Hassan al-Banna

Hassan al-Banna was born on 14 October 1906 in Mahmudiyya, a rural Nile Delta town in the Beheira Governorate northwest of Cairo.

{{Islamism sidebar|Key ideologues}}

His father, Sheikh Ahmed Abd al-Rahman al-Banna al-Sa'ati, was a Hanbali imam,[http://www.almujtamaa-mag.com/Detail.asp?InSectionID=2332&InNewsItemID=297055 "من أعلام الدعوة والحركة الإسلامية المعاصرة":الشيخ المحدّث أحمد عبد الرحمن البنا الساعاتي بقية السلف وزينة الخلف]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}، مجلة المجتمع الكويتية، 20 ديسمبر 2008م muezzin and mosque teacher. His father was an important spiritual influence during al-Banna's early life. Sheikh Ahmed was known for his work as a Hanbali scholar, particularly his classifications of the traditions of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal. These classifications became known as musnad al-fath al-rabbani. Through this work, Sheikh Ahmed forged connections with Islamic scholars that proved useful when his son moved to Cairo in 1932.

In addition to his early exposure to puritanism, Hassan al-Banna was inspired by Rashid Rida's magazine, Al-Manar and he was heavily influenced by Islamic fundamentalism as a youth in Mahmudiyya.

Al-Banna was first exposed to Egyptian nationalist politics during the Egyptian Revolution of 1919; he was thirteen years old at the time. In his personal accounts, Al-Banna identified himself with the widespread activism of the time. Despite his young age, al-Banna participated in demonstrations in Damanhur, published political pamphlets and founded youth reform societies.{{Cite book |last=al-Banna |first=Hassan |title=Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya |publisher=International Islamic Publishers |year=1982 |edition=1st |location=Karachi |translator-last=Shaikh |translator-first=M.N. |trans-title=Memoirs of Hasan al Banna Shaheed}} Although Al-Banna's family were not members of the Egyptian elite, they were relatively well-respected in Mahmudiyya. Sheikh Ahmed's was a distinguished Imam and the family owned some property. However, during the 1920s economic crisis, the family had trouble sustaining the upkeep of their property and moved to Cairo in 1924.

In Mahmudiyya, al-Banna studied in the village mosque with Sheikh Zahran. The two developed a close relationship that influenced al-Banna's early intellectual and religious development. In addition to the mosque school, al-Banna received private instruction from his father. He also studied in Cairo for four years; he attended Dar al-‘Ulum, an Egyptian institution that educated prospective teachers in modern subjects. The school was not very traditional and al-Banna enrolled against his father's wishes, as a break from typical Islamic conservatism. Building upon his father's scholarly connections, al-Banna became associated with the Islamic Society for Nobility of Islamic Morals and the Young Men's Muslim Association (YMMA). He published more than fifteen articles in Majallat al-Fath, an influential Islamic journal associated with the YMMA.

Hasan Al-Banna headed to Cairo in 1923 to enroll as a student in Dar al-Ulum college. His student life would be a significant experience for his ideological formation. In the face of an urban social life vastly different from his rural upbringing, Al-Banna "noticed a defection of the educated youth from what he considered to be the Islamic way of life." Al-Banna also had disdain for Egypt's liberal political class. It was during this time that he became exposed to the works of the Salafi scholar Rashid Rida. He was a regular visitor of the Salafiyya book store, at that time directed by Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib; and often attended the lectures of Rashid Rida. For Al-Banna, Rida's works provided him theological guidance to rectify the faults he was witnessing in Egypt.{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021 |title= The Family Tree of Islamist Extremism | url=https://encyclopediageopolitica.com/2021/03/02/the-family-tree-of-islamist-extremism |url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302231204/https://encyclopediageopolitica.com/2021/03/02/the-family-tree-of-islamist-extremism/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Geopolitica}}{{Cite book|last=P. Mitchell|first=Richard|title=The Society of the Muslim Brothers|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1968|isbn=0-19-508437-3|location=New York-4314|page=5|chapter=Chapter 1: HASAN AL-BANNA AND THE FOUNDING OF THE SOCIETY OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERS}}

Al-Banna learned of the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, while he was still a student. This event influenced him greatly; although the caliphate had no power, he viewed its end as a "calamity". He later called the events a "declaration of war against all shapes of Islam".{{cite book|last1=Farmer|first1=Brian R.|title=Understanding Radical Islam: Medieval Ideology in the Twenty-first Century|date=2007|publisher=Peter Lang|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQ0hhu8l7IC&q=al-banna+on+caliphate&pg=PA83|access-date=29 December 2016|isbn=9780820488431}}

