Timeline of Cairo

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cairo, Egypt.

Prior to 19th century

File:Saladin and the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1898) (14781391641).jpg

1st C. BCE – Babylon Fortress built (approximate date).
33 CE – Origins of the Coptic Orthodox Church.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
4th–5th C. CE – Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church (Abu Serga) built.
6th C. – Church of Saint Menas established.
642 – Mosque of Amr ibn al-As built.
873 – Ahmad ibn Tulun founds El-Katai.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
879
Mosque of Ibn Tulun built.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
Church of St. George built (approximate date).
Church of the Virgin Mary (Haret Zuweila) built (approximate date).
970
Misr al-Qahira settlement founded by Fatimid Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
Al-Azhar University established.
972 – Al-Azhar Mosque established.
978 –The Hanging Church rebuilt (approximate date).
979 – Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo rebuilt (approximate date).
992 – Al-Hakim Mosque built.
11th C. – Church of the Holy Virgin (Babylon El-Darag) built.
1016 – Lulua Mosque built.
1073 – Saint Barbara Church in Coptic Cairo restored.
1085 – Juyushi Mosque built.
1092 – City wall and Gates of Cairo built (including Bab Zuweila and Bab al-Nasr).
1125 – Aqmar Mosque built.
1154 – Al-Hussein Mosque built.
1160 – Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque built.
1168 – Egypt's capital moved from Fustat to Cairo.
1176 – Cairo was unsuccessfully attacked in the Crusades.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1183 – Saladin Citadel built.
ca.1205 – Harat el-Yahoud Synagogue rebuilt and Maimonides works there; it is rebuilt in the 19th century as the Maimonides Synagogue
1250 – City becomes capital of Mamluk Sultanate.
1280 – Qalawun complex built (approximate date).
1318 – Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque built.
1340 – Mosque of Amir al-Maridani established.
1347 – Aqsunqur Mosque built.
1349 – Mosque of Shaykhu built.
1352 – Amir Taz Palace built.
1355 – Khanqah of Shaykhu built.
1359 – Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan built.

File:Plan Kaira.jpg

1421 – Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad built.
1517
January: Battle of Ridaniya occurs near Cairo.{{cite book|publisher=Europa Publications |title=Political Chronology of Africa |series=Political Chronologies of the World |year= 2001 |isbn=0203409957 |chapter=Egypt |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0O86sZdHfHUC&pg=PA138 }}
Capture of Cairo by Ottoman forces.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
City becomes provincial capital during Selim I's rule of Ottoman Empire.
1774 – Mosque of Abu Dahab built.
1788 – Al Musafir Khana Palace built.
1798 – Napoleon arrives.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1800 – Population: 200,000 (approximate figure).{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}

19th century

File:Henry Salt - View of Grand Cairo (complete).jpg in 1805]]

1801 – June: Siege of Cairo – French surrender to British and Ottoman forces.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1811 – March: Massacre of the Citadel.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1822 – Arabic printing press in operation.{{sfn|Stanley|2008}}
1827 – Kasr Al-Ainy Medical School established.
1828
Government al-Waqa'i' al-Masriyya newspaper begins publication.
Dar al-Mahfuzat (government archive) established.{{cite web |url=http://hazine.info/daralmahfuzat/ |title= Dar al-Mahfuzat al-ʿUmumiyya |date=2014 |work= Hazine: a Guide to Researching the Middle East and Beyond |editor=Christopher Markiewicz |editor2=Nir Shafir }}
1848 – Mosque of Muhammad Ali built.
1854 – Khorenian School begins.
1856 – Railway station built.
1863 – Museum of Egyptian antiquities founded at Bulak.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1860 – Shepheard's Hotel in operation.
1869 – Khedivial Opera House opens.
1870 – Egyptian National Library and Archives established.
1871– 24 December: Premiere of Verdi's Aida.
1874 – Abdeen Palace built.
1875 – Al-Ahram newspaper begins publication.{{cite web |url= http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Egypt/News_and_Media/ |title=Egypt: News and Media |work=Open Directory Project |access-date=1 July 2013 }}
1877 – Traffic in slaves ceased.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1879 – Collège de la Sainte Famille founded
1880 – Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe established.{{sfn|Stanley|2008}}
1882
British occupation.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
Khedivial Sporting Club founded.
Population: 347,838.{{sfn|Chambers|1901}}{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1888 – Collège des Frères (Bab al-Louq) opens.
1892 – Ben Ezra Synagogue built.
1893 – Le Progrès Egyptien newspaper begins publication.
1897
El Khalig canal filled in.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
Population: 570,062.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1899
Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue built
Al-Ahram newspaper headquartered in Cairo.
1900 – Ets Hayim Synagogue (Hanan Synagogue) established

