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Timeline of Aleppo

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Prior to 10th century

{{see also|Ancient City of Aleppo}}

{{History of Syria}}

10th–12th centuries

13th century

14th–15th centuries

File:Bimaristan Argun 03.jpg Arghun al-Kamili, 1354]]

16th century

  • 1509 – Bab al-Hadid (gate) rebuilt.
  • 1516 – Ottoman Selim I in power.{{sfn|Baedeker|1876}}
  • 1517 – Becomes part of Ottoman Empire.
  • 1534 – City becomes capital of Aleppo Eyalet.
  • 1537 – Population: 80,000.{{sfn|Raymond|1984}}
  • 1539 – Souq Khan al-Nahhaseen built in Al-Madina Souq.
  • 1546 – Khan al-Shouneh built in Al-Madina Souq.
  • 1547 – Khusruwiyah Mosque built.
  • 1548 – Consulate of Republic of Venice established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1557 – Al-Adiliyah Mosque built (approximate date).
  • 1562 – Consulate of France established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1583 – Consulate of England established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}

17th–18th centuries

Image:1754 Aleppo Drummond.png

  • 1603 – Beit Wakil (mansion) built.
  • 1622 – Levant Company in business.{{sfn|Blackwood|1916}}
  • 1613 – Consulate of the Netherlands established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1629 – Guild of "makers of swords, knives, daggers, bows, and shields" organized.{{cite book |title=Urban Social History of the Middle East, 1750–1950 |editor=Peter Sluglett |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=NY |year= 2008 |chapter=Economic Organization of Cities in Ottoman Syria |author=Abdul-Karim Rafeq |isbn=9780815631941 }}
  • 1682 - Souq Khan al-Wazir built in Al-Madina Souq.
  • 1683 - Population: 115,000.{{sfn|Raymond|1984}}
  • 1706 - Printing press established.{{cite book|author= Henri Bouchot |editor=H. Grevel |title=The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time|year=1890|publisher=H. Grevel & Co. |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5ycxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA367 |chapter=Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established |author-link=Henri Bouchot }}
  • 1724 – Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa established.
  • 1730 – Madrasa Ridaiya established.

19th century

  • 1805 – Uprising.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1812 – Earthquake;History of Dates, J.M. Dent, London, 1954 citadel collapses.{{citation |work=The Guardian |location=UK |year=2015 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/series/history-cities-50-buildings |title= A history of cities in 50 buildings }}
  • 1814 – "Janissary massacre."{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1822 – Earthquake.{{sfn|Murray|1858}}
  • 1823
  • Cholera outbreak.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • Population: 250,000 (approximate).{{sfn|Morse|1823}}
  • 1827 – Plague.{{sfn|Chambers|1901}}
  • 1830 – Earthquake.{{sfn|Baedeker|1876}}
  • 1832
  • Ibrahim Pasha takes city for Muhammad Ali of Egypt.
  • Cholera outbreak.{{sfn|Chambers|1901}}
  • 1834 – Military barracks built in the Citadel.
  • 1840 – Mohammed Ali relinquishes power.
  • 1850
  • City besieged by Beduins.{{sfn|Baedeker|1876}}
  • Massacre of Aleppo (1850).
  • 1853 – Pogrom of Jews.
  • 1858 – Population: 70,000 (approximate).{{sfn|Murray|1858}}
  • 1859 – Terre-Sainte College opens.
  • 1864 – City becomes capital of Aleppo Vilayet.
  • 1868 – Municipal council formed.
  • 1873 – Saint Elias Cathedral built.
  • 1875 – Pogrom of Jews.
  • 1878 – Population: 95,000 (approximate).{{sfn|Baedeker|1876}}
  • 1885 – Aleppo chamber of commerce founded.
  • 1892 – Thanawiyyat al-Ma'mun (school) opens.{{Citation |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 9780691121697 |location = Princeton, NJ |title = Being modern in the Middle East |author = Keith David Watenpaugh |author-link=Keith David Watenpaugh |date = 2006 |id = 0691121699 }}
  • 1899 - Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower built.

