Thermodesulfobacteriota

The bacterial phylum Desulfobacterota has been created by merging: 1) the well-established class Thermodesulfobacteria, 2) the proposed phylum Dadabacteria, and 3) various taxa separated from the abandoned non-monophyletic class "Deltaproteobacteria" alongside three other phyla: Myxococcota, Bdellovibrionota, and SAR324.

In contrast to their close relatives, the aerobic phyla Myxococcota and Bdellovibrionota, Desulfobacterota are predominantly anaerobic. They likely retained their anaerobic lifestyle since before the Great Oxidation Event.{{Citation |last1=Davín |first1=Adrián A. |title=An evolutionary timescale for Bacteria calibrated using the Great Oxidation Event |date=2023-08-11 |url=http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2023.08.08.552427 |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2023.08.08.552427 |last2=Woodcroft |first2=Ben J. |last3=Soo |first3=Rochelle M. |last4=Morel |first4=Benoit |last5=Murali |first5=Ranjani |last6=Schrempf |first6=Dominik |last7=Clark |first7=James |last8=Boussau |first8=Bastien |last9=Moody |first9=Edmund R. R.}}

Three closely related classes within Desulfobacterota: Thermodesulfobacteria, Dissulfuribacteria, and Desulfofervidia,{{Cite journal |last1=Krukenberg |first1=Viola |last2=Harding |first2=Katie |last3=Richter |first3=Michael |last4=Glöckner |first4=Frank Oliver |last5=Gruber-Vodicka |first5=Harald R. |last6=Adam |first6=Birgit |last7=Berg |first7=Jasmine S. |last8=Knittel |first8=Katrin |last9=Tegetmeyer |first9=Halina E. |last10=Boetius |first10=Antje |last11=Wegener |first11=Gunter |date=2016 |title=Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane |journal=Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=3073–3091 |doi=10.1111/1462-2920.13283 |issn=1462-2912|doi-access=free |pmid=26971539 }} as well as the more distant Deferrisomatia, are exclusively thermophilic, while most members of other classes are mesophiles or even psychrophiles.{{Cite journal |last1=Knoblauch |first1=Christian |last2=Sahm |first2=Kerstin |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Bo B. |date=1999-10-01 |title=Psychrophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from permanently cold Arctic marine sediments: description of Desulfofrigus oceanense gen. nov., sp. nov., Desulfofrigus fragile sp. nov., Desulfofaba gelida gen. nov., sp. nov., Desulfotalea psychrophila gen. nov., sp. nov. and Desulfotalea arctica sp. nov. |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-49-4-1631 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1631–1643 |doi=10.1099/00207713-49-4-1631 |pmid=10555345 |issn=1466-5026}}{{Cite journal |last1=Isaksen |first1=M. F. |last2=Teske |first2=Andreas |date=1996-09-13 |title=Desulforhopalus vacuolatus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new moderately psychrophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium with gas vacuoles isolated from a temperate estuary |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s002030050371 |journal=Archives of Microbiology |volume=166 |issue=3 |pages=160–168 |doi=10.1007/s002030050371 |issn=0302-8933}}

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) utilize sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in a respiratory-type metabolism, coupled to the oxidation of organic compounds or hydrogen. By reducing sulfate, many Desulfobacterota species substantially contribute to the sulfur cycle.

File:Dissimilatory sulfate reduction.svg

Microbial sulfur disproportionation (MSD) is a poorly known type of energy metabolism analogous to organic fermentation, where a single inorganic sulfur species of intermediate oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, resulting in production of sulfide and sulfate. In Desulfobacterota, MSD is often present in species that also perform sulfate reduction.

Fe(III) minerals can be microbially reduced by Fe-reducing bacteria (FeRB) using a wide range of organic compounds or H₂ as electron donors. FeRB are widespread across Bacteria. Among Desulfobacterota, they are represented e.g. by the genus Geobacter (Desulfuromonadia).{{Cite journal |last1=Luef |first1=Birgit |last2=Fakra |first2=Sirine C |last3=Csencsits |first3=Roseann |last4=Wrighton |first4=Kelly C |last5=Williams |first5=Kenneth H |last6=Wilkins |first6=Michael J |last7=Downing |first7=Kenneth H |last8=Long |first8=Philip E |last9=Comolli |first9=Luis R |last10=Banfield |first10=Jillian F |date=2013-02-01 |title=Iron-reducing bacteria accumulate ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticle aggregates that may support planktonic growth |journal=The ISME Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=338–350 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2012.103 |issn=1751-7362 |pmc=3554402 |pmid=23038172}}

