Taxis of London#The Knowledge

The widespread use of private coaches by the English aristocracy began to be seen in the 1580s; within fifty years hackney coaches were regularly to be seen on the streets of London. In the 1620s there was a proliferation of coaches for hire in the metropolis, so much so that they were seen as a danger to pedestrians in the narrow streets of the city, and in 1635 an Order in Council was issued limiting the number allowed. Two years later a system for licensing hackney coachmen was established (overseen by the Master of the Horse).{{cite book |last1=Dowell |first1=Stephen |title=A History of Taxes and Taxation in England: volume III |date=1884 |publisher=Longmans, Green & co. |location=London |pages=40–45}}

In 1636 the number of carriages was set at 50, an early example of taxicab regulation. In the same year, the owner of four hackney carriages established the first taxicab stand in The Strand. After 1662 hackneys were regulated by the Commissioners of Scotland Yard.{{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=Sidney |author-link1=Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield |title=Statutory Authorities for Special Purposes |last2=Webb |first2=Beatrice |author-link2=Beatrice Webb |publisher=Longman, Green |year=1922 |series=English Local Government |volume=4 |location=1922 |page=240 |chapter=Ch.4: The Improvement Commissioners |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/englishlocalgov07webbgoog#page/n250/mode/2up}} In the early 19th century cabriolets (cabs for short) replaced the heavier and more cumbersome hackney carriages. Battery-operated taxis appeared briefly at the end of the 19th century, but the modern taxicab service took off with the appearance of petrol-powered taxis in 1903. In 1907 meters were first introduced to calculate the fare and were set at 8d (8 pence) for the first mile.

Today, taxicab service in London is regulated by Transport for London's strict Conditions of Fitness, mandating size, turning radius, age, and emissions, resulting in unique vehicles built primarily for the London market such as the LEVC and the Mercedes Vito seen today.{{cite web |title=CONSTRUCTION AND LICENSING OF MOTOR TAXIS FOR USE IN LONDON |url=https://content.tfl.gov.uk/taxi-conditions-of-fitness-update-2019.pdf |access-date=1 January 2007 |website=Transport for London}}{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Taxi Statistics UK |url=https://www.nimblefins.co.uk/business-insurance/taxi-insurance/taxi-statistics-uk |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=www.nimblefins.co.uk |language=en}}

{{anchor|Hackney coach|Hackney Coaches, Metropolis Act 1802|Hackney Coach Fares Act 1808|Hackney Coaches Act 1814|Hackney Coach Licences Act 1817|London Hackney Carriage Act 1853|London Hackney Carriage (No. 2) Act 1853}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = Hackney Coaches, etc. Act 1694

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of England

| long_title = An Act for the licensing and regulating Hackney-Coaches and Stage-Coaches.

| year = 1694

| citation = 5 & 6 Will. & Mar. c. 22

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 25 April 1694

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date = 15 July 1867

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation = Statute Law Revision Act 1867

| related_legislation =

| status = Repealed

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text = https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol6/pp502-505

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Chairs Act 1712}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act for explaining the Acts for licensing Hackney Chairs.

| year = 1712

| citation = 12 Ann. c. 15{{br}}{{ubli|(Ruffhead: {{nowrap|12 Ann. St. 1 c. 14}})}}

| territorial_extent = Great Britain

| royal_assent = 16 July 1713

| commencement = 9 April 1713{{efn|Start of session.}}

| repeal_date = 5 January 1832

| amendments = Continuance of Laws, etc. Act 1742

| repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831

| related_legislation =

| status = Repealed

| original_text = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000033905853&view=1up&seq=845

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches, etc. Act 1715}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act for the better regulating Hackney Coaches, Carts, Drays, Cars, and Waggons, within the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Weekly Bills of Mortality; and for preventing Mischiefs occasioned by the Drivers riding upon such Carts, Drays, Cars, and Waggons.

| year = 1715

| citation = 1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 57

| territorial_extent = Great Britain

| royal_assent = 26 June 1716

| commencement = 17 March 1715{{efn|Start of session.}}

| repeal_date = 15 July 1867

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments = Continuance of Laws, etc. Act 1742

| repealing_legislation = Statute Law Revision Act 1867

| related_legislation =

| status = Repealed

| original_text = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_FMDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA320

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1771}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act for licensing an additional Number of Hackney Coaches, and applying the Monies arising thereby.

| year = 1771

| citation = 11 Geo. 3. c. 24

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 12 April 1771

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status =

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text =

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coachmen Act 1771}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act for punishing Offences committed by Hackney Coachmen and Chairmen, within certain Districts and Places therein mentioned, and for renewing the Registry of Carts and Carriages.

| year = 1771

| citation = 11 Geo. 3. c. 28

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 29 April 1771

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status =

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text =

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1772}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act to explain and amend an Act, made in the Seventh Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for altering the Stamp Duties upon Policies of Assurances; and for reducing the Allowance to be made in respect of the Prompt Payment of the Stamp Duties on Licences for retailing Beer, Ale, and other exciseable Liquors; and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches and Chairs;" so far as the same relates to Hackney Coaches.