20th century

File:Aleppo Nestle building Tilal street 1920s, postcard by Wattar brothers.jpg building; Tilel street 1920s, postcard by Wattar Brothers]]

  • 1901 – Ades Synagogue established.
  • 1906 – Hama-Aleppo railway in operation.{{cite journal |title=Railway Lines of Syria and Palestine |author=Lewis R. Freeman |journal= Railway Age Gazette |year=1915 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bElAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA199 }}
  • 1909 – Abd al-Wahab al-Inklizi becomes mayor.
  • 1910
  • Nadi al-Ta'ddud (Mutual Aid Society) founded.{{Citation |publisher = Duke University Press |location = Durham |editor = A. Ricardo López |isbn=9780822351177 |title = The making of the middle class |date = 2012 |chapter= Being middle class and being Arab: sectarian dilemmas and middle-class modernity in the Arab Middle East, 1908-1936 |author=Keith David Watenpaugh }}
  • Population: 130,000 (approximate).{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1911 – Baron Hotel in business.
  • 1912 – Baghdad Railway in operation.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1916 – Aleppo College established.
  • 1918 – Ihsan al-Jabiri becomes mayor.{{Citation |publisher = Cune Press |location=Seattle, USA |isbn = 9781885942401 |title = Steel & Silk |author = Sami Moubayed |date =2006 }}
  • 1920 - Syria mandated to the French; city becomes capital of State of Aleppo.
  • 1922 - Red Hand Society organized (approximate date).
  • 1924
  • Damascus and Aleppo united by the French.
  • Airport in operation (approximate date).
  • Municipal library established.{{cite journal |title=The History of Libraries in the Arab World: A Diffusionist Model |author= Arnold H. Green |journal= Libraries & Culture |year= 1988 |jstor=25542092 |volume=23 |issue= 4 |pages=454–473}}
  • 1925 – Al-Yarmouk Sporting Club formed.
  • 1927 – al-Hadith journal begins publication.{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature |year=1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415185714 }}
  • 1931 - National Museum of Aleppo founded.
  • 1933 - Grand Serail d'Alep opens.
  • 1936 - al-Nazir newspaper begins publication.{{cite journal |title=Middle-Class Modernity and the Persistence of the Politics of Notables in Inter-War Syria |author= Keith D. Watenpaugh |journal= International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume= 35 |issue= 2 |pages= 257–286 |year= 2003 |jstor=3879620 |doi= 10.1017/S0020743803000114 |s2cid= 155020440 }}
  • 1945
  • National Library of Aleppo and Club d'Alep open.
  • 1947 - Pogrom of Jews.
  • 1948
  • People's Party established.
  • Al-Baladi Stadium opens.
  • 1949
  • Aleppo Public Park created.
  • Al-Ittihad Sports Club and Jalaa FC formed.
  • 1950
  • Population: 362,500.
  • al-Nass newspaper begins publication (approximate date).
  • 1952 – Hurriya Sporting Club formed.
  • 1958 – University of Aleppo established.
  • 1963 – Nasserist insurgency.
  • 1964 – Population: 547,030 (estimate).{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1960_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1965 |year=1966 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=140–161 }}
  • 1965 – Chemins de Fer Syriens headquartered in city.
  • 1970
  • Our Lady of Assumption church opens.
  • Population: 639,428.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253–279 }}
  • 1971 – Statue of Qustaki al-Himsi erected in Liberty Square.
  • 1975 – Popular Traditions Museum opens in Beit Achiqbash.
  • 1977 – International School of Aleppo established.
  • 1979 – Aleppo Artillery School massacre took place by Muslim Brotherhood.
  • 1980 – Siege of Aleppo.
  • 1983 – International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas seed bank founded.[http://www.icarda.org/research-sub/biodiversity-and-its-utilization][https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/09/rescuing-ancient-seeds-from-a-war-torn-city/406978/]
  • 1985 – Population: 1,145,117 (estimate).{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=1985 Demographic Yearbook |year=1987 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=247–289 }}
  • 1986 – Al-Hamadaniah Stadium opens.
  • 1990 – Population: 1,216,000.
  • 1994
  • Aleppo Citadel Museum opens.
  • Population: 1,542,000 (estimate).{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm |title=1995 Demographic Yearbook |year=1997 |author=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=262–321 }}
  • 1997 – Lycée Français d'Alep established.

