 documentary film Dance Craze and supportive radio stations like Los Angeles, California's KROQ, ska crossed the Atlantic.{{sfn|Diehl|2013|p=46}} During the 1980s, ska punk was underground. However, Fishbone, one of the earliest ska punk bands, achieved moderate success.{{cite web|title=Ska-Punk|url=http://www.allmusic.com/style/ska-punk-ma0000002640|website=AllMusic}} Other ska punk bands from the 1980s and early 1990s include Operation Ivy,{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/operation-ivy-mn0000471355/biography |title=Operation Ivy {{!}} Biography & History |website=AllMusic}} The Toasters, Culture Shock,{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/culture-shock-released-their-first-album-in-27-years-touring-with-worldinferno/ |publisher=BrooklynVegan |title=Culture Shock released their first album in 27 years, touring with World/Inferno |last=Sacher |first=Andrew |date=6 July 2016}} Voodoo Glow Skulls,{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/voodoo-glow-skulls-mn0000185999/biography |title=Voodoo Glow Skulls {{!}} Biography & History |website=AllMusic |last=Bush |first=John}} the Porkers,{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/grunt%21-mw0000911228 |title=Grunt! – The Porkers |website=AllMusic |last=Anderson |first=Rick}} Sublime,{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/sublime-songs-maintain-relevance-today-article-1.2540323 |title=Six Sublime songs that maintain relevance today |work=NY Daily News |last=Blakinger |first=Keri |date=22 February 2016}} Citizen Fish,{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/citizen-fish-mn0000782983/biography |title=Citizen Fish {{!}} Biography & History |website=AllMusic}} the Mighty Mighty Bosstones,{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-mighty-mighty-bosstones-mn0000891032/biography |title=The Mighty Mighty Bosstones {{!}} Biography & History |website=AllMusic}} the Suicide Machines, MU330 and Dance Hall Crashers.{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dance-hall-crashers-mn0000953552/biography |title=Dance Hall Crashers {{!}} Biography & History |website=AllMusic |last=Ankeny |first=Jason}}
File:NoDoubtAtWorcester.jpg, United States.]]
=Mainstream success (mid–late 1990s)=
Ska punk broke into the mainstream in the mid-1990s with bands such as Sublime, No Doubt, Goldfinger, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Less Than Jake and Rancid all achieving mainstream success. Sublime's song "Date Rape" became a hit on major California alternative rock radio stations.{{sfn|Diehl2013|p=47}} However, Sublime did not reach its peak of popularity until 1996 with the release of the band's 1996 self-titled album, which was certified 5× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1999.{{Certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=album|title=Sublime|artist=Sublime}} Because of Sublime's popularity, the band's album 40oz. to Freedom was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA in 2005.{{Certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=album|title=40 Ounces to Freedom |artist=Sublime}}
Another ska punk band that achieved mainstream success during the mid-late 1990s was No Doubt. No Doubt's 1995 album Tragic Kingdom was certified diamond by the RIAA in 1999{{Certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=album|title=Tragic Kingdom|artist=No Doubt}} and was certified diamond by Music Canada in 1997.{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|artist=No Doubt|title=Tragic Kingdom|award=Diamond|type=album|date=15 August 1997}} Tragic Kingdom sold at least 16,000,000 copies worldwide.{{cite journal |last=Van Meter |first=Jonathan |title=The First Lady of Rock |journal=Vogue |date=April 2004 |volume=194 |issue=4 |location=New York |issn=0042-8000 |oclc=1769261}} Rancid's song "Time Bomb" peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/360332/rancid/chart?f=350 |title=Rancid – Chart history |magazine=Billboard}} and the band's 1994 album ...And Out Come the Wolves was certified platinum by the RIAA.{{Certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=album|title=...And Out Come the Wolves|artist=Rancid}} Reel Big Fish's album Turn the Radio Off, which was released in August 1996, was certified gold by the RIAA in November 1997.{{Certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=album|title=Turn the Radio Off|artist=Reel Big Fish}} Reel Big Fish's song "Sell Out" peaked at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/364800/reel-big-fish/chart?f=350 |title=Reel Big Fish – Chart history |magazine=Billboard}} Goldfinger's song "Here in Your Bedroom" peaked at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/302991/goldfinger/chart?f=350 |title=Goldfinger – Chart history |magazine=Billboard}} The Mighty Mighty Bosstones achieved mainstream success in 1997; their song "The Impression That I Get" peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart,{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/418630/mighty-mighty-bosstones/chart?f=350 |title=The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – Chart history (Radio Songs) |magazine=Billboard}} number 19 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart,{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/418630/mighty-mighty-bosstones/chart?f=381 |title=The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – Chart history (Pop Songs) |magazine=Billboard}} and number 17 on the Adult Pop Songs chart.