File:Cairo - panorama from the Citadel - left half LCCN2004707269.jpg|Cairo – panorama from the Citadel 1895

File:Cairo - Mosque LCCN2004707268.jpg|Cairo Mosque 1895

File:Cairo - soldiers and crowd in front of building LCCN2004707597.jpg|Cairo, soldiers and crowd in front of building, 1895

File:Cairo - panorama from the Citadel - right half LCCN2004707270.jpg|Cairo – panorama from the Citadel, 1895

File:Cairo - the Citadel LCCN2004707584.jpg|Cairo, the Citadel, 1895

20th century

=1900s–1940s=

File:Cairo map1933 Nicohosoff.jpg

1902 – Museum of Egyptian antiquities moved again.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1905 – Chaar Hachamaim Synagogue established
1906 – Pathé cinema built.{{Citation |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 9780415187039 |title = Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film |editor = Oliver Leaman |date = 2001 |author=Viola Shafik |author-link=Viola Shafik |chapter=Egyptian Cinema }}
1907
Al Ahly Sporting Club formed.
Population: 654,476.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1908
Cairo University and Café Riche opened.
{{interlanguage link|Egyptian School of Fine Arts|ar|3=كلية_الفنون_الجميلة_(جامعة_حلوان)}}{{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=11®ion=afe#/Key-Events |title= Egypt and North Africa, 1900 A.D.: Key Events |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |access-date= 30 August 2015 }} and American College for Girls founded.
1910
Coptic Museum built.
Heliopolis Palace Hotel opened.
Heliopolis Sporting Club founded.
1905 – Shimon Bar Yochai Synagogue established
1911
Zamalek Sporting Club formed.
Baron Empain Palace built.
1912
Boulak Bridge and Al-Rifa'i Mosque built.
1915
Arev and Housaper newspapers begin publication.
1919
Uprising against British occupation.
American University in Cairo established.
1921 – Cairo Conference held.{{sfn|Stanley|2008}}
1922
Tutankhamun's tomb discovered.
1924
19 November: British governor-general Stack of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan assassinated.
"Cairo Edition" of Quran Published
1925 – Pahad Itzhak (Kreim) Synagogue established{{cite web |url=http://www.nebidaniel.org/synagogues.php?lang=en |publisher=Association Internationale Nebi Daniel |location=France |title= Heritage of Jews from Egypt: Synagogues }}
1929 – Manial Palace built.
1932
Society Of The Muslim Brothers headquartered in Cairo.
Moussa Dar'i Synagogue established
1933 – Qasr al-Nil Bridge built.
1934 – St. George's College, Cairo established.
1934 – Meir'enaim (Biton) Synagogue established
1937
Yacoubian Building constructed.
Lycée La Liberté Héliopolis opens
1938 – Publication of The Egyptian Gazette moves from Alexandria to Cairo.
1940 – Metro Cinema opens.
1942 – Abdeen Palace Incident.
1944 – Cairo Forces Parliament meeting.
The Arab Women's Congress of 1944 is hosted by the Egyptian Feminist Union in Cairo and the Pan-Arabian Arab Feminist Union is founded.
1945
Arab League headquartered in Cairo.{{sfn|Stanley|2008}}
Ashkènazim Synagogue restored
1946 – Ali Baba Cinema opens.
1947 – Population: 2,090,654.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1955 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |pages=171–184 }}
1948
Tchahagir newspaper begins publication.
Rivoli Cinema opens.{{cite web |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/egypt/cairo?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Cairo, Egypt |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |access-date=1 July 2013 }}
1949 – 12 February: Muslim leader Hassan al-Banna assassinated.