After completing his studies at a Dar al-‘Ulum in 1927, al-Banna became a primary school teacher in Ismailia. At that time, Ismailia was the location of the Egyptian headquarters of the Suez Canal. Foreign influence was stronger in Ismailia than in other parts of Egypt. While living there, al-Banna grew increasingly disillusioned with British cultural colonialism. He was especially concerned that hasty attempts to modernize Egypt often had the negative effect of compromising Islamic principles. Many Egyptian nationalists were also dissatisfied with Wafd leadership, mainly because of its moderate stances and insistence on secularism.

Hassan al-Banna became acquainted with many important thinkers in Cairo, and had also established personal correspondence with Rashid Rida. Here, Al-Banna developed an ideological framework which synthesised the worldview of past Islamic revivalists in Rashid Rida's interpretation. One of the most important revivalist ideas advocated by Rida was the formation of an Islamic state that would govern by the Sharia and return to a society modelled during the time of Muhammad and his companions. This idea of a revolutionary struggle based on Islamic principles would guide Hassan al-Banna's later life and manifest in the formation of the Muslim Brotherhood.

File:Hassan el banna ikhwan.jpg

Following the ideas of Rashid Rida, Al-Banna believed that moral decay was the primary cause of societal and political decline and felt that talks held within the arena of mosques were not sufficient to hold the influx of societal liberalisation encouraged by political secularisation. In his time at Ismailia, Al-Banna took to the cafes to preach to the general public in short lectures. His charismatic speeches attracted a large number of youth to his call. In March 1928 six workers affiliated with the Suez Canal company approached Banna, complaining about injustices suffered by Muslims at the hands of foreign colonialist control. They appointed Banna as their leader and to work for Islam through Jihad and revive Islamic Brotherhood. Thus, the Muslim Brothers were born; under the pledge that its members would

“be soldiers in the call to Islam, and in that is the life for the country and the honour for the Ummah... We are brothers in the service of Islam.. Hence we are the “Muslim Brothers”.”{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst|first=Reza|title=The Inevitable Caliphate? - A History of the Struggle for Global Islamic Union, 1924 to the Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-932799-7|location=New York|pages=68–69}}{{Cite book|last=DE BELLAIGUE|first=CHRISTOPHER|title=The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason- 1798 to Modern Times|publisher=LIVERIGHT PUBLISHING CORPORATION|year=2017|isbn=978-0-87140-373-5|location=New York|page=376|chapter=Chapter 6: Counter-Enlightenment}}

At first, the Muslim Brotherhood was only one of many small Islamic associations that existed at the time. Similar to the organizations that al-Banna had himself joined at a young age, these organizations aimed to promote personal piety and engaged in pure charitable activities. By the late 1930s, the Muslim Brotherhood had established branches in every Egyptian province.

A decade later, the organization had 500,000 active members and as many sympathizers in Egypt alone.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Its appeal was not limited only to Egypt; its popularity had grown in several other countries. The organization's growth was particularly pronounced after al-Banna relocated their headquarters to Cairo in 1932. The most important factor contributing to this dramatic expansion was the organizational and ideological leadership provided by al-Banna.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

In Ismailia, al-Banna preached not only in the mosque, but also in the coffee houses; in those times, coffee houses were generally viewed as a morally suspect novelty. When some of his views on relatively minor points of Islamic practice led to strong disagreements with the local religious elite, he adopted the policy of avoiding religious controversies.Mitchell, 7.Lia, 32–35.

Al-Banna was appalled by the many conspicuous signs of foreign military and economic domination in Ismailia: the British military camps, the public utilities, farms, food supply were owned by foreign interests, and the comfortable villas of the foreign management of the Suez Canal Company, next to the simple shacks of the Egyptian workers.

