Strophostyles
{{Short description|Genus of legumes}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| image = Strophostyles helvola.jpg
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Strophostyles
| authority = Elliott, 1823
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref = {{cite journal |vauthors=Delgado-Salinas A, Thulin M, Pasquet R, Weeden N, Lavin M | year = 2011 | title = Vigna (Leguminosae) sensu lato: the names and identities of the American segregate genera | journal = Am J Bot | volume = 98 | issue = 10 | pages = 1694–715 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1100069 | pmid = 21980163| s2cid = 207750926 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Riley-Hulting ET, Delgado-Salinas A, Lavin M | year = 2004 | title = Phylogenetic Systematics of Strophostyles (Fabaceae): A North American Temperate Genus within a Neotropical Diversification | journal = Syst Bot | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 627–653 | doi = 10.1600/0363644041744464 | jstor = 25063997 | s2cid = 85774146 }}
| subdivision = *Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott, 1823
- Strophostyles leiosperma (Torrey & A. Gray) Piper, 1926
- Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton, 1897
| synonyms = *Phasellus Medik., 1787
- Phaseolus sect. Strophostyles (Elliott) DC., 1825
- Phaseolus sect. Strophostyles (Elliott) DC. subsect. Lobatifolii DC.,1825
- Phaseolus sect. Strophostyles (Elliott) DC. subsect. Integrifolii DC.,1825
- Phaseolus sect. Strophostyles (Elliott) DC. emend. Benth., 1837
}}
Strophostyles is monophyletic three-species genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae.{{Cite journal|last1=Delgado-Salinas|first1=A.|last2=Thulin|first2=M.|last3=Pasquet|first3=R.|last4=Weeden|first4=N.|last5=Lavin|first5=M.|date=2011-10-01|title=Vigna (Leguminosae) sensu lato: The names and identities of the American segregate genera|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=98|issue=10|pages=1694–1715|doi=10.3732/ajb.1100069|issn=1537-2197|pmid=21980163|s2cid=207750926 }}{{Cite journal|last1=Riley-Hulting|first1=Erin T.|last2=Delgado-Salinas|first2=Alfonso|last3=Lavin|first3=Matt|date=2004-07-01|title=Phylogenetic Systematics of Strophostyles (Fabaceae): A North American Temperate Genus Within a Neotropical Diversification|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=29|issue=3|pages=627–653|doi=10.1600/0363644041744464|s2cid=85774146 }} Common names for the genus include wild bean and fuzzybean (due to their pubescent pods and seed coverings).{{PLANTS|id=STROP|taxon=Strophostyles|accessdate=4 December 2015}} It consists of annual and perennial herbaceous vines, ranging in their native distribution from Nevada, east to Florida, and north to the Great Lakes and eastern Canada. The etymology of the name is strophe (turning) + stylos (style), referring to the curve of the style within the keel petal.{{Cite web|url=http://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=7696&cl=Iowa%20County%202016|title=Online Virtual Flora of Wisconsin - Strophostyles leiosperma|website=wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu|access-date=2018-09-22}}
Distinctive traits
Strophostyles is the only genus within subtribe Phaseolinae (e.g., Phaseolus, Vigna, Lablab) with a native distribution center in the United States.{{Cite journal|last1=Pelotto|first1=Juan Pablo|last2=Del Pero Martinez|first2=Maria A|date=1998|title=Flavonoids in Strophostyles species and the related genus Dolichopsis (Phaseolinae, Fabaceae): Distribution and phylogenetic significance|jstor=41967295|journal=SIDA, Contributions to Botany|volume=18|issue=1|pages=213–222}} Like other Phaseolinae, the keel petal of its papilionoid flowers are curled inward to the right, although in Strophostyles and a few other genera only the very tip of the keel is coiled.
Ecology
Strophostyles typically inhabits sites near freshwater or saline reservoirs (e.g., ponds, ditches, coastal dunes, etc.), sand prairies, and ruderal sites. The seeds are eaten by birds and rodents, which may serve as a dispersal mechanism, though their distribution throughout ruderal, disturbed sites suggests unintentional human distribution as well.
Ethnobotany
Strophostyles helvola has been used by Native North Americans for food and medicine. The Choctaw consumed boiled, mashed roots, and archaeological evidence suggests that their seeds were consumed as well, which are smaller but with a similar nutrition profile to Phaseolus vulgaris.{{Cite journal|last=Bushnell Jr.|first=David I.|date=1909|title=The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana|journal=SI-BAE Bulletin #48|pages=8}}{{Cite web|url=https://pages.wustl.edu/fritz/strophostyles-helvola-l.-elliot|title=Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliot {{!}} Laboratory Guide To Archaeological Plant Remains From Eastern North America|website=pages.wustl.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-03-24}} The Houma made a decoction of the seeds to treat typhoid,{{Cite journal|last=Speck|first=Frank G.|date=1941|title=A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana|journal=Primitive Man|volume=14|issue=4|pages=49–75|doi=10.2307/3316460|jstor=3316460}} and the Iroquois applied leaves to treat poison ivy rashes and warts.{{Cite book|title=Iroquois Medical Botany|last=Herrick|first=James William|publisher=PhD Thesis|year=1977|location=State University of New York, Albany|pages=365}}
Species
Recognized species are supported by:{{Cite book|title=Common legumes of the Great Plains: an illustrated guide|last1=Stubbendieck |first1=James L.|date=1989|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|last2=Conard|first2=Elverne C.|isbn=9780803242043|location=Lincoln|oclc=18462927}}{{Cite book|title=Native and naturalized Leguminosae (Fabaceae) of the United States : (exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii)|author=Isely, Duane|date=1998|publisher=Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University|isbn=9780842523967|location=Provo, Utah|oclc=40451484}}{{Cite book|title=Flora of the Great Plains|others=Brooks, Ralph E., Schofield, Eileen K., McGregor, Ronald L., Barkley, T. M., Great Plains Flora Association (U.S.)|isbn=978-0700602957|location=Lawrence, Kansas|oclc=13093762|last1 = McGregor|first1 = Ronald L.|last2=Barkley|first2=Theodore Mitchell|year=1986}}{{Cite book|title=Steyermark's Flora of Missouri.|last1=Steyermark|first1=Julian A.|date=1999|publisher=Missouri Dept. of Conservation in cooperation with Missouri Botanical Garden Press|last2=Yatskievych|first2=George Alfred|isbn=9780915279135|edition= Rev.|location=Jefferson City, Mo.|oclc=40988742}}
- Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliot (legitimate name;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/13048661|title=Tropicos {{!}} Name - !Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott|website=www.tropicos.org|access-date=2018-03-24}} but variously called S. helvula{{Cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_sthe4.pdf|title=Plant Guide for Strophostyles helvula|last=Immel|first=D.L.|date=2001|website=USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center, c/o Environmental Horticulture Department, University of California, Davis, California|access-date=Feb 15, 2018}})
- Strophostyles leiosperma (Torrey & A. Gray) Piper
- Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton
Species identification is still ambiguous due to similar morphological characters and potential interspecific hybridization.
File:Strophostyles helvola Tennessee.jpg
File:Strophostyles leiosperma.jpg
File:Strophostyles helvola - Amberique Bean.jpg
File:Strophostyles helvola WFNY-118B.jpg
File:மணல் அவரை 6 (Strophostyles helvula).jpg
File:மணல் அவரை ! (Strophostyles helvula).jpg
File:Strophostyles umbellata - Pink Wild Bean.jpg
File:Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton Pink fuzzybean.tiff
File:Annual Wild Bean - Strophostyles helvola, Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg
File:Strophostyles leiosperma1 SNR (4).jpg