| year = 1772

| citation = 12 Geo. 3. c. 49

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent = Great Britain

| royal_assent =

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date = 5 January 1832

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831

| related_legislation =

| status = Repealed

| original_text =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1784}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act for laying an additional Duty on Hackney Coaches, and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches.

| year = 1784

| citation = 24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2. c. 27

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent = Great Britain

| royal_assent = 13 August 1784

| commencement =

| repeal_date = 5 January 1832

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831

| related_legislation =

| status = Repealed

| original_text =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1786}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act for explaining and amending an Act made in the Twenty-fourth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for laying an additional Duty on Hackney Coaches, and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches."

| year = 1786

| citation = 26 Geo. 3. c. 72

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 4 July 1786

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status =

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text =

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1792}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act to explain and amend so much of an Act made in the Seventh Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, as relates to Hackney Coaches and Chairs.

| year = 1792

| citation = 32 Geo. 3. c. 47

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 11 June 1792

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status =

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text =

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|London Hackney Carriage Act 1800}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of Great Britain

| long_title = An Act for repealing the Rates and Fares taken by Licenced Hackney Coachmen, and for establishing other Rates and Fares in lieu thereof; and for explaining and amending several Laws relating to Hackney Coaches and Chairs.

| year = 1800

| citation = 39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 47

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent = Great Britain

| royal_assent = 30 May 1800

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date = 5 January 1832

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831

| related_legislation =

| status = Repealed

| original_text =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches Act 1804}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An act for explaining and amending several Acts relating to Hackney Coaches employed as Stage Coaches, and for indemnifying the Owners of Hackney Coaches who have omitted to take out Licences, pursuant to an Act made in the twenty-fifth Year of his present Majesty.

| year = 1804

| citation = 44 Geo. 3. c. 88

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent = United Kingdom

| royal_assent = 20 July 1804

| commencement =

| expiry_date = 5 January 1832

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831

| related_legislation =

| status = Repealed

| original_text =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Hackney Carriages Act 1815}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An act to amend several Acts relating to Hackney Coaches; for authorizing the licensing of an additional Number of Hackney Chariots; and for licensing Carriages drawn by One Horse.

| year = 1815

| citation = 55 Geo. 3. c. 159

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent = United Kingdom

| royal_assent = 11 July 1815

| commencement =

| repeal_date = 5 January 1832

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831

| related_legislation =

| status = Repealed

| original_text =

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|London Hackney Carriage Act 1831}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An Act to amend the Laws relating to Hackney Carriages, and to Waggons, Carts, and Drays, used in the Metropolis; and to place the Collection of the Duties on Hackney Carriages and on Hawkers and Pedlars in England under the Commissioners of Stamps.

| year = 1831

| citation = 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 22

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent = United Kingdom

| royal_assent = 22 September 1831

| commencement = 5 January 1832{{efn|Section 1.}}

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces = {{ubli|Hackney Chairs Act 1712|Hackney Chairs, etc. Act 1759|Hackney Coaches Act 1771|Hackney Coachmen Act 1771|Hackney Coaches Act 1772|Hackney Coaches Act 1784|Hackney Coaches Act 1786|Hackney Coaches Act 1792|London Hackney Carriage Act 1800|Hackney Coaches, Metropolis Act 1802|Hackney Coaches Act 1804|Hackney Coach Fares Act 1808|Hackney Coaches Act 1814|Hackney Carriages Act 1815|Hackney Coach Licences Act 1817}}

| amendments = {{ubli|London Hackney Carriages Act 1843|Revenue Act 1869|Statute Law Revision Act 1874|Summary Jurisdiction Act 1884|Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act 1888|Statute Law Revision Act 1890|Public Authorities Protection Act 1893|London Cab Act 1968|Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1976|Criminal Law Act 1977|Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989|Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2004|Transport for London Act 2008}}

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status = Amended

| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/1-2/22/contents/enacted

| revised_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/1-2/22/contents

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title = London Hackney Carriage Act 1831

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|London Hackney Carriages Act 1843}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An Act for regulating Hackney and Stage Carriages in and near London.

| year = 1843

| citation = 6 & 7 Vict. c. 86

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 22 August 1843

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments = Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2)

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status = Amended

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/6-7/86/contents/enacted

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title = London Hackney Carriages Act 1843

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|London Cab Act 1968}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An Act to extend the power of the Secretary of State to prescribe fares in respect of journeys by cab within the metropolitan police district and the City of London; to make provision for extending the length of such journeys which the driver of a cab is obliged by law to undertake; to relax restrictions on the parking of cabs; to prohibit the display on certain vehicles in that district or the City of London of signs or notices containing the word " taxi" or " cab " and signs or notices of certain other descriptions; and to restrict the issue, in connection with certain vehicles, of advertisements containing either of those words.