File:Ikhwan-Kateba.jpg

Al-Banna endeavored to bring about reforms through institution-building, relentless activism at the grassroots level and a reliance on mass communication. He built a complex mass movement that featured sophisticated governance structures; sections in charge of furthering the society's values among peasants, workers and professionals; units entrusted with key functions, including propagation of the message, liaison with the Islamic world and press and translation; and specialized committees for finances and legal affairs. Declaring Islam as the only comprehensive religious system that could solve the challenges of modernity and calling upon Muslims to reject Western ideologies, Al-Banna wrote:

"If the French Revolution decreed the rights of man and declared for freedom, equality and brotherhood, and if the Russian revolution brought closer the classes and social justice for the people, the great Islamic Revolution [had] decreed all that 1300 years before. It did not confine itself to philosophical theories but rather spread these principles through daily life, and added to them [the notions of] divinity of mankind, and the perfectibility of his virtues and [the fulfilment of] his spiritual tendencies".{{Cite book|last=P. Mitchell |first=Richard |title=The Society of the Muslim Brothers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 | isbn=0-19-508437-3 |location=New York-4314 |chapter= IX: The Solution | pages=232–233}}{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Talmiz |title=West Asia at War: Repression, Resistance and Great Power Games |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-5489-525-8 |location=4th Floor, Tower A, Building No. 10, Phase II, DLF Cyber City, Gurugram, Haryana – 122002 |chapter=5: Islam at the Heart of West Asian Politics (1979-2001)}}

Al-Banna relied on pre-existing social networks―in particular those built around mosques, Islamic welfare associations and neighborhood groups―to anchor the Muslim Brotherhood into Egyptian society. This weaving of traditional ties into a distinctively modern structure was at the root of his success. Directly attached to the brotherhood, and feeding its expansion, were numerous businesses, clinics, and schools. In addition, members were affiliated with the movement through a series of cells, revealingly called usar ("families").{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The material, social and psychological support provided by the Muslim Brotherhood were instrumental to the movement's ability to generate enormous loyalty among its members and to attract new recruits. The movement was built around services and an organizational structure intended to enable individuals to integrate into a distinctly Islamic setting that was shaped by the society's own principles.

Rooted in Islam, Al-Banna's message tackled issues including colonialism, public health, educational policy, natural resources management, social inequalities, pan-Islamism, nationalism, Arab nationalism, the weakness of the Islamic world on the international scene, and the growing conflict in Palestine.Mura, 61–85. By emphasizing concerns that appealed to a variety of constituencies, al-Banna was able to recruit from among a cross-section of Egyptian society—though modern-educated civil servants, office employees, and professionals remained dominant among the organization's activists and decision-makers. Al-Banna was also active in resisting British colonial rule in Egypt.

Al-Banna warned his readers against the "widespread belief among many Muslims" that jihad of the heart was more important and demanding than jihad of the sword.{{sfn|Kadri|2012|p=158}} He called on Muslims to prepare for jihad against colonial powers:

Muslims ... are compelled to humble themselves before non-Muslims, and are ruled by unbelievers. Their lands have been trampled over, and their honor besmirched. Their adversaries are in charge of their affairs, and the rites of their religion have fallen into abeyance with their own domains ... Hence it has become an individual obligation, which there is no evading, on every Muslim to prepare his equipment, to make up his mind to engage in jihad, and to get ready for it until the opportunity is ripe and God decrees.Al-Banna, Hasan, Five Tracts of Hasan Al-Banna, (1906–49): A Selection from the "Majmu'at Rasa'il al-Imam al-Shahid Hasan al-Banna", Translated by Charles Wendell. Berkeley, CA, 1978, pp.150, 155;

With his work On Jihad written toward the end of the 1930s, he became "the first influential scholar since the 1857 India uprising" to call for jihad against unbelievers.{{sfn|Kadri|2012|p=158}}

Al-Banna was well known for his emphasis on importance of propagating Islam and on jihad of the sword in the face of Western power.

{{blockquote|The Quran has appointed the Muslims guardians over immature humanity and gave them dominion and sovereignty over the world to serve this noble purpose. Our mission is to guide all humanity towards the pure Islamic principles without which man cannot attain happiness. God has also commanded us to spread Islam by reason and persuasion, but if we are opposed, then by the sword and the spear.Al-Banna, Hasan, Al-Rasa'el (The Epistles, a collection of his sermons), al-Mo'assasa al-Islamiya, Beirut 1984, p.35-37; cited in {{cite book |title=Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam |first1= Jebran |last1=Chamieh |publisher= Research and Publishing House |date=1977 |page=146}}}}

He also believed that the doctrine of early Muslims towards disbelievers in the creation of their empire had not been outdated. "Islam presents hostile [Christians and Jews] with three choices: Acceptance of Islam, war, or paying the poll tax" (jizya).Al-Banna, Hasan, Al-Rasa'el (The Epistles, a collection of his sermons), al-Mo'assasa al-Islamiya, Beirut 1984, p.43; cited in {{cite book |title=Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam |first1= Jebran |last1=Chamieh |publisher= Research and Publishing House |date=1977 |page=68}} Although neither a ruler nor a scholar, in the history of the Islamic world Al-Banna notable for inspiring individual Muslims to wage "free-lance" jihad warfare "for the first time" -- as prior to his influence jihad had been led a caliph or Muslim ruler.{{sfn|Kadri|2012|p=160}}