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/418630/mighty-mighty-bosstones/chart?f=343 |title=The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – Chart history (Adult Pop Songs) |magazine=Billboard}} Also, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones' song "The Rascal King" peaked at number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart. The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' album Let's Face It, which was released in March 1997, was certified platinum by the RIAA in September 1997.{{Certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=album|title=Let's Face It|artist=The Mighty Mighty Bosstones}} In 2000, Billboard wrote that according to Nielsen SoundScan, Let's Face It sold 1,700,000 copies.{{cite magazine |title=Mighty Bosstones 'Pay Attention' On Island/Def Jam Set |magazine=Billboard |last=Mays |first=Raqiyah |date=29 April 2000 |issn=0006-2510 |volume=112 |number=18 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. }}
=Decline and revival (2000s–present)=
Ska and reggae influenced rock music retreated to niche status by the first decade of the 2000s, with many major acts, such as the Mighty Mighty Bosstones taking an extended hiatus, and chart success eluded most bands of the genre. Some acts continued to produce such music through the decade, spearheaded by groups from Southern California (the home of ska-punk pioneers Sublime) such as Slightly Stoopid, Long Beach Shortbus, Long Beach Dub Allstars, and Tribal Seeds. Chart success returned in 2018 when the Interrupters scored a minor hit with their song "She's Kerosene", that peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart and No. 1 on the RPM Canadian rock/alternative chart.{{cite magazine |last=Payne |first=Chris |title=Meet The Interrupters, the First Female-Fronted Ska Band With an Alternative Radio Hit Since No Doubt |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8466943/interrupters-interview-shes-kerosene |magazine=Billboard |date=25 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021}} Detroit ska punk outfit the Suicide Machines released a new album titled "Revolution Spring", released in March 2020 on Fat Wreck Chords. The Planet Smashers released "Too Much Information" on Stomp Records in 2019 and continue to play shows in the U.S. and Canada. The duo 100 gecs incorporated ska punk elements into their 2019 song "Stupid Horse" from their album 1000 Gecs,{{cite web|last=Bote|first=Joshua|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/100-gecs/no-album-left-behind-100-gecs-1000-gecs/|title=No Album Left Behind: 100 gecs' 1000 gecs|work=Paste|date=13 December 2019|access-date=4 January 2021}} as well as throughout their album 10,000 Gecs, released in 2023.{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/100-gecs-10000-gecs/|title=100 gecs: 10,000 gecs Album Review|website=Pitchfork|last=Shepherd|first=Julianne Escobedo|date=March 16, 2023|access-date=March 20, 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/100-gecs-10000-gecs-review-3413372|website=NME|title=100 gecs – '10,000 gecs' review: an intoxicating hurricane of manic nostalgia|last=Robinson|first=Ellie|date=March 15, 2023|access-date=March 20, 2023}}
Ann Arbor, Michigan–based{{cite web |title=We Are the Union – Audiotree |date=26 August 2019 |url=https://audiotree.tv/session/we-are-the-union |access-date=25 February 2021}} ska punk band We Are the Union released "Self Care" in 2018{{cite web|url=https://glidemagazine.com/217151/wannabe-reviews-we-are-the-unions-self-care|title=Wannabe Reviews We Are The Union's 'Self Care' – Glide Magazine|date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021|via=Glide Magazine}} and tour frequently. Their trombone player, Jeremy Hunter, runs the YouTube channel called Skatune Network, where they post ska and ska punk covers of video game soundtracks,{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/03/23/animal-crossing-ska|title=Here's the Animal Crossing: New Horizons ska cover you needed|date=23 March 2020|access-date=21 January 2021|via=venturebeat.com}}{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/an-undertale-fan-is-turning-the-soundtrack-into-a-ska-album/1100-6483428/|title=An Undertale Fan Is Turning The Soundtrack Into A Ska Album|access-date=21 January 2021|via=GameSpot|first=Gabe|last=Gurwin}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2D22o8e6OM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/c2D22o8e6OM| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=Hyrule Temple – (SSB: Melee) Ska Cover|access-date=29 January 2020|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/skatune-network-releasing-ska-covers-album-of-undertale-video-game-soundtrack|title=Skatune Network releasing ska covers album of 'Undertale' video game soundtrack|date=19 October 2020 |accessdate=25 February 2021|via=BrooklynVegan}} cartoon themes,{{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGg1YkAaRjQq2gzW6S2MFWgWgtcco3goj|title=Cartoons!