21st century

{{see also|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War}}

  • 2002 – Private University of Science and Arts established.
  • 2004 – Population: 2,132,100.
  • 2006 – City designated an Islamic Capital of Culture.{{cite web |url=http://www.isesco.org.ma/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=51&Itemid=81&lang=en |title=Capitals of Islamic Culture |publisher= Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |location= Morocco |access-date=21 January 2013}}
  • 2007 – Aleppo International Stadium opens.
  • 2008
  • Sabah Fakhri Institute of music opened.{{Citation |publisher = University of Texas Press |location = Austin, Tex |author = Karin van Nieuwkerk |isbn=9780292726819 |title = Muslim rap, halal soaps, and revolutionary theater: artistic developments in the Muslim world |date = 2011 }}
  • Population: 4,450,000 (estimate).{{citation |chapter=Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |chapter-url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2018/ |title=Demographic Yearbook – 2018 |publisher=United Nations }}
  • 2012
  • 10 February: Bombings.{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year |year=2013|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXadAAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-62513-103-4}}
  • 18 March: Bombing.
  • 4 May: Protest and crackdown.
  • 19 July: Battle of Aleppo begins.
  • 9 September: Bombing near the 7 April Stadium.
  • 3 October: Bombing in Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square.
  • 2013
  • 15 January: Aleppo University bombings.
  • 19 March: Chemical weapon attack by militants.
  • 2016
  • 22 December: Battle of Aleppo ends.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN14B1NQ|title=Syrian army announces victory in Aleppo in boost for Assad|date=2 January 2017|agency=Reuters|work=Huffington Post}}
  • 2020
  • 16 February: Syrian Armed Forces recapture the entire city of Aleppo.{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/b7132a6044a40d68934f693836b3a767|title=Assad vows to defeat rebels, as forces capture new ground|date=2020-02-16|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2020-02-16}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-of-aleppo-city-ends-in-syrian-army-victory-after-7-years-of-fighting/|title=Battle of Aleppo city ends in Syrian Army victory after 7+ years of fighting|author=News Desk|date=2020-02-16|website=AMN - Al-Masdar News {{!}} المصدر نيوز|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216165355/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-of-aleppo-city-ends-in-syrian-army-victory-after-7-years-of-fighting/|url-status=dead}}
  • 2024
  • 30 November: Syrian opposition forces capture most of the city in a surprise offensive.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly27r5p0yno|title=Russian strikes hit Aleppo as rebels take control|date=30 November 2024|website=BBC|access-date=30 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130143630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly27r5p0yno|url-status=live}}

See also

References

{{reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

;Published in 18th–19th century

  • {{Citation |publisher = Printed for A. Millar |location = London |title = The Natural History of Aleppo, and Parts Adjacent |author = Alexander Russell |author-link=Alexander Russell (naturalist) |date = 1756 |oclc = 13595445 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof00russ#page/n13/mode/2up |chapter=Description of the City of Aleppo

}}

  • {{Citation |publisher = Wells & Lilly |location = Boston |author = H. A. S. Dearborn |author-link=Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn |title = A Memoir on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea |date = 1819 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/memoironcommerce02dear#page/126/mode/2up |chapter= Aleppo

}}

  • {{Citation |publisher = S. Converse |location = New Haven |author1 = Jedidiah Morse |author-link1 = Jedidiah Morse |author2=Richard C. Morse |title = New Universal Gazetteer |date = 1823 |edition= 4th |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/24/mode/2up |chapter=Aleppo

|ref= {{harvid|Morse|1823}}

}}

  • {{Citation |publisher = Charles Knight |location = London |author = Henry Teonge |author-link=Henry Teonge |title = The Diary of Henry Teonge, chaplain on board His Majesty's ships Assistance, Bristol, and Royal Oak, anno 1675 to 1679 |date = 1825 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/diaryofhenryteon00teon#page/172/mode/2up |chapter= ('Description of this cytty of Aleppo'...)

}}

  • {{Citation |publisher = T. Tegg |location = London |author = Josiah Conder |author-link=Josiah Conder (editor and author) |title = Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern |date = 1834 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgeog00cond#page/6/mode/2up |chapter=Aleppo

}}

  • {{cite book |title=Commercial Statistics |author=John MacGregor |publisher=C. Knight and Co. |location=London |year= 1844 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433024596516?urlappend=%3Bseq=156 |chapter=Trade of Aleppo

|hdl=2027/nyp.33433024596516?urlappend=%3Bseq=156 |author-link=John MacGregor (Glasgow MP) }}

  • {{Citation |publisher = J. Murray |location = London |title = Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine |date = 1858 |oclc = 2300777 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kNTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA610 |chapter=Aleppo

|ref= {{harvid|Murray|1858}}

}}

  • {{cite book |title=Index of Dates ... Facts in the Chronology and History of the World |author= J. Willoughby Rosse |location= London |publisher=H.G. Bohn |year=1858 |via=Hathi Trust |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x030807786?urlappend=%3Bseq=25 |chapter= Aleppo

|hdl= 2027/uva.x030807786?urlappend=%3Bseq=25 }}

  • {{Citation |publisher = Karl Baedeker |location = Leipsig |title = Palestine and Syria |date = 1876 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qoIDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA564 |chapter = Aleppo

|ref= {{harvid|Baedeker|1876}}

}} (+ [https://books.google.com/books?id=8QdZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA430 1898 ed.] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=BykoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377 1912 ed.])

