Timeline of aging research

Descriptions of rejuvenation and immortality remedies are often found in the writings of alchemists. But all those remedies did not allow even alchemists themselves to live longer than a hundred years.{{cite journal |vauthors=Stambler I |author-link=Ilia Stambler |date=January 2019 |title=History of Life-Extensionism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiLLDwAAQBAJ&q=History+of+Life-Extensionism+Ilia+Stambler+encyclopedia+of+biomedical+gerontology&pg=RA1-PA228 |journal=Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology |pages=228–237 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.11331-5 |isbn=978-0-12-801238-3 |s2cid=195489019 |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914152805/https://books.google.com/books?id=yiLLDwAAQBAJ&q=History+of+Life-Extensionism+Ilia+Stambler+encyclopedia+of+biomedical+gerontology&pg=RA1-PA228#v=snippet&q=History%20of%20Life-Extensionism%20Ilia%20Stambler%20encyclopedia%20of%20biomedical%20gerontology&f=false |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}{{cite web |vauthors=Chernilevsky VE, Krutk VN |url=https://medi.ru/info/10323/ |title=История изучения средств продления жизни |language=ru |trans-title=History of studying the means of extending life |publisher=National Gerontology Center (of Russia) |date=2000 |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423214658/https://medi.ru/info/10323/ |url-status=live }}{{cite book |vauthors=Grignolio A, Franceschi C |title=eLS |date=15 June 2012 |chapter=History of Research into Ageing/Senescence |publisher=American Cancer Society |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0023955 |doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0023955 |isbn=978-0-470-01617-6 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505152016/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0023955 |url-status=live }}

Though the average lifespan of people through the past millennia increased significantly,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyriazis M | title = Ageing Throughout History: The Evolution of Human Lifespan | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–65 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31197416 | pmc = | doi = 10.1007/s00239-019-09896-2 | s2cid = 189763393 | bibcode = 2020JMolE..88...57K }} maximum lifespan almost did not change - even in ancient times there were fairly well and unbiasedly documented cases when some people lived for more than a hundred years (for example, Terentia who lived 103 or 104 years). While among the billions of people of the modern world, there is only one case of life over 120 years (Jeanne Calment, 122 years). The super-long lives of people that are mentioned in ancient books, apparently, are highly exaggerated, since archaeological data show that even the oldest of the ancient people lived no more than modern supercentenarians. In some cases the exaggeration, possibly, is not intentional but occurs due to errors in translation between languages and synchronization of chronological systems. The species limit of human life is estimated by scientists at 125–127 years,{{cite journal | vauthors = Andersen SL, Sebastiani P, Dworkis DA, Feldman L, Perls TT | title = Health span approximates life span among many supercentenarians: compression of morbidity at the approximate limit of life span | journal = The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences | volume = 67 | issue = 4 | pages = 395–405 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22219514 | pmc = 3309876 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/glr223 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Weon BM, Je JH | title = Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan | journal = Biogerontology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–71 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18560989 | doi = 10.1007/s10522-008-9156-4 | s2cid = 8554128 }} and even in the most ideal conditions a person will not live longer due to aging of the body.

Some scientists believe that, even if medicine learns how to treat all major diseases, that will increase the average lifespan of people in developed countries by only about 10 years. For example, biogerontologist Leonard Hayflick stated that the natural average lifespan for humans is 92 years.{{cite journal | vauthors = Watts G | title = Leonard Hayflick and the limits of ageing | journal = Lancet | volume = 377 | issue = 9783 | page = 2075 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21684371 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60908-2 | s2cid = 205963134 }} Meanwhile, the life expectancy for Japanese already now is more than 84 years,{{cite web |title=Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country |language=en |work=World Health Organization |url=https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688 |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305150130/https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688 |url-status=live }} and for Monaco it is reported to be more than 89 years.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/life-expectancy-at-birth |title=Life expectancy at birth |work=CIA World Factbook |date=5 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914152917/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/life-expectancy-at-birth |url-status=live }} It may not be possible to achieve further increases without development of new biomedical technologies and approaches. Searches of various equivalents of the elixir of youth happened yet in ancient times: people hoped to find a miraculous remedy in faraway territories, tried to use magic and alchemy. Scientific and technological attempts began at the end of the 19th century. For their intended purpose, all of them turned out to be inefficient at best, sometimes led to premature death, but they had many useful and sometimes unexpected consequences.