=1950s–1990s=

1950 – Ain Shams University founded.
1952
Cairo Fire.
The Mogamma built.
Ismailia Square renamed Tahrir Square.
Egyptian Revolution of 1952
Al Akhbar starts publication.
1954 – Al Gomhuria newspaper begins publication.
1956
Cairo International Stadium opens.
City master plan created.{{cite book |title=Metropolitan Planning and Management in the Developing World: Spatial Decentralization Policy in Bombay and Cairo |author=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |publisher=UN-HABITAT |year= 1993 |isbn=9789211312331 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C }}
1959
Cairo Conservatoire opens.
Academy of Arts (Egypt) and Cairo Symphony Orchestra founded.
Arab Petroleum Congress meets in Cairo.{{cite book|author= M. S. Vassiliou|author-link= Marius Vassiliou|title=Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry |year= 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6288-3 |chapter=Chronology |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vArc08DO9ykC&pg=PR23 }}
1961 – Cairo Tower built.
1963 – Cairo International Airport opens.{{cite web|url=http://www.cairo-airport.com/airport_history2.asp|title=Airport History|publisher=Cairo International Airport|access-date=16 June 2012}}
1964 – January: 1964 Arab League summit (Cairo) held.
1965 – Population: 3.3 million.Der Volks-Brockhaus, Wiesbaden, 1965
1966 – Cairo Opera Ballet Company founded.
1967 – Bab Moshé (Ibn Maimoun) Synagogue restored.
1968 – Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral built.
1969 – Cairo International Book Fair founded.
1970
January: Israeli forces conduct aerial attacks near Cairo.
September: 1970 Arab League summit held.
Greater Cairo Master Plan created.
1972 – January: Student demonstration.{{cite book|author= Ahmed Abdalla |title=The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt: 1923–1973|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFPoWgTLq0EC|year=2008|publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-416-199-5}}
1974 – Population: 5,715,000.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253–279 }}
1975
January: Economic demonstration.
Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt) inaugurated.
1976
1976 Arab League summit (Cairo).
Cairo International Film Festival begins.
British International School in Cairo established.
Manor House School, Cairo opens.
1977 – January: Economic demonstration.
1978 – New Cairo British International School formed.
1979
Egypt Today magazine begins publication.
Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt established.{{cite web |url=http://www.faisalbank.com.eg/FIB/About_0.jsp |title=Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529051116/http://www.faisalbank.com.eg/FIB/About_0.jsp |archive-date=29 May 2013 }}
Sister city relationships established with Frankfurt and Stuttgart, Germany.
1981
6 October: Assassination of Anwar Sadat.{{citation |title=Timelines: Egypt: AD 642 to present |encyclopedia=World Book |location=US }}
Sadat Academy for Management Sciences opens.
1982
Saint Fatima School begins.
Sister city relationship established with New York City, United States.

{{cite web | url = http://www.cairo.gov.eg/EnglishPortal/Sister%20.aspx?ID=2 | title = Sister city agreements | publisher = Cairo Governorate| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313191658/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/EnglishPortal/Sister%20.aspx?ID=2 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 March 2012 }}

