Stanozolol

Stanozolol has been used with some success to treat venous insufficiency. It stimulates blood fibrinolysis and has been evaluated for the treatment of the more advanced skin changes in venous disease such as lipodermatosclerosis. Several randomized trials noted improvement in the area of lipodermatosclerosis, reduced skin thickness, and possibly faster ulcer healing rates with stanozolol.{{cite journal | vauthors = Burnand K, Clemenson G, Morland M, Jarrett PE, Browse NL | title = Venous lipodermatosclerosis: treatment by fibrinolytic enhancement and elastic compression | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 280 | issue = 6206 | pages = 7–11 | date = January 1980 | pmid = 6986945 | pmc = 1600523 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.280.6206.7 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = McMullin GM, Watkin GT, Coleridge Smith PD, Scurr JH | title = Efficacy of fibrinolytic enhancement with stanozolol in the treatment of venous insufficiency | journal = The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery | volume = 61 | issue = 4 | pages = 306–9 | date = April 1991 | pmid = 2018441 | doi = 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00217.x }} It is also being studied to treat hereditary angioedema, osteoporosis, and skeletal muscle injury.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sloane DE, Lee CW, Sheffer AL | title = Hereditary angioedema: Safety of long-term stanozolol therapy | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 120 | issue = 3 | pages = 654–8 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17765757 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.037 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Tingus SJ, Carlsen RC | title = Effect of continuous infusion of an anabolic steroid on murine skeletal muscle | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 485–94 | date = April 1993 | pmid = 8479303 }}

Stanozolol is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.

{{See also|Anabolic steroid#Adverse effects}}

Side effects of stanozolol include virilization (masculinization), hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension.

{{Relative androgenic to anabolic activity in animals}}

As an AAS, stanozolol is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), similarly to androgens like testosterone and DHT.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kicman AT | title = Pharmacology of anabolic steroids | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 154 | issue = 3 | pages = 502–21 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18500378 | pmc = 2439524 | doi = 10.1038/bjp.2008.165 }} Its affinity for the androgen receptor is about 22% of that of dihydrotestosterone.{{cite book| vauthors = Doods HN |title=Receptor Data for Biological Experiments: A Guide to Drug Selectivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_l8AAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Ellis Horwood|isbn=978-0-13-767450-3|page=250}} Stanozolol is not a substrate for 5α-reductase as it is already 5α-reduced, and so is not potentiated in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland. This results in a greater ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity compared to testosterone. In addition, due to its 5α-reduced nature, stanozolol is non-aromatizable, and hence has no propensity for producing estrogenic effects such as gynecomastia or fluid retention. Stanozolol also does not possess any progestogenic activity of significance. Because of the presence of its 17α-methyl group, the metabolism of stanozolol is sterically hindered, resulting in it being orally active, although also hepatotoxic.

Stanozolol has high oral bioavailability, due to the presence of its C17α alkyl group and the resistance to gastrointestinal and liver metabolism that it results in.{{cite book| vauthors = Bilezikian JP, Raisz LG, Rodan GA |title=Principles of Bone Biology, Two-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcvh_okaAk8C&pg=PA1455|date=19 January 2002|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-053960-7|pages=1455–|quote=Androgenic compounds rendered resistant to gastrointestinal and liver metabolism by containing an alkyl group at the C17α position, such as stanozolol, are orally active.}}{{cite book| vauthors = Herron A, Brennan TK |title=The ASAM Essentials of Addiction Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjFzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT262|date=18 March 2015|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health|isbn=978-1-4963-1067-5|pages=262–|quote=Testosterone has low oral bioavailability with only about half of an oral dose available after hepatic first-pass metabolism. Some analogues of testosterone (e.g., methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone, oxandrolone, and stanozolol) resist such metabolism, so they can be given orally in smaller doses.}} The medication has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 5% of that of testosterone and 1% of that of DHT.{{cite journal | vauthors = Saartok T, Dahlberg E, Gustafsson JA | title = Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids: comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate, as well as to sex hormone-binding globulin | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 114 | issue = 6 | pages = 2100–6 | date = June 1984 | pmid = 6539197 | doi = 10.1210/endo-114-6-2100 }} Stanozolol is metabolized in the liver, ultimately becoming glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Its biological half-life is reported to be 9 hours when taken by mouth and 24 hours when given by intramuscular injection in the form of an aqueous suspension.{{cite book| vauthors = Thieme D, Hemmersbach P |title=Doping in Sports|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hIC-caIn8C&pg=PA166|date=18 December 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-79088-4|pages=166–|quote=The oral form is marketed for human use whereas an aqueous suspension for injection is used in the veterinary field.}} It is said to have a duration of action of one week or more via intramuscular injection.