• 350 BCE — The Greek philosopher Aristotle, arguably the first philosopher to make a serious attempt to scientifically explain aging, proposes his thesis on aging. He suggests that aging is a process by which human and animal bodies, which are naturally hot and wet, gradually become dry and cold, and theorizes that more moisture delays aging.Woodcox, Adam: [https://journals.openedition.org/etudesanciennes/1040 Aristotle's Theory of Aging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926191839/https://journals.openedition.org/etudesanciennes/1040 |date=26 September 2022 }}Steele, Andrew: Ageless: The New Science of Getting Older Without Getting Old
• 259–210 BCE — years of life of the Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang, who united China under his rule. All his life he persistently searched for an elixir of youth and died trying, presumably taking "pills of immortality", containing mercury.
• 156–87 BCE — years of life of the Chinese emperor Wu of Han, who persistently tried to find a way to achieve immortality, mainly by means of magic. He used services of various magicians. But Wu of Han was not a naive person – he thoroughly rechecked their abilities and if he identified the person as a quack, he executed him.
• 63 BC–14 CE — years of life of Caesar Augustus, the first Roman emperor, who is considered one of the most effective leaders of the Ancient Rome. For him an eternal youth was an obsession. In particular, contrary to the Roman tradition to create statues as realistic as possible, he always ordered to portray himself young. There are many of his "youthful" statues but researchers still do not know how he looked in old age.
• 3rd–17th century — the period of alchemy. There are several directions in alchemy, and it was distributed over a huge territory. But almost everywhere, in one form or another, there was the concept of a "philosopher's stone" – some substance that is able to turn other metals into gold, and when taken internally in small doses, heal all diseases, rejuvenate an old body and even give biological immortality. Alternatively, there were attempts to prepare "pills of immortality". During centuries alchemy gradually transformed to chemistry, in parallel giving birth to many adjacent sciences or enriching them. It is worth noticing the direction of iatrochemistry – a rational direction of alchemy with the main goal of preparing medicinal products. The pioneers of iatrochemistry were Paracelsus (1493–1541), Jan Baptist van Helmont (1580–1644) and Franciscus Sylvius (1614–1672). The converging field of alchemy was transformed into pharmacy.
• 1513 — searching for the Fountain of Youth is in popular culture thought to be one of the purposes of the expedition of the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, which lead to the discovery of Florida – however, there is no contemporary evidence of this, and this purpose is considered a myth by historians.{{cite book |vauthors=Armstrong C, Chmielewski LM |title=The Atlantic Experience: Peoples, Places, Ideas |year=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-137-40434-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCVHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |page=38 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213092625/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCVHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |url-status=live }}
• 1550 — a Venetian nobleman Luigi Cornaro published the book The Art of Living Long, describing the style of life for the achievement of longevity.{{cite book |vauthors=Cornaro L |author-link=Luigi Cornaro |title=The Art of Living Long |url=https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/books/TheArtofLivingLong_10091229 |language=en |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=2016 |page=214 |isbn=978-1-330-67886-2 |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505133358/https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/books/TheArtofLivingLong_10091229 |url-status=live }} The book was translated into many languages. The English version of the book till the 19th century went through more than 50 editions. The main idea of the book: in order to live many years, you need to live in moderation, eat simply and little. In his youth Cornaro led a free and immoderate life, as a result by the age of 35 he had many health problems. But by changing his lifestyle he was able to live to 98 (1467–1566).{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber C | title = Life extension and history: the continual search for the fountain of youth | journal = The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences | volume = 59 | issue = 6 | pages = B515–B522 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15215256 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/59.6.B515 | doi-access = free }} (Though it is possible that he exaggerated his age by about 17 years to give his recommendations more weight.)