| year = 1968

| citation = 1968 c. 7

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 15 February 1968

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments = London Cab Act 1973

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status = Amended

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/7/contents/enacted

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title = London Cab Act 1968

| collapsed = yes

}}{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|London Cab Act 1973}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An Act to amend the London Cab Act 1968.

| year = 1973

| citation = 1973 c. c. 20

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 23 May 1973

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends = London Cab Act 1968

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status = Current

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/20/contents/enacted

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title = London Cab Act 1973

| collapsed = yes

}}

File:Havana_-_Hackney_coaches.jpg

"An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent" was approved by Parliament in 1654, to remedy what it described as the "many Inconveniences [that] do daily arise by reason of the late increase and great irregularity of Hackney Coaches and Hackney Coachmen in London, Westminster and the places thereabouts".[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56562 An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent, June 1654], british-history.ac.uk; accessed 26 May 2017. The first hackney-carriage licences date from a 1662 act of Parliament, the London and Westminster Streets Act 1662 (14 Cha. 2. c. 2) establishing the Commissioners of Scotland Yard to regulate them. Licences applied literally to horse-drawn carriages, later modernised as hansom cabs (1834), that operated as vehicles for hire. The 1662 act limited the licences to 400; when it expired in 1679, extra licences were created until the {{visible anchor|Hackney Coaches, etc. Act 1694}} (5 & 6 Will. & Mar. c. 22) imposed a limit of 700.{{cite web |year=1819 |title=William and Mary, 1694: An Act for the lycenseing and regulateing Hackney-Coaches and Stage-Coaches [Chapter XXII Rot. Parl. pt. 5. nu. 2.] |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol6/pp502-505#h3-0005 |access-date=21 August 2017 |work=Statutes of the Realm: Volume 6, 1685–94 |publisher=Great Britain Record Commission |pages=502–505}} The limit was increased to 800 in 1715, 1,000 in 1770 and 1,100 in 1802, before being abolished in 1832.{{cite journal |date=December 1857 |title=The Omnibuses of London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUFDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA663 |journal=The Gentleman's Magazine |publisher=R. Newton |page=663}} The 1694 act established the Hackney Coach Commissioners to oversee the regulation of fares, licences and other matters; in 1831 their work was taken over by the Stamp Office and in 1869 responsibility for licensing was passed on to the Metropolitan Police. In the 18th and 19th centuries, private carriages were commonly sold off for use as hackney carriages, often displaying painted-over traces of the previous owner's coat of arms on the doors.{{cite book |last1=McCausland |first1=Hugh |title=The English Carriage |date=1948 |publisher=Batchworth Press |location=London}}

There was a distinction between a general hackney carriage and a hackney coach, which was specifically a hireable vehicle with four wheels, two horses and six seats: four on the inside for the passengers and two on the outside (one for a servant and the other for the driver, who was popularly termed the Jarvey (also spelled jarvie)). For many years only coaches, to this specification, could be licensed for hire; but in 1814 the licensing of up to 200 hackney chariots was permitted, which carried a maximum of three passengers inside and one servant outside (such was the popularity of these new faster carriages that the number of licences was doubled the following year).

File:Hansom_cab_1904.jpg, London]]

Shortly afterwards even lighter carriages began to be licensed: the two-wheel, single-horse cabriolets or 'cabs', which were licensed to carry no more than two passengers. Then, in 1834, the hansom cab was patented by Joseph Hansom: a jaunty single-horse, two-wheel carriage with a distinctive appearance, designed to carry passengers safely in an urban environment. The hansom cab quickly established itself as the standard two-wheel hackney carriage and remained in use into the 20th century.

File:The-passing-of-the-growler-Punch-1907.png {{Circa|1900}}]]

In 1836 the Clarence was introduced to London's streets: a type of small four-wheel enclosed carriage drawn by one or two horses.Knox, Thomas Wallace (1888) The pocket guide for Europe: hand-book for travellers on the Continent and the British Isles, and through Egypt, Palestine, and northern Africa G. Putnam, New York, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mxEbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA34 page 34], {{OCLC|28649833}}Busch, Noel F. (1947) "Life's Reports: Restful Days in Dublin" " Life Magazine 15 September 1947 [https://books.google.com/books?id=M0IEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9 page 9], includes a photograph of a growler. These became known as 'growlers' because of the sound they made on the cobbled streets. Much slower than a hansom cab, they nevertheless had room for up to four passengers (plus one servant) and space on the roof for luggage. As such they remained in use as the standard form of four-wheeled hackney carriage until replaced by motorised taxi cabs in the early 20th century.

A small, usually two-wheeled, one-horse hackney vehicle called a noddy once plied the roads in Ireland and Scotland. The French had a small hackney coach called a fiacre.