|website=YouTube|access-date=29 January 2020}}{{cite web|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/ska-tune-network-turns-a-beautiful-steven-universe-song-1845675551|title=Ska Tune Network Turns a Beautiful Steven Universe Song Into a Self-Affirmation Anthem|first=Julie|last=Muncy|date=14 November 2020|accessdate=25 February 2021|via=io9.gizmodo.com}} pop punk,{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGg1YkAaRjQo6mP7786SgfIJYPcmKJXr0|title=SKA goes POP PUNK|access-date=29 January 2020|publisher=YouTube}} and other genres,{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/skatune-network-ska-cover-band-interview-2018/|title=This Person Is Determined to Make a Ska Version of Every Song, Ever|first=John|last=Ochoa|access-date=4 January 2021|magazine=Vice}}{{cite web|url=https://boingboing.net/2020/04/29/what-if-the-mighty-mighty-boss.html|title=What if the Mighty Mighty Bosstones changed genre every 15 seconds|first=Thom|last=Dunn|date=29 April 2020|access-date=21 January 2021|via=boingboing.net}} garnering a significant international following online and releasing several albums.{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/skatune-network-teams-with-counter-intuitive-for-covers-album-stream-a-track|title=Skatune Network teams with Counter Intuitive for covers album (stream a track)|date=13 September 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021|via=BrooklynVegan}}{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6tyJve5xISoRzYb1cKa0iA?si=Ih1-IcfoSe-U9C3hK8FKhQ|title=Pick It the Fuck Up – album by Skatune Network|date=27 September 2019|access-date=7 December 2020|via=Spotify}}{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/45GONik07aTQRYJ8xe754F?si=YEBuWZXOSiSJdbbqZfqE4g|title=Ska Goes Emo, Vol. 1 – album by Skatune Network|date=17 April 2020|access-date=7 December 2020|via=Spotify}} BrooklynVegan has written, "You can't talk about the renewed interest in ska without talking Jeremy Hunter".{{Cite web |last=Sacher |first=Andrew |date=April 2, 2022 |title=JER (Skatune Network, We Are The Union) announces debut LP (new song & ltd vinyl pre-order) |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/jer-skatune-network-we-are-the-union-announces-debut-lp-new-song-ltd-vinyl-pre-order/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=BrooklynVegan |language=en}} Buck-O-Nine released a new album titled: "Fundaymental" in 2019. Other artists that continue to tour or put out music on a regular basis include: Kill Lincoln, Omnigone, Catbite, Big D and the Kids Table, Streetlight Manifesto (and by extension Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution), Five Iron Frenzy, Pilfers, Mad Caddies, Voodoo Glow Skulls, Joystick, Hans Gruber and the Die Hards,{{cite web |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/hans-gruber-and-the-die-hards-fuse-cumbia-ska-punk-on-new-single-off-upcoming-lp/ |title=Hans Gruber and the Die Hards fuse cumbia & ska-punk on new single off upcoming LP)|date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |via=BrooklynVegan}} Mike Park's The Bruce Lee Band, Tape Girl,{{cite web |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/tape-girl-is-putting-a-bedroom-pop-spin-on-ska-stream-two-singles/ |title=Tape Girl is putting a bedroom pop spin on ska (stream two singles)|date=22 December 2020 |access-date=25 February 2021 |via=BrooklynVegan}} Poindexter,{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/listen-to-poindexters-new-indie-ska-punk-song-body-like-that-off-upcoming-debut-lp/ |title=Listen to Poindexter's new indie-ska-punk song Body Like That off upcoming debut LP |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=13 February 2023|via=BrooklynVegan}} Noise Complaint, Skatsune Miku, Sad Snack,{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/watch-san-francisco-ska-band-sad-snacks-video-for-new-song-kenny-g-hotline/ |title=Watch San Francisco ska band Sad Snack's video for new song Kenny G Hotline |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=22 November 2022|via=BrooklynVegan}} Monkey, Catbite, Young Costello{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/san-antonio-ska-punks-young-costello-prep-new-ep-watch-the-one-eye-open-video/|title=San Antonio ska-punks Young Costello prep new EP (watch the One Eye Open video) |date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022|via=BrooklynVegan}} and the Interrupters.
See also
References
=Citations=
{{reflist}}
=Bibliography=
- {{cite book |title=Gainesville Punk: A History of Bands & Music |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |last=Walker |first=Matt |year=2016 }}
- {{cite book |title=My So-Called Punk: Green Day, Fall Out Boy, The Distillers, Bad Religion—How Neo-Punk Stage-Dived into the Mainstream |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |last=Diehl |first=Matt |year=2013 |isbn=9781466853065 }}
- {{cite book |title=Transnational Punk Communities in Poland: From Nihilism to Nothing Outside Punk |publisher=Lexington Books |last=Marciniak |first=Marta |year=2015 |isbn=9781498501583 }}
{{Punk}}
{{ska}}
Category:English styles of music
Category:1970s in British music