;Published in 20th century

  • {{Citation |publisher = W. & R. Chambers |date = 1901 |location = London |title = Chambers's Encyclopaedia |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/chamberssency01lond#page/142/mode/2up |chapter=Aleppo

| ref = {{harvid|Chambers|1901}}

|title-link = Chambers's Encyclopaedia }}

  • {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Aleppo |volume= 1 | page= 541 |date= 1910 | ref = {{harvid|Britannica|1910}} |short= 1}}
  • {{cite journal |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b2927384?urlappend=%3Bseq=193 |title=Aleppo |author=W.J.C. |journal=Blackwood's Magazine |year=1916 |volume=200 |pages=179–190

|hdl=2027/uc1.b2927384?urlappend=%3Bseq=193 | ref = {{harvid|Blackwood|1916}}

}}

  • Ralph Davis, Aleppo and Devonshire Square English Traders in the Levant in the Eighteenth Century (1967) Macmillan
  • {{Citation |publisher = G. Allen & Unwin |location = London |author = Hector William Dinning |title = Nile to Aleppo |date = 1920 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/niletoaleppowith00dinn#page/166/mode/2up |chapter=Aleppo

}}

  • {{cite journal |title=Population of Aleppo in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries according to Ottoman Census Documents |author= Andre Raymond |journal= International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume= 16 |issue= 4 |pages= 447–460 |year= 1984 |jstor=163151

| ref = {{harvid|Raymond|1984}}

|doi= 10.1017/S002074380002849X |s2cid= 162113165 }}

  • Yasser Tabbaa. "Circles of Power: Palace, Citadel, and City in Ayyubid Aleppo." Ars Orientalis 23 (1993): 181–200.
  • {{Cite book |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 1884964036 |title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |date = 1996 |editor=Noelle Watson |location=UK |chapter= Aleppo, Syria

}}

;Published in 21st century

  • {{cite book|author= David Dean Commins |title=Historical Dictionary of Syria |year=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4934-1 |chapter=Aleppo |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_EhACvcqVXkC

}}

  • {{cite book|editor=Josef W. Meri |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization |year= 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-96691-7 |chapter= Aleppo |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC |page=27

}}

  • {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |url=https://archive.org/details/historiccitiesis00bosw |url-access=limited |editor=C. Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |page=[https://archive.org/details/historiccitiesis00bosw/page/n20 6] |chapter=Aleppo |isbn=978-9004153882

| ref = {{harvid|Bosworth|2007}}

}}

  • {{cite book |location= Leiden |publisher= Koninklijke Brill |title=The City in the Islamic World |editor= Salma K. Jayyusi |display-editors=etal |isbn=9789004162402 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC |year= 2008

|chapter= Aleppo: from the Ottoman Metropolis to the Syrian City

|author= Jean-Claude David

|pages= 329–356

}}

  • {{cite book|author1=Gabor Agoston |author2= Bruce Alan Masters |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|year= 2009|publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |chapter=Aleppo |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC |page=30

}}

  • Nora Lafi, "[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01560321/document Building and Destroying Authenticity in Aleppo: Heritage between Conservation, Transformation, Destruction, and Re-Invention]" in Christoph Bernhardt, Martin Sabrow, Achim Saupe (eds.)., Gebaute Geschichte. Historische Authentizität im Stadtraum, Göttingen, Wallstein, 2017, pp. 206–228.
  • {{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Donald Sydney |title=The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from Al-Kāmil Fīʻl-Taʻrīkh of ʻIzz Al-Dīn Ibn Al-Athīr |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=0700715762}}
  • {{cite book|editor1-last=Winter|editor1-first=Stefan|editor2-first=Mafalda|editor2-last=Ade|title=Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane|year=2019|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-37902-2|url=https://brill.com/view/title/38977}}

{{refend}}

External links

{{commons category|History of Aleppo}}

  • {{cite web |author=Michel Ecochard |title= Aleppo Album |publisher= ArchNet |series=Regional Surveys |url= http://archnet.org/collections/151 |author-link= Michel Ecochard }} 1930s–1940s
  • {{cite web |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1454 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030204441/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1454 |archive-date=30 October 2013 |title= Aleppo |author=ArchNet |author-link=ArchNet }}
  • Europeana. [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=aleppo+syria&rows=96 Items related to Aleppo]
  • Digital Public Library of America. [http://dp.la/search?utf8=✓&page_size=100&q=aleppo+syria Items related to Aleppo]
  • {{cite web |url=http://c4sr.columbia.edu/conflict-urbanism-aleppo/ |title= Conflict Urbanism: Aleppo |editor=Laura Kurgan |publisher= Columbia University, Center for Spatial Research |location=New York |quote= Map of Aleppo...before and during the current civil war }} 2016–

{{Coord|36|13|N|37|10|E|display=title|region:SY_type:city}}

{{Aleppo landmarks}}

{{Aleppo Governorate|simeon}}

{{Syria year nav}}

Aleppo

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Category:Years in Syria