{{See also|List of androgens/anabolic steroids}}

Stanozolol, also known as 17α-methyl-2'H-androst-2-eno[3,2-c]pyrazol-17β-ol, is a synthetic 17α-alkylated androstane steroid and a derivative of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with a methyl group at the C17α position and a pyrazole ring attached to the A ring of the steroid nucleus.

Various chemical syntheses of stanozolol have been published.{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA3067|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3|pages=3067–}}

Stanozolol is subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways. The primary metabolites are unique to stanozolol and are detectable in the urine for up to 10 days after a single 5–10 mg oral dose. Methods for detection in urine specimens usually involve gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.{{cite journal | vauthors = Mateus-Avois L, Mangin P, Saugy M | title = Use of ion trap gas chromatography-multiple mass spectrometry for the detection and confirmation of 3'hydroxystanozolol at trace levels in urine for doping control | journal = Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences | volume = 816 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 193–201 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15664350 | doi = 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.033 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Lootens L, Grimalt S, Sancho JV, Hernández F, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G, Delbeke FT | display-authors = 6 | title = Detection and structural investigation of metabolites of stanozolol in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry | journal = Steroids | volume = 74 | issue = 10–11 | pages = 837–52 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19464304 | doi = 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.05.004 | s2cid = 36617387 }}{{cite book | vauthors = Baselt R|title=Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man |edition=8th |publisher=Biomedical Publications |location=Foster City, CA |year=2008 |pages=1442–3 }}

In 1962, Stanozolol was brought to market in the US by Winthrop under the tradename "Winstrol" and in Europe by Winthrop's partner, Bayer, under the name "Stromba".{{cite journal | vauthors = Levin J, Trafford JA, Bishop PM | title = Stanozolol, a new anabolic steroid | journal = The Journal of New Drugs | volume = 2 | pages = 50–5 | date = 1962 | doi = 10.1177/009127006200200106 | pmid = 14464563 | s2cid = 10993184 }}

Also in 1962, the Kefauver Harris Amendment was passed, amending the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to require drug manufacturers to provide proof of the effectiveness of their drugs before approval.{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/CentennialofFDA/CentennialEditionofFDAConsumer/ucm093787.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709193833/http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/CentennialofFDA/CentennialEditionofFDAConsumer/ucm093787.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 9, 2009 |title=Promoting Safe and Effective Drugs for 100 Years |work=The Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration }} The FDA implemented its Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) program to study and regulate drugs, including stanozolol, that had been introduced prior to the amendment. The DESI program was intended to classify all pre-1962 drugs that were already on the market as effective, ineffective, or needing further study.{{cite web | work = Pharmacy Today | date = August 2008 | url = https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/enforcementactivitiesbyfda/selectedenforcementactionsonunapproveddrugs/ucm119899.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090710143208/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/SelectedEnforcementActionsonUnapprovedDrugs/ucm119899.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 10, 2009 | title = FDA aims to remove unapproved drugs from market: Risk-based enforcement program focuses on removing potentially harmful products | publisher = United States Food and Drug Administration }} The FDA enlisted the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences to evaluate publications on relevant drugs under the DESI program.{{cite web | work = National Academies of Sciences archives. | url = http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/archives/collections/des-1966-1969-1.html | title = The Drug Efficacy Study of the National Research Council's Division of Medical Sciences, 1966-1969 }}