Certain species of the families Geobacteraceae and Desulfuromonadaceae (Desulfuromonadia) are able to use external surfaces as electron acceptors to complete respiration.{{Cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=Dawn E. |last2=Nicoll |first2=Julie S. |last3=Bond |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Lovley |first4=Derek R. |date=2004 |title=Potential Role of a Novel Psychrotolerant Member of the Family Geobacteraceae , Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in Electricity Production by a Marine Sediment Fuel Cell |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=6023–6030 |doi=10.1128/AEM.70.10.6023-6030.2004 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=522133 |pmid=15466546}}{{Cite journal |last1=Reguera |first1=Gemma |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Mehta |first3=Teena |last4=Nicoll |first4=Julie S. |last5=Tuominen |first5=Mark T. |last6=Lovley |first6=Derek R. |date=2005 |title=Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03661 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=435 |issue=7045 |pages=1098–1101 |doi=10.1038/nature03661 |pmid=15973408 |issn=0028-0836}} Species of the genus Geobacter use bacterial nanowires to transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors such as Fe(III) oxides.{{Cite journal |last1=Reguera |first1=Gemma |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Mehta |first3=Teena |last4=Nicoll |first4=Julie S. |last5=Tuominen |first5=Mark T. |last6=Lovley |first6=Derek R. |date=2005 |title=Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03661 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=435 |issue=7045 |pages=1098–1101 |doi=10.1038/nature03661 |pmid=15973408 |issn=0028-0836}}

File:Geobacter Sulfurreducens Pathway.jpg to move electrons to outer membrane of Geobacter Sulfurreducens]]

Certain species of the class Syntrophia use simple organic molecules as electron donors and grow only in the presence of H₂/formate-utilizing partners (methanogens or Desulfovibrio) in syntrophic associations.{{Citation |last=Kuever |first=Jan |title=The Family Syntrophaceae |date=2014 |work=The Prokaryotes |pages=281–288 |editor-last=Rosenberg |editor-first=Eugene |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-39044-9_269 |access-date=2025-03-27 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-39044-9_269 |isbn=978-3-642-39043-2 |editor2-last=DeLong |editor2-first=Edward F. |editor3-last=Lory |editor3-first=Stephen |editor4-last=Stackebrandt |editor4-first=Erko}}

The family Desulfobulbaceae contains two genera of cable bacteria: Ca. Electronema and Ca. Electrothrix. These filamentous bacteria conduct electricity across distances over 1 cm, which allows them to connect distant sources of electron donors and electron acceptors.

File:Cable bacteria in sediment.png|Cable bacteria in between two layers of sediment

File:Cable diagram.svg|Diagram demonstrating cable bacteria metabolism in surface sediment

File:Model representation of a cable bacteria cell.jpg|Model representation of a cable bacteria cell

• Desulfobulbus propionicus (Desulfobulbia), described in 1982 from mud samples in Germany, can serve as a biocatalyst in microbial electrosynthesis, i.e. the usage of electrons by microorganism to reduce carbon dioxide to organic molecules.{{Cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Yanming |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Ali |last3=Feist |first3=Adam M. |last4=Embree |first4=Mallory |last5=Zhang |first5=Tian |last6=Lovley |first6=Derek |last7=Zengler |first7=Karsten |date=2013-01-02 |title=Sulfide-Driven Microbial Electrosynthesis |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es303837j |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=568–573 |doi=10.1021/es303837j |pmid=23252645 |issn=0013-936X}}
• Lawsonia intracellularis (Desulfovibrionia), described in 1995 from the intestines of pigs with proliferative enteropathy disease, is a highly pathogenic intracellular parasite.{{Cite journal |last1=McORIST |first1=S. |last2=Gebhart |first2=C. J. |last3=Boid |first3=R. |last4=Barns |first4=S. M. |date=1995-10-01 |title=Characterization of Lawsonia intracellularis gen. nov., sp. nov., the Obligately Intracellular Bacterium of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-45-4-820 |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=820–825 |doi=10.1099/00207713-45-4-820 |pmid=7547305 |issn=0020-7713}}{{Cite journal |last1=Gebhart |first1=C. J. |last2=Barns |first2=S. M. |last3=Mcorist |first3=S. |last4=Lin |first4=G.-F. |last5=Lawson |first5=G. H. K. |date=1993-07-01 |title=Ileal Symbiont Intracellularis, an Obligate Intracellular Bacterium of Porcine Intestines Showing a Relationship to Desulfovibrio Species |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-43-3-533 |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=533–538 |doi=10.1099/00207713-43-3-533 |pmid=8347512 |issn=0020-7713}}
• Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis (Desulfovibrionia), described in 2004 from an oil well in Alaska, corrodes metals and reduces toxic radionuclides and metals such as uranium and chromium to less soluble and less toxic forms.{{Cite journal |last=Feio |first=M. J. |date=2004-09-01 |title=Desulfovibrio alaskensis sp. nov., a sulphate-reducing bacterium from a soured oil reservoir |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.63118-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=1747–1752 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.63118-0 |pmid=15388739 |issn=1466-5026|hdl=21.11116/0000-0001-D111-F |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Hauser |first1=Loren J. |last2=Land |first2=Miriam L. |last3=Brown |first3=Steven D. |last4=Larimer |first4=Frank |last5=Keller |first5=Kimberly L. |last6=Rapp-Giles |first6=Barbara J. |last7=Price |first7=Morgan N. |last8=Lin |first8=Monica |last9=Bruce |first9=David C. |last10=Detter |first10=John C. |last11=Tapia |first11=Roxanne |last12=Han |first12=Cliff S. |last13=Goodwin |first13=Lynne A. |last14=Cheng |first14=Jan-Fang |last15=Pitluck |first15=Samuel |date=2011-08-15 |title=Complete Genome Sequence and Updated Annotation of Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |language=en |volume=193 |issue=16 |pages=4268–4269 |doi=10.1128/JB.05400-11 |issn=0021-9193 |pmc=3147700 |pmid=21685289}}
• Syntrophorhabdus aromaticivorans (Syntrophorhabdia), described in 2008 from industrial wastewater, is the first cultured anaerobe capable of degrading phenol to acetate in obligate syntrophic associations with a hydrogenotrophic methanogen.{{Cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=Yan-Ling |last2=Hanada |first2=Satoshi |last3=Ohashi |first3=Akiyoshi |last4=Harada |first4=Hideki |last5=Kamagata |first5=Yoichi |last6=Sekiguchi |first6=Yuji |date=2008 |title=Syntrophorhabdus aromaticivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., the First Cultured Anaerobe Capable of Degrading Phenol to Acetate in Obligate Syntrophic Associations with a Hydrogenotrophic Methanogen |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=74 |issue=7 |pages=2051–2058 |doi=10.1128/AEM.02378-07 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=2292594 |pmid=18281436}}