File:Al-Banna and al-Masri.jpg (fourth from right), Mohamed Ali Eltaher (second from the right) and Egyptian, Palestinian and Algerian political and religious figures at a reception in Cairo, 1947]]

Among the Muslim Brothers' most notable accomplishments during these early years was its involvement in the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. The Muslim Brothers launched a pro-Palestine campaign which contributed to making the Palestine issue a widespread Muslim concern. The Muslim Brothers carried out a fundraising campaign said to have relied upon donations from the rural and urban working classes, rather than wealthy Egyptians. In addition to their fundraising efforts, the Muslim Brothers also organized special prayers for Palestinian Arab nationalists, held political rallies, and distributed propaganda. Although the Arab revolt in Palestine was ultimately suppressed through repression and military action, the Muslim Brothers' impressive mobilization efforts helped make the Palestinian question a pan-Arab concern in the Middle East.

When Rashid Rida died in August 1935, his Al-Manar magazine also perished with him. Sometime in 1939, Hassan al-Banna resurrected Al-Manar to further promote the revolutionary ideology pioneered by the Muslim Brotherhood and claim Rashid Rida's legacy.

Hassan al-Banna in two of his writings, Peace In Islam and Our Message, criticizes the ultra-nationalism of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy as being a "reprehensible idea" within which was "not the slightest good""Six Tracts of Hasan Al-Bana", page 70, Africaw for Publishing and Distribution, 2006 and which gave power to "chosen tyrants".{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/97406376/Peace-in-Islam-Hassan-Al-Banna|title = Peace in Islam - Hassan Al-Banna | PDF | God in Islam | Muhammad}} According to historian Malise Ruthven, he expressed `considerable admiration for the Nazi Brownshirts` during the 1930s.{{cite book |last1=Ruthven |first1=Malise |title=A fury for God : the Islamist attack on America |date=2002 |publisher=Granta |location=London, NY |page=73 |url=https://archive.org/details/furyforgodislami0000ruth/mode/2up?q=brownshirts |access-date=12 February 2025}} He used the name kata'ib (phalanges) for the units of his organization, in the style of Francisco Franco, the Fascist dictator of Spain (according to Paul Berman).{{cite book |last1=Berman |first1=Paul |title=Terror and Liberalism |date=2003 |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |page=59}}

Between 1948 and 1949, shortly after the society sent volunteers to fight against Israel in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the conflict between the monarchy and the organization reached its climax. Concerned with the Brotherhood's increasing assertiveness and popularity among the masses, as well as being alarmed by rumours that the Brotherhood was plotting a coup against the monarchy and cabinet, Prime Minister Nokrashy Pasha (whose predecessor had been slain by a Brotherhood adherent near the end of World War II) outlawed the organization in December 1948. The Brotherhood's assets were impounded and scores of its members were sent to jail. Following the murder of Nokrashy Pasha by a student member of the Brotherhood,Biographical Dictionary Of Modern Egypt (American University in Cairo Press {{ISBN|1-55587-229-8}}) Al-Banna released a statement condemning the assassination and stating that terror is not acceptable in Islam.Mitchell, Richard Paul, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 68–69http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/hassan_al-banna.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208111805/http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/hassan_al-banna.htm |date=2012-02-08 }} suggests that al-Banna favoured assassination and therefore was assassinated by the government.{{cite web|url=http://allthingspoliticaltoday.com/articles/the-roots-of-al-qaeda|title=The Roots of al-Qaeda|publisher=All Things Political Today|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122155918/http://allthingspoliticaltoday.com/articles/the-roots-of-al-qaeda|archive-date=22 November 2011|url-status=live}}

On 12 February 1949, al-Banna and his brother-in-law Abdul Karim Mansur were scheduled to negotiate with the government's representative, Minister Zaki Ali Pasha, at the Jama'iyyat al-Shubban al-Muslimeen headquarters in Cairo—but the minister never arrived. By 5 p.m., al-Banna and his brother-in-law had decided to leave. As they stood waiting for a taxi, they were shot by two men. Al-Banna eventually died from his wounds. King Farouk and his Iron Guard of Egypt were accused of being behind the assassination.{{cite web|url=http://egyptianchronicles.blogspot.com/2008/02/egyptian-x-files-who-killed-hassan-al.html|title=Egyptian Chronicles: Egyptian X-files: Who Killed Hassan Al Bana ??|last=Zeinobia|date=27 February 2008|access-date=17 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420072042/http://egyptianchronicles.blogspot.com/2008/02/egyptian-x-files-who-killed-hassan-al.html|archive-date=20 April 2015|url-status=live}} His father Ahmed retrieved his corpse from Qasr El Eyni Hospital to his house, then his coffin was carried by women with the police escort who prevented men from attending his funeral except for Makram Ebeid who was a government figure.{{cite web |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/4/0/69312/Opinion/Makram-Ebeid-Pacha--Hassan-ElBanna-Egypts-golden-a.aspx |title=Makram Ebeid Pacha & Hassan El-Banna: Egypt's golden age of national unity |website=ahram.org |date=17 April 2013 }}

Al-Banna's daughter Wafa al-Banna was married to Said Ramadan, who became a major leader of the Muslim Brotherhood. Their two sons, Tariq Ramadan and Hani Ramadan, are Islamic scholars and educationists. Hassan al-Banna's younger brother, Gamal al-Banna, was a more liberal scholar and proponent of Islamic reform.Caroline Fourest, Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan, Encounter Books (2008), p. 7

Hassan al-Banna wrote more than 2000 articles and many books, which include an autobiographical novel entitled Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya (Remembrances of Preaching and of a Preacher).Brigitte Maréchal, The Muslim Brothers in Europe: Roots and Discourse, BRILL (2008), p. 89

• History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

{{reflist}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• {{cite book |last=Gensicke |first=Klaus |year=2007 |title=Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsozialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis |location=Darmstadt |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |isbn=978-3-534-20808-1 |language=de}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kadri |first1=Sadakat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law |title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... |date=2012 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780099523277 }}
• {{Cite book |last=Krämer |first=Gudrun |author-link=Gudrun Krämer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhu9DwAAQBAJ |title=Hasan Al-Banna |publisher=Oneworld Publications |year=2014 |isbn=9781780742120}}
• {{cite book |last=Lia |first=Brynjar |year=1998 |title=The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement |location=Reading, UK |publisher=Garnet |isbn=978-0-86372-220-2 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Mallmann |first1=Klaus-Michael |name-list-style=amp |first2=Martin |last2=Cüppers |year=2006 |title=Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, die Araber und Palästina |location=Darmstadt |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |isbn=978-3-534-19729-3 }}
• {{citation|last=Mitchell|first=Richard P.|year=1993|title=The Society of the Muslim Brothers|location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508437-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltVtj3Kh7IIC}}
• {{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2012 |title=A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–85 |doi= 10.1080/13569317.2012.644986|s2cid=144873457 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI }}
• {{cite book|first=Andrea|last=Mura|title=The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought|url=https://www.routledge.com/products/9781472443892|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|place=London}}
• {{cite journal |last=Soage |first=Ana B. |year=2008 |title=Hasan al-Banna or the politicisation of Islam |journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=21–42 |doi= 10.1080/14690760701856374|s2cid=144898080 }}
• {{Cite book

| publisher = Knopf

| isbn = 978-0-375-41486-2

| last = Wright

| first = Lawrence

| author-link = Lawrence Wright

| title = The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11

| date = 2006-08-08

| page = [https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/480 480]

| title-link = The Looming Tower

}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060725223759/http://www.youngmuslims.ca/biographies/display.asp?ID=8 Hasan Al-Banna] at www.youngmuslims.ca

{{Wikiquote}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080129131208/http://www.hassanalbanna.org/ www.hassanalbanna.org]
• [http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcd.j0s2yt0jfme6y.html biography]
• [http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcg.79wrak97tj54a.html Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, Al-Banna was one of the century's most original thinkers]
• [http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcc.iq0a2bqisy-82.html The Ten Principles of Hasan al-Banna]
• [http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcd.x0o2yt0xxme6y.html Letter to a Muslim Student]
• [http://www.islamtimes.org/vdca.unyk49nuogt14.html Hasan al-Banna]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090902105703/http://www.makingsenseofjihad.com/albannas_on_jihad/ "On Jihad" from Five Tracts of Hasan al-Banna]

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{{succession box|title=General Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood|before=New position|after=Hassan al-Hudaybi|years=1928–1949}}

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