From the end of the 19th century, systematic scientific and technical studies began on the processes of slowing down aging and possible rejuvenation. The period of world history between the two world wars is a very complicated, difficult and ambiguous time of world history. In many spheres of life, there were ideas that were radical-bold, but not always intelligent, ethical and moral from the point of view of modern knowledge, foundations and norms. This also affected the aging research, the spirit of which corresponded to the spirit of that time: attempting bold experiments, often on people, intensively implementing in practice treatments that we may now consider ridiculous. Those attempts had both bad and good consequences. But those researches were already scientific. As it often happens in science, it is often difficult to establish priority considering, who was the first person beginning to use one or another approach. Usually the first experiments are done by enthusiasts and have doubtful positive effects. Some researchers work in parallel. Then at some moment the persons emerge who developed the approaches and made them public.

• 1825 The first publication of the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality that in the simplest form is: p = a + b^x. According to the law, the probability of death p is defined as the sum of age-independent component a and the component depending on age b^x which with age increases exponentially. If we place organisms in an absolutely protected environment and in this way make the first component negligible, the probability of death will be completely defined by the second component which actually describes the probability to die from aging.
• 1860s Alfred Russel Wallace writes down what is probably the first evolutionary theory of aging. In notes written sometime between 1865 and 1870, he proposed a wear and tear theory of aging, suggesting that older animals which continue to consume resources, competing with their offspring in an environment with limited food, were disfavored by natural selection. Therefore, he suggested that aging was an evolved trait which allowed an organism's descendants to thrive.
• 1882 August Weismann puts forward the wear and tear theory of aging independently of Wallace.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipsky MS, King M | title = Biological theories of aging | journal = Disease-a-Month | volume = 61 | issue = 11 | pages = 460–466 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26490576 | doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2015.09.005 }}{{cite web |first=Jessica |last=Kelly |url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-biologyofaging/chapter/theory-7-wear-and-tear-theory/ |title=Wear-and-Tear Theory |work=Lumen Learning |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417070359/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-biologyofaging/chapter/theory-7-wear-and-tear-theory/ |url-status=live }}
• 1889 Rejuvenation experiment conducted on himself by the French doctor Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard. He made himself a few subcutaneous injections from the testicles of young dogs and guinea pigs and claimed that the injections were accompanied by significant and long pain, but then he observed an improvement of the physical condition of the organism and increase of mental activity. Experiments of other scientists, at first, produced the same results but later it became clear that the period of reinforced activity is followed by a period of decline. At the moment of the experiment Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard was 72 years old. After the experiment he claimed he felt as if he became younger by 30 years. However, 5 years later he died. But other doctors picked up this method and it created the foundation for the development of hormone replacement therapy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Stambler I |author-link=Ilia Stambler | title = The unexpected outcomes of anti-aging, rejuvenation, and life extension studies: an origin of modern therapies | journal = Rejuvenation Research | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 297–305 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24524368 | doi = 10.1089/rej.2013.1527 }}{{cite web | vauthors = Stambler I |author-link=Ilia Stambler |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCuSfi4-eU4&list=PLR-1vQ2-gT_eDlwhVs4OLpTZiKimXSWDi&index=18&t=1s |title=Have anti-aging interventions worked? Some lessons from the history of anti-aging experiments |format=video |publisher=YouTube |date=17 February 2021}}