• Dissulfuribacter thermophilus (Dissulfuribacteria), described in 2013 from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, does not reduce sulfate and instead disproportionates elemental sulfur and other intermediate sulfur species.{{Cite journal |last1=Slobodkin |first1=A. I. |last2=Reysenbach |first2=A.-L. |last3=Slobodkina |first3=G. B. |last4=Kolganova |first4=T. V. |last5=Kostrikina |first5=N. A. |last6=Bonch-Osmolovskaya |first6=E. A. |date=2013-06-01 |title=Dissulfuribacter thermophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, autotrophic, sulfur-disproportionating, deeply branching deltaproteobacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.046938-0 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=63 |issue=Pt_6 |pages=1967–1971 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.046938-0 |pmid=23024145 |issn=1466-5026}}
• Ca. Desulfofervidus auxilii (Ca. Desulfofervidia), described in 2016 from Guaymas Basin sediments, is involved in the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) together with archaeal syntrophic partners.

File:Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense JSP.jpg|Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense

File:Dvulgaris micrograph.JPG|Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris

File:Caldimicrobium rimae.jpg|Caldimicrobium rimae

File:Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum.jpg|Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum

File:Cell morphology of Dissulfuribacter thermophilus strain S69.gif|Dissulfuribacter thermophilus

File:Thermodesulfatator indicus CIR 29812.jpg|Thermodesulfatator indicus

File:Thermosulfurimonas dismutans.jpg|Thermosulfurimonas dismutans

File:Thermodesulfobacterium commune.jpg|Thermodesulfobacterium commune

File:Thermodesulfatator atlanticus.jpg|Thermodesulfatator atlanticus

File:Thermosulfuriphilus ammonigenes.jpg|Thermosulfuriphilus ammonigenes

File:Desulfovibrio alaskensis cells on stainless steel 304.jpg|Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis

File:Electronema candidate specie.jpg|Ca. Electronema sp.

File:Mouse gut-derived taurine-respiring strain LT0009 that represents Taurinivorans muris.jpg|Taurinivorans muris

File:41467 2023 41008 Fig1c-FISH.jpg|Taurinivorans muris

File:Proposal of catalyzing bio-voltage memristors.webp|Geobacter sulfurreducens and its bacterial nanowires{{Cite journal |last1=Fu |first1=Tianda |last2=Liu |first2=Xiaomeng |last3=Gao |first3=Hongyan |last4=Ward |first4=Joy E. |last5=Liu |first5=Xiaorong |last6=Yin |first6=Bing |last7=Wang |first7=Zhongrui |last8=Zhuo |first8=Ye |last9=Walker |first9=David J. F. |last10=Joshua Yang |first10=J. |last11=Chen |first11=Jianhan |last12=Lovley |first12=Derek R. |last13=Yao |first13=Jun |date=2020-04-20 |title=Bioinspired bio-voltage memristors |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=1861 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-15759-y |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7171104 |pmid=32313096}}

File:Geobacter sulfurreducens.TIF|Geobacter sulfurreducens

{{see also|Bacterial taxonomy}}

The phylogeny is based on phylogenomic analysis:

• Sulfur cycle
• Exoelectrogen
• Cable bacteria
• Syntrophy
• Thermophile
• Bacterial nanowires
• Sulfate reducing bacteria

{{Reflist|2}}{{Bacteria classification}}

{{Life on Earth}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q20643853}}

Category:Bacteria phyla

Category:Astrobiology

Category:Extremophiles

Category:Thermophiles