In June 1970 the FDA announced its conclusions on the effectiveness of certain AAS, including stanozolol, based on the NAS/NRC reports made under DESI. The drugs were classified as probably effective as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of senile and postmenopausal osteoporosis but only as an adjunct, and in pituitary dwarfism (with a specific caveat for dwarfism, "until growth hormone is more available"), and as lacking substantial evidence of effectiveness for several other indications. Specifically, the FDA found a lack of efficacy for stanozolol as "an adjunct to promote body tissue-building processes and to reverse tissue-depleting processes in such conditions as malignant diseases and chronic nonmalignant diseases; debility in elderly patients, and other emaciating diseases; gastrointestinal disorders resulting in alterations of normal metabolism; use during pre-operative and postoperative periods in undernourished patients and poor-risk surgical cases due to traumatism; use in infants, children, and adolescents who do not reach an adequate weight; supportive treatment to help restore or maintain a favorable metabolic balance, as in postsurgical, postinfectious, and convalescent patients; of value in pre- operative patients who have lost tissue from a disease process or who have associated symptoms, such as anorexia; retention and utilization of calcium; surgical applications; gastrointestinal disease, malnourished adults, and chronic illness; pediatric nutritional problems; prostatic carcinoma; and endocrine deficiencies."{{cite journal | title = Food and Drug Administration Notice.DESI 7630. Certain Anabolic Steroids. Drugs for Human Use: Drug Efficacy Study Implementation | url = https://archive.org/details/federalregister35cunit | journal = Federal Register | volume = 35 | issue = 122 | date = 24 June 1970 | pages = 10327–28 }} The FDA gave Sterling six months to stop marketing stanozolol for the indications for which there was no evidence for efficacy, and one year to submit further data for the two indications for which it found probable efficacy.

In August and September 1970, Sterling submitted more data; the data was not sufficient but the FDA allowed the drug to continue to be marketed, since there was an unmet need for drugs for osteoporosis and pituitary dwarfism, but Sterling was required to submit more data.Food and Drug Administration Notice. Docket No 80N-0276; DESI 7630. Winstrol Tablets; Drugs for Human Use; Drug Efficacy Study Implementation, Revocation of Exemption; Followup Notice and Opportunity for Hearing on Proposal to Withdraw Approval of New Drug [https://archive.org/details/federalregister49eunit Federal Register, April 23, 1984]. page 17094-99

In 1980 the FDA removed the dwarfism indication from the label for stanozolol since human growth hormone drugs had come on the market, and mandated that the label for stanozolol and other steroids say: "As adjunctive therapy in senile and postmenopausal osteoporosis. AAS are without value as primary therapy but may be of value as adjunctive therapy. Equal or greater consideration should be given to diet, calcium balance, physiotherapy, and good general health promoting measures." and gave Sterling a timeline to submit further data for other indications it wanted for the drug.Food and Drug Administration Notice. Docket No 80N-0276; Drugs for Human Use; Drug Efficacy Study Implementation; Conditions for Continued Marketing of Anabolic Steroids for Treatment [https://archive.org/details/federalregister45runit Federal Register Vol 45 No. 213. October 31 1980]. pages 72291-93 Sterling submitted data to the FDA intended to support the effectiveness of Winstrol for postmenopausal osteoporosis and aplastic anemia in December, 1980 and August 1983 respectively. The FDA's Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee considered the data submitted for osteoporosis in two meetings held 1981 and the data for aplastic anemia in 1983.

In April 1984, the FDA announced that the data was not sufficient, and withdrew the marketing authority for stanozolol for senile and postmenopausal osteoporosis and for raising hemoglobin levels in aplastic anemia.The Pink Sheet 30 April 1984 [https://www.pharmamedtechbi.com/publications/the-pink-sheet/46/018/sterling-winstrol-stanozolol-nda-withdrawal-process-beginning-fda Sterling Winstrol (Stanozolol) NDA Withdrawal Process Beginning, FDA]

In 1988, Sterling was acquired by Eastman Kodak for $5.1 billion and in 1994 Kodak sold the drug business of Sterling to Sanofi for $1.675 billion.{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins JC, Gwilt JR | url = http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/v25-1/v25-1%20p22-27.pdf | title = The Life Cycle of Sterling Drug, Inc. | journal = Bull. Hist. Chem. | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | date = 2000 }}{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-24-fi-8107-story.html|title=Kodak to Sell Drug Unit for $1.68 Billion|access-date=3 May 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 24, 1994}}