Electric hackney carriages appeared before the introduction of the internal combustion engine to vehicles for hire in 1897. In fact there was even London Electrical Cab Company: the cabs were informally called Berseys after the manager who designed them, Walter Bersey. Another nickname was Hummingbirds from the sound that they made.{{cite web |title=Taxi History – London Vintage Taxi Association |url=http://www.lvta.co.uk/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527134112/http://www.lvta.co.uk/history.htm |archive-date=27 May 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015 |work=lvta.co.uk}} In August 1897, 25 were introduced, and by 1898, there were 50 more. During the early 20th century, cars generally replaced horse-drawn models. In 1910, the number of motor cabs on London streets outnumbered horse-drawn growlers and hansoms for the first time. At the time of the outbreak of World War I, the ratio was seven to one in favour of motorized cabs.{{cite magazine |author=Lord Montagu of Beaulieu |author-link=Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu |date=5 June 1982 |title=London's Taxis |magazine=Autocar |publisher=IPC Business Press Ltd. |page=42 |volume=156 |ref=LMB |number=4459}} The last horse-drawn hackney carriage ceased service in London in 1947.{{cite book |last=Drozdz |first=Gregory |title=Cab and Coach |year=1990 |page=26 |oclc=841903541}}

UK regulations define a hackney carriage as a taxicab allowed to ply the streets looking for passengers to pick up, as opposed to private hire vehicles (sometimes called minicabs), which may pick up only passengers who have previously booked or who visit the taxi operator's office. In 1999, the first of a series of fuel cell powered taxis were tried out in London. The "Millennium Cab" built by ZeTek gained television coverage and great interest when driven in the Sheraton Hotel ballroom in New York by Judd Hirsch, the star of the television series Taxi. ZeTek built three cabs but ceased activities in 2001.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

Horse-drawn hackney services continue to operate in parts of the UK, for example in Cockington, Torquay.{{Cite web |title=Cockington Carriages plan for the future – Cockington Court |url=https://www.cockingtoncourt.org/latest-news/2014/9/9/cockington-carriages-plan-for-the-future-a468 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024190712/https://www.cockingtoncourt.org/latest-news/2014/9/9/cockington-carriages-plan-for-the-future-a468 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=www.cockingtoncourt.org}} The town of Windsor, Berkshire, is the last remaining UK town with a continuous lineage of horse-drawn hackney carriages, operated run by Windsor Carriages, the licence having been passed down from driver to driver since the 1830s. The original hackney licence is in place, allowing for passenger travel under the same law that was originally passed in 1662. The city of Bath has an occasional horse-drawn Hackney, principally for tourists, but still carrying hackney plates.

File:1937BeardmoreTaxi.jpg

Though there has never been law requiring London's taxis to be black, they were, since the end of the Second World War, sold in a standard colour of black. This, in the 1970s gave rise within the minicab trade to the nickname 'black cab' and it has become common currency. However, before the Second World War, London's cabs were seen in a variety of colours. They are produced in a variety of colours, sometimes in advertising brand liveries (see below). Fifty golden cabs were produced for the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations in 2002.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1871142.stm Golden times for black cabs], bbc.co.uk, 13 March 2002

In Edwardian times, Renault and Unic, but also smaller players like Charron and Darracq were to be found. Fiat was also a presence, with their importer d'Arcy Baker running a fleet of 400 cars of the brand. In the 1920s, Beardmore cabs were introduced and became for a while the most popular. They were nicknamed 'the Rolls-Royce of cabs' for their comfort and robustness. Maxwell Monson introduced Citroën cabs, which were cheaper, but crude in comparison to the Beardmore. In 1930 dealers Mann and Overton struck a deal with the Austin to bring a modified version of the Austin 12/4 car to the London taxi market. This established Austin as dominant until the end of the 1970s and Mann and Overton until 2012. The Austin FX4, launched in 1958, which stayed in production until 1997 under successive manufacturers is perhaps the most iconic and recognised of all hackney carriages and set the basic styling parameters of its successors.

Morrises cabs were also seen, in small numbers, but after the Second World War, produced the Oxford, made by Wolseleys.

File:A_TX4_Taxi_at_Heathrow_Airport_Terminal_5.jpg hackney carriage at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5.]]

Outside of London, the regulations governing the hackney cab trade are different. Four-door saloon cars have been highly popular as hackney carriages, but with disability regulations growing in strength and some councils offering free licensing for disabled-friendly vehicles, many operators are now opting for wheelchair-adapted taxis such as the LEVC TX of London Electric Vehicle Company (LEVC). London taxis have broad rear doors that open very wide (or slide), and an electrically controlled ramp that is extended for access.{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=London Wheelchair Taxis with Ramps |url=https://wheelchairtravel.org/london/taxis/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Wheelchair Travel}}

Other models of specialist taxis include the Peugeot E7 and rivals from Fiat, Ford, Volkswagen, and Mercedes-Benz. These vehicles normally allow six or seven passengers, although some models can accommodate eight. Some of these minibus taxis include a front passenger seat next to the driver, while others reserve this space solely for luggage.

