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Timeline of Welsh history

{{short description|List of significant events in the history of Wales}}

{{For|individual years in Wales|List of years in Wales}}

{{History of Wales}}

{{use British English|date=August 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

__NOTOC__

This is a timeline of Welsh history, comprising important legal and territorial changes, and political events in Wales.

{{Dynamic list}}

Prehistory: Mesolithic/Neolithic periods{{•}}Bronze/Iron Ages
Centuries: 1st{{•}}2nd{{•}}3rd{{•}}4th{{•}}5th{{•}}6th{{•}}7th{{•}}8th{{•}}9th{{•}}10th{{•}}11th{{•}}12th{{•}}13th{{•}}14th{{•}}15th{{•}}16th{{•}}17th{{•}}18th{{•}}19th{{•}}20th{{•}}21st
References{{•}}Sources

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Mesolithic and Neolithic periods

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c. 31,000 BC

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Earliest reliably-dated "modern human" burial with artefacts, first discovered in the 1820s on the Gower in Swansea. After the Red Lady of Paviland bones were recalibrated in 2009,{{cite web|title=Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older!|url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/welsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm|access-date=28 September 2010|publisher=Current Archaeology|date=6 November 2007|website=archaeology.co.uk website}} : see Red Lady of Paviland the (male) Homo sapiens bones were determined to be from 33,000 years ago.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm |title=Ancient skeleton was 'even older' |access-date=29 December 2010 |date=30 October 2007 |work=BBC News}}
{{nowrap|c. 6000 BC}}

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Following the end of glaciation and sea level stabilisation, Wales becomes roughly the shape it is today and is inhabited by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.{{sfn|Pollard|2001|pp=13–25}}
c. 4000 BC

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The earliest farming communities become established in Wales, marking the beginning of the Neolithic period.{{cite web|title=GGAT 72 Overviews|url=http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf|page= 47|access-date=22 February 2019|publisher=Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust|year=2003|website=A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA}} Megalithic tombs still survive from this period, such as the Pentre Ifan Dolmen in Pembrokeshire.{{Coflein|num=101450 |desc=Pentre Ifan Chambered Tomb, Near Nevern |access-date=29 September 2021}}

Bronze and Iron Ages

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c. 2500–2100 BC

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Metal tools first appear, as copper ores are extracted from deep open cast mines in central and northern Wales. Implements are initially made from copper, followed by bronze (made by adding tin and lead to copper).{{cite web|url=http://www.welshcopper.org.uk/en/copper-guides_exhibition_wales.htm|title=Copper in Wales|website=A World of Welsh Copper|access-date=23 February 2019}}
c. 2500–700 BC

|

Wales is part of Bronze Age Britain, a maritime trading culture,{{sfn|Barrett|1994|p=5}} selling tin, lead, iron, silver, gold, pearls, corn, cattle, hides, skins, fleeces, trained hunting dogs and slaves, and buying ivory, amber, glass vessels and other luxuries;{{cite book|year= 1869 |last= Williams (Ysgafell) |first= Jane |author-link= Jane Williams (Ysgafell) |title= A History of Wales: Derived from Authentic Sources |publisher= Longmans, Green & Co. |location= London |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=--8valzu-vcC}}{{rp|12}} bronze axeheads from this area have been found on the coasts of Brittany and Germany.{{sfn|Lynch/Aldhouse-Green/Davies|2000|p=99}}
{{nowrap|c. 650 BC}}

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Implements start to be produced from iron, the earliest examples are believed to come from Llyn Fawr in South Wales.{{Coflein|num=405461 |desc=Llyn Fawr |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
c. 400 BC

|

Iron Age settlements emerge in Wales, two of the earliest being Castell Odo, a small hillfort near the tip of the Llŷn Peninsula{{cite web|url=http://www.walesher1974.org/her/groups/GAT/media/GAT_Reports/GATreport_721_compressed2.pdf|title=Iron Age Settlements in Wales: Cadw Defended Enclosures Publication – Hillforts and Hut Groups in North-West Wales|author=G. H. Smith|date=March 2008|publisher=Gwynedd Archaeological Trust|access-date=22 February 2019}} and Lodge Wood Camp, above the later Roman fort at Caerleon.{{Coflein|num=93396 |desc=Lodge Wood Camp |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
c. 150 BC

|

Gold coins are being minted at least as early as this date, imitating Macedonian designs.{{rp|12}}
54 BC

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Tacitus later (1st century AD) records that Cymry (Welsh people) assisted in repelling Julius Caesar's second invasion.{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=18}}

1st century

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{{nowrap|c. 25–75}}

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Celtic chariot burial in southern Britain discovered in Llanstadwell, Pembrokeshire, in 2018{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 January 2019|title=Pembrokeshire chariot burial finds ruled as treasure|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-47072503|access-date=2 February 2019}}
48

|

The Roman conquest of Wales begins as the Deceangli tribe in the northeast submits to Publius Ostorius Scapula{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=28–30}}
51

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Caratacus, a defeated chieftain from east England, encourages the Silures and Ordovices to attack Roman territories, ultimately unsuccessfully;Tacitus, Annals [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+12.33 12:33–38] he is betrayed by the Brigantes and taken to Rome as a prisoner{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=25}}
52

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A Roman legion, probably Legio XX Valeria Victrix, is defeated by the Silures{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=28–30}}
c. 75

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The Silures have been defeated;{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=28–30}} Romans establish Venta Silurum, a market town in the Roman province of Britannia; the modern village of Caerwent in Monmouthshire is built around the Roman ruins;{{Coflein|num=93753 |desc=Caerwent Roman City; Venta Silurum |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}} Roman fortress at Caerleon is established for the Legio II Augusta{{cite web|url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/research/explore/find-a-project/view/640989-isca-the-roman-legionary-fortress-at-caerleon|title=Isca: the Roman legionary fortress at Caerleon|publisher=Cardiff University|website=cardiff.ac.uk|access-date=5 July 2019|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705162442/https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/research/explore/find-a-project/view/640989-isca-the-roman-legionary-fortress-at-caerleon|url-status=dead}}
77

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Roman general Gnaeus Julius Agricola subjugates the Ordovices with "much slaughter"{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=28–30}}
78

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Gaius Suetonius Paulinus completes the Roman conquest of Wales, ending with his campaign to capture Anglesey;{{cite ODNB|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Suetonius Paullinus, Gaius|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/48301|year=2004}} the conquest has involved at least thirteen campaigns, up to 30,000 soldiers and, due to Wales's particular terrain, the development of new tactics which were subsequently adopted in other parts of the empire{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=28–30}}

2nd century

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{{nowrap|c. 100–200}}

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Roman rule over Britannia is less evident in Wales than in other parts of Britain; there are few Roman settlements, but a number of roads, camps and forts;{{cite web|title=List of Roman sites in Wales |publisher=RCAHMW |website=Coflein |url=https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/search/result?FREETEXT=Roman&SEARCH_MODE=SIMPLE_SEARCH&SEARCH_TYPE=ALL|access-date=25 February 2019}} the Romans exploit resources such as metal ores,{{sfn|Jones/Mattingly|2007|pp=179–196}} and to a lesser extent coal{{cite book|title=Coflein: Pembrokeshire Parishes, Places & People}}
c. 150

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According to Ptolemy, Wales was populated by five indistinct peoples, mostly of Celtic origin: Ordovices, Silures, Demetae, Deceangli and Gangani{{sfn|Lloyd|2013|pp=39–40}}
c. 162

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Llandaff was probably the site of the first Christian church built in Wales{{rp|44}}

3rd century

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Evidence of Christianity in Gwent{{sfn|Aldhouse-Green/Howell|2004|pp=226}}
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Hoard of more than 3,000 Roman coins buried in a ceramic pot in Powys, discovered in 2011{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=3,000 Roman 3rd Century coins found in Montgomery field|date=27 July 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-14307381|access-date=28 February 2019}}
c. 280

|

Vines introduced into Britain, including Glamorganshire; also first established around this time, fruit tree, vegetable and game species not previously indigenous{{rp|46}}

4th century

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311–313

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The edicts of Serdica{{sfn|Takacs/Cline|2008|p=202}} and Milan allow Christians throughout the Empire to worship without restriction; there had been periods of persecution in Wales, including two martyrdoms: Julius and Aaron{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=37}}
350–369

|

Influx of settlers from Ireland take advantage of soft Roman rule in Wales{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=17, 30, 34, 52}}{{Cite book|last=Meyer|first=Kuno|author-link=Kuno Meyer|editor-last=Evans|editor-first=E. Vincent|contribution=Early Relations Between Gael and Brython|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1kJAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA55|title=Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion|volume=I|series=Session 1895–1896|publisher=Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion|date=1896|location=London|pages=55–86}}
383

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Effective end of Roman rule in Wales;{{sfn|Frere|1988|p=354}} de facto Roman ruler Magnus Maximus leaves Wales defenceless when he embarks on a military campaign with considerable forces, and remains on the continent with his troops{{sfn|Laws|2011|pp=37–51}}
c. 389

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Irish, Scots and Saxon invaders begin to fill the vacuum left by Magnus Maximus and his garrison{{sfn|Jones|2015|pp=22–23}}

5th century

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410

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Roman garrison withdrawn from Britain,{{sfn|Higham|1993|pp=71–72}} followed by the emergence of Welsh kingdoms, principally Gwynedd (north), Demetia (south, subsequently Dyfed) and Powys (east){{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=50–52}}
c. 430

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Germanus of Auxerre promotes Christianity more widely in Wales and, as a former general, puts himself at the forefront of a British force in a confrontation with raiders near Mold{{cite book|last= Butler |first= Rev. Alban|url=http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/262.html|contribution= St. Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, Confessor|title= The Lives of the Saints |volume= VII |year =1866}}
c. 450

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Cunedda Wledig (possibly the grandson of a Roman or Romano-Briton with military rank on the border with Scotland){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|p=172}} comes "from the north" and founds Gwynedd by driving out the Irish settlers{{cite web|last=Lloyd|first=John Edward |year=1959|title=Cunedda Wledig (fl. 450?), British prince|work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|url=https://biography.wales/article/s-CUNE-WLE-0380}}
c. 480

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Tydfil, later Saint Tydfil—a daughter of Brychan, king of Brycheiniog (later Brecknockshire)—is murdered at Merthyr{{sfn|Farmer|2011|p=428}}
c. 490

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Dubricius is appointed archbishop of Caerleon and Llandaff; he founds several colleges, including asylums for the aged and schools for the young{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=74}}

6th century

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{{nowrap|c. 500}}–542

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The supposed time of the legendary King Arthur, of Welsh parentage and crowned at Caerleon, referred to by early writers such as Nennius, Geoffrey of Monmouth and many others, but considered by more modern historians as a combination of "monkish legends and chivalrous fiction"{{sfn|Williams|2010|pp=78–79, 84–85}}
c. 500–589

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The time of Dewi ap Sanctus (grandson of Ceredig, founder of Ceredigion), who later became Saint David, patron saint of Wales{{cite CE1913|wstitle= St. David |volume= 4 |last= Toke |first= Leslie Alexander St. Lawrence |short=1}}
519

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Bishop Dubricius presides over the Synod of Llanddewi Brefi, during which he resigns and recommends that Bishop Dewi succeed him; this is approved{{sfn|Williams|2010|pp=82–83}}
c. 522

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Dewi moves the seat of the primacy to Mynyw, where the see became known as St David's, but the settlement was called Menevia at least until the 13th century,{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=354}} and later became the city of St David's{{cite book|title=The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales, AD 1188|date=1806|volume=2|translator=Hoare, Richard|publisher=William Miller, London|page=11|author=Giraldus de Barri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JslcAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Three+remaining+tribes+of+Britons%22|access-date=5 March 2019}}{{sfn|Williams|2010|pp=82–83}}
547

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Death of Maelgwn Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd, known for funding the foundation of Christian churches throughout Wales;{{cite book|last=Phillimore|first=Egerton|author-link=Egerton Phillimore|year=1888|editor-last=Phillimore|editor-first=Egerton|contribution=The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFMrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141|title=Y Cymmrodor|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Cymmrodor|volume=IX|publisher=Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion|publication-date=1888|pages=141–183}} Maelgwn may have died of the bubonic plague, a pandemic that spread across Europe and beyond in the early 540s, mostly via trade routes{{sfn|Rosen|2007|p=3}}
c.560

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Death of Bishop Dewi. His episcopal see at Menevia is renamed Ty Ddewi (The House of David) in his honour{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=91}}

7th century

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c. 600

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The terms Cymry (Welsh people) and Cymru (Wales), as opposed to other Celtic peoples and regions, already in use as self-identifiers{{Cite book |last=Phillimore |first=Egerton |author-link=Egerton Phillimore |year=1891 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=Note (a) to The Settlement of Brittany |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M35QO0vor-EC&pg=PA97 |title=Y Cymmrodor |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Cymmrodor |volume=XI |publisher=Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion |publication-date=1892 |location= London|pages=97–101}}
615/616

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Battle of Chester between Anglo-Saxons and native Britons{{cite web|title=Medieval Sourcebook: Bede (673–735): Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book II, Chapter II |editor=Alexander Pyle|publisher=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/bede-book2.asp|access-date=23 February 2019}} (Note: translator gives incorrect date of 603, which was subsequently corrected by later scholars)
630

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Welsh/Mercian alliance between King Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia defeats army of King Edwin of Northumbria at the Battle of Cefn Digoll (or "Battle of the Long Mynd") at Long Mountain near Welshpool{{sfn|Kirby|2002|p=71}}
633/4

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Cadwallon ap Cadfan, king of Gwynedd, dies in battle in the north of England{{cite web|title=Medieval Sourcebook: Bede (673–735): Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book III|editor=Alexander Pyle|publisher=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/bede-book3.asp|access-date=23 February 2019}}{{cite web|first=John Edward |last=Lloyd |date=1959 |title=Cadwallon (died 633), prince |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |access-date=10 June 2019 |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-CADW-APC-0591}}
c. 655–682

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Reign of Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd; 660 is the earliest date recorded{{rp|3}} in the 14th century Brut y Tywysogion (Chronicle of the Princes), an important Welsh history source{{Cite web|title = National Library of Wales: Chronicle of the Princes|url = https://www.library.wales/discover/digital-gallery/manuscripts/the-middle-ages/chronicle-of-the-princes/|website = National Library of Wales|access-date = 2 March 2019}}

8th century

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700–750

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At the height of its powers, Mercia expands westwards to the Dee, Wye, and Severn rivers, at the expense of the Welsh kingdom of Powys; forced back into the upland regions, the Welsh launch a series of raids throughout the late 7th and early 8th centuries, in a bid to regain the rich farming territory of the lowlands.{{rp|108–117}}
c. 753

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An invading army from Wessex is beaten back by the Welsh at Hereford{{rp|113–114}}
c. 754

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Death of king Rhodri Molwynog, whose lineage is unclear, and whose predecessor and date of succession are not known; the reign of king Rhodri's successor, Cynan (probably Rhodri's son), was one of incessant warfare; Rhodri may have been succeeded by Caradog ap Meirion, or Caradog may have been a district ruler{{rp|115–116}}
{{nowrap|c. 755}}–794