• 1903 Ilya Mechnikov coined the term "gerontology".{{cite book | vauthors = Harris DK |title=Dictionary of Gerontology |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofgero0000harr |url-access=registration |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |year=1988 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofgero0000harr/page/80 80]|isbn=978-0-313-25287-7 }}{{cite book |vauthors=Metchnikoff E |author-link1=Élie Metchnikoff |translator=Mitchell PC |year=1903 |title=The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy |language=en |location=New York and London |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |oclc=173625}} The term originates from the Greek γέρων, geron, "old man" and -λογία, -logia, "study of". From 1897 to 1916 Mechnikov conducted many studies on the effect of acidified dairy products (especially Bulgarian yogurt and bacteria used for its production) on longevity and quality of life in old age. He developed the concept of probiotic diet that promotes long healthy life. In 1908 Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize for his work on immunology (adjacent area of his research).{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1908/summary/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 |work=NobelPrize.org |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523071900/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1908/summary/ |url-status=live }} Adhering to his diet, Mechnikov lived a very long life compared to his short-lived relatives.{{cite web |author=International Longevity Alliance |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CC_tJ4QcihM |title=ILA Conference – Metchnikoff Day |format=video |publisher=YouTube |date=13 February 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507205847/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CC_tJ4QcihM |url-status=live }}
• 1914 Dr. Frank Lydston from Chicago performed human testis transplants on several patients, including himself, and said that there were some rejuvenating consequences (such as returning his gray hair to its original color and improving of sexual performance). These works remained little known. The work of Leo L. Stanley, that he began to do since 1919, received much more prominence {{see below|further}}.
• 1915–1917 Experiments to find out the effects of food restriction on the life duration of rats, conducted by Thomas Osborne. Apparently, these were the first systematic experiments in this direction.{{cite journal | vauthors = Osborne TB, Mendel LB, Ferry EL | title = The Effect of Retardation of Growth Upon the Breeding Period and Duration of Life of Rats | journal = Science | volume = 45 | issue = 1160 | pages = 294–295 | date = March 1917 | pmid = 17760202 | pmc = | doi = 10.1126/science.45.1160.294 | bibcode = 1917Sci....45..294O | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2484799 | access-date = 8 May 2021 | archive-date = 28 February 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230228020928/https://zenodo.org/record/2484799 | url-status = live }} These experiments remained little known. The method was popularized by Clive McCay in 1934–1935 {{see below|further}}.
• 1910s–1930s Austrian physiologist Eugen Steinach was trying to achieve rejuvenation effects by means of different surgical operations such as partial vasectomy for men, ligation of fallopian tubes for women, transplantation of testicles, etc. And although later these operations were found to be ineffective, they allowed the researchers to recognize the role of the sexual glands and sexual hormones in the formation of the first and secondary sex characteristics, enriched physiology, laid the foundation for the science of sexology, formed the basis for sex reassignment surgeries. From 1921 to 1938, Eugen Steinach was nominated for the Nobel Prize many times (according to various sources, from 6 to 11 times), but never received it.{{cite journal | vauthors = Södersten P, Crews D, Logan C, Soukup RW | title = Eugen Steinach: the first neuroendocrinologist | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 155 | issue = 3 | pages = 688–695 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24302628 | doi = 10.1210/en.2013-1816 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Krischel M, Hansson N | title = Ageing: Rejuvenation study stirs old memories | journal = Nature | volume = 546 | issue = 7656 | page = 33 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28569802 | pmc = | doi = 10.1038/546033e | s2cid = 52798966 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017Natur.546...33K }}{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=8765 |title=Nomination Archive {{!}} Eugen Steinach |website=nobelprize.org |date=April 2020 |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602054205/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=8765 |url-status=live }}
• 1910s–1930s Numerous experiments for obtaining rejuvenating effects by means of transplantation of organs and tissues. Among the most notable researchers who worked in this direction, there were Alexis Carrel (who developed the technology of anastomosis of blood vessels and advanced asepsis, a Nobel laureate of 1912{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1912/summary/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912 |work=NobelPrize.org |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523071920/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1912/summary/ |url-status=live }}), Mathieu Jaboulay, Emerich Ullmann, Jacques Loeb, John Northrop, Porfiry Bakhmetiev. And although such interventions were later found to be ineffective for their intended purposes, those works led to the creation of tissue engineering, techniques for cardiopulmonary bypass and dialysis, established the foundation for the technologies for storing organs extracted from a person outside the body (which now are used, for example, during organ donation), the emergence of cryobiology.