File:Black_London_Cab.jpg, made from 1958 to 1997. The for hire signage is a distinguishing feature of the hackney carriage.]]

London taxis must have a turning circle not greater than {{convert|8.535|m|0|abbr=on}}. One reason for this is the configuration of the famed Savoy Hotel: the hotel entrance's small roundabout meant that vehicles needed the small turning circle to navigate it. That requirement became the legally required turning circles for all London cabs, while the custom of a passenger's sitting on the right, behind the driver, provided a reason for the right-hand traffic in Savoy Court, allowing hotel patrons to board and alight from the driver's side.{{cite journal |title=Why does traffic entering and leaving the Savoy Hotel in London drive on the right? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-1501,00.html |journal=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |access-date=26 May 2017}}

File:Paddington_Trail_-_The_Bear_Of_London.jpg statue in Trafalgar Square, 2014]]

The design standards for London taxis are set out in the Conditions of Fitness, which are now published by Transport for London. The first edition was published in May 1906, by the Public Carriage Office, which was then part of the Metropolitan Police. These regulations set out the conditions under which a taxi may operate and have been updated over the years to keep pace with motor car development and legislation. Changes include regulating the taximeter (made compulsory in 1907), advertisements and the turning circle of {{convert|8.535|m|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=Construction and Licensing of Motor Taxis for Use in London: Conditions of Fitness, as updated 17 September 2019 |url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/taxi-conditions-of-fitness-update-2019.pdf |access-date=30 June 2020 |publisher=Transport for London: Public Carriage Office}} Until the beginning of the 1980s, London Taxis were not allowed to carry any advertisements.

The London Taxis fleet has been fully accessible since 1 January 2000,{{Cite web |title=London Taxis – Monday 16 January 1989 – Hansard – UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1989-01-16/debates/b4eae333-4828-470a-a49b-455f29bd6414/LondonTaxis |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=hansard.parliament.uk |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Mashburn |first=Rick |date=18 April 2004 |title=Rolling Along in London |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/18/travel/rolling-along-in-london.html |access-date=2021-08-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} following the introduction of the first accessible taxi in 1987.{{Cite web |title=Taxicab History |url=https://london-taxi.co.uk/taxicab-history/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=London-Taxi |language=en-US |quote=It was the first London cab to fully wheelchair accessible and to be licensed by the Public Carriage Office to carry four passengers.}} On 14 December 2010, Mayor of London Boris Johnson released an air quality strategy paper encouraging phasing out of the oldest of the LT cabs, and proposing a £1m fund to encourage taxi owners to upgrade to low-emission vehicles.{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Emissions standards for taxis |url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/info-for/taxis-and-private-hire/emissions-standards-for-taxis |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Transport for London |language=en-GB}} Since 2018, all newly registered taxis in London must be zero emission, and {{As of|2023|December|lc=y}} more than half of the 14,700 fleet is zero emission capable.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 December 2023 |title=More than half of London's black taxis are zero emission capable |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2023/december/more-than-half-of-london-s-black-taxis-are-zero-emission-capable |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Transport for London |language=en-GB}}

As part of the Transported by Design programme of activities,{{Cite web |title=Transported by Design |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/campaign/transported-by-design |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417060006/https://tfl.gov.uk/campaign/transported-by-design |archivedate=17 April 2016}} on 15 October 2015, after two months of public voting, the black cab was elected by Londoners as their favourite transport design icon.[https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/press-and-media/news/595-london-s-transport-design-icons-announced London's transport ‘Design Icons’ announced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331004853/http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/press-and-media/news/595-london-s-transport-design-icons-announced|date=31 March 2016}}, ltmuseum.co.uk; accessed 26 May 2017.[http://www.timeout.com/london/blog/transported-by-design-vote-for-your-favourite-part-of-london-transport-080415 Transported By Design: Vote for your favourite part of London transport], timeout.com; accessed 26 May 2017.

In 2017, the LEVC TX was introduced – a purpose-built hackney carriage, built as a plug-in hybrid range-extender electric vehicle.{{Cite web |title=2,500th LEVC TX taxi rolls off production line |url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/car-news/98450/2500th-levc-tx-taxi-rolls-off-production-line |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Auto Express |language=en}} By April 2022, over 5,000 TX's had been sold in London, around a third of London's taxi fleet.{{Cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=LEVC CELEBRATES SALE OF 5000TH TX ELECTRIC TAXI IN LONDON |url=https://levc.com/levc-celebrates-sale-of-5000th-tx-electric-taxi-in-london/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=LEVC |language=en-US}} In October 2019 the first fully electric cab since the Bersey in 1897, the Dynamo Taxi, was launched with a 187-mile range and with the bodywork based on Nissan's NV200 platform.{{Cite web |title=Electric London black cab launches with 187-mile range {{!}} Autocar |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/electric-london-black-cab-launches-187-mile-range |access-date=2019-10-24 |website=www.autocar.co.uk}}{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=First 100% electric black cab for 120 years launches in London |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/23/first-100-electric-black-cab-for-120-years-launches-in-london |website=The Guardian}}