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Offa of Mercia and Cynewulf of Wessex campaign vigorously along the length of the border with the Welsh kingdoms, causing the Welsh to lose lands they would never recover and largely establishing the eastern borders of Wales that exist today; internal Welsh strife continues{{rp|114–117}}
{{nowrap|c. 757}}–796

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Offa's Dyke is built along the Wales–England border to mark the boundary between Anglian Mercia and the Welsh kingdom of Powys; however, radiocarbon dating of samples taken from excavations in 2014 reveal that it may have been constructed much earlier than this, and over an extended time period
768

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The Welsh church adopts the Catholic method of calculating Easter through the efforts of bishop Elfodd{{rp|114}}
795/6

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Battle at Rhuddlan Marsh, between the Saxons and Welsh; there is confusion between possible battles at Rhuddlan Marsh (Denbighshire) in 795 and Rhuddlan (Flintshire) in 796{{Coflein|num=404808 |desc=Rhuddlan Marsh, Alleged Site of Battle in 795 A D; Morfa Rhuddlan, Towyn |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
c. 798

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When Caradog of Gwynedd and Meredydd of Dyfed die at the hands of the Mercians, Cynan ap Rhodri becomes the next king of Gwynedd{{rp|116}}

9th century

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825

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Egbert of Wessex defeats the Mercians and demands sovereignty over Wales{{sfn|Williams|2010|pp=120–121}}
{{nowrap|c. 828}}

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Nennius, a 9th-century Welsh monk, is thought to have written Historia Brittonum, a history of the Celtic Britons, although some experts argue that the work was written anonymously{{cite web|title=Medieval Sourcebook: Nennius: Historia Brittonum, 8th century |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.html |website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu |date=August 1998}} (Source: Six Old English Chronicles. ed. J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1848)
844

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Rhodri ap Merfyn (later known as Rhodri the Great) becomes King of Gwynedd, Powys and Deheubarth by right of succession, uniting the three kingdoms under one rule{{sfn|Williams|2010|pp=120–121}}
c. 873

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When Rhodri the Great dies fighting the Saxons on Anglesey, his three eldest sons become regional rulers: Cadell in Seisyllwg (mainly Ceredigion), Anarawd in Gwynedd and Merfyn in Powys{{cite journal|journal=Archaeologia Cambrensis|title=Chronicle of the Princes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZAbAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA15|volume=X|series=3|access-date=2 March 2019|year=1864}}{{rp|15}}
877

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Cadell ap Rhodri invades Powys, capturing Merfyn's territory{{rp|17}}
c. 885

|

Several Welsh kings submit to Alfred the Great's lordship; Asser, a Welsh cleric, is invited to join Alfred in Wessex; in 893, Asser writes a biography of Alfred{{sfn|Keynes/Lapidge|1984|pp=48–58, 93–96, 220–221}}
892

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Anarawd ap Rhodri takes over Ceredigion and attacks Dyfed; Merfyn ap Rhodri is killed by his own men{{rp|19}}
rowspan=2 | 893

| (spring)

The Battle of Buttington ends in victory for a combined Anglo-Saxon and Welsh force against the Danish Vikings;{{Coflein|num=403400 |desc=Buttington, Possible Site of Battle, Near Welshpool |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}} the Buttington Oak, believed to have been planted around this time to commemorate the battle, survives until February 2018{{cite news|title=1,000-year-old oak on Offa's Dyke in Welshpool falls|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-43084088|access-date=2 March 2019|work=BBC News|date=16 February 2018}}
(autumn)Danish Vikings occupy the town of Chester, but when Alfred the Great cuts off their food supplies, they move west and carry out raids in north Wales before returning to Essex{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

10th century

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900

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Death of Cadell ap Rhodri, king of Seisyllwg; Anarawd ap Rhodri becomes ruler of most of Wales, being the last to survive of Rhodri the Great's three eldest sons{{rp|21}}
904

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Hywel ap Cadell (grandson of Rhodri The Great) marries Elen,{{cite journal|journal=Archaeologia Cambrensis|date=1864|volume=10|series=4|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZAbAQAAIAAJ&q=Elen|title=Chronicle of the Princes|access-date=2 February 2019}} daughter of Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, the late king of Dyfed, thus inheriting the kingdom{{rp|21}}
913

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Death of Hywel's uncle, Anarawd ap Rhodri{{rp|21}}
920

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Hywel ap Cadell unites the kingdoms of Dyfed and Seisyllwg, to create the new realm of Deheubarth ("southern district"){{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
c. 926

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Hywel convenes a council from all parts of Wales to establish a set of Laws for the whole country; he takes the transcript to Rome and obtains the Pope's approval{{sfn|Williams|2010|pp=135–138}}
928

|

King Æthelstan of England asserts authority over the Welsh kings, and fixes the border between England and Wales at the River Wye;{{sfn|Stenton|2001|pp=340–341}} this may have been the first time a border dispute (involving the Welsh in the Witangemot) was settled by discussion, rather than by war{{sfn|Williams|2010|pp=135–138}}
943

|

Hywel ap Cadell (known by this time as Hywel Dda or "Hywel the Good") assumes control of Gwynedd after a joint Danish and Saxon incursion leads to the death of their king and his brother;{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=151}} Hywel eventually extends his rule to most of Wales{{sfn|Lloyd|2013|pp=337–338}}
948

|

Death of king Hywel Dda,{{Cite journal|date=1864|title=Chronicle of the Princes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZAbAQAAIAAJ|journal=Archaeologia Cambrensis|series=3|publisher=W. Pickering|volume=X|pages=20–25|via=Google Books}} followed by several decades of inter-family warfare, interspersed with battles with the Saxons and Danes{{rp|25}}
950

|

Hywel Dda's nephews, Iago ab Idwal and Ieuaf ab Idwal, reclaim the kingdom of Gwynedd by driving out their cousins at the Battle of Carno{{rp|25}}
952–954

|

Territorial struggles continue between the sons and nephews of Hywel Dda, ending in defeat for the southern princes at a major battle near Llanrwst{{rp|25–27}}
969

|

Iago ab Idwal imprisons his brother Ieuaf, then continues to rule Gwynedd unimpeded for the next decade{{rp|33}}
972

|

King Edgar of England comes to Chester in person to broker peace between the regional kings, but the conflicts resume after his departure{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=158}}
979

|

Iago ab Idwal is defeated in battle by his nephew Hywel ap Ieuaf, who becomes the next king of Gwynedd{{rp|33}}
985

|

After the death of Hywel ap Ieuaf, his brother Cadwallon ab Ieuaf takes on the rule of Gwynedd for a brief period{{rp|37}}
986

|

Maredudd ab Owain captures the kingdom of Gwynedd, which is later annexed with Deheubarth; Danes invade in the south{{rp|37}}
987

|

After carrying out several major raids on Wales in previous years, Norse king Godfrey Haroldson takes two thousand captives from Anglesey for ransom{{sfn|Lloyd|2013|pp=351–352}}
996

|

Vikings sack St David's in Pembrokeshire, and murder the bishop, Morgeneu{{rp|43}}
999

|

Cynan ap Hywel becomes king of Gwynedd{{rp|43}}

11th century

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c. 1000

|

Aeddan ap Blegywryd subjugates north Wales; the hereditary heir, Iago, flees to Ireland; Cynan ap Hywel, though supported by Irish Danes, fails to recover his possessions{{cite book|title=The Cambrian Journal; Volume for 1859|year=1859|page=139|publisher=Cambrian Institute, Tenby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2asxAQAAIAAJ|access-date=3 March 2019}}
1005

|

On the death of Cynan, the pretender Aeddan is ruler of Gwynedd{{sfn|Lloyd|2013|pp=346–347}}
1018

|

Llywelyn ap Seisyll, with distant claims to Gwynedd and Deheubarth, defeats Aeddan (who is killed along with his four sons){{sfn|Charles-Edwards|2013|p=665}} and takes control of the kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys{{cite web|last=Pierce|first=Thomas Jones|date=1959|title=Llywelyn ap Seisyll (died 1023), king of Deheubarth and Gwynedd|work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|url=https://biography.wales/article/s-LLYW-APS-1023|access-date=3 March 2019}}
1022

|

Llywelyn ap Seisyll defeats the pretender Rhain ("the Irishman"), who claimed to be a son of Maredudd ab Owain, at Abergwili{{Coflein|num=404668 |desc=Abergwili, Site of Battle |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}} and takes control of the south{{sfn|Charles-Edwards|2013|p=556}}
1023

|

On the death of Llywelyn ap Seisyll, the rule of Gwynedd and Powys passes to Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig who is descended from the ancient dynasty
1039

|

Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig is killed by his own men, and replaced as ruler of Gwynedd and Powys by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (King Llywelyn ap Seisyll's son, and great-great-grandson of Hywel Dda){{cite web|last=Hudson|first=Benjamin|title=Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064 |date=24 January 2018 |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|access-date=3 March 2019|url=https://biography.wales/article/s12-GRUF-APL-1063}}
1055

| {{nowrap|24 October}}

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn sacks Hereford, one of several territories that he is able to seize in Wales and along the border with England
1056

| 16 June

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn defeats an English army at the Battle of Glasbury (Claftbyrig), near Hereford; around this time, he begins to be recognised as the true King of Wales{{sfn|Maund|1991|p=4}}
1062–1063

|

English nobleman Harold Godwinson (who will later become the last Anglo-Saxon king of England) leads a series of campaigns against Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
1063

| 5 August

Death of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn,Davies, J A History of Wales p. 101; Compare Remfry, P.M., Annales Cambriae..., 68 and notes after which the Welsh kingdoms are ruled separately for a brief period prior to the Norman invasion of Wales; Bleddyn ap Cynfyn becomes king of Gwynedd{{cite web|title=Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (died 1075), prince|first=John Edward |last=Lloyd |date=1959 |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-BLED-APC-1025|work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|access-date=25 February 2019}}
1067

|

Gwent is invaded by William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford and his followers, and becomes the first of the Welsh kingdoms to be overrun following the Norman conquest of England the previous year{{cite web|first=Ceinwen Hannah |last=Thomas |date=1959|title=Fitzosbern, William (died 1071), earl of Hereford, lord of Breteuil in Normandy |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-FITZ-WIL-1071}}
1070

|

Bleddyn ap Cynfyn becomes king of both Gwynedd and Powys after the Battle of Mechain{{cite web|last=Lloyd|first=John Edward|year=1959|title=Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (died 1075), prince |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|access-date=3 March 2019|url=https://biography.wales/article/s-BLED-APC-1025}}
1075

|

Death of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn leads to a civil war in which the Normans take the opportunity to seize lands in northern Wales
1081

|

Gruffudd ap Cynan becomes king of Gwynedd following the Battle of Mynydd Carn, but is captured and imprisoned by Norman invaders soon afterwards;{{cite web|last=Parry|first=Thomas|year=1959|title=Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055–1137), king of Gwynedd |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|access-date=3 March 2019|url=https://biography.wales/article/s-GRUF-APC-1055}} William the Conqueror leads a Norman army into Deheubarth, and worships at the shrine of St David{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=188}}
1088–1092

|

Lordships of Welsh lands apportioned to Normans and their Welsh allies; Normans accelerate building or strengthening castles across the country{{rp|73–77}}
1094–1098

|

Welsh revolt against Norman rule leads to territories being regained by the Britons; William II of England attempts to suppress the revolt in north Wales with little success{{rp|81–85}}
1098

| June/July

Shortly after capturing Anglesey from the Welsh, the Normans are defeated at the Battle of Anglesey Sound and forced to retreat, paving the way for the return of the exiled Gruffudd ap Cynan{{rp|85}}
1099

|

Gruffudd ap Cynan escapes from imprisonment again and rules Anglesey with the consent of the Normans

12th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
1100

|

With the death of William II, much of Wales is under Welsh rule but, with constant struggles for local control, there is no cohesive national identity{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=108}}
1102–1113

|

Period of violent power struggles for regional control between the English crown, under the new King Henry I, and Welsh leaders such as Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, Prince of Powys, and his brothers Cadwgan and Maredudd{{rp|87–95}}
c. 1106

|

Construction begins on Ogmore Castle in Glamorgan, one of the earliest Norman stone castles in South Wales{{sfn|Hull|2005|p=102}}
1111–1114

|

Normans move into south and north Wales; peace is agreed between King Henry I and Gruffudd ap Cynan of Gwynedd; Owain ap Cadwgan is knighted by King Henry I for his service in Normandy{{rp|95–97}}
1115–1130

|

A period of inter-family differences and rights of succession, mainly in the south and east (but to some extent in Gwynedd), are marked by warfare and brutality; Owain ap Cadwgan is killed in battle and most of Powys passes to his uncle, Maredudd ap Bleddyn{{rp|97–111}}{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=116}}
{{nowrap|c. 1123}}

|

Saint David is canonised by the Holy See{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=121}}
1131

| 9 May

Tintern Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery in Wales, is founded in Monmouthshire{{cite web|url=http://www.castlewales.com/tintern.html|title=Tintern Abbey|date=2009|first=Jeffrey L. |last=Thomas| website=Castles of Wales |access-date=27 February 2019}}
1132

| 9 February

Death of Maredudd ap Bleddyn; he is succeeded as ruler of Powys by his son Madog ap Maredudd{{cite web|last=Pierce |first=Thomas Jones |year=1959|title=Madog ap Maredudd (died 1160), king of Powys |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url= https://biography.wales/article/s-MADO-APM-1160}}
rowspan=2 | 1136

| 1 January

The Welsh revolt against Norman occupation continues with a defeat of Norman forces at the Battle of Llwchwr (Battle of Gower){{Coflein|num=404856 |desc=Battle of Gower; Battle of Loughor, Carn Goch Common, Penllergaer |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
September/
October		Owain ap Gruffudd, allied with Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, inflicts a crushing defeat on the Normans at the Battle of Crug Mawr{{sfn|France|1999|p=191}} and annexes Ceredigion{{rp|111}}
1137

| 11 April

Death of Gruffudd ap Cynan; he is succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son Owain ap Gruffudd (who later becomes known as Owain Gwynedd){{rp|113}}
1157

| July

Owain Gwynedd, with an army of around 3,000, forces the retreat of Henry II's much larger army (supported by Madog of Powys, who has yielded to Henry the previous year){{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=125}} at the Battle of Ewloe in Flintshire;{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Plaque marks Welsh king's triumph|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/7210284.stm|date=26 January 2008|access-date=3 March 2019}}{{Coflein|num=402325 |desc=Coleshill;cwnsyllt, Supposed Site of Battle in 1157, Near Flint |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}} following the campaign, Owain yields to Henry, but retains his rule and territory{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=125}}
1160

|

Following the death of Madog ap Maredudd, the kingdom of Powys is split into two parts: Maelor, the northern portion, is later renamed Powys Fadog; and Cyfeiliog, in the south, becomes Powys Wenwynwyn{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=127–128}}
1165

| August

Henry II's efforts to subdue north Wales continue with the inconclusive Battle of Crogen in the Ceiriog ValleyLatimer, P. "[http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/latimer.htm Henry II's Campaign Against the Welsh in 1165]" in The Welsh Historical Review, 14:4 (1989), 523–552{{Coflein|num=410131 |desc=Battle of Crogen, Glyn Ceiriog |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
1170