Sanofi had stanozolol manufactured in the US by Searle, which stopped making the drug in October 2002.{{cite web | publisher = Ovation Pharmaceuticals | url = http://www.ovationpharma.com/products.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040110181418/http://www.ovationpharma.com/products.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2004-01-10 | title = Products }} Even with no drug in production, Sanofi sold the stanozolol business to Ovation Pharmaceuticals in 2003, along with the two other drugs.{{cite web | work = PRnewswire | date = 7 August 2003 | url = http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ovation-pharmaceuticals-acquires-mebaralr-chemetr-and-winstrolr-from-sanofi-synthelabo-inc-70900312.html | title = Press release: Ovation Pharmaceuticals Acquires Mebaral(R), Chemet(R), and Winstrol(R) From Sanofi-Synthelabo Inc. }} At that time, the drug had not been discontinued and was considered a treatment for hereditary angioedema. In March 2009, Lundbeck purchased Ovation{{cite web | work = Reuters | date = 19 March 2009 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/19/idUS126648+19-Mar-2009+BW20090319 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110220110255/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/19/idUS126648+19-Mar-2009+BW20090319 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 February 2011 | title = Press Release: GTCR Completes the Sale of Ovation Pharmaceuticals to Lundbeck }}

In 2010, Lundbeck withdrew stanozolol from the market in the US; as of 2014 no other company is marketing stanozolol as a pharmaceutical drug in the US but it can be obtained via a compounding pharmacy.{{cite web | date = 21 July 2010 | url = https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2010/07/21/2010-17785/novartis-pharmaceuticals-corp-et-al-withdrawal-of-approval-of-27-new-drug-applications-and-58 | title = Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. et al.; Withdrawal of Approval of 27 New Drug Applications and 58 Abbreviated New Drug Applications }}FDA [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925233657/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Overview&DrugName=WINSTROL Drugs@FDA: Stanozolol]

Pfizer had marketed stanozolol as a veterinary drug; in 2013 Pfizer spun off its veterinary business to ZoetisZoetis. 24 June 2013 [http://news.zoetis.com/press-release/corporate/zoetis-becomes-fully-independent-acceptance-pfizer-shares-tendered-exchange-#sthash.ndOBmznm.dpuf Zoetis Press Release: Zoetis Becomes Fully Independent With Acceptance of Pfizer Shares Tendered in Exchange Offer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129103815/http://news.zoetis.com/press-release/corporate/zoetis-becomes-fully-independent-acceptance-pfizer-shares-tendered-exchange-#sthash.ndOBmznm.dpuf |date=2014-11-29 }} and in 2014 Pfizer transferred the authorizations to market injectable and tablet forms of stanozolol as a veterinary drug to Zoetis.{{cite web | work = Federal Register | date = 20 May 2014 | url = https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/03/25/2014-06131/implantation-or-injectable-dosage-form-new-animal-drugs-change-of-sponsor | title = Implantation or Injectable Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Change of Sponsor }}{{cite web | work = A Rule by the Food and Drug Administration | publisher = Federal Register | date = 25 March 2014 | url = https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/05/20/2014-10415/oral-dosage-form-new-animal-drugs-change-of-sponsor | title = Oral Dosage Form New Animal Drugs; Change of Sponsor }}

It is used in veterinary medicine as an adjunct in the management of wasting diseases, to stimulate the formation of red blood cells, arouse appetite, and promote weight gain, but the evidence for these uses is weak. It is used as a performance-enhancing drug in race horses. Its side effects include weight gain, water retention, and difficulty eliminating nitrogen-based waste products and it is toxic to the liver, especially in cats. Because it may promote the growth of tumors, it is contraindicated in dogs with enlarged prostates.{{cite book | vauthors = Riviere JE, Papich MG | title = Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | date = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-118-68590-7 }}{{rp|730-371}}

Stanozolol and other AAS were commonly used to treat hereditary angioedema attacks, until several drugs were brought to market specifically for treatment of that disease, the first in 2009: Cinryze, Berinert, ecallantide (Kalbitor), icatibant (Firazyr) and Ruconest.The US Hereditary Angioedema Association [http://www.haea.org/patients/treatments/ Treatments]{{cite web | vauthors = Craig TJ, Kalra N | work = MedScape Education | url = http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/729693 | title = Contemporary Issues in Prophylactic Therapy of Hereditary Angioedema | date = 30 July 2012 }} Stanozolol is still used long-term to reduce the frequency of severity of attacks.{{cite book | title = Merck Manual | chapter-url = http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/immunology_allergic_disorders/allergic_autoimmune_and_other_hypersensitivity_disorders/hereditary_and_acquired_angioedema.html | chapter = Hereditary and Acquired Angioedema | date = March 2014 | vauthors = Delves PJ }}