In London, hackney-carriage drivers have to pass a test called The Knowledge to demonstrate that they have an intimate knowledge of the geography of London streets, important buildings, etc. Learning The Knowledge allows the driver to become a member of the Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers. There are two types of badge, a yellow one for the suburban areas and a green one for all of London. The latter is considered far more difficult. Drivers who own their cabs as opposed to renting from a garage are known as "mushers" and those who have just passed the "knowledge" are known as "butter boys".[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/09/history-london-black-cabs The history of London's black cabs], theguardian.com, 9 December 2012. As of 2023 there are around 15,100 black cabs in London, licensed by the Public Carriage Office.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=The decline of London’s iconic black cab |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/what-london-assembly-does/london-assembly-press-releases/decline-londons-iconic-black-cab |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=london.gov.uk}}

Elsewhere, councils have their own regulations. Some merely require a driver to pass a DBS disclosure and have a reasonably clean driving licence, while others use their own local versions of London's The Knowledge test.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

• Alfred Collins, who retired in 2007 at the age of 92, was the oldest cab driver and had been driving for 70 years.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/6470443.stm Longest serving cabbie honoured], bbc.co.uk; accessed 26 May 2017.
• Fred Housego is a former London taxi driver who became a television and radio personality and presenter after winning the BBC television quiz Mastermind in 1980.{{cite news |last=de Garis |first=Kirsty |date=9 February 2003 |title=What happened next? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2003/feb/09/features.magazine107 |access-date=7 June 2014 |publisher=The Observer}}{{cite news |date=7 July 2003 |title=Take our Mastermind quiz |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3046254.stm |access-date=7 June 2014 |publisher=BBC News}}
• Clive Efford, Labour MP for the London constituency of Eltham, was a cab driver for 10 years before entering parliament in 1997.

Oil millionaire Nubar Gulbenkian owned an Austin FX3 Brougham Sedanca taxi, with custom coachwork by FLM Panelcraft Ltd as he was quoted "because it turns on a sixpence whatever that is."The sixpence was the smallest coin in circulation, so the phrase was a hyperbole meaning that it had a tight turning radius. Gulbenkian had two such taxis built, the second of which was built on an FX4 chassis and was sold at auction by Bonhams for $39,600 in 2015.{{Cite web |title=Bonhams The millionaire Paul Mellon wants to buy Gulbenkian's FX3, but Gulbenkian would not sell, but did allow Mellon to have replica built. This was also constructed by FLM Panelcraft, but on an FX4 chassis and was fitted with an American Ford 6-cylinder engine and automatic gearbox, as Mellon kept it in the USA: The ex-Nubar Gulbenkian,1960 AUSTIN FX4 BROUGHAM SEDANCA Chassis no. FX4AT033U010 |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/22792/lot/42/ |website=www.bonhams.com}} Other celebrities are known to have used hackney carriages both for their anonymity and their ruggedness and manoeuvrability in London traffic. Users included Prince Philip, whose cab was converted to run on liquefied petroleum gas,{{cite web |title=Prince Philip's taxi |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page3631.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016095223/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page3631.asp |archive-date=16 October 2008 |access-date=20 November 2011 |publisher=Royal.gov.uk}} author and actor Stephen Fry,[http://www.stephenfry.com/blog/2008/10/10/stephen-fry-in-america Stephen Fry in America], stephenfry.com, 10 October 2008. and the Sheriffs of the City of London. A black cab was used in the band Oasis's video for the song "Don't Look Back in Anger." Black cabs were used as recording studios for indie band performances and other performances in the Black Cab Sessions internet project.

Ghosthunting With... featured a black cab owned by host of the show, Yvette Fielding. Bez of the Happy Mondays owns one, shown on the UK edition of Pimp My Ride. Noel Edmonds used a black cab to commute from his home to the Deal or No Deal studios in Bristol. He placed a dressed mannequin in the back so that he could use special bus/taxi lanes, and so that people would not attempt to hail his cab.{{cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title=Noel Edmonds dodged traffic by illegally driving a taxi in Bristol |url=https://uk.motor1.com/news/281925/noel-edmonds-taxi/ |access-date=2020-08-25 |work=motor1.com}}

The official car of the Governor of the Falkland Islands between 1976 and 2010 was a London taxi.{{cite web |title=Rex Hunt, Governor of the Falkland Islands |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/server/show/nav.20773 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806224821/http://www.iwm.org.uk/server/show/nav.20773 |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=20 November 2011 |publisher=Imperial War Museum}}

{{Redirect|The Knowledge}}

The London taxicab driver is required to be able to decide routes immediately in response to a passenger's request or traffic conditions, rather than stopping to look at a map, relying on satellite navigation or asking a controller by radio. Consequently, the "Knowledge of London" is the in-depth study of a number of pre-set London street routes and all places of interest that taxicab drivers in that city must complete to obtain a licence to operate a black cab. It was initiated in 1865, and has changed little since.