|

Death of Owain Gwynedd throws the kingdom of Gwynedd into disarray; within weeks, his nominated heir Hywel is dead, and his illegitimate son Dafydd usurps the rule of Gwynedd, but he fails to maintain his father's hold on south Wales, which falls into the hands of Rhys ap Gruffydd{{rp|133}}
1171

|

Henry II leads a large army into south Wales, meets amicably with Rhys ap Gruffydd, and after making an offering at St David's shrine, he sails from Pembroke with his army for Ireland{{sfn|Williams|2010|p=267}}
1172

|

Rhys ap Gruffydd is appointed justice of south Wales by Henry II, essentially becoming ruler in Henry's stead{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=127–128}}
1176

| December

To celebrate his primacy, Rhys ap Gruffydd hosts a gathering of bards, musicians and performers at Cardigan Castle, which is now regarded as the first recorded eisteddfod{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/a1b7c602-5c9b-3bc1-ba13-fd64dc068ffc|title=The first eisteddfod – Christmas 1176|date=22 December 2010|first=Phil|last=Carradice|publisher=BBC Wales|access-date=23 February 2019}}{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=127–128}}
1188

|

Gerald of Wales accompanies the Archbishop of Canterbury on a journey through Wales to recruit volunteers for the Third Crusade; Owain Cyfeiliog, Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn refuses to support the visit and is consequently excommunicated{{cite web|last=Lloyd|first=David Myrddin |year=1959 |title=Owain Cyfeiliog (c. 1130–1197), prince and poet |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-OWAI-CYF-1130}}
1191

|

Gerald of Wales writes Itinerarium Cambriae, an account of his tour of Wales with the Archbishop of Canterbury three years earlier{{cite web|title=Gerald of Wales, The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/contents_page.jsp?t_id=Cambrensis_Tour|date=2017|website=A Vision of Britain through Time|access-date=24 February 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 1194

|

Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (who later becomes known as Llywelyn the Great) defeats his uncle Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd at the Battle of Aberconwy and seizes control of Gwynedd{{cite encyclopedia |author=Lloyd, J. E. |author2=Jones, Gwynfor J. |editor1-first=J. Gwynfor |editor1-last=Jones |name-list-style=amp| publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title= Madog ab Owain Gwynedd (supp. fl. 1170)| year = 2004 | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17763| access-date= 12 January 2014|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/17763 }} {{ODNBsub}}
Gerald of Wales writes Descriptio Cambriae; he writes of Wales as a nation, with defined borders, and a common ancestry and identity who "if they would be inseparable, they would be insuperable"{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=134}}

13th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
1200

|

By this date, the title of regional rulers as "king" has given way to the title "prince"{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=127–128}}
1201

| July

Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd, signs a treaty with King John of England and they remain on good terms for the next ten years{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=135–137}}
1204

|

After five years of lobbying, including directly to the Pope, Gerald of Wales fails to have St David's raised to an archbishopric{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=132}}
1205

|

Llywelyn the Great consolidates his position by marrying King John's illegitimate daughter Joan{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=135–137}}
1211

| August

Suspicious of Llywelyn's expansion of Gwynedd into neighbouring territories, King John invades Gwynedd, assisted by most of the other Welsh princes, forcing Llywelyn to seek terms with John and accept abandonment by his allies{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=135–137}}
1212

|

John's clear intent of intrusive overlordship of Wales leads to Welsh leaders rallying to Llywelyn the Great, who recaptures all of Gwynedd; King John plans another invasion but this attempt is abandoned{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=135–137}}
rowspan=2 | 1215

| May

Llywelyn, in support of the disaffected English barons, seizes Shrewsbury, a factor in King John's submission to the barons{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=135–137}}
15 JuneWhen King John is forced to sign Magna Carta, Llywelyn the Great is rewarded with several favourable provisions relating to Wales, in particular the rights to its own laws{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=135–137}}
1218

|

After three more years of conflict within Wales, Llywelyn overcomes all opposition and receives the homage of all the other Welsh rulers, and his pre-eminence is confirmed by the English crown in the Treaty of Worcester{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=138–139}}
1234

| 21 June

The "Peace of Middle" establishes a truce between Llywelyn the Great and the English Crown; Llywelyn styles himself "Prince of Aberffraw" and "Lord of Snowdonia"{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=138–139}}
1240

| 11 April

Death of Llywelyn the Great; Dafydd ap Llywelyn succeeds his father as Prince of Gwynedd, but King Henry III does not support his overlordship as prince of all Wales, thus deliberately undermining Welsh unity{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=143–144}}
1244

|

King Henry III of England attacks Gwynedd; Dafydd styles himself prince of Wales; he offers Wales as a vassal state to the Pope, to free Wales from English dominion, but this is denied{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=143–144}}
1246

| 25 February

Dafydd ap Llywelyn dies without issue; his nephew Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (grandson of Llywelyn the Great) eventually succeeds as Prince of Gwynedd{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=143–144}}
1247

|

After three years of devastating war, Wales is reduced again to lordships under English rule by the Treaty of Woodstock{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|pp=143–144}}
1258

|

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd begins to use the title of "Prince of Wales"{{cite web|last=Pierce|first=Thomas Jones|date=1959|title=Llywelyn ap Gruffydd [('Llywelyn the Last,' or Llywelyn II)], Prince of Wales (died 1282) |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-LLYW-APG-1200|access-date=1 May 2019}}
1267

| {{nowrap|29 September}}

King Henry III accepts Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales under the terms of the Treaty of Montgomery
1282

| 11 December

Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at the Battle of Orewin Bridge; his brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd succeeds, styling himself Prince of Wales{{cite web|last=Pierce|first=Thomas Jones|date=1959|title=Dafydd (David) ap Gruffydd (died 1283), prince of Gwynedd |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-DAFY-APG-1283|access-date=1 May 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 1283

| 22 June

Dafydd ap Gruffudd is captured by King Edward I of England and charged with high treason
3 OctoberDafydd ap Gruffudd is executed at Shrewsbury
1284

| 3 March

King Edward I enacts the Statute of Rhuddlan, which provides the constitutional basis for the government of the Principality of North Wales{{sfn|R. R. Davies|2000|pp=368, 422, 461}}
1294–1295

|

Madog ap Llywelyn leads a Welsh revolt against English rule, claiming the title of "Prince of Wales"{{cite web|last=Pierce|first=Thomas Jones|date=1959|title=Madog ap Llywelyn, rebel of 1294 |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-MADO-APL-1294|access-date=1 May 2019}}
1295

|

Madog is defeated at the Battle of Maes Moydog; he escapes, but subsequently surrenders unconditionally and is taken to London, but his fate is unknown.

14th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
1301

| 7 February

Edward of Carnarvon is invested as the first English Prince of Wales (as the title is transferred to the heir apparent to the English or British throne){{sfn|Phillips|2012|pp=85–87}}
1306

|

Work resumes on Beaumaris Castle prompted by fears of a Scottish invasion of North Wales{{sfn|Taylor|1999|pp=8–13}}{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=5574 |desc=Beaumaris Castle |grade=I |access-date=22 July 2019 }}
1316

| 28 January

Llywelyn Bren launches a surprise attack on Caerphilly Castle in a revolt against English rule in Wales; he lays siege to the castle for six weeks and surrenders unconditionally to King Edward II's forces on 18 March{{cite web|last=Pierce |first=Thomas Jones |date=1959 |title=Llywelyn ap Gruffydd or Llywelyn Bren (died 1317) nobleman, soldier and rebel martyr |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-LLYW-APG-1317 |access-date=7 May 2019}}
1318

|

Llywelyn Bren is unlawfully executed at Cardiff Castle
1321

| May

Newport, Cardiff and Caerphilly are seized by the Marcher Lord Roger Mortimer in an intense eight-day campaign in the Despenser War against King Edward II of England{{sfn|Weir|2006|p=130}}
1326

|

King Edward II retreats to Wales with his forces after his regime collapses; he is captured by rebel forces north of Caerphilly, escorted back to England via Monmouth Castle and relinquishes his crown two months later{{sfn|Phillips|2012|pp=512–515}}
1330

|

The construction of Beaumaris Castle is halted and, despite a huge sum of money being spent on it (£15,000) the building is never completed{{sfn|Taylor|1999|pp=8–13}}
1339

|

Farndon Bridge is built across the River Dee and the Wales–England border{{NHLE |num= 1006758|desc= Farndon Bridge|access-date= 22 February 2019|mode=cs2|fewer-links=x}}
1345

|

The first stone bridge at Llangollen is built across the River Dee by John Trevor{{cite web| url= http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wa-1080-llangollen-bridge-a539-llangollen| title= Llangollen Bridge, a539, Llangollen| publisher= British Listed Buildings|access-date = 24 July 2015}}
1369

|

Owain Lawgoch launches an unsuccessful invasion attempt on Wales in a bid to take back his confiscated lands{{cite web|last=Pierce |first=Thomas Jones |date=1959 |title=Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri ('Owain Lawgoch'; died 1378), a soldier of fortune and pretender to the principality of Wales |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |access-date=10 May 2019 |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-OWAI-APT-1378}}
1372

| May

In Paris, Owain Lawgoch announces his intention of claiming the throne of Wales, and then mobilises his forces in readiness for another invasion attempt
1384

|

Owain Glyndŵr enters the army of King Richard II of England{{cite book|last= Davies |first= R.R. |title= The revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8HzrCQAAQBAJ&q=%22Owain+Glynd%C5%B5r%22+1384+berwick&pg=PT9 |date= 1995 |publisher= Oxford University Press |access-date= 10 May 2019 |isbn= 9780198205081}}
1399

| July–September

King Richard II seeks refuge at Conwy Castle and surrenders to Henry Bolingbroke at Flint Castle{{sfn|Saul|1997|pp=411–417}}

15th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
rowspan=3 | 1401

| March

Conwy Castle is taken by Owain Glyndŵr's supporters and is held for several months.{{sfn|Ashbee|2007|p=12}}{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=3250 |desc=Conwy Castle |grade=I |access-date=22 July 2019 }}
JuneBattle of Mynydd Hyddgen, part of the Glyndŵr Rising against English rule, is the first major victory for Glyndŵr's Welsh rebels.{{sfn|Grant|2011|p=212}}
2 NovemberAt the Battle of Tuthill at Caernarfon, Owain Glyndŵr first raises the royal standard bearing a golden dragon on a white field.
rowspan=2 | 1402

| 22 June

Battle of Bryn Glas (also known as the Battle of Pilleth) ends in victory for Owain Glyndŵr, prolonging the Welsh rebellion against English rule.{{rp|22, 231}}
AugustOwain Glyndŵr receives a warm welcome in southeast Wales.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=199}}
rowspan=3 | 1403

| July

Owain Glyndŵr attacks, but fails to take, Carreg Cennen Castle.{{cite book|last= Titchmarsh |first= Alan|title= Britain's Best – The Nation's Favourite Historic Places |page= 26 |year= 2007 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J2VHq0gQ45gC&q=Carreg+Cennen|publisher=Anover Books|isbn= 9781862058057 }}
21 JulyBattle of Shrewsbury ends in defeat and death of Henry Percy, an ally of Owain Glyndŵr, ending the Percy challenge to King Henry IV of England.{{cite web|url=http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/medieval/battleview.asp?BattleFieldId=39|title=Battle of Shrewsbury|publisher=UK Battlefields Resource Centre|access-date=9 July 2019}}
AutumnThe reputed Battle of Stalling Down near Cowbridge ends in defeat for the King's army.{{Coflein|num=404863 |desc=Stalling Down, Alleged Site of Battle, Near Llanblethian |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
rowspan=2 | 1404

| May

Owain Glyndŵr writes to the King of France requesting military support.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=200}}
JulyOwain Glyndŵr holds a Welsh Parliament in Machynlleth, where he is crowned Prince of Wales{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-40264766|title=The last Parliament|date=13 June 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=28 February 2019}} in the presence of envoys from France, Scotland and Castile.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=200}}
rowspan=4 | 1405

| 28 February

Peak of the Glyndŵr Rising: Tripartite Indenture is agreed between Owain Glyndŵr, Henry Percy and Edmund Mortimer, to divide Wales and England between them, at the expense of King Henry IV.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=200}}{{sfn|Royle|2010|p=95}}
5 MayBattle of Pwll Melyn is the first major defeat for Owain Glyndŵr.{{cite book|title=The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr|author=R. R. Davies|year=2001|page=233}}{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=201}}
AugustFrench forces land at Milford Haven;{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=200}} Owain Glyndŵr holds his second Welsh Parliament, at Harlech Castle.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
NovemberOwain Glyndŵr's forces and French forces reach Worcester, but not seeing English support, the French abandon the campaign and return to France.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=201}}
1406

| 31 March

Owain Glyndŵr writes the "Pennal Letter" to King Charles VI of France, outlining his vision for the future government of an independent Wales.{{cite web|url=http://www.canolfanglyndwr.org/pennal-letter.php|title= Owain Glyndŵr Centre: Pennal Letter|access-date=9 July 2019}}
1408

| September

Aberystwyth Castle surrenders to the English, and Owain Glyndŵr moves his court to Harlech.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=202}}
1409

|

Harlech Castle is captured by English forces; Glyndŵr and his supporters flee to the mountains, from where they continue sporadic attacks for several years;{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=202}} Glyndŵr's wife Margaret Hanmer is taken prisoner, along with her children and grandchildren, most of whom probably die later in captivity (Hanmer herself dies c. 1420).{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
1413

|

Nothing is heard of Owain Glyndŵr after this date.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=203}}
rowspan=2 | 1415

| 21 September

End of the Glyndŵr Rising; approximate date of Owain Glyndŵr's death, possibly in Herefordshire{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=203}}
25 OctoberWelsh archers play a key part in the victory of King Henry V of England over a much larger French army at the Battle of Agincourt;{{cite news|publisher= BBC News |author= Neil Prior |date= 25 October 2015 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-34618197 |title= Was the Battle of Agincourt really a victory for Wales? |access-date=11 July 2019}} some Welsh combatants fight on the French side.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=205}}
1417

| 30 April

Owain Glyndŵr's son, Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr, declines the offer of a pardon from King Henry V for both himself and his father.{{sfn|R. R. Davies|1996|p=326}}
1421

|

Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr finally accepts a pardon (for himself alone) from King Henry V.{{sfn|R. R. Davies|1996|p=293}}
1437

|

Work begins on the construction of the (present) Raglan Castle, replacing an earlier structure.{{sfn|Kenyon|2003}}{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=2101 |desc=Raglan Castle |grade=I |access-date=22 July 2019 }}
c. 1451

|

The first large-scale eisteddfod is held at Carmarthen: Dafydd ab Edmwnd wins the silver chair for his poetry.{{cite web|last= Roberts |first= Thomas |year= 1959 |title= Dafydd ab Edmwnd (fl. 1450–1490), gentleman and bardic master |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |access-date= 12 July 2019 |url= https://biography.wales/article/s-DAFY-ABE-1450}}
1460

| 10 July

Following defeat at the Battle of Northampton, the Queen of England, Margaret of Anjou, escapes to Harlech Castle with her son Edward, Prince of Wales.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
1468

| 14 August

The garrison of Harlech Castle surrenders to King Edward IV after a seven-year siege.{{sfn|Taylor|2007}}{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=25500 |desc=Harlech Castle |grade=I |access-date=22 July 2019 }}
1471

| 4 May

The Battle of Tewkesbury ends Lancastrian hopes of regaining the ascendance over the House of York in the Wars of the Roses; King Edward IV is victorious, and Edward of Westminster becomes the only Prince of Wales ever to die in battle.{{cite book|last=Rowse|first=A.L.|author-link=A. L. Rowse|title=Bosworth Field & the Wars of the Roses|publisher=Wordsworth Military Library|page=[https://archive.org/details/bosworthfieldwar0000rows/page/169 169]|year=1966|isbn=1-85326-691-4|url=https://archive.org/details/bosworthfieldwar0000rows/page/169}}
1473

|

The Court of the President and Council of Wales is established at Ludlow Castle.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=217}}
1483

| 14 April

Whilst residing at Ludlow Castle, 12-year-old King Edward V of England receives news of his father's sudden death and his own accession to the English throne; the Council at Ludlow comes to an end.{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=217}}
1485

| 1 August

Henry Tudor lands near Dale, Pembrokeshire, and marches through Wales (8 to 14 August){{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=218}} and England where, on 22 August, he defeats King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field{{sfn|Laws|2011|pp=223–224}} to become the third and last Welsh-born King of England.
1488

|

King Henry VII's uncle, Jasper Tudor, takes possession of Cardiff Castle.{{cite book| last = Grant| first = John P.| year = 1923| title = Cardiff Castle: Its History and Architecture|page= 54| publisher = William Lewis| location= Cardiff, UK}}
1490

| 27 February

English-born Arthur Tudor, the eldest son of King Henry VII, is ceremonially invested as Prince of Wales at the Palace of Westminster.{{sfn|Allison|1991|p=605}}
1498

|

An insurrection breaks out in Meirionydd in north Wales and the rebels capture Harlech Castle; the revolt is the last of the medieval era in Wales.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