• 1920s–1930s In medical practice, sex gland transplants were introduced to obtain rejuvenating effects. (Though separate experiments in this direction were done even earlier, even in antiquity.) The earlier mentioned operations of Dr. Frank Lydston in 1914 remained almost unnoticed. {{anchor|stanley}}But the works of Leo Leonidas Stanley quickly received widespread scientific notice. Stanley was a physician at a prison in California and began to do these operations since 1919, using glands of executed criminals. In the following years, such operations were done by dozens of physicians (including Eugen Steinach) but they became most famous due to the activity of the French surgeon of Russian extraction Serge/Samuel Voronoff. It was believed that transplantation of sex glands provides more durable effects than injection of a suspension of ground glands. In case of transplantation from human to human, the glands of executed criminals were usually used. But due to a shortage of materials, the sex glands of young healthy monkeys were widely used, which were specially grown for this purpose (usually thin sections of the glands were implanted). In some cases soon after the operation, there were indeed noticeable positive changes in appearance and behavior (with a rapid senility of the body soon following). There were many messages about wonderful results of the operations that, apparently, were false advertising of unscrupulous doctors. But numerous failures became apparent, for which the method was sharply criticized and banned. Serge Voronoff and some other doctors, who claimed producing wonderful results after the operations, got bad reputation. However, despite the failure in the main direction, the conducted research led to the emergence of allotransplantation and xenotransplantation directions in surgery, brought significant knowledge about the effect of sex hormones on the body, stimulated their study. It may be just a coincidence but in 1929–33 several varieties of estrogen were discovered, and testosterone was isolated in 1935. Also these experiments formed the basis for several works of public culture (for example, Heart of a Dog by Mikhail Bulgakov, The Adventure of the Creeping Man from the series about Sherlock Holmes, a song Monkey-Doodle-Doo of Irving Berlin).
• 1926–1928 Experiments on rejuvenation by blood transfusion, conducted by Alexander Bogdanov in the world's first Institute for Blood Transfusion especially created for that purpose. Bogdanov himself died during one of the experiments, because at that time little was known about the factors of blood compatibility of different people. The institute, having undergone several renames, exists and is still actively working. The second head of the institute was Alexander Bogomolets {{see below|further}}.
• 1930s Beginning of attempts of rejuvenation by methods of cell injections. A special role belongs here to the Swiss physician Paul Niehans – he was not the first but he was the one who developed this approach the most. Among his patients there were many famous people (including Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, Pope Pius XII). So, in 1952, about 3000 injections of about 10 cm³ of cell suspension were reported. As a consequence, cell therapy and regenerative medicine were formed. Since the 1960s, attempts have been made to inject not only whole cells but also their constituent parts (such as isolated DNA and RNA). But usage of embryonic drugs sometimes caused serious complications, so the American association of physicians recognized the method of cell therapy as dangerous.