It is the world's most demanding training course for taxicab drivers, and applicants will usually need to pass at least twelve "appearances" (periodical one-on-one oral examinations undertaken throughout the qualification process), with the whole process averaging 34 months (almost 3 years) to pass.{{cite web |title=The Knowledge |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/businessandpartners/taxisandprivatehire/1412.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627044757/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/businessandpartners/taxisandprivatehire/1412.aspx |archive-date=27 June 2012 |publisher=Public Carriage Office, Transport for London}}{{Cite web |title=The Knowledge :: A-Z Maps |url=https://www.az.co.uk/the-knowledge |access-date=5 July 2018 |website=www.az.co.uk |language=en-GB}}

Three hundred and twenty standard routes through central London, or "runs", are defined in the Guide to Learning the Knowledge of London, which is produced by the Public Carriage Office. In all, some 25,000 streets within a six-mile radius of Charing Cross are covered, along with the major arterial routes through the rest of London.

A taxicab-driver must learn these routes, as well as the "points of interest" along and within {{convert|1/2|mi|km}} of each end of those routes including streets, squares, clubs, hospitals, hotels, theatres, embassies, government and public buildings, railway stations, police stations, courts, diplomatic buildings, important places of worship, cemeteries, crematoria, parks and open spaces, sports and leisure centres, places of learning, restaurants and historic buildings.

The Knowledge includes details such as the order of theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, and the names and order of the side streets and traffic signals passed on a route.

There are a number of Knowledge Schools that provide books, maps and classroom tuition which help Knowledge students to learn the 320 runs and points of interest.[http://www.london-blackcab.com/taxi-news/london-taxi-knowledge-schools/ "London Taxi Knowledge Schools"], There are separate, shorter courses for suburban London, with 30 to 50 runs, depending on the sector.[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/knowledge-examinations-system.pdf "Applicants for a Taxi Driver’s Licence – The 'Knowledge of London' Examination System"], Public Carriage Office, Transport for London

File:Knowledge_boy_143.jpg.]]

During training, would-be cabbies, known as Knowledge boys or Knowledge girls, usually follow these routes around London on a motor scooter, and can be identified by the clipboard fixed to the handlebars and showing details of the streets to be learned that day.

Taxi-driver applicants must be 'of good character', meeting strict requirements regarding any criminal record,{{cite web |title=Requirements in order to obtain a taxi licence in London – by: Transport for London |url=http://www.infotaxi.org/article_41.htm |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Infotaxi.org}} then first pass a written test which qualifies them to make an "appearance". At appearances, Knowledge boys and girls must, without looking at a map, identify the two points of interest in metropolitan London that their examiner chooses and then choose the shortest and most sensible route from one to the other. For each route, the applicants must recite the names of the roads used, when they cross junctions, use roundabouts, make turns, and what is 'alongside' them at each point.{{Cite web |title=The Knowledge Boys |url=https://www.pbs.org/saf/1101/features/knowledge.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807005657/http://www.pbs.org/saf/1101/features/knowledge.htm |archive-date=7 August 2015 |access-date=15 September 2017 |work=Scientific American Frontiers}}

Knowledge boys/girls and their online learning communities have been the subject of academic research, including a PhD dissertation by Drew Ross at Oxford University.{{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Drew A. R. |date=March 2007 |title=Backstage with the Knowledge Boys and Girls: Goffman and Distributed Agency in an Organic Online Community (Abstract) |url=http://oss.sagepub.com/content/28/3/307.abstract |journal=Organization Studies |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=307–25 |doi=10.1177/0170840607076000 |s2cid=145574225}}

There is evidence that training for the Knowledge can measurably alter the hippocampus of trainee cab drivers. The hippocampus is the area of the brain used for spatial memory and navigation, and is generally larger in taxi drivers than in the general population.{{cite journal |last1=Maguire |first1=E. A. |last2=Gadian |first2=D. G. |last3=Johnsrude |first3=I. S. |author-link3=Ingrid Johnsrude |last4=Good |first4=C. D. |last5=Ashburner |first5=J. |last6=Frackowiak |first6=R. S. |last7=Frith |first7=C. D. |year=2000 |title=Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=4398–403 |bibcode=2000PNAS...97.4398M |doi=10.1073/pnas.070039597 |pmc=18253 |pmid=10716738 |doi-access=free}}{{cite book |last1=Blakemore |first1=Sarah-Jayne |title=The learning brain: lessons for education |last2=Frith |first2=Uta |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4051-2401-0 |page=125}}{{cite news |date=13 September 2008 |title=Taxi drivers 'have brain sat-nav' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7613621.stm |access-date=14 September 2008 |publisher=BBC News}}

A humorous 1979 television film about this learning experience, called The Knowledge, was written by Jack Rosenthal for Euston Films,{{IMDb title|qid=Q20814818|id=tt0082624|title=The Knowledge (1979) (TV)}} and was in 2000 voted number 83 in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute.