16th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
1523

|

Caerwys hosts an eisteddfod, one of the most important of the early modern era, attended by Welsh poet Tudur Aled{{sfn|Williams|1950|p=28}}
1535{{endash}}1542

|

Laws in Wales Acts replace Welsh law with English law and replace the Marcher Lordships with newly established counties; Wales is unified with England{{cite web|title=BBC – History – British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=BBC History|date=5 November 2009}}
1536

|

Dissolution of the monasteries: a great number of abbeys and priories in Wales are suppressed over the next four years, including Monmouth Priory,{{cite web|url= https://monmouthparishes.org/places/st-marys-priory-church-monmouth/ |title= Priory Church of St Mary the Virgin, Monmouth |work=The Monmouth Group of Parishes |access-date= 13 July 2019}} Neath Abbey,{{cite web|first=Evan John |last=Saunders |year=1959 |title=Lleision ap Thomas (fl. 1513–1541), last abbot of Neath |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |access-date=13 July 2019 |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-LLEI-THO-1513}} and Tintern Abbey{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Worcester, Earls and Marquesses of|volume=28|page=820}}
1546

|

Yny lhyvyr hwnn, the first book to be printed in the Welsh language (said to be written anonymously by Sir John Prise), is published in London{{cite web|first=Evan David |last=Jones |year=1959 |title=Price (or Prys), Sir John (1502? – 1555), notary public, the king's principal registrar in causes ecclesiastical, and secretary of the Council in Wales and the Marches |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-PRIC-JOH-1502 |access-date=13 July 2019}}
1563

|

The Usk Bridge is built to replace the medieval bridge that was washed away in floods in 1535; this is Brecon's oldest route over the River Usk{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num= 6815 |desc= Usk Bridge |grade= I |access-date= 13 July 2019 }}
1567

|

Caerwys hosts its second large-scale eisteddfod, sanctioned by Queen Elizabeth I of England{{sfn|Goodbody|2002|pp=157–158}}
1573

|

The earliest map showing Wales as a separate country from the rest of Great Britain, Cambriae Typus by Humphrey Llwyd, is published in the first modern atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum{{cite web|first=Frederick John |last=North |year=1959 |title=Llwyd (Lhuyd), Humphrey (1527–1568), physician and antiquary |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/arc_s-LLWY-HUM-1527 |access-date=13 July 2019}}
1584

|

The first Welsh copper smelting works is established at Aberdulais
1588

|

The first translation of the Bible into Welsh, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan by bishop William Morgan, is published{{cite web|first=Glanmor |last=Williams |year=1959 |title=Morgan, William (c. 1545 – 1604), bishop, and translator of the Bible into Welsh |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-MORG-WIL-1545 |access-date=13 July 2019}}

17th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
1601

|

Poor Relief Act 1601 is passed to create a poor law system in England and Wales{{cite web|title=The Workhouse: The Old Poor Law|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/poorlaws/oldpoorlaw.shtml|access-date=7 March 2019}}
1606

| 12 April

A new national flag is created by royal decree to mark the union between England and Scotland; Wales is not represented in the design because it is legally a part of England{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-story-of-the-union-jack-the-national-flag-of-the-united-kingdom.html |title=The Story of the Union Jack: The National Flag of the United Kingdom |date=25 April 2017 |first=John |last=Misachi |website=worldatlas |access-date=8 June 2019}}
1607

| 30 January

Bristol Channel floods cause devastation on the south coast of Wales, affecting Pembrokeshire, Glamorgan, and Monmouthshire;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2007/01/30/flood_feature.shtml |title=Bristol History: The great flood of 1607 |date=31 January 2007 |publisher=BBC Bristol |access-date=9 June 2019}} Cardiff is the worst affected town, with the foundations of St Mary's Church destroyed{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/fun-stuff/10-fascinating-secrets-cardiffs-past-11387766 |title=11 fascinating secrets from Cardiff's past you walk past every day without realising |format=see fact 5 |first=Ruth |last=Mosalski |date=2 June 2016 |website=WalesOnline |publisher=Media Wales |access-date=9 June 2019}}
1615–1617

|

The Wye Bridge in Monmouth is rebuilt in stone{{sfn|Rowlands|1994|pp=1–2}}
1620

|

Bishop William Morgan's Bible translation into Welsh (first published in 1588) is revised by Bishop Richard Parry and Dr John Davies as Y Bibl Cyssegr-lan, and published in London{{cite web|last=Williams |first=Glanmor |author-link=Glanmor Williams |year=1959 |title=Parry, Richard (1560–1623), bishop and biblical translator |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-PARR-RIC-1560 |access-date=14 July 2019}}
1636

|

The three-arch stone bridge, Pont Fawr,{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=16951 |desc=Pont Fawr |grade=I |access-date=14 July 2019}} at Llanrwst is built by Sir John Wynn of Gwydir Castle; nicknamed locally as "Pont Inigo Jones", its design is attributed to classical architect Inigo Jones{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1384|title=Pont Fawr (Llanrwst Bridge)|access-date=14 July 2019}}
1640

|

Cannon production begins at Bersham Ironworks{{cite web|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Bersham_Ironworks|title=Bersham Ironworks|website=Grace's Guide|access-date=22 February 2019}}
1642/43

|

Skirmishes between Parliamentarians and Royalists bring the English Civil War to (largely Royalist or neutral{{sfn|J. Davies|1994|p=279}}) Wales, including naval action at Milford Haven{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=76–79}}
1643

| November

Parliamentary forces make piecemeal strategic gains in Wales from the north and south{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=93–94}}
rowspan=3 | 1644

| April

Further advances by Parliamentary forces in southwest Wales, threatening Cardiganshire and Carmarthenshire{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=154–157}}
JulyWidespread military actions across the whole of south Wales, resulting in gains for the Parliamentarians{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=189–193}}
17 SeptemberThe first battle of the English Civil War on Welsh soil takes place at Montgomery and the castle is taken by the Parliamentarians{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=201–209}}
1644/45

|

Cardigan Castle is besieged and captured by Parliamentarians, before being attacked by Royalists who leave the castle slighted and burned{{cite web|url=https://www.cardigancastle.com/history/|title=Cardigan Castle – History|website=cardigancastle.com|access-date=24 February 2019}}{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=228–234}}
1645

| June–September

King Charles I of England tours south and mid-Wales to rally support in the wake of his defeat at the Battle of Naseby{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=255–265}}
rowspan=4 | 1646

| February

Cardiff Castle is besieged by Royalists, but relieved by Parliamentarians{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=298–300}}
April–JuneAberystwyth Castle, after a long siege, surrenders to Parliamentary forces; most castles in north Wales are under siege; Caernarvon, Anglesey and Beaumaris submit to Parliament{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=305–313}}
19 AugustRaglan Castle surrenders to Parliamentary forces{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=314–324}}
OctoberDenbigh Castle surrenders to Parliamentary forces{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=328–331}}
rowspan=2 | 1647

| 19 January

Holt Castle surrenders to Parliamentary forces after a siege lasting several months{{sfn|Pettifer|2000|pp=66–67}}
16 MarchHarlech Castle surrenders to Parliamentary forces; it is the last Royalist stronghold of the English Civil War in mainland Britain{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=332–334}}
rowspan=4 | 1648

| 8 May

The Battle of St. Fagans takes place near Cardiff, a pitched battle (termed by some an insurrection) between Parliamentarians and Royalists (more accurately disaffected Parliamentary forces), part of the Second English Civil War,{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=335–343}} in which there is fighting throughout south Wales{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=344–379}}
JuneFighting breaks out in north Wales; the insurrection is suppressed{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=380–386}}
JulyAfter a long siege, Pembroke surrenders to Parliament{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=397–398}}
July–OctoberAnglesey is the last area in Wales to submit to the rule of Parliament, which demands the sum of £7,000 for military expenditure; end of the English Civil War in Wales{{sfn|J. R. Phillips|1874|pp=399–401}}
rowspan=3 | 1649

| January

Welsh politicians, Thomas Wogan (Pembroke) and John Jones Maesygarnedd (Merioneth), are among the signatories to the death warrant of Charles I; after the restoration, Wogan flees the country and Jones is executed{{cite web|last=Charles |first=Bertie George |year=1959 |title=Wogan families, Pembrokeshire |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-WOGA-PEN-1250 |access-date=17 July 2019}}{{cite web|last=Dodd |first=Arthur Herbert |author-link=A. H. Dodd |year=1959 |title=Jones, John, Maes-y-garnedd Merioneth, and his family 'the regicide' |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-JONE-JOH-1597 |access-date=17 July 2019}}
Aberystwyth Castle is slighted by Commonwealth troops{{cite web|title= BBC Wales History: Aberystwyth Castle |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/castles_aberystwyth.shtml |access-date= 18 July 2019}}
JuneMontgomery Castle is demolished by order of the Rump ParliamentW. R. Williams, The parliamentary history of the principality of Wales, from the earliest times to the present day, 1541–1895 (1895), p. 143
1650

| {{nowrap|22 February}}

The Act for the better propagation and preaching of the Gospel in Wales is passed by Parliament, resulting in the ejection of dissident clergymen and the creation of English-language schools{{cite web|title= An Act for the better Propagation and Preaching of the Gospel in Wales, and redress of some Grievances.', in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911)|pages= 342–348 |publisher= British History Online |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp342-348 |access-date= 18 July 2019}}
1655

|

Conwy Castle is slighted by order of the English Council of State following the British Civil Wars{{sfn|Ashbee|2007|p=16}}
rowspan=2 | 1659

| 5 August

Booth's Rebellion proclaims Charles II as King of England; its leaders include Thomas Myddelton, a former Parliamentary general, of Chirk Castle near Wrexham{{cite ODNB |first=Sean |last=Kelsey |date=January 2006 |orig-year=2004 |title=Booth, George, first Baron Delamer (1622–1684) |id=2877 }}
Denbigh Castle is slighted after being seized by Royalist soldiers{{sfn|Butler|2007}}{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=968 |desc=Denbigh Castle |grade=I |access-date=22 July 2019 }}
1682

| 30 August

A group of Welsh settlers, including Thomas Wynne, set sail for Pennsylvania{{Cite AMB1920|wstitle=Wynne, Thomas}}
1686

|

Welsh Quaker leader Rowland Ellis, and his fellow Quakers, leave Wales for Pennsylvania to avoid religious persecution{{cite web|last=Owen |first=Robert |year=1959 |title=Ellis, Rowland (1650–1731), Welsh-American Quaker |work=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-ELLI-ROW-1650 |access-date=18 July 2019}}
1688

|

Abergavenny's Royal charter is annulled when the chief officers of the town's corporation refuse to take the oath of allegiance to King William III of England, leading to a subsequent decline in the town's prosperity{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Abergavenny|volume=1|page=53}}
1694

|

The first of two copper mills opens in the Neath Valley, powered by waterfalls on the River Neath. Copper smelting, refining and working becomes a prime commercial concern in Wales in the late 17th century.