• 1930 The first world's journal about aging and longevity. It was established in Japan and has the name Acta Gerontologica Japonica (Yokufuen Chosa Kenkyu Kiyo).{{cite book| vauthors = Stambler I |date=29 August 2014 |chapter=reference No. 438 |chapter-url=http://www.longevityhistory.com/read-the-book-online/#_edn438 |title=A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315526897 |series=Longevity History |page=540 |isbn=978-1-5008-1857-9}}
• 1933 The first institute in the world dedicated to study of aging. It was created in Kishinev (at that time inside the Kingdom of Romania) by Dimu Kotsovsky. Initially the institute was maintained by his own means, and was subsequently recognized by the Romanian government. The name is {{langx|ro|Institutul Pentru Studierea si Combaterea Batranetii}} = {{langx|de|link=no|Institut für Altersforschung und Altersbekämpfung}} = Institute for The Study and Combat of Aging.{{cite book| vauthors = Stambler I |date=29 August 2014 |chapter=Allies – The Kingdom of Great Romania. Dimu Kotsovsky |chapter-url=http://www.longevityhistory.com/read-the-book-online/#_Toc328320009 |title=A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315526897 |series=Longevity History |page=540 |isbn=978-1-5008-1857-9}}
• 1934 {{anchor|mccay}}The first widely known scientific publication on the impact of dietary restriction on life expectancy, authored by Clive McCay.{{cite journal | vauthors = Zainabadi K | title = A brief history of modern aging research | journal = Experimental Gerontology | volume = 104 | pages = 35–42 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29355705 | doi = 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.018 | s2cid = 3972313 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=McCay CM, Crowell M |date=October 1934 |title=Prolonging the Life Span |journal=The Scientific Monthly |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=405–414 |jstor=15813 |bibcode=1934SciMo..39..405M}}{{cite journal |vauthors=McCay CM, Crowell MF, Maynard LA |date=1 July 1935 |title=The Effect of Retarded Growth Upon the Length of Life Span and Upon the Ultimate Body Size |url=http://www.wealthandhealth.ltd.uk/over100/C.%20M.%20McCAY%201935.pdf |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=63–79 |doi=10.1093/jn/10.1.63 |pmc= |pmid= |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153340/http://www.wealthandhealth.ltd.uk/over100/C.%20M.%20McCAY%201935.pdf |url-status=live }} McCay's group carried out intensive research in this direction in 1930–43, soon other scientists began to do related research. The effect of increasing life expectancy by starvation is usually observed in rats and mice, whose development until puberty is very labile (growth retardation and puberty, decreased metabolism and body temperature). In larger animals, such as rabbits, dogs and monkeys, the effect is less pronounced. The impact of fasting on human life expectancy still remains a question where not everything is clear and is unambiguous.
• 1936 The first European (and Western) journal about aging and longevity. It was published in Kishinev by Dimu Kotsovsky. During the first year of existence it was called Monatsberichte,{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/LongevityHistory/photos/a.430302733775192/1508695882602533/ |title=A cover scan of the first issue of the journal Monatsberichte |website=Facebook |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524183550/https://www.facebook.com/LongevityHistory/photos/a.430302733775192/1508695882602533/ |url-status=live }} then got the name {{langx|de|link=no|Altersprobleme: Zeitschrift für Internationale Altersforschung und Altersbekämpfung}} = "Problems of Aging: Journal for the International Study and Combat of Aging". The journal published materials mostly in the German language, less in French and English.
• 1937 {{anchor|bogomolets}}A Ukrainian Soviet pathophysiologist Alexander Bogomolets created antireticular cytotoxic serum in the hope to extend life of people to 150 years. Although the drug did not achieve its main goal, it has become widely used for the treatment of a number of diseases, especially infectious diseases and fractures. The serum of Bogomolets was actively used in Soviet hospitals during WWII. For his work, Alexander Bogomolets received in 1941 the Stalin Prize,{{cite web |url=https://en.sodiummedia.com/4106303-alexander-alexandrovich-bogomolets-biography-scientific-works-the-basics-of-the-theory |title=Alexander Alexandrovich Bogomolets: biography, scientific works, the basics of the theory |website=en.sodiummedia.com |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911140940/https://en.sodiummedia.com/4106303-alexander-alexandrovich-bogomolets-biography-scientific-works-the-basics-of-the-theory |url-status=live }} which for Soviet scientists of those years was even more important than the Nobel Prize.
