Solar eclipse of December 22, 1870
{{Short description|Total eclipse}}
{{Infobox solar eclipse|1870Dec22
| previous = Solar eclipse of July 28, 1870
| next = Solar eclipse of June 18, 1871
}}
A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Thursday, December 22, 1870, with a magnitude of 1.0248. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 1.4 days before perigee (on December 21, 1870, at 3:50 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.{{cite web|title=Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/distance.html?year=1870&n=136|publisher=timeanddate|access-date=2 September 2024}}
The path of totality was visible from parts of modern-day southern Portugal, southern Spain, northern Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia, Italy, Greece, northwestern Turkey, southeastern Bulgaria, southeastern Ukraine, and western Russia. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for parts of eastern Canada, Europe, North Africa, West Africa, and the Middle East.
Observations
File:Solar eclipse 1870Dec22-corona.png by Captain G. L. Tupman, R.M.A.]]
Eclipse details
Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.{{cite web|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 1870 Dec 22|url=https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1801-1900/SE1870Dec22Tprime.html|publisher=EclipseWise.com|access-date=2 September 2024}}
| class="wikitable" align="{{{align|left}}}" style="margin:{{#ifeq:{{{align}}}|left|0 0 0.5em 1em|0 1em 0.5em 0}}"
|+December 22, 1870 Solar Eclipse Times ! Event ! Time (UTC) |
| First Penumbral External Contact
| 1870 December 22 at 10:13:56.6 UTC |
| First Umbral External Contact
| 1870 December 22 at 11:33:35.2 UTC |
| First Central Line
| 1870 December 22 at 11:34:27.4 UTC |
| First Umbral Internal Contact
| 1870 December 22 at 11:35:20.3 UTC |
| Ecliptic Conjunction
| 1870 December 22 at 12:18:47.9 UTC |
| Equatorial Conjunction
| 1870 December 22 at 12:19:09.0 UTC |
| Greatest Duration
| 1870 December 22 at 12:27:10.9 UTC |
| Greatest Eclipse
| 1870 December 22 at 12:27:32.6 UTC |
| Last Umbral Internal Contact
| 1870 December 22 at 13:19:52.2 UTC |
| Last Central Line
| 1870 December 22 at 13:20:43.5 UTC |
| Last Umbral External Contact
| 1870 December 22 at 13:21:34.1 UTC |
| Last Penumbral External Contact
| 1870 December 22 at 14:41:15.4 UTC |
| class="wikitable" align="{{{align|right}}}" style="margin:{{#ifeq:{{{align}}}|right|0 0 0.5em 1em|0 1em 0.5em 0}}"
|+December 22, 1870 Solar Eclipse Parameters ! Parameter ! Value |
| Eclipse Magnitude
| 1.02476 |
| Eclipse Obscuration
| 1.05013 |
| Gamma
| 0.85849 |
| Sun Right Ascension
| 18h02m16.0s |
| Sun Declination
| -23°27'15.7" |
| Sun Semi-Diameter
| 16'15.7" |
| Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax
| 08.9" |
| Moon Right Ascension
| 18h02m37.0s |
| Moon Declination
| -22°35'32.9" |
| Moon Semi-Diameter
| 16'31.5" |
| Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax
| 1°00'38.9" |
| ΔT
| -0.1 s |
{{clear}}
Eclipse season
{{See also|Eclipse cycle}}
This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.
| class="wikitable"
|+ Eclipse season of December 1870–January 1871 ! December 22 | |
| 200px | |
| align=center
| Total solar eclipse | Partial lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 132 |
Related eclipses
= Eclipses in 1870 =
- A total lunar eclipse on January 17.
- A partial solar eclipse on January 31.
- A partial solar eclipse on June 28.
- A total lunar eclipse on July 12.
- A partial solar eclipse on July 28.
- A total solar eclipse on December 22.
= Metonic =
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of March 6, 1867
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of October 10, 1874
= Tzolkinex =
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of November 11, 1863
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of February 2, 1878
= Half-Saros =
- Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of December 17, 1861
- Followed by: Lunar eclipse of December 28, 1879
= Tritos =
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of January 23, 1860
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of November 21, 1881
= Solar Saros 120 =
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of December 11, 1852
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of January 1, 1889
= Inex =
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of January 11, 1842
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of December 3, 1899
= Triad =
- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of February 20, 1784
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of October 23, 1957
= Solar eclipses of 1870–1873 =
{{Lunar year eclipse set info}}
The partial solar eclipses on January 31, 1870 and July 28, 1870 occurs in the previous lunar year eclipse set.
| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!class="nowrap" colspan="7" | Solar eclipse series sets from 1870 to 1873 |
| scope="col" colspan="3" | Ascending node
| rowspan="6" | ! scope="col" colspan="3" | Descending node |
|---|
| style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" | Saros ! scope="col" | Map ! scope="col" | Gamma ! scope="col" | Saros ! scope="col" | Map ! scope="col" | Gamma |
| style="text-align: center;"
| 115 | June 28, 1870 | −1.1949 | 120 | December 22, 1870 | 0.8585 |
| style="text-align: center;"
| 125 | June 18, 1871 | −0.4550 | 130 | December 12, 1871 | 0.1836 |
| style="text-align: center;"
| 135 | June 6, 1872 | 0.3095 | 140 | November 30, 1872 | −0.5081 |
| style="text-align: center;"
| 145 | May 26, 1873 | 1.0513 | 150 | November 20, 1873 | −1.2625 |
= Saros 120 =
{{Solar Saros series 120}}
= Metonic series =
{{Solar Metonic series 1848–1935}}
= Tritos series =
{{Solar Tritos series 2001 December 14}}
= Inex series =
{{Solar Inex series 2015 September 13}}
References
{{reflist}}
- [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1801-1900/1870-12-22.gif NASA chart graphics]
- [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=18701222 Googlemap]
- [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEdata.php?Ecl=18701222 NASA Besselian elements]
- {{cite book|author=Mabel Loomis Todd|title=Total Eclipses of the Sun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI0-AAAAYAAJ|year=1900|publisher=Little, Brown}}
- [https://archive.org/details/totalsolareclip00usgoog Reports on observations of the total solar eclipse of December 22, 1870] By United States Naval Observatory, Simon Newcomb, Asaph Hall, William Harkness, John Robie Eastman
- [http://www.jerezsiempre.com/index.php/Eclipse_de_Sol_observado_desde_Jerez_en_1870 Solar Eclipse seen from Jerez in 1870]
- [http://www.jerezsiempre.com/index.php?title=El_astro_rey_se_coron%C3%B3_en_Jerez The sun was crowned in Jerez]
{{Solar eclipses}}
{{Commons category}}