18th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
1717

| {{nowrap|4 November}}

Skerries Lighthouse begins operation, guiding ships past the low tract of submerged land off Carmel Head, northwest Anglesey{{cite web|url=https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouses-and-lightvessels/skerries-lighthouse|title=Skerries Lighthouse|publisher=Trinity House|access-date=22 February 2019}}
1723

|

The Workhouse Test Act (also known as Knatchbull's Act) is passed by UK government, leading to the establishment of numerous workhouses in England and Wales over the next two decades{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/testact.html|title=The 'workhouse test Act' (1723)|website=victorianweb.org|access-date=28 February 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/poorlaws/1722intro.shtml|title=The 1722 Poor Relief Act (Knatchbull's Act)|website=workhouses.org.uk|access-date=28 February 2019}}
1746

|

The Wales and Berwick Act is passed, creating a statutory definition of "England" as including England, Wales and Berwick-upon-Tweed{{sfn|Blackstone/Stewart|2010|p=92}}
1761

|

Bersham Ironworks employs a new boring machine for the accurate production of smooth bore cannon, later supplying cannon for use in the American War of Independence and the Napoleonic wars
1765

|

Opening of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks and construction of the first coke blast furnace for the production of pig iron{{cite web|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks|title=Cyfarthfa Ironworks|website=Grace's Guide|access-date=22 February 2019}}
1768

|

A rich seam of copper ore is discovered at Parys Mountain, Anglesey, leading to the formation of the Parys Mine Company, soon to become the world's most productive copper mining concern. Wales dominates the world copper markets throughout this period.
1782

|

The Relief of the Poor Act (also known as Gilbert's Act) is passed by UK government, enabling poor relief to be provided at home for the able-bodied poor{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/gilbert.html|title=Gilbert's Act (1782)|website=victorianweb.org|access-date=4 March 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/poorlaws/1782intro.shtml|title=The 1782 Poor Relief Act (Gilbert's Act)|website=workhouses.org.uk|access-date=4 March 2019}} (later repealed in 1871 by the Statute Law Revision Act)
1793

|

Pont-y-Cafnau, the world's earliest surviving iron railway bridge, is constructed to support a tramway and aqueduct for the transport of raw materials to the Cyfarthfa Ironworks{{Coflein|num=34860 |desc=Pont-y-cafnau, Merthyr Tydfil |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
1797

| 22–24 February

The Pembrokeshire coast is invaded by Republican France in the Battle of Fishguard, often referred to as the "last invasion of Britain" as it represents the last assault launched on British soil by a hostile foreign power{{cite web|url=http://battlefields.rcahmw.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Carregwastad-Point-Fishguard-1797-Border-Archaeology-2009.pdf|title=Historic Battlefields in Wales – Battle Name: Carregwastad Point, Fishguard (February 1797)|date=November 2009|publisher=RCAHMW|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074600/http://battlefields.rcahmw.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Carregwastad-Point-Fishguard-1797-Border-Archaeology-2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}

19th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
1802

|

Admiral Nelson pays a personal visit to the Cyfarthfa Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil
1804

| 21 February

The world's first ever railway journey takes place when Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive runs along the newly laid tramroad from Penydarren Ironworks to the canal wharf at Abercynon{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/articles/2008-12-15/Richard-Trevithicks-steam-locomotive/|title=Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive|date=15 December 2008|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=28 March 2019}}
1810/11

|

William Madocks builds a sea wall to reclaim a large proportion of Traeth Mawr from the sea for agricultural use, the origins of the town of Porthmadog{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/waleshistory/2011/12/william_madocks_the_cob_porthmadog.html|title=William Madocks and the Cob at Porthmadog|first=Phil|last=Carradice|date=6 December 2011|publisher=BBC|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211035939/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/waleshistory/2011/12/william_madocks_the_cob_porthmadog.html|archive-date=11 December 2011|url-status=live}}
1819

|

The first "provincial" eisteddfod is held in Carmarthen, marking the revival of the traditional arts festival as a Welsh institution{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/collections/eisteddfodau/provincial/|title=History of the Welsh Eisteddfodau: The Provincial Eisteddfodau 1819–1834|publisher=National Museum of Wales|access-date=23 February 2019}}
1823

| 18 January

The Red Lady of Paviland, a partial skeleton from the Stone Age, is discovered by William Buckland in a limestone cave on the Gower Peninsula; considered to be the oldest known ceremonial burial in Western Europe{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
1830

|

Merthyr Tydfil is by now the largest town in Wales, mainly populated by workers in the iron and coal industries, and their families
rowspan=2 | 1831

| June

An armed uprising takes place in Merthyr Tydfil, as thousands of workers protest against their poor wages and working conditions{{cite web|url=https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/issue/489/2464/31-05-2007/the-merthyr-rising-1831|title=The Merthyr Rising 1831|date=31 May 2007|work=The Socialist|access-date=21 March 2019}}
13 AugustDespite a petition for his release, a young miner called Richard Lewis (also known as Dic Penderyn) is hanged outside Cardiff Gaol for stabbing a soldier with a bayonet during the Merthyr Rising; later proven to be innocent, he is remembered as a working-class martyr{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2016-07-26/mp-urges-pardon-for-hanged-welsh-working-class-martyr/|title=MP urges pardon for hanged Welsh working class martyr Dic Penderyn|date=26 July 2016|work=ITV News|access-date=22 March 2019}}
1833

|

Samuel Lewis publishes the comprehensive, two-volume, historical and geographical A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (the 4th edition, 1849, is online){{cite web|title=British History Online: A Topographical Dictionary of Wales|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/wales|access-date=20 July 2019}}
1834

| 14 August

Poor Law Amendment Act is passed by UK government, replacing earlier poor relief legislation and fundamentally reforming the poverty relief system in England and Wales (later repealed in 1948 at the rise of the British welfare state){{cite web|title=4&5 William IV c LXXVI. : An Act for the Amendment and better Administration of the Laws relating to the Poor in England and Wales.|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/poorlaws/1834act.shtml|website=The Workhouse|access-date=30 May 2015}}
1835

|

The Swansea Philosophical & Literary Society is established with the purpose of making Swansea a centre of culture and scientific research{{cite web|url=http://www.risw.org/about-us.htm|title=RISW: Discover Swansea and the world|publisher=Royal Institution of South Wales|access-date=20 March 2019}}
1837

|

Opening of Port Talbot Docks, the first major docks in South Wales, which are named after Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot (MP for Glamorganshire), the main sponsor of the project{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2016-01-19/port-talbot-and-its-long-tradition-of-steel-making/|title=Timeline: Port Talbot and its long tradition of steel-making|date=19 January 2016|work=ITV News|access-date=10 April 2019}}
1838

|

The Swansea Philosophical & Literary Society is granted a royal charter in recognition of the high quality of scientific research by its members; the society is renamed the Royal Institution of South Wales
1839

| 4 November

Newport Rising, an armed rebellion by the Chartism movement against authority, led by Chartist John Frost{{cite web|url=http://thechartists.org/assets/chartism-newport-matters-1-4.pdf|title=The Battle of the Westgate Inn 4 November 1839|publisher=Chartism e-Mag|access-date=20 March 2019}}
rowspan=4 | 1840

| 16 January

Chartists John Frost, Zephaniah Williams and William Jones are found guilty of high treason for their part in the 1839 Newport Rising, and sentenced to death{{cite web|url=http://www.newportpast.com/nfs/strands/frost/part2.htm|title=Chartist Trial 16th January 1840|website=newportpast.com|access-date=20 March 2019}} (later commuted to penal transportation)
5 JuneJoseph Brown is appointed Vicar Apostolic of the Roman Catholic District of Wales{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bbrownt|Bishop Thomas Joseph Brown, O.S.B.|16 July 2019}}
8 OctoberOfficial opening of Taff Vale Railway, the first steam-worked passenger railway in Wales{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/EngineeringItem.asp?id=1397|title=Taff Vale Railway|website=engineering-timelines.com|access-date=26 February 2019}}
28 OctoberJoseph Brown, Vicar Apostolic of the Roman Catholic District of Wales, is consecrated as a bishop
rowspan=5 | 1841

| 19 February

The Governor Fenner, carrying emigrants to America, collides with a steamer off Holyhead and sinks with the loss of 123 lives{{Coflein|num=271857 |desc=Governor Fenner |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
9 MarchThe earliest recorded photograph in Wales, a daguerreotype of Margam Castle, is taken by Calvert Jones{{cite web|url=https://www.library.wales/collections/learn-more/introduction2/|title=The National Collection of Welsh Photographs|date=2018|publisher=National Library of Wales|access-date=20 March 2019}}
April

| The population of Wales exceeds one million{{cite web|title=200 Years of the Census in ... Wales: Census 2001|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-19}}

21 AprilThe Taff Vale Railway is extended from Abercynon to Merthyr Tydfil
Opening of Swansea Museum—the oldest museum in Wales—by the Royal Institution of South Wales{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/swansea/industry/swansea-museum/|title=Swansea's Industrial Heritage: Swansea Museum|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=20 March 2019}}
rowspan=4 | 1842

| 12 April

Morgan Williams travels to the Chartist Convention in London, to present to parliament a petition signed by 36,000 people from south Wales{{cite web|last= Williams |first= Edward Ivor |year= 1959 |title= WILLIAMS, MORGAN (1808–1883), chartist |work= Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url= https://biography.wales/article/s-WILL-MOR-1808 |access-date= 16 July 2019}}
MayThe Royal Children's Employment Commission publishes its first report on the employment of children in the British coal industry, which reveals that children as young as five are working long shifts underground{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/report-on-child-labour-1842|title=Report on child labour, 1842|publisher=British Library|access-date=11 March 2019}}
JuneThe Rebecca Riots begin in earnest in south and west Wales, as local farmers and agricultural workers launch a series of attacks on tollhouses and other symbols of economic oppression{{cite web|url=https://www.peoplescollection.wales/content/rebecca-riots|title=Rebecca Riots|date=16 August 2011|website=peoplescollection.wales|access-date=11 April 2019}}
10 OctoberOfficial opening of the Town Dock (later known as the "Old Dock"), the first floating dock facility in Newport harbour, able to accommodate the largest ships in the world{{cite web|url=http://www.newportharbourcommissioners.org.uk/town_dock_history.htm|title=History – Town Dock|date=2007|website=Newport Harbour Commissioners|access-date=4 March 2019}}
1850

|

National Roman Legion Museum is established in Caerleon, near Newport{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/media/38010/Info-Roman.pdf|title=National Roman Legion Museum|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=26 February 2019}}
1851

|

A bronze statue of the British military leader Sir William Nott is erected in his home town of Carmarthen{{Coflein|num=32667 |desc=Nott Monument, Carmarthen |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
1860

| 1 December

A major explosion at the Black Vein Colliery in Risca, southeast Wales, claims 142 lives{{cite web|url=http://www.industrialgwent.co.uk/museum/risca.htm|title=The development of Risca – Industry and Transport|date=2004–2016|publisher=Oxford House Industrial History Society|access-date=20 March 2019}}
1861

|

The first official National Eisteddfod as we know it today took place in Aberdare{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/ztbk87h|title=Druids, bards and rituals: What is an Eisteddfod?|first=Sian|last=Williams|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801065902/https://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/ztbk87h|archive-date=1 August 2014|url-status=live}}
1865

| 28 July

153 Welsh settlers establish Y Wladfa in Patagonia, Argentina{{sfn|Williams|1975|p=35}}
1867

| 8 November

Two explosions at the Ferndale Colliery in the Rhondda Valley claim the lives of 178 men and boys{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/ferndale-mining-disaster-1867-150-13849127|title=The day 178 men and boys went to work in a Welsh colliery and never returned home|date=6 November 2017|first=Tom|last=Houghton|publisher=Media Wales|website=WalesOnline|access-date=30 March 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 1875

| 16 April

Official opening of the Alexandra Dock in Newport, following the success of the Town Dock and the subsequent increase in the volume of trade{{cite web|url=http://www.newportharbourcommissioners.org.uk/dock_history.htm|title=History – The Alexandra Docks|date=2007|website=Newport Harbour Commissioners|access-date=12 May 2019}}
Cyfarthfa Ironworks is forced to close after more than 100 years of production
1878

| {{nowrap|11 September}}

A catastrophic explosion at the Prince of Wales Colliery in Abercarn claims the lives of 268 men and boys{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-29167228|title=Painting marks Abercarn Colliery disaster anniversary|date=11 September 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=20 March 2019}}
1880

| 15 July

A major explosion at the New Risca Colliery in Risca, southeast Wales, claims 120 lives{{cite web|url=http://www.industrialgwent.co.uk/museum/archive03/index.htm|title=Photo Archive: North Risca Blackvein Colliery – The 1880 disaster|date=2004–2018|publisher=Risca Industrial History Museum & OHIHS|access-date=20 March 2019}}
1883

|

Cardiff hosts the National Eisteddfod for the first time since its modern inception in 1861{{cite web|url=https://eisteddfod.wales/about-us/past-locations|title=Past locations|website=eisteddfod.wales|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090454/https://eisteddfod.wales/about-us/past-locations|url-status=dead}}
1887

|

The National Eisteddfod is held in London's Royal Albert Hall for the first time
1888

|

The small village of Llanwddyn, at the head of the Vyrnwy valley, is flooded to create the Lake Vyrnwy reservoir for supplying fresh water to Liverpool and Merseyside{{cite web|url=https://www.llanwddyn.com/history.html|title=Lake Vyrnwy and Llanwddyn History|website=llanwddyn.com|access-date=9 March 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 1890

| 6 February

An explosion at the Llanerch Colliery in Abersychan claims the lives of 176 men and boys{{Coflein|num=421104 |desc=Cwm-nant-ddu Colliery |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
10 April

| David Lloyd George returned as Liberal MP for Carnarvon Boroughs{{sfn|Gilbert|1987|pp=75–76}}

rowspan=2 | 1893

| 6 June

The second of the Alexandra Docks, the South Dock, opens at Newport (and the original Alexandra Dock is renamed the "North Dock")
Construction work begins on the dams for the Elan Valley Reservoirs, which will supply clean drinking water to Birmingham in the English West Midlands{{cite web|url=https://www.elanvalley.org.uk/discover/reservoirs-dams/building-dams|title=Elan Valley – Building of the dams|publisher=Elan Valley Reservoirs|website=elanvalley.org.uk|access-date=9 March 2019}}
1894

| 23 June

An explosion at the Albion Colliery in Cilfynydd claims the lives of 290 men and boys; one of the worst mining accidents ever to occur in the United Kingdom, it is the second worst mining disaster in Welsh history (after the Senghenydd colliery disaster in 1913){{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-36914191|title=Albion Colliery: The forgotten mining disaster|first=Rhiannon|last=Beacham|date=2 September 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=21 March 2019}}

20th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
1900–1920

|

Peak of the coal mining industry in Wales, with more than 600 collieries employing over 230,000 men{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/industry_coal03.shtml|title=20th century coal mining|date=15 August 2008|publisher=BBC Wales|access-date=11 March 2019}}
1901

|

The population of Wales exceeds two million, having doubled in 60 years
1904

| 21 July

Official opening of the Elan Valley Reservoirs by King Edward VII of England and Queen Alexandra; water starts flowing along 118 km of gravity-driven pipeline to the Frankley Reservoir in Birmingham
rowspan=2 | 1905

|

Construction of the original steel mill at Port Talbot is completed
28 OctoberCardiff is granted city status by King Edward VII{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/5d9528e9-46e3-3a00-b348-e2b8a1209d5e|title=1905: Cardiff becomes a city|date=28 October 2011|first=Phil|last=Carradice|publisher=BBC Wales|access-date=24 February 2019}}
1906

| 27 June

An earthquake strikes near Swansea, causing some minor structural damage to buildings; measuring 5.2 on the Richter scale, it is one of the most significant earthquakes to occur in the UK in the 20th century{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/5118034.stm|title=The day an earthquake hit Swansea|date=27 June 2006|work=BBC News|access-date=18 March 2019}}
1907

| 19 March

National Museum of Wales and the National Library of Wales is established in Cardiff and Aberystwyth respectively, by a royal charter{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/freedom-of-information/|title=Freedom of Information|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=26 February 2019}}{{Cite web |title=About NLW {{!}} The National Library of Wales |url=https://www.library.wales/about-nlw/about-us/about-nlw |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=library.wales}}
1908

| 10 August

Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales established{{sfn|Browne/Griffiths|2008|pp=19–29}}
rowspan=2 | 1911

| 13 July

Prince Edward is invested as the Prince of Wales in an elaborate ceremony at Caernarfon Castle
16 DecemberThe 1911 Coal Mines Act is passed, following a series of mine disasters in the 19th and early-20th centuries, including several in Wales; the Act amends existing laws covering safety and other aspects of the UK coal mining industry{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/acts/coal-mines-act-1911|title=Coal Mines Act 1911|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|access-date=1 April 2019}}
1911–1913

|

A significant prehistoric metalwork hoard, thought to have been deposited in a sacred ritual, is discovered at Llyn Fawr when the lake is partially drained for the construction of a new reservoir
1913

| 14 October

A huge explosion at the Universal Colliery in Senghenydd claims the lives of 439 men and boys; it is the worst mining disaster in the history of the British coalfields{{Coflein|num=419459 |desc=National Mining Memorial, Senghenydd |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
1914