In the Up Series documentary films, Tony Walker is seen on his motor scooter learning "The Knowledge" before becoming a cab driver. Later, his wife Debbie joins him after qualifying herself.

In the Chas—The Knowledge miniseries, which was a spin-off from the comic book Hellblazer, Chas Chandler's job as a taxi driver is the basis for various plot elements of the series.

The Knowledge, its runs, and to a certain extent the role of the PCO, form the basis for a future religion in Will Self's The Book of Dave.{{cite book |author=Will Self |author-link=Will Self |title=The Book Of Dave |date=30 October 2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1596913844}}

== TfL Taxi and Private Hire office ==

The Public Carriage Office (PCO), which regulated and licenses taxis and private hire (commonly known as minicabs) was transferred from the Metropolitan Police to become part of Transport for London in 2000."[https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/about-us/london-assembly/london-assembly-publications/where-guv "Where to, Guv?"], London Assembly Transport Committee report into the Public Carriage Office, November 2005 In 2015, there were around 298,000 licensed drivers in England, of which 164,000 were private hire licences, 62,000 were taxi licences and 72,000 were dual licences.{{Cite web |title=Taxi and Private Hire Vehicle Statistics: England 2015 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/456733/taxi-private-hire-vehicles-statistics-2015.pdf}} Greater London, a metropolitan area with a population of about 8 million, has no grid plan laying out streets either parallel or at right angles to each other; thus the streets of London follow complex patterns.[http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/london-taxi-test-knowledge "The Knowledge, London’s Legendary Taxi-Driver Test, Puts Up a Fight in the Age of GPS"] Blog post by Jody Rosen The New York Times Magazine November 2014

File:Cabs_in_London.png

The Taxi and Private Hire office is the body responsible for licensing taxicabs within Greater London. Taxi and Private Hire is part of Transport for London and is responsible for licensing the familiar London taxicab or "black cab" and also licenses private hire or minicab services. "Black cabs" were traditionally coloured black, but this is not a requirement and cabs are painted in other colours, sometimes bearing advertising; however they are traditionally called black cabs to distinguish them from minicabs.

File:PublicCarriageOffice.jpg (left, with clock).]]

Since 1600 public carriages for hire have been a feature of London life. The discarded coaches of aristocratic families, complete with their coat of arms, were among the first hackney carriages to ply for hire. They were the forerunners of the French hackney carriage or cab (cabriolet) which first appeared in London around 1820.

The first horseless cab, the Bersey electric-powered vehicle, appeared in 1897, followed by the first internal combustion engine cab in 1903. At that time London still had more than 11,000 horse-drawn cabs.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} The last horse-drawn cab was removed from service in 1947.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} As of July 2019, there are over 21,000 licensed vehicles on London's roads.

Regulation of the trade passed to the Registrar of Metropolitan Public Carriages (better known as the Public Carriage Office), formed by the Hackney Carriages, Metropolis Act 1838 and transferred to the Metropolitan Police in 1850. It was originally based in a small building called "the Bungalow"{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} near the original site of Scotland Yard at the north end of Whitehall, remaining there even when the Yard moved to the Norman Shaw Buildings in 1890. It moved to 109 Lambeth Road in 1919, remaining there until 1966, when it moved to 15 Penton Street, Islington. In 2010 it moved again to the Palestra Building at 197 Blackfriars Road, Southwark.

File:PCO-Licence.jpg

On the formation of Transport for London on 3 July 2000, the licensing authority changed; however, the day-to-day licensing function remained with the Public Carriage Office.

With the introduction of the Private Hire Vehicles (London) Act 1998 the role of the PCO has been expanded to include the licensing of private hire operators, drivers and vehicles, bringing the capital into line with the rest of England and Wales.

In November 2005, in the report Where to, Guv?, the London Assembly's Transport Committee reported on a review of the Public Carriage Office and made some key recommendations.

{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = Pedicabs (London) Act 2024

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An Act to make provision for regulating pedicabs in public places in Greater London; and for connected purposes.

| year = 2024

| citation = 2024 c. 7

| introduced_commons = Mark Harper MP, Secretary of State for Transport

| introduced_lords = Lord Davies of Gower

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 25 April 2024

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation =

| related_legislation =

| status = current

| legislation_history = https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3507

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/7/contents/enacted

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title = Pedicabs (London) Act 2024

| collapsed = y

}}The {{Visible anchor|Pedicabs (London) Act 2024}} (c. 7) was passed giving TfL the power to regulate pedicabs within guidance published by the Secretary of State for Transport.{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2024|chapter=7|act=Pedicabs (London) Act 2024|section=7|accessdate=2024-07-15|date=2024-04-25}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

Category:Transport in London