File:Winstrol tablets.JPG

Stanozolol is the generic name of stanozolol in English, German, French, and Japanese and its {{abbrlink|INN|International Nonproprietary Name}}, {{abbrlink|USAN|United States Adopted Name}}, {{abbrlink|USP|United States Pharmacopeia}}, {{abbrlink|BAN|British Approved Name}}, {{abbrlink|DCF|Dénomination Commune Française}}, and {{abbrlink|JAN|Japanese Accepted Name}}, while stanozololum is its name in Latin, stanozololo is its name in Italian and its {{abbrlink|DCIT|Denominazione Comune Italiana}}, and estanozolol is its name in Spanish.{{cite book| vauthors = Morton IK, Hall JM |title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-4439-1|pages=261–}} Androstanazole, androstanazol, stanazol, stanazolol, and estanazolol are unofficial synonyms of stanozolol. It is also known by its former developmental code name WIN-14833.

Brand names under which stanozolol is or has been marketed include Anaysynth, Menabol, Neurabol Caps., Stanabolic (veterinary), Stanazol (veterinary), Stanol, Stanozolol, Stanztab, Stargate (veterinary), Stromba, Strombaject, Sungate (veterinary), Tevabolin, Winstrol, Winstrol Depot, and Winstrol-V (veterinary).

{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=January 2012}}

In the United States, like other AAS, stanozolol is classified as a controlled substance under federal regulation; they were included as Schedule III controlled substances under the Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 which was passed as part of the Crime Control Act of 1990.{{cite book | vauthors = Karch SB | title = Pathology, Toxicogenetics, and Criminalistics of Drug Abuse | publisher = CRC Press | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-4200-5456-9 }}{{rp|30}}

{{See also|List of doping in sport cases#Stanozolol}}

Stanozolol and other synthetic steroids were first banned by the International Olympic Committee and the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1974, after methods to detect them had been developed.{{cite book | vauthors = Shänzer W | chapter = Abuse of Androgens and Detection of Illegal Use Chapter 24 | title = Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution | veditors = Nieschlag E, Behr HM | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-139-45221-2 }}{{rp|716}} There are many known cases of doping in sports with stanozolol by professional athletes. Stanozolol is especially widely used by the athletes from post-Soviet countries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} As of 2015, it is banned by World Anti-Doping Agency{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozcagli E, Kara M, Kotil T, Fragkiadaki P, Tzatzarakis MN, Tsitsimpikou C, Stivaktakis PD, Tsoukalas D, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Alpertunga B | display-authors = 6 | title = Stanozolol administration combined with exercise leads to decreased telomerase activity possibly associated with liver aging | journal = International Journal of Molecular Medicine | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 405–413 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29717770 | pmc = 5979936 | doi = 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3644 }} and United States Anti-Doping Agency.{{Cite web|title=What is Stanozolol? Education, Science, Spirit of Sport / April 29, 2015|url=https://www.usada.org/spirit-of-sport/education/what-is-stanozolol/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=www.usada.org|date=29 April 2015}}

Stanozolol has been investigated in the treatment of a number of dermatological conditions including urticaria, hereditary angioedema, Raynaud's phenomenon, cryofibrinogenemia, and lipodermatosclerosis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Helfman T, Falanga V | title = Stanozolol as a novel therapeutic agent in dermatology | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 33 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | pages = 254–8 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7622653 | doi = 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90244-9 | doi-access = }}

{{Reflist}}

{{Androgens and antiandrogens}}

{{Androgen receptor modulators}}

Category:Tertiary alcohols

Category:Anabolic–androgenic steroids

Category:Androstanes

Category:CYP17A1 inhibitors

Category:Hepatotoxins

Category:Pyrazoles

Category:Veterinary drugs

Category:Muscle protectors

Category:Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings