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Timeline of Mashhad

{{short description|History}}

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mashhad, Iran.

{{Dynamic list}}

{{TOC right}}

Prior to 20th century

{{History of Iran}}

  • 330 BCE - Passage and residence of Alexander the Great during his Persian campaign.Diodorus (17.77.5)Curtius (6.6.4-5)Justin (12.3.8 )Arrian (4.9.9) Probably the first settlement in the modern city area.[http://lib.eshia.ir/71860/48/321 muhammad-bagher al-majlisi, bahaar-ol-anvaar][http://lib.eshia.ir/71660/2/299 feiz al-kashaani, al-vaafi]
  • 818 CE - Death of Ali al-Ridha (8th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam) at Sanābādh; Imam Reza shrine established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 970s-990s - Imam Reza Shrine demolished "in an act of fanaticism" by Ghaznavid Nāṣer-al-dawla Sübüktigin.{{sfn|Mawlawī|2011}}
  • 1009 - Imam Reza Shrine rebuilt.{{sfn|Mawlawī|2011}}{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1121 - Town wall built.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1161 - Mashhad sacked by Ghuzz Turks.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1389 - Nearby Tus besieged and "left a heap of ruins" by forces of Timurid Miran Shah; refugees flee to Mashhad.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1418 - Goharshad Mosque built.{{cite web |author=Massumeh Farhad |author-link=Massumeh Farhad |title=Mashhad |url= |work=Oxford Art Online}} Retrieved 9 February 2017
  • 1426 - Bala-yi sar madrasa built at the Imam Reza shrine.
  • 1439 - Du-dar madrasa built by Shah Rukh at the Imam Reza shrine.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1457 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi established.
  • 1501 - Twelver Shia Islam declared official state religion in Iran, a development beneficial to Mashhad as a holy city (approximate date).{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}{{cite book|author= John H. Lorentz |title= A to Z of Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-rIhengOn0C|year= 2010|publisher= Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7638-5}}
  • 1507 - Mashhad taken by forces of Uzbek Muhammad Shaybani.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1544 - Mashhad sacked by Uzbek forces.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1589 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Shaybanid Abd al-Mumin.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1598 - Mashhad taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia; Uzbeks defeated.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1722 - Afghan Abdalis in power.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1726 - Mashhad besieged by Persian forces.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1753 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Afghan Ahmad Shah Durrani.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1803 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Fath Ali Shah.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
  • 1849 - Mashhad taken by forces of Husam al-Saltana.{{sfn|Streck|1934}}
  • 1876 - Palace of Abbas Mirza built.{{sfn|Streck|1934}}
  • 1889 - British and Russian governments maintain consulates-general.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}

20th century

  • 1912 - 29 March: Bombing of city by Russians.{{sfn|Streck|1934}}
  • 1918
  • Mashhad municipality (administrative entity) formed.{{cite web |url=https://en.mashhad.ir/index.php |title= Mashhad Municipality Portal |access-date= 9 February 2017 }}
  • Mirza Abdol-Raheem Khan Zand Kashef ol-Molk (میرزا عبدالرحیم خان زند کاشف الملک) becomes the city's first mayor.
  • 1920 - Population: 70,000-80,000 (approximate estimate).{{cite book |title= Statesman's Year-Book |title-link=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1921 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Persia |hdl=2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1219 |chapter-url= https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1219 |via=HathiTrust |quote=Meshed }}
  • 1925 / 1304 SH - 31 March: Solar Hijri calendar legally adopted in Iran.
  • 1949 - Razavi University established.
  • 1959 - Nader Shah Mausoleum erected.{{cite web |url=http://archnet.org/authorities/3822 |title=City: Mashhad, Iran |work=ArchNet |publisher=MIT Libraries |access-date= 9 February 2017 }}
  • 1963 - Population: 312,186 (estimate).{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1960_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1965 |year=1966 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=140–161 }}
  • 1964 - Astan Quds Razavi Central Museum inaugurated.
  • 1966 - Mashhad railway station opens.
  • 1968 - {{illm|سینما هویزه|fa}} (cinema) established.{{Chronology citation needed|date=February 2017}}
  • 1970 - {{illm|سینما قدس (مشهد)|fa}} (cinema) established.{{Chronology citation needed|date=February 2017}}
  • 1971 - {{illm|سینما آفریقا (مشهد)|fa}} (cinema) established.{{Chronology citation needed|date=February 2017}}
  • 1980 - {{illm|باغ‌وحش وکیل‌آباد|fa}} (zoo) established.{{Chronology citation needed|date=February 2017}}
  • 1982 - Population: 1,120,000 (estimate).{{cite book |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=1985 Demographic Yearbook |year=1987 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=247–289 }}
  • 1983 - Samen Stadium opens.
  • 1995 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi new building opens.
  • 1996 - Population: 1,887,405.{{cite book |title= Statesman's Yearbook 2003 |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XXQDQAAQBAJ |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=UK |isbn= 978-0-333-98096-5 |chapter=Countries of the World: Iran }}