• 1938 The first specialized society dedicated to the study of aging. It was formed in Germany, Leipzig and was named the German Society for Aging Research ({{langx|de|link=no|Deutsche Gesellschaft für Altersforschung}}, soon renamed to Deutsche Gesellschaft für Alternsforschung). The founder is {{ill|Max Bürger|de|Max Bürger (Mediziner)}}. He also established the specialized journal Zeitschrift für Altersforschung – it is already the third such journal in the world after the previously mentioned Japanese and Romanian journals.{{cite book| vauthors = Stambler I |date=29 August 2014 |chapter=Institutionalization of gerontology – Max Bürger |chapter-url=http://www.longevityhistory.com/read-the-book-online/#_Toc328320008 |title=A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315526897 |series=Longevity History |page=540 |isbn=978-1-5008-1857-9}}
• 1938 The world's first scientific conference on aging and longevity in 1938 in Kiev, that was convened by Alexander Bogomolets.{{cite book |year=1939 |veditors=Bogomolets AA |editor1-link=Aleksandr Bogomolets |title=Старость. (Труды конференции по проблеме генеза старости и профилактики преждевременного стрения организма) |trans-title=Old age. (Proceedings of the conference on the problem of the genesis of old age and the prevention of premature abrasion of the body) |url=https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01003117757 |language=ru |location=Kiev |publisher=UkrSSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House |page=490 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507203127/https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01003117757 |url-status=live }}
• 1939 In the United Kingdom, the British Society for Research on Ageing is formed. The founder is Vladimir Korenchevsky who emigrated there from the former Russian Empire.

After World War II, research tools and technologies of another level appeared. Thanks to these technologies, it became understandable what really occurs inside cells and between them (for example, the model of the DNA double helix was created in 1953). At the same time, changed ethical norms did not allow cardinal experiments to be performed on humans, as had been possible in previous decades. Consequently, the influence of different factors could be estimated only indirectly.

• 1945 In the US, the Gerontological Society of America is formed. The founder is Edmund Vincent Cowdry.
• 1950 Largely thanks to the collaborative efforts of Korenchevsky and Cowdry, the International Association of Gerontology is formed, later renamed to the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG). The organization was registered in Belgium, and that is where its first conference took place. Slowly, gradually, the ideas began to spread that the problems of aging cannot be solved within the framework and efforts of one nation – therefore the international interaction is necessary.
• 1952 Peter Medawar proposed the mutation accumulation theory to explain how the aging process could have evolved.{{cite book| vauthors = Medawar PB | location = London | publisher = Lewis |title=An Unresolved Problem in Biology |year=1952}}
• 1954 Vladimir Dilman formulated the hypothesis of aging that at first become known only in the USSR, as the elevation hypothesis. In 1968 it took the form and became known as the neuroendocrine theory of aging.{{cite journal |first=Ward |last=Dean |url=https://warddeanmd.com/articles/neuroendocrine-theory-of-aging-chapter-1/ |title=Neuroendocrine Theory of Aging |website=warddeanmd.com |date=22 March 2012 |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506185756/https://warddeanmd.com/articles/neuroendocrine-theory-of-aging-chapter-1/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Dilman VM | title = Age-associated elevation of hypothalamic, threshold to feedback control, and its role in development, ageine, and disease | journal = Lancet | volume = 1 | issue = 7711 | pages = 1211–1219 | date = June 1971 | pmid = 4103080 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91721-1 | author-link1 = Vladimir Dilman }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Dilman VM, Revskoy SY, Golubev AG | title = Neuroendocrine-ontogenetic mechanism of aging: toward an integrated theory of aging | journal = International Review of Neurobiology | volume = 28 | issue = | pages = 89–156 | date = 1986 | pmid = 3542876 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60107-5 | isbn = 978-0-12-366828-8 | author-link1 = Vladimir Dilman }}
• 1956 Denham Harman proposed the free-radical theory of aging and demonstrated that free radical reactions contribute to the degradation of biological systems.{{cite journal | vauthors = Harman D | title = The aging process | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 78 | issue = 11 | pages = 7124–7128 | date = November 1981 | pmid = 6947277 | pmc = 349208 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1981PNAS...78.7124H }} The theory is based on the ideas of Rebeca Gerschman and her colleagues put forward in 1945.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gerschman R, Gilbert DL, Nye SW, Dwyer P, Fenn WO | title = Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: a mechanism in common | journal = Science | volume = 119 | issue = 3097 | pages = 623–626 | date = May 1954 | pmid = 13156638 | doi = 10.1126/science.119.3097.623 | s2cid = 27600003 | bibcode = 1954Sci...119..623G }}