| {{nowrap|18 September}}

The long-awaited Welsh Church Act receives royal assent,{{cite journal|url=https://orca.cf.ac.uk/24893/1/Doe%202004.pdf|title=The Church in Wales and the State: A Juridical Perspective|date=June 2004|first=Norman|last=Doe|journal=Journal of Anglican Studies|volume=2|issue=1|page=102|doi=10.1177/174035530400200110|access-date=24 February 2019}} but will not come into force until after World War I
1916

| 6 December

David Lloyd George becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom;{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/cabinet-gov/david-lloyd-george-1916.htm|title=The Cabinet Papers: David Lloyd George 1916|publisher=The National Archives (United Kingdom)|access-date=2 March 2019}} although not actually Welsh-born, Lloyd George grew up in Wales and he was the first Welsh-speaking British prime minister{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/news-opinion/david-lloyd-george-deacon-essay-12272924|title=The tumultuous events that led to David Lloyd George becoming PM 100 years ago|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Media Wales|website=WalesOnline|access-date=2 March 2019}}
1919

|

Final closure of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks, which is dismantled nine years later
1920

| 31 March

The Welsh Church Act 1914 takes effect, allowing the creation of the Church in Wales which encompasses most of the Welsh part of the Church of England; The Act disestablishes the Church in Wales and establishes the Archbishopric of Wales; the first Archbishop is Alfred George Edwards{{cite web|title= National Archives: Welsh Church Act 1914 |url= http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/4-5/91/contents |access-date= 18 March 2019}}
1924

| 25 September

Malcolm Campbell sets a world land speed record of {{convert|146.16|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on Pendine Sands, Carmarthen Bay, in his Sunbeam 350HP car Blue Bird, the first of several successful record attempts on the Sands in the 1920s{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/Pendine-Sands-Wales--The-British-Home-Of-Former-World-Land-Speed-Records|title=Pendine Sands, Wales – The British Home of Former World Land Speed Records|date=6 March 2018|first=Graham|last=Read|work=The Yorkshire Times|access-date=17 March 2019}}
1925

| 5 August

The Welsh social-democratic political party Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru (meaning "The National Party of Wales") is formed in Pwllheli, later changing its name to Plaid Cymru (or simply "The Party of Wales"){{cite web|url=http://www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=1054|title=Plaid Cymru Formed|website=information-britain.co.uk|access-date=22 February 2019}}
1929

| May

The first Urdd National Eisteddfod, a competitive youth festival of literature, music and performing arts, is held in Corwen, Denbighshire{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/urdd-national-eisteddfod-europes-largest-2673905|title=The Urdd National Eisteddfod is Europe's largest competitive youth festival|date=27 January 2012|first=Eryl|last=Crump|work=Daily Post|access-date=24 March 2019}}
1930

| October

Closure of Newport's "Old Dock", as resources are concentrated on the modern Alexandra Dock complex
1934

| 22 September

A major explosion at the Gresford Colliery near Wrexham claims the lives of 266 men{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/local-news/gallery/gresford-mining-disaster-september-1934-7809519|title=Gresford mining disaster, September 1934|date=22 September 2014|first=Clare|last=Hickie|work=Daily Post|access-date=21 March 2019}}
1935

|

Production of Y Chwarelwr (The Quarryman), the first audio feature film recorded in the Welsh language{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/first-welsh-talkie-honoured-2905269|title=First Welsh talkie honoured|date=3 September 2005|work=Daily Post|access-date=28 March 2019}}
1936

| 8 September

Arson attack at RAF Penrhos "bombing school" by three members of Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru, known as the Tân yn Llŷn (Fire in Llŷn) protest; the culmination of an ongoing opposition campaign, it is considered to be a defining moment in the history of the political party{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/day-activists-torched-raf-bombing-15083548|title=The day activists torched an RAF bombing school in Gwynedd|date=8 September 2018|first=Eryl|last=Crump|work=Daily Post|access-date=9 March 2019}}
1936/7

|

Welsh archaeologist W. F. Grimes excavates the tomb of Pentre Ifan in Pembrokeshire
1942/3

|

Over 150 Iron Age metal objects are discovered in Llyn Cerrig Bach on Anglesey, evidently placed in the lake as votive offerings{{Coflein|num=401097 |desc=Llyn Cerrig Bach |access-date=29 September 2021|fewer-links=yes}}
rowspan=2 | 1947

| 1 January

The British coal industry is nationalised as a result of the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946; the move is unable to halt the decline in the Welsh coal mining industry and the repeated closure of Welsh collieries
JuneThe first International Musical Eisteddfod is held in Llangollen{{cite web|url=https://admin.concertprogrammes.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/4908|title=Llangollen International Music Eisteddfod (1947–73)|publisher=Arts and Humanities Research Council|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085700/http://admin.concertprogrammes.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/4908|url-status=dead}}
rowspan=2 | 1948

| 1 July

A national open-air museum (originally called the "Welsh Folk Museum") opens to the public at St Fagans Castle near Cardiff, the Earl of Plymouth having donated the site to the National Museum of Wales in 1946{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/stfagans/stfagans-history/|title=A Brief History of St Fagans|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=28 March 2019}}
5 JulyThe National Health Service is established in the UK{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jan/18/nye-bevan-history-of-nhs-national-health-service|title=Nye Bevan's dream: a history of the NHS|first=Denis|last=Campbell|date=18 January 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=4 March 2019}} as one of a series of welfare reforms designed to guarantee basic levels of personal and social security after the Second World War{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education|title=1945–51: Labour and the creation of the welfare state|first=Derek|last=Brown|date=14 March 2001|work=The Guardian|access-date=4 March 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 1951

| 17 July

Official opening of the Abbey Steelworks in Port Talbot; the new steel production plant is fully operational within two years
18 OctoberSnowdonia National Park is designated as the first national park in Wales; it has a total area of {{convert|823|sqmi|km2}} and incorporates Snowdon, the highest mountain in Wales{{cite web|url=http://www.snowdonia.gov.wales/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/534348/WelshNationalParksPack.pdf|title=National Parks in Wales|date=February 2015|website=snowdonia.gov.wales|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013422/http://www.snowdonia.gov.wales/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/534348/WelshNationalParksPack.pdf|url-status=dead}}
rowspan=3 | 1952

| 29 February

Pembrokeshire Coast National Park is designated as the second national park in Wales; noted for its spectacular coastline, the park covers a total area of {{convert|612|km2|sqmi|order=flip}}
15 AugustTelevision becomes available in Wales for the first time following the switching on of the Wenvoe transmitting station.{{cite web|url=https://tx.mb21.co.uk/gallery/gallerypage.php?txid=449&pageid=274 |title=The Transmission Gallery: Wenvoe |date=10 October 2024 |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=mb21 UK Broadcast Transmission |archive-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102082528/https://tx.mb21.co.uk/gallery/gallerypage.php?txid=449&pageid=274 |url-status=live}}
23 OctoberCompletion of Elan Valley Reservoirs project, with the official opening of the Claerwen dam by Queen Elizabeth II{{cite web|url=http://www.elanvalleypastandpresent.co.uk/Dams/ClaerwenDam.php|title=Claerwen Dam|website=elanvalleypastandpresent.co.uk|access-date=9 March 2019}}
1953

|

Further restoration work is carried out at Conwy Castle on lease to the UK's Ministry of Works{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
1955

| 20 December

Cardiff is named the capital city of Wales
1957

| 17 April

Brecon Beacons National Park is designated as the third of three national park in Wales; incorporating Pen y Fan, the highest peak in south Wales, the park covers a total area of {{convert|1347|km2|sqmi|order=flip}}
rowspan=2 | 1958

|14 January

Independent television comes to Wales when TWW starts broadcasting across South Wales. Four years later, Wales West and North Television begins broadcasting to the northern areas of Wales.
26 JulyPrince Charles is named Prince of Wales at the closing ceremony of the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/articles/2014-05-21/The-1958-British-Empire-and-Commonwealth-Games-Queens-Baton-Relay/|title=The 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Queen's Baton Relay|first=Emma|last=Lile|date=21 May 2014|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=26 February 2019}} (his investiture is delayed until July 1969)
1960–1970

|

Peak production at the Abbey Steelworks in Port Talbot: by the mid-1960s, the site has grown to be Europe's largest steel-producing complex and the largest single employer in Wales, with a workforce of over 18,000
rowspan=2 | 1961

|

Closure of the original steel mill at Port Talbot; the site is demolished a few years later{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/d8ee84c1-7e55-3931-a4f6-391792c85d6f|title=Opening of the Abbey Steelworks, Port Talbot|date=16 July 2014|publisher=BBC Wales|access-date=10 April 2019}}
17 AugustThe Lower Swansea Valley Project is launched,{{cite web|url=http://www.welshcopper.org.uk/en/copper-guides_lsvp_history.htm|title=Lower Swansea Valley Project – History|website=A World of Welsh Copper|access-date=20 March 2019}} with the aim of reclaiming the land that has been devastated by industrial processes over the past two centuries; the land will eventually house new developments such as the Maritime Quarter, a shopping complex, sports complex and industrial park{{cite web|url=http://www.swanseamuseum.co.uk/swansea-a-brief-history/industry/the-lower-swansea-valley-project|title=The Lower Swansea Valley Project|publisher=Swansea Museum|access-date=20 March 2019}}
1962

| 4 August

The Welsh Language Society (Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg) is established, to campaign for the right of Welsh people to use the Welsh language in every aspect of their lives{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-19098180|title=The Welsh Language Society: 50 years of campaigning|date=4 August 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=26 February 2019}}
1964

| 17 October

The post of Secretary of State for Wales is created in the UK government when Harold Wilson appoints the MP for Llanelli, Jim Griffiths, to the new role{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/former-welsh-secretaries-to-mark-50th-anniversary-of-secretary-of-state-for-wales-role|title=50th anniversary of Secretary of State for Wales role|first=Stephen|last=Crabb|date=16 October 2014|publisher=gov.uk|access-date=26 February 2019}}
1965

|21 October

Official opening of the Llyn Celyn reservoir, created by flooding parts of the Afon Tryweryn valley, including the village of Capel Celyn, for supplying water to Liverpool and parts of the Wirral Peninsula{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-21388585|title=Tryweryn: 50 years since bombing of reservoir dam|date=10 February 2013 |publisher=BBC Wales|access-date=24 February 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 1966

| 14 July

Plaid Cymru gains its first seat in the UK Parliament, as Gwynfor Evans wins the Carmarthen bi-election{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-36772269|title=Plaid Cymru's first MP 'helped change course of a nation'|date=14 July 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=26 February 2019}}
21 OctoberThe Aberfan disaster kills 116 children and 28 adults{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-37541508|title=Surviving Aberfan: 50 year anniversary of disaster|date=17 October 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=26 February 2019}}
1967

| 27 July

Parts of the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 that relate to the "dominion of Wales" are repealed by the Welsh Language Act 1967, allowing free use of the Welsh language in some political and legal proceedings{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/66/enacted/data.xht?view=snippet&wrap=true|title=Welsh Language Act 1967|date=27 July 1067|publisher=Legislation.gov.uk|access-date=4 March 2019}}
1969

| 1 July

Prince Charles is invested as the Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle; the televised event attracts a world-wide audience of 500 million people, the largest TV audience ever gained for an event in Wales{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/investiture/pages/investiture-background.shtml|title=The investiture of the Prince of Wales|date=25 June 2009|first=Neil|last=Evans|publisher=BBC Wales|access-date=26 February 2019}}
1970

|

Opening of Pembrokeshire Coast Path, a designated National Trail in Pembrokeshire, southwest Wales; mostly a cliff-top walking route, the path measures a total distance of {{convert|186|mi|km}}{{cite web|url=http://nt.pcnpa.org.uk/website/sitefiles/nt_page.asp?PageID=7|title=Pembrokeshire Coast National Trail – About this trail|publisher=Pembrokeshire Coast National Park|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701101700/http://nt.pcnpa.org.uk/website/sitefiles/nt_page.asp?PageID=7|url-status=dead}}
1971

| 10 July

Official opening of Offa's Dyke Path, a designated National Trail stretching for {{convert|177|mi|km}} along the Wales–England border from the Severn Estuary to the Irish Sea coast, with a visitors' centre at the "half-way point" in Knighton, Powys{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-14051834|title=Offa's Dyke path's 40th anniversary celebrations|date=10 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=27 February 2019}}
1972

| 25 May

The National Slate Museum opens to the public in Llanberis, Gwynedd{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/slate/about/|title=The heart of Welsh industry at The National Slate Museum|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=26 February 2019}}{{cite web|title=National Slate Museum gets set to celebrate its 40th birthday!|url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/news/?article_id=749|publisher=National Slate Museum|access-date=4 January 2016|date=9 May 2012}}
1974

| 1 April

Enactment of the Local Government Act 1972 replaces civil parishes with communities{{cite book|title=Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70|publisher=The Stationery Office Ltd|isbn=0-10-547072-4|year=1997}}
rowspan=2 | 1976

|

Opening of the South Wales Miners' Museum in the Afan Forest Park, the first mining museum in Wales{{cite web|url=https://www.south-wales-miners-museum.co.uk/|title=Welcome to South Wales Miners' Museum|website=south-wales-miners-museum.co.uk|access-date=19 March 2019}}
The National Wool Museum is established at Dre-fach Felindre in Carmarthenshire{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/news/?article_id=540|title=Dr J. Geraint Jenkins, 1929–2009|date=28 August 2009|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=26 February 2019}}
1977

|3 January

BBC Radio Cymru launches and becomes the first broadcasting outlet dedicated wholly to programmes in Welsh. The service is part-time, and it is not until the end of the decade that the station is on air for a significant number of hours each day.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
1978

| 23 November

BBC Radio Wales launches on the former Radio 4 Welsh medium wave opt-out wavelength, initially with very limited broadcast hours; establishing a separate network is made possible by the transfer of Radio 4 to a fully UK-wide network on moving from medium wave to long wave.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
1979

| 1 March

In the first Welsh devolution referendum, the electorate votes against establishing a devolved assembly{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-40947872|title=How Welsh devolution has evolved over two decades|date=18 September 2017|first=Adrian|last=Browne|work=BBC News|access-date=24 February 2019}}
1982

| 1 November

S4C begins broadcasting as Wales' fourth television channel. The channel broadcasts Welsh programming during peaktime and airs programmes from Channel 4, which launches the nest day, during off-peak hours.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-63414736|title=S4C: Birthplace of SuperTed and Fireman Sam turns 40|work=BBC News |date=1 November 2022}}
1983

|

The Big Pit National Coal Museum opens to the public in Blaenafon, southeast Wales{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/media/38009/Info-Coal.pdf|title=Big Pit National Coal Museum|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=26 February 2019}}
1984

| 19 July

An earthquake measuring 5.4 on the Richter scale strikes the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd, the largest earthquake to occur in the UK since instrumental measurements began{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-22699999|title=Wales' history of earthquakes|date=29 May 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=8 March 2019}}
1986