21st century

See also

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

This article incorporates information from the Persian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

=in English=

  • {{cite book |title= Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the Years 1821 and 1822 |author= James Baillie Fraser |location=London |publisher= Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |year=1825

|chapter= (Mushed)

|chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofjourn00frasuoft#page/438/mode/2up

}}

  • {{Citation |publisher = B. Quaritch |location = London |author = Edward Balfour |author-link=Edward Balfour |title = Cyclopaedia of India |edition=3rd |date = 1885 |chapter-url= https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015068611014?urlappend=%3Bseq=940 |chapter= Meshed

|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015068611014?urlappend=%3Bseq=940 }}

  • {{cite book |title=Lands of the Eastern Caliphate |author= Guy Le Strange |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 1905

|chapter= Khurasan: (Mashhad)

|chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/landsofeasternca00lest#page/388/mode/1up

}}

  • {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Meshed |volume= 18 |last= Houtum-Schindler |first= Albert |author-link= Albert Houtum-Schindler | pages = 177–178 |date=1910 |ref= {{harvid|Britannica|1910}} |short= 1}}
  • {{cite book |title= Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |editor= M.T. Houtsma |display-editors=etal |year=1934

|author=M. Streck |author-link=:de:Maximilian Streck |title-link=Encyclopaedia of Islam |chapter= Meshhed |pages=467–477

| ref = {{harvid|Streck|1934}}

}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC 1993 reprint]

  • {{Citation |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC |editor= Noelle Watson |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=9781884964039 |year= 1996

|chapter= Mashhad

}}

  • {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=C. Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC

|chapter= Mashhad |pages= 332–338

|isbn=978-9004153882 |ref = {{harvid|Bosworth|2007}}

}}

|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/astan-e-qods-e-razawi

|title= Āstān-e Qods-e Rażawī

|author= ʿA.-Ḥ. Mawlawī, M. T. Moṣṭafawī, and E. Šakūrzāda

|year= 2011

|ref = {{harvid|Mawlawī|2011}}

}} (Article about the shrine)

  • {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Iranica |year= 2012

|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bibliographies-ii

|title= Bibliographies and Catalogues in Iran: Mašhad

|author1= Aḥmad Monzawī |author2= ʿAlī Naqī Monzawī

}}

=in other languages=

  • {{citation |author= Muhammad Hasan Khan Sani al-Dawla |title= Matla' al-shams |location=Tehran |language=fa |oclc=45141226 }} 1883-1885
  • {{citation |author=M. P. Pagnini Alberti |title= Strutture commerciali di una città di pelligrinaggio: Mashhad (Iran nord-orientale) |publisher= Università degli Studi di Trieste, Istituto de Geografia |oclc=492722329 |language=it |year= 1971 }}

{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Mashhad}}

  • [http://www.qdl.qa/en/search/site/mashhad Items related to Mashhad], various dates (via Qatar Digital Library)
  • {{cite web |work= Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran |url= http://search.qajarwomen.org/search?query=mashhad&lang=en |title=(Mashhad) |publisher=Harvard University |quote=Primary-source materials related to the social and cultural history of women's worlds in Qajar Iran }}
  • [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=Mashhad+Iran&rows=96 Items related to Mashhad], various dates (via Europeana)
  • [http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=Mashhad+Iran&utf8=✓ Items related to Mashhad], various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
  • {{citation |url=http://www.asnad.org/en/browse/key/place/en/156/ |title= (Mashhad) |work=Asnad.org: Digital Persian Archive |publisher=Philipps-Universität Marburg |quote= Image Database of Persian Historical Documents from Iran and Central Asia up to the 20th Century }}

{{Years in Iran}}

Category:Years in Iran

Category:Mashhad

Mashhad

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