1984
Master Plan for Greater Cairo approved.{{sfn|Shakry|2006}}
Arab Democratic Nasserist Party founded.
1985
Child Museum opens.
Sister city relationship established with Paris, France.
1986 – February: 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot occurs.
1987 – Cairo Metro Line 1 begins operating.{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Egypt|year= 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-8025-2 |chapter=Chronology |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QQNSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PR19 }}
1988
Cairo Opera House opens.
Sister city relationship established with Istanbul, Turkey.
1989
al-Hirafiyeen neighborhood built.{{sfn|Elyachar|2003}}
Sister city relationship established with Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
1990
The American International School in Egypt opens.
Sister city relationship established with Beijing, China and Tokyo, Japan.
1991 – Al-Ahram Weekly begins publication.
1992
Earthquake.
Population: 6,800,000 (estimate).{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm |title=1995 Demographic Yearbook |year=1997 |department=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=262–321 }}
1993
Asyut–Cairo highway constructed.{{citation |author1=Sweco |author2= Nordic Consulting Group |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/00473227-EN-TAH-FINAL-VOL2.PDF |publisher=African Development Bank and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |title=Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans African Highways and the Missing Links |volume= 2: Description of Corridors |year=2003 |author1-link= Sweco }}
Sister city relationship established with Barcelona, Spain.
1995 – Dreamland development begins near city.
1996
6th October Bridge built.
Cairo Metro Line 2 (Shoubra AlKheiman- AlMounieb) opened.
1997
Aldiwan Arabic Language Center opens.
Sister city relationship established with Xi'an, China and Seoul, South Korea.
1998 – Sister city relationships established with Houston, United States and Minsk, Belarus.

21st century

=2000s=

2001
Misr American College established.
Cairo 52 arrested.
2003 – El Sawy culturewheel built.
2004
Al-masry Al-youm newspaper begins publication.
Canadian International College established.
Abdul Azim Wazir becomes governor of Cairo (approximate date).{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
2005
April 2005 Cairo terrorist attacks
British University in Egypt established.
Al-Azhar Park built.
El Fagr newspaper begins publication.
2006
City government website online (approximate date).{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061119024345/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/default.aspx |url= http://www.cairo.gov.eg |archive-date= 2006-11-19 |title= البوابة الالكترونية لمحافظة القاهرة – الصفحة الرئيسية |trans-title=Home Page of Cairo |language=ar |via= Internet Archive, Wayback Machine }}{{Chronology citation needed|date=January 2016}}
Al-Resalah television begins broadcasting.
2007
City hosts 11th Pan Arab Games.
57357 Hospital established.
2008 – Youm 7 newspaper starts publication.
2009
2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing
Cairo Jazz Festival begins.

=2010s=

2010 – Population: 7,248,671.{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2011 |date=2012 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}
2011
25 January: Uprising against Mubarak regime begins.{{citation |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12327995 |date=11 February 2011 |work=Egypt's revolution: Interactive map |title= Egypt: timeline of unrest }}
April: Abdel Qawi Khalifa becomes governor of Cairo.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
2012
Cairo Metro Line 3 (Imbaba / Mohandiseen – Cairo Int'l Airport) opened.
Heliopolis Palace incident
Pope Shenouda III, head of Egyptian Coptic church, died.{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2109512,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321013110/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2109512,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2012|title=The Death of the Coptic Pope: What Next for Egypt's Beleaguered Christians?|date=20 March 2013 |publisher=Times News }}
Protests against state president Mohamed Morsi.{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year |year=2013|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXadAAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-62513-103-4}}
2013
Anti-Morsi protests.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21191260 |title=Fatal clashes on Egypt uprising anniversary |date=25 January 2013 |publisher=BBC News }}
February: The first Iranian president, Ahmadinejad, to visit Egypt since 1979.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/feb/05/ahmadinejad-iranian-egypt-video |title=Ahmadinejad becomes first Iranian head of state to visit Egypt since 1979 |date=5 February 2013 |publisher=Guardian UK News }}
April: Violence against Coptic after funeral.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22058570 |title=Cairo clashes at St Mark's Coptic Cathedral after funerals |date=7 April 2013 |publisher=BBC News}}
3 July: 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.
8 July: "Egyptian soldiers fire on Morsi supporters protesting outside a military facility in Cairo, killing over 50."{{citation |work=New York Times |date=18 October 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/18/us/ap-ml-egypt-timeline.html?ref=aponline |title=Key Events in Egypt Since the 2011 Uprising}}
14 August: "More than 600 people, mostly Morsi supporters, are killed when police clear two pro-Morsi sit-ins in Cairo."
Air pollution in greater Cairo reaches annual mean of 76 PM2.5 and 179 PM10, much higher than recommended.{{citation |author=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |title=Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database |year=2016 |url=https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328100014/http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2014 |author-link=World Health Organization }}
2017 – Population: 9,539,673 (urban agglomeration).{{citation |chapter=Table 8 – Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |chapter-url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2018/ |title=Demographic Yearbook – 2018 |publisher=United Nations }}