|

The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the first World Heritage Site in Wales.{{Cite web|url=https://cadw.gov.wales/sites/default/files/2019-05/Castles%20and%20Town%20Walls%20of%20King%20Edward%20-%20MP%20-%20ENG.pdf |title=World Heritage Site Management Plan 2018–28 |date=January 2018 |website=cadw.gov.wales |access-date=23 February 2023}}
rowspan=2 | 1987

| 3 April

Cardiff Bay Development Corporation is set up by the UK government to redevelop an area of Cardiff to produce Cardiff Bay{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1987/646/made/data.xht?view=snippet&wrap=true|title=The Cardiff Bay Development Corporation (Area and Constitution) Order 1987|date=6 January 1987|publisher=Legislation.gov.uk|access-date=23 February 2019}}
SeptemberSkerries Lighthouse becomes fully automated
1989

|

Bodelwyddan Castle's portrait gallery exhibition is named National Heritage Museum of the Year{{cite web|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/beyond/bodelwyddan-castle.php |title=Bodelwyddan Castle |work=National Portrait Gallery |access-date=5 July 2019}}
1993

| 21 October

Welsh Language Act 1993 (c. 38) (Welsh: Deddf Yr Iaith Gymraeg 1993) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales{{Cite journal |last=Huws |first=Catrin Fflur |title=The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success? |date=2006-06-01 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0 |journal=Language Policy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=141–160 |doi=10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0 |issn=1573-1863}}
1996

|

Swansea City Council saves Swansea Museum from the threat of closure{{cite web|url=https://artuk.org/visit/venues/swansea-museum-7554|title=Swansea Museum|publisher=Art UK|access-date=26 February 2019}}
1997

| 18 September

The second Welsh devolution referendum results in a small majority in favour of forming a devolved assembly for Wales
1998

| 31 July

The Government of Wales Act receives royal assent and becomes law, allowing a National Assembly for Wales to be established following elections to be held in May 1999
rowspan=3 | 1999

| 6 May

In the first National Assembly for Wales election, Welsh Labour wins the most seats but falls short of an overall majority, resulting in a minority Labour administration
27 MayQueen Elizabeth II and Charles, Prince of Wales, officially open the Welsh National Assembly at Crickhowell House in Cardiff Bay, a symbolic transfer of legislative powers from Westminster to Wales{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03rm2jw|title=The Queen opens the first Welsh Assembly: 1999|date=29 May 2012|work=BBC Wales Today|access-date=24 February 2019}}
26 JuneThe Millennium Stadium, the Welsh national stadium in Cardiff, opens in time to host the 1999 Rugby World Cup{{cite web|url=https://www.principalitystadium.wales/2015/09/08/home-of-welsh-rugby-renamed-principality-stadium/|title=Home of Welsh rugby renamed Principality Stadium|author=Principality Stadium|website=principalitystadium.wales|date=8 September 2015|access-date=22 February 2019}}

21st century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:6%" | DateEvent
rowspan=7 | 2000

| June

Don Wales (grandson of Sir Malcolm Campbell) sets a UK electric land speed record of {{convert|137|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on Pendine Sands in Bluebird Electric 2.
30 JuneCardiff Bay Development Corporation is dissolved, after the completion of a major regeneration project at Cardiff Bay.{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1999/mar/31/cardiff-bay-development-corporation|title=Cardiff Bay Development Corporation|date=31 March 1999|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|access-date=15 March 2019}}
21 JulyCharles, Prince of Wales officially opens the National Botanic Garden of Wales, which has been open to the public since 24 May.{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/3306727.stm|title=Timeline: National Botanic Garden|date=10 December 2003|work=BBC News|access-date=14 March 2019}}
14 SeptemberPenderyn whisky begins production at its distillery in the Brecon Beacons National Park;{{cite web|url=https://live.imbibe.com/__novadocuments/486039?v=636656048232270000|title=Penderyn Press Pack|date=April 2018|publisher=Penderyn|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044833/https://live.imbibe.com/__novadocuments/486039?v=636656048232270000|url-status=dead}} this is the first commercially available malt whisky made in Wales since the 19th century.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-39115151|title=Toasting Welsh whisky on St David's Day|date=1 March 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=24 February 2019}}
5 OctoberAfter operating as a minority government for seventeen months, the Welsh Labour Party agrees to form a coalition government with the Welsh Liberal Democrats in the Welsh Assembly;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/oct/06/wales.devolution|title=Surprise Lib-Lab coalition in Wales|first=Patrick|last=Wintour|date=6 October 2000|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 February 2019}} the coalition agreement is officially signed twelve days later.
2 DecemberBlaenavon Industrial Landscape in southeast Wales is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the second World Heritage Site in Wales.{{Cite web|url=http://democracy.monmouthshire.gov.uk/documents/s20804/4b.%20Blaenavon%20WHS%20Management%20Plan%20FINAL%20SEPTEMBER%202018.pdf?LLL=0 |title=Blaenavon Industrial Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2018-2023 |date=July 2018 |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=democracy.monmouthshire.gov.uk |publisher=CBA}}
Glyndwr's Way, a long-distance footpath in mid Wales, is granted National Trail status; the footpath runs for {{convert|135|mi|km}} in an extended loop through Powys between Knighton and Welshpool.{{cite web|url=https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Glyndwr%27s+Way%2FLlwybr+Glyndwr+National+Trail|title=Glyndwr's Way/Llwybr Glyndwr National Trail|date=December 2018|publisher=Long Distance Walkers Association|access-date=28 February 2019}}
rowspan=3 | 2001

| 1 June

Official opening of Cardiff Bay Barrage, one of the largest civil engineering projects in Europe.{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1363131.stm|title=Sparks fly at barrage opening|date=1 June 2001|work=BBC News|access-date=24 February 2019}}
JulyWelsh communities pressure group Cymuned (meaning "Community") is launched at a meeting in Mynytho on the Llŷn Peninsula;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1570383.stm|title=Cymuned meets on language policies|date=29 September 2001|work=BBC News|access-date=18 March 2019}} the group aims to protect and foster the Welsh language and way of life.{{cite web|url=https://icnorthwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/regionalnews/content_objectid=13774438_method=full_siteid=50142_headline=-Force-wants-more-Welsh-speakers-name_page.html|title=Force wants more Welsh speakers|date=2 January 2004|first=Gareth|last=Hughes|work=Daily Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040914070554/https://icnorthwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/regionalnews/content_objectid=13774438_method=full_siteid=50142_headline=-Force-wants-more-Welsh-speakers-name_page.html|archive-date=14 September 2004|url-status=dead|access-date=18 March 2019}}
{{nowrap|16 September}}Actress Siân Phillips unveils a memorial statue to Catrin Glyndŵr in London, to commemorate "Glyndwr Day".{{cite web|url=https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/catrin-glyndwr/creators?limit=200|title=Sculpture: Catrin Glyndwr|website=londonremembers.com|access-date=24 February 2019}}
rowspan=5 | 2002

| June

The Newport Medieval Ship is discovered on the west bank of the River Usk during construction of Newport's Riverfront Arts Centre.{{cite web|url=https://www.newport.gov.uk/heritage/Newport-Ship/Newport-Ship.aspx|title=Newport Ship|publisher=Newport City Council|access-date=24 February 2019}}
5 AugustDr Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Wales, is honoured by admission to the Gorsedd of bards.{{cite web|url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2002/08/archbishop-honoured-by-admission-to-gorsedd-y-beirdd-at-national-eisteddfod.aspx|title=Archbishop honoured by admission to 'Gorsedd y Beirdd' at National Eisteddfod|date=12 August 2002|website=Anglican Communion News Service|access-date=14 March 2019}}
July/AugustClosure and demolition of Ebbw Vale Steelworks, resulting from the collapse of the international steel market.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-38826361|title=The last shift at Ebbw Vale|date=3 February 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=14 March 2019}}
16 OctoberThe Banc Ty'nddôl sun-disc is recovered during archaeological excavations on a Bronze Age site at Cwmystwyth in central Wales.{{cite web|url=https://www.routeyou.com/en-gb/location/view/48036325/banc-ty-nddol-sun-disc?toptext=1571862|title=Banc Ty'nddôl sun-disc|website=RouteYou|access-date=24 February 2019}}
2 DecemberDr Rowan Williams is confirmed as the next Archbishop of Canterbury{{cite web|url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2002/12/dr-rowan-williams-confirmed-as-archbishop-of-canterbury.aspx|title=Dr Rowan Williams confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury|date=2 December 2002|website=Anglican Communion News Service|access-date=23 February 2019}} (to be enthroned in February).
rowspan=7 | 2003

|

The North Wales edition of the Daily Post separates from the Liverpool Daily Post to become a standalone title.{{cite web|url=https://www.holdthefrontpage.co.uk/2013/news/regional-daily-celebrates-50000th-edition/|title=Regional daily celebrates 50,000th edition|date=23 September 2013|website=HoldtheFrontPage.co.uk|access-date=18 March 2019}} (Liverpool edition has since ceased)
29 MarchThe Cob at Porthmadog is purchased by the Welsh Government and the road toll is discontinued after 192 years.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/two-century-old-toll-comes-end-cob-2490402|title=Two-century-old toll comes to an end as the Cob becomes free|date=29 March 2003|website=WalesOnline|publisher=Media Wales|access-date=24 February 2019}}
1 MayThe second National Assembly for Wales election is held, resulting in a minority government by Welsh Labour who choose not to enter into another coalition agreement.
19 JuneHRH Prince William of Wales visits Bangor and Anglesey, to mark his 21st birthday (on 21 June).{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1432268/William-to-tour-Wales-as-birthday-celebration.html|title=William to tour Wales as birthday celebration|date=7 June 2003|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=24 February 2019}}
15 AugustA memorial to Owain Lawgoch, descendant of Llywelyn the Great, is unveiled at Mortagne-sur-Gironde, France.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/728034/France-Nations-unite-in-honour-of-a-bad-heir-day.html|title=France: Nations unite in honour of a bad heir day|first=Byron|last=Rogers|date=2 August 2003|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=23 February 2019}}
NovemberA£1.1 million DTI grant is awarded to Energybuild, the private owner of the Aberpergwm Colliery in the Neath Valley, to upgrade facilities and allow new coal reserves to be accessed.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/xa311m-grant-valleys-last-mine-2463267|title=£1.1m grant for valley's last mine|date=29 November 2003|publisher=Media Wales|website=WalesOnline|access-date=4 April 2019}}
21 NovemberNorth Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm, Wales' first offshore wind farm, commences operation.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/blair-backs-windfarm-n-wales-2462219|title=Blair backs windfarm off N Wales coast|website=WalesOnline|publisher=Media Wales|date=21 November 2003|access-date=23 February 2019}}
rowspan=3 | 2004

| 1 March

Penderyn whisky is officially launched in the presence of HRH Prince Charles; demand is so high that the whisky sells out almost immediately.
13 MarchThe market town of Cowbridge, one of the smallest and oldest walled towns in Wales, celebrates the 750th anniversary of its royal charter.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/town-party-like-its-1254-2443466|title=Town to party like it's 1254|date=3 March 2004|publisher=Media Wales|website=WalesOnline|access-date=7 March 2019}}
26 NovemberOfficial opening of the Wales Millennium Centre, a large arts centre in Cardiff Bay.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4042959.stm|title=Gala opening at Millennium Centre|date=26 November 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=24 February 2019}}
rowspan=7 | 2005

| 29 January

Cardiff's David Morgan store, the largest independent department store in Wales, closes after 125 years of trading.{{cite web|url=http://www.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk/black-plaque-29993-in-cardiff-29993#.XJAjuyj7S00|title=Black plaque № 29993 in Cardiff|website=blueplaqueplaces.co.uk|access-date=19 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
26 MayBig Pit National Coal Museum wins the Gulbenkian Prize for Museum of the Year 2005.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/museum-that-tells-story-of-coal-wins-biggest-arts-prize-223366.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/museum-that-tells-story-of-coal-wins-biggest-arts-prize-223366.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Museum that tells story of coal wins biggest arts prize |first=Barrie |last=Clement |date=27 May 2005 |work=The Independent}}
13 JulyPrince Charles opens a new building to house the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum at Tywyn Wharf railway station in Gwynedd.{{cite web|url=http://www.narrowgaugerailwaymuseum.org.uk/about-us/how-the-museum-developed/|title=How the museum developed|publisher=Narrow Gauge Railway Museum Trust|access-date=9 March 2019}}
OctoberA Welsh language version of Scrabble is marketed for the first time.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4308262.stm|title=Welsh is the new word in Scrabble|date=4 October 2005|work=BBC News|access-date=8 March 2019}}
17 OctoberThe National Waterfront Museum opens to the public in Swansea's Maritime Quarter.{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/news/?article_id=319|title=National Waterfront Museum – Open to all|date=1 December 2006|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=26 February 2019}}
19 OctoberLiverpool City Council issues a formal apology for the flooding of the Afon Tryweryn valley to create the Llyn Celyn reservoir in 1965.
1 DecemberOutlying properties in the Nedd Fechan valley, near Ystradfellte in southern Powys, are connected to mains electricity, probably the last community in the whole of England and Wales to be wired.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/02/stevenmorris.uknews2|title=Big switch-on as the valley time forgot leaves the dark ages|date=2 December 2005|work=BBC News|access-date=8 March 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 2006

| 1 March

The new National Assembly building opens in Cardiff Bay; designed by Richard Rogers and costing £67m, it is known as the Senedd (the Welsh word for "parliament").
25 JulyGovernment of Wales Act 2006 comes into effect, conferring additional law-making powers on the National Assembly for Wales.{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/ukpga_20060032_en_1|title=Government of Wales Act 2006|website=Legislation.gov.uk|publisher=OPSI|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516171832/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/ukpga_20060032_en_1|archive-date=16 May 2008|url-status=dead}}
rowspan=3 | 2007

| 1 April

Prescription charges are abolished by NHS Wales; the Welsh Government is the first devolved government of the UK to remove these charges.
3 MayThe third National Assembly for Wales election is held, resulting in a relative majority for Welsh Labour, while Plaid Cymru make considerable gains.
27 JuneLabour and Plaid Cymru announce their intention to form a coalition government, and enter into the One Wales agreement which includes holding a referendum on full law-making powers for the Welsh Assembly.
rowspan=4 | 2008

| 25 January

Official closure of Tower Colliery in the Cynon Valley, South Wales, the last remaining deep coal mine to be worked in the whole of Wales.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7200432.stm|title=Coal mine closes with celebration|date=25 January 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=10 March 2019}}
12 JuneCardiff Castle opens a new interpretation centre at a cost of £6 million.{{cite web|url=https://www.culture24.org.uk/art/art58168|title=New £6 Million Interpretation Centre Opens at Cardiff Castle|date=13 June 2008|author=24 Hour Museum Staff|publisher=Culture24|access-date=14 March 2019}}
12 SeptemberCompletion of the Meridian Tower in Swansea's Maritime Quarter; the Tower is the tallest building in Wales, standing at a height of {{convert|107|m|ft|abbr=off}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/pictures-show-changing-face-swansea-10777011|title=These pictures show the changing face of Swansea city centre through the years|first=Robin|last=Turner|date=22 January 2016|publisher=Media Wales|website=WalesOnline|access-date=18 March 2019}}
20 NovemberAM and Heritage Minister Alun Ffred Jones becomes the first person to use the Welsh language as a representative of the UK government at a European Union meeting in Brussels.{{cite web|url=https://www.assembly.wales/en/memhome/Pages/MemberProfile.aspx?mid=160|title=Alun Ffred Jones AM|publisher=Welsh Assembly|access-date=18 March 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 2009

| 27 June

The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the third World Heritage Site in Wales.{{Coflein|num=34410 |desc=Pontcysyllte Aqueduct |access-date=23 February 2023}}
22 OctoberThe St David's Centre in Cardiff re-opens as one of the largest shopping centres in the United Kingdom after its multimillion-pound extension and the reconstruction of the surrounding area.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8318832.stm|title=City opens £675m shopping centre|date=22 October 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=14 March 2019}}
rowspan=5 | 2010

| 18 March

Marriage (Wales) Act 2010 brings the Church in Wales' marriage regulations into line with those of the Church of England.{{cite web|url=https://services.parliament.uk/bills/2009-10/marriagewaleshl.html|title=Public Bills: Marriage (Wales) Act 2010|date=18 March 2010|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|access-date=14 March 2019}}
31 MarchDigital switchover is completed in Wales when the analogue transmissions at Wenvoe are switched off.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/8593948.stm |title=Wales is first UK nation to switch fully to digital TV |work=BBC News |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802180737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/8593948.stm |url-status=live}} Consequently, S4C begins broadcasting solely in Welsh and the channel no longer carries Channel 4 programmes due to Channel 4 becoming available full-time across all of Wales for the first time.{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/wales-switches-to-digital-tv-1931929.html|title= Wales switches to digital TV|newspaper= The Independent|first= Matt|last= Dickinson|date= 31 March 2010|accessdate= 31 March 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100403214747/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/wales-switches-to-digital-tv-1931929.html| archivedate= 3 April 2010 | url-status= live}}
12 MayCardiff-born Conservative MP Cheryl Gillan is confirmed as Secretary of State for Wales in the new UK government, the first woman to hold the post.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8678971.stm|title=Cheryl Gillan, the first woman Welsh secretary|date=12 May 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=14 March 2019}}
25 MayThe Learned Society of Wales is launched at the National Museum in Cardiff.{{cite web|url=https://www.wales.ac.uk/en/NewsandEvents/News/General/WalesgetsaLearnedSocietytocallitsown.aspx|title=Wales gets a Learned Society to call its own|date=25 May 2010|publisher=University of Wales|access-date=14 March 2019}}
24 JuneBarry-born Julia Gillard becomes Australia's first female prime minister.{{Cite Au Parliament |name=The Hon Julia Gillard MP, Member for Lalor (Vic |mpid=83L |access-date=12 November 2021}}
rowspan=4 | 2011

| 3 March

A further Welsh devolution referendum is held, which results in the Welsh Assembly receiving full law-making powers on all matters in the twenty fields (subject areas) where it has jurisdiction.
5 MayIn the 2011 National Assembly for Wales election, Welsh Labour wins exactly half of the contested seats and regains overall power in the Assembly.
9 JulyThe National Museum of Art opens in Cardiff, created with £6.5m of private and Welsh Government funding.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-14032013|title=£6.5m National Museum of Art, Cardiff, opening|date=7 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=13 March 2019}}
1 OctoberWales becomes the first UK nation to introduce a minimum 5p charge on single-use plastic carrier bags.
rowspan=7 | 2012

| April

New visitor centre opens at Conwy Castle.{{cite web|url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=413&codeid=300760|title=New visitor centre opens at Conwy Castle|date=26 April 2012|publisher=Association of Leading Visitor Attractions|access-date=22 February 2019}}
26–27 AprilQueen Elizabeth II makes a two-day visit to South Wales as part of her Diamond Jubilee tour; the visit includes engagements in Llandaff, Margam, Merthyr Tydfil, Aberfan, Ebbw Vale and Glanusk Park.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-17851221|title=Diamond Jubilee: The Queen on two-day Wales visit|date=26 April 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=13 March 2019}}
5 MayOpening of the Wales Coast Path, a long-distance walking route that closely follows the Welsh coastline for {{convert|861|mi|km}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Wales+Coast+Path|title=Wales Coast Path|publisher=Long Distance Walkers Association|access-date=28 February 2019}}
25 MayThe Olympic Torch starts its five-day tour of Wales, as part of the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay; Gareth John, the chairman of Disability Sport Wales, is the first person to bring the torch onto Welsh soil.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18190182|title=Olympic torch: Excited crowds greet flame in Wales|date=25 May 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=13 March 2019}}
25 JulyThe first events of the London 2012 Summer Olympics take place in Cardiff: two matches in the women's football competition are held at the Millennium Stadium.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18888699|title=London 2012: Cardiff to stage Olympics' first event|date=25 July 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=13 March 2019}}
12 NovemberThe National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012 receives royal assent; the first bill to be passed under the assembly's new legislative powers, it gives the Welsh and English languages equal status in the assembly.{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.wales/en/newhome/pages/newsitem.aspx?itemid=1032|title=First ever Welsh Act passes into law|date=12 November 2012|publisher=National Assembly for Wales|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221051923/http://www.assembly.wales/en/newhome/pages/newsitem.aspx?itemid=1032|url-status=dead}}
31 DecemberRowan Williams retires from the position of Archbishop of Canterbury.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/16/rowan-williams-resigns-archbishop-canterbury|title=Rowan Williams resigns as archbishop of Canterbury|first=Andrew|last=Brown|date=16 March 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 February 2019}}
rowspan=4 | 2013

| February

The Brecon Beacons National Park is granted International Dark Sky Reserve status, to restrict artificial light pollution above the park; it is the first such area in Wales, the second in the UK and only the fifth worldwide.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-21496562|title=Brecon Beacons National Park wins dark sky status|date=19 February 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=19 March 2019}}
2 JulyThe Welsh Assembly brings into law a presumed consent ("soft opt-out") organ donation scheme,{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-23143236|title=Organ donation opt-out system given go-ahead in Wales|date=2 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=13 March 2019}} (officially adopted in December 2015).
12 SeptemberThe Church in Wales passes a bill that will allow women to be consecrated as bishops.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-24064398|title=Church in Wales backs women bishops|date=12 September 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=13 March 2019}}
14 OctoberOn the centenary of Britain's worst-ever mining disaster, the Welsh National Mining Memorial is unveiled within a dedicated garden at Senghenydd, in memory of all those who have died in the Welsh mines.
rowspan=3 | 2014

|

{{anchor|OffasDyke}}Excavations carried out by the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, on parts of Offa's Dyke near Chirk, place construction in the period 541–651 AD, with lower layers dating to as early as 430 AD, suggesting that the Dyke may have been a long-term project by several Mercian kings.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-26921202|title=Offa's Dyke evidence at Chirk suggests earlier build|date=7 April 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=27 February 2019}}
29–30 AprilQueen Elizabeth II visits South Wales, two years after her previous visit for the Diamond Jubilee; her two-day itinerary includes Narberth, Picton Castle, Pembroke Dock, Ystrad Mynach and Llantwit Major.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/queen-meets-grand-national-horse-7047931|title=Queen meets Grand National horse on first day of visit to Wales|first=Cathy|last=Owen|date=29 April 2014|publisher=Media Wales|website=WalesOnline|access-date=13 March 2019}}
4–5 SeptemberThe 2014 NATO Summit is held at the Celtic Manor Resort in Newport; it is the first NATO summit to be held in the UK since 1990 and the first held anywhere in the UK other than London.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nato-summit-wales-2014-live|title=NATO Summit Wales 2014 – as it happened|date=5 September 2014|publisher=gov.uk|access-date=13 March 2019}}
rowspan=3 | 2015

| 15 April

After a £12m restoration project, Cardigan Castle reopens as a heritage attraction and events venue.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/apr/14/cardigan-castle-reopens-restoration|title=Cardigan Castle to reopen after £12m restoration|date=14 April 2015|first=Steven|last=Morris|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 February 2019}}
25 SeptemberFord approves a new £181 million range of petrol engines to be built at its car manufacturing plant in Bridgend, South Wales, securing 750 skilled jobs at the facility; production of the new engines will begin in 2018.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-34359399 |title=Ford approves new £181m Brit-built petrol engine range |date=25 September 2015 |work=BBC News |access-date=7 June 2019}}
1 DecemberWales becomes the first nation in the UK to introduce a presumed consent scheme for organ donation, whereby adults are regarded as consenting to become donors unless they have specifically opted out.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-24032031|title=Organ donation: Presumed consent to start in December 2015|date=10 September 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=13 March 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 2016

| January

The Millennium Stadium, home of Welsh rugby, is renamed the Principality Stadium.
23 JuneIn the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, a 52.5% majority of voters in Wales vote to leave the EU, with 47.5% voting to remain.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-wales-politics-36595881|title=EU Referendum: Wales results and reaction|date=23 June 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=13 March 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 2017

| 22 February

The British government confirms that MPs will be permitted in future to use the Welsh language during meetings of the Welsh Grand Committee.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/westminster-welcomes-welsh-language-at-the-welsh-grand-committee|title=Westminster welcomes Welsh language at the Welsh grand committee|date=22 February 2017|publisher=gov.uk|access-date=13 March 2019}}
8 NovemberTata Steel announces its intention to invest £30m in its Port Talbot Steelworks, in a bid to safeguard the jobs of 4,000 employees at the plant, following plans to merge with German steel manufacturer ThyssenKrupp.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-41912542|title=Tata Steel announces £30m Port Talbot steelworks investment|date=8 November 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=10 April 2019}}
rowspan=2 | 2018

| 20 March

Planning permission is granted by Neath Port Talbot Council to restart coal production at Aberpergwm Colliery, the last surviving drift mine in Wales, after operations were previously suspended in July 2015.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/underground-coal-mine-aberpergwm-reopen-14440177|title=Underground coal mine at Aberpergwm to reopen creating 200 jobs|date=21 March 2018|publisher=Media Wales|website=WalesOnline|access-date=4 April 2019}}
2 JulyPrince Charles attends a lowkey ceremony to rename the Second Severn Crossing as the "Prince of Wales Bridge", a move which is widely disliked by the Welsh public.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/ceremony-formally-name-prince-wales-14854891 |title=There was a ceremony to formally name the Prince of Wales Bridge but they didn't publicise it |date=2 July 2018 |first=David |last=James |website=WalesOnline |publisher=Media Wales}}
rowspan=3 | 2019

| January

Completion of a major blast furnace upgrade at the Port Talbot Steelworks after a £50m investment by Tata Steel; this follows years of uncertainty at the plant, with particular concerns over the UK's withdrawal from the European Union.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-47039561|title=£50m fresh start for Port Talbot Tata steelworks|date=29 January 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=10 April 2019}}
6 JuneFord announces that its Bridgend Engine Plant will close in September 2020, with the loss of 1,700 jobs, blaming reduced global demand for the Ford GTDi 1.5-litre engine.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-48533790 |title=Ford set to close Bridgend engine plant in 2020 |date=6 June 2019 |work=BBC News}}{{cite web|url=https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/national/17688840.ford-confirms-plan-to-close-bridgend-plant-with-1700-job-losses/| title=Ford confirms plan to close Bridgend plant with 1,700 job losses |author=Press Association |date=6 June 2019 |work=Western Telegraph}}
3 JulySt Fagans National Museum of History wins the Museum of the Year award for 2019.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48857130 |title=Museum of the Year: St Fagans in Wales wins £100,000 prize |date=3 July 2019 |work=BBC News}}
rowspan=7 | 2020

| 13 January

The Welsh Government approves the construction of a new bridge across the river Dyfi at Machynlleth, at a cost of £46 million.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-51088804 |title=£46m Dyfi bridge replacement given go-ahead |date=13 January 2020 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 May 2020}}
24 JanuaryThe Slate Landscape of North West Wales is nominated by the UK government for consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/welsh-slate-landscape-nominated-for-unesco-world-heritage-status |title=Welsh Slate Landscape nominated for UNESCO World Heritage status |date=24 January 2020 |type=Press release |website=gov.uk |access-date=20 May 2020}}
28 FebruaryAuthorities confirm the first case of COVID-19 in Wales, an individual who recently returned from holiday in Italy.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-51673068 |title=Coronavirus: First Welsh case among three new UK diagnoses |date=28 February 2020 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 May 2020}}
18 MarchThe Welsh Government announces that all schools in Wales will close from the end of the week as a measure to help contain the spread of COVID-19 in Wales;{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/coronavirus-covid19-schools-closing-closed-17943478 |title=Closure of all schools in Wales announced |date=19 March 2020 |first=Cathy |last=Owen |website=WalesOnline |publisher=Media Wales |access-date=20 May 2020}} the school closure lasts until the end of June.{{cite web|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/welsh-schools-to-reopen-from-29-june-as-experts-warn-school-closures-could-harm-disadvantaged-pupils|title=Welsh schools to reopen from 29 June as experts warn UK-wide closures may set back attainment gap by a decade|website=PoliticsHome.com|date=3 June 2020|last=Langford|first=Eleanor|access-date=19 January 2021}}
12 AprilThe new, temporary, Dragon's Heart Hospital opens at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium to admit its first COVID-19 patients.{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/giant-tents-built-inside-principality-18081445 |title=Giant tents emerge over Principality Stadium pitch as pictures show first hospital wards at iconic venue |date=12 April 2020 |first=Ben |last=James |website=WalesOnline |publisher=Media Wales |access-date=20 May 2020}}
6 MayThe National Assembly for Wales becomes "Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament" and its members become "Members of the Senedd" (MS) (Aelodau o'r Senedd (AS) in Welsh).{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-52442634 |title=Why are Welsh Assembly Members changing their name? |date=6 May 2020 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 May 2020}}
25 SeptemberFord's Bridgend Engine Plant closes for decommissioning, ending 40 years of engine production at the site.{{cite news|title='Journey into the unknown' as Bridgend Ford closes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-54267443|date=25 September 2020|access-date=19 January 2021}}
2021

| 28 July

The Slate Landscape of North West Wales is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the fourth World Heritage Site in Wales.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.wales/new-world-heritage-site-wales |title=A new World Heritage Site for Wales |type=Press release |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=gov.wales}}
rowspan=3 | 2022

| 8 September

Charles, Prince of Wales, becomes King Charles III of the United Kingdom following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.{{cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173314/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=8 September 2022}}
9 SeptemberWilliam, the elder son of King Charles III, is confirmed as the new Prince of Wales. His wife Catherine becomes Princess of Wales.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/10/william-and-catherine-named-prince-and-princess-of-wales-king-charles |title=Prince and Princess of Wales: William and Catherine to 'carve their own future' |date=10 September 2022 |website=The Guardian |last1=Zeldin-O'Neill |first1=Sophie |last2=Morris |first2=Steven |access-date=23 February 2023}}
16 SeptemberKing Charles III pays his first visit to Wales as monarch, to meet political leaders and attend a religious service.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-62864054|title=King Charles III: First visit to Wales as the King announced |date=10 September 2022 |work=BBC News |access-date=23 February 2023}}

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British