=2020s=

2021 – 2021 Cairo clothing factory fire

References

Bibliography

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{{Cite book |publisher = B. Quaritch |location = London |author = Edward Balfour |author-link = Edward Balfour |title = Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia |date = 1885 |edition=3rd |chapter=Cairo |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/cyclopaediaofind01balfuoft#page/542/mode/2up

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=Published in 20th century=

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{{Citation |publisher = Sphinx Printing Press |location = Cairo |author = Mrs. R.L. Devonshire |title = Rambles in Cairo |date = 1917

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{{Cite book|title=Cairo|author=André Raymond|isbn=0-674-00316-0|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cairo0000raym}}

=Published in 21st century=

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{{citation |title=Cairo Cosmopolitan: Politics, Culture, And Urban Space In The New Globalized Middle East |editor=Diane Singerman |editor2=Paul Amar |publisher= American Univ in Cairo Press |year= 2006 |isbn= 9789774249280 |chapter=Cairo as Capital of Socialist Revolution? |author= Omnia el Shakry

|ref= {{harvid|Shakry|2006}}

}}

{{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |chapter=Cairo |isbn=9789047423836

|ref= {{harvid|Bosworth|2007}}

}}

{{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |location = Santa Barbara, US |editor2 = Michael R.T. Dumper |editor1=Bruce E. Stanley |chapter= Cairo |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date = 2008 |isbn =9781576079201

|ref= {{harvid|Stanley|2008}}

}}

{{cite book|editor=Gabor Agoston|editor2=Bruce Alan Masters |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |year= 2009|publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |chapter= Cairo |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC |page=112

}}

{{cite book |chapter=Cairo |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195309911 |page= 321+ |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC

}}

{{cite book|editor=Gerhard Böwering |title= Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13484-0 |chapter=Cairo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC |page=80

}}

External links

{{cite web |url= http://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22Cairo%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.title%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22bibjson.year.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22bibjson.month.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A100%7D |title= (Cairo) |work=Directory of Open Access Journals |location=UK }} (Bibliography of open access {{open access}} articles)
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205164951/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1569 |archive-date= 2013-12-05 |url-status=dead |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1569 |title=Cairo |author=ArchNet |author-link=ArchNet }}
{{cite web |url= http://www.qdl.qa/en/search/site/Cairo |title=(Cairo) |via= Qatar National Library, Qatar Digital Library }} (Images, etc.)
{{cite web |url= https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=Cairo&rows=96 |title= (Cairo) |via= Europeana }} (Images, etc.)
{{cite web |url= http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=Cairo+Egypt&utf8=✓ |title= (Cairo) |via= Digital Public Library of America }} (Images, etc.)
{{cite web |url= http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/vk/?k0=title&v0=Cairo&c=UBFfm631&c=GIGA_swb&c=ascLeiden&c=NAI&c=IFEAS&c=ilissOLC&c=AiLiSs&c=base&c=dkg |title=(Cairo) |publisher= Frankfurt University Library |work=Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa |location=Germany |date=14 January 2019 }} (Bibliography)
{{cite web |url= http://www.connecting-africa.net/query_2.php?F9=0&S0=Cairo&F0=0 |title=(Cairo) |work=Connecting-Africa |publisher=African Studies Centre |location=Leiden, Netherlands }} (Bibliography)
{{cite web |url= http://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=Cairo |title=(Cairo) |work= AfricaBib.org }} (Bibliography)
{{cite web |url= http://www.blackpast.org/gah/cairo-egypt-founded-c-969-d |title= Cairo, Egypt |work= BlackPast.org |location=US |date= 22 February 2011 }}