• 1957 George Williams proposed the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis for the explanation of the emergence of aging.{{Cite journal |author = Williams G.C. |title= Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence |journal= Evolution |year= 1957 |volume= 11 |issue= 4|pages = 398–411 |doi = 10.2307/2406060 |jstor= 2406060}}
• 1958 Physicist Gioacchino Failla proposed the hypothesis that aging is caused by the accumulation of DNA damage.{{cite journal | vauthors = Failla G | title = The aging process and cancerogenesis | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 1124–1140 | date = September 1958 | pmid = 13583876 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb54674.x | url = https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb54674.x | bibcode = 1958NYASA..71.1124F | s2cid = 222503648 | access-date = 21 January 2024 | archive-date = 14 September 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153419/https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb54674.x | url-status = live | url-access = subscription }} The next year the hypothesis was developed by the physicist Leo Szilard,{{cite journal | vauthors = Szilard L | title = On the Nature of the Aging Process | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–45 | date = January 1959 | pmid = 16590351 | pmc = 222509 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.45.1.30 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1959PNAS...45...30S }} resulting in a number of related theories under the general name DNA damage theory of aging.
• 1961 Discovery by Leonard Hayflick of the limit of divisions for somatic cells, named the Hayflick limit. Hayflick found that normal human cells, extracted from fetus, are able to divide only about 50 times, after that they enter a senescence phase.
• 1969 Immunological theory of aging proposed by Roy Walford.{{Cite journal|vauthors=Boniewska-Bernacka E|date=2016|title=Selected Theories of Aging|url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/11286/Boniewska.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Higher School's Pulse|volume=10|pages=36–39|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415140243/https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/11286/Boniewska.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}
• 1974 Formation of the National Institute on Aging (NIA) – the aging of the population began to be perceived as a problem deserving state attention (and not as a problem of separate scientific societies). Since 1984, the NIA has begun to contribute in every way to the work of the National Archive of Computerized Data on Aging (NACDA).
• 1977 To explain aging, Thomas Kirkwood proposed the disposable soma theory. According to the theory, the organism has only a limited amount of resources that it has to allocate between different purposes (such as growth, reproduction, repair of damage). Aging occurs due to the limitation of resources that the body can afford to spend on repair.
• 1985 The discovery of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein that is able to restore shortened telomeres. The discovery was made by Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider.{{cite journal | vauthors = Greider CW, Blackburn EH | title = Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts | journal = Cell | volume = 43 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | pages = 405–413 | date = December 1985 | pmid = 3907856 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9 | s2cid = 17747801 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ido T, Tomita G, Kitazawa Y | title = Diurnal variation of intraocular pressure of normal-tension glaucoma. Influence of sleep and arousal | journal = Ophthalmology | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 296–300 | date = March 1991 | pmid = 2023748 | doi = 10.1038/onc.2010.15 | s2cid = 11726588 }} This research is based on the theoretical works of Alexey Olovnikov.{{cite journal | vauthors = Olovnikov AM | title = [Principle of marginotomy in template synthesis of polynucleotides] | language = ru | journal = Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR | volume = 201 | issue = 6 | pages = 1496–1499 | date = 1971 | pmid = 5158754 | pmc = | doi = | trans-title = The principle of marginotomy in matrix synthesis of polynucleotides | author-link = Alexey Olovnikov }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Olovnikov AM | title = A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–190 | date = September 1973 | pmid = 4754905 | doi = 10.1016/0022-5193(73)90198-7 | author-link = Alexey Olovnikov | bibcode = 1973JThBi..41..181O }} The study of telomeres and telomerase required many more years and the work of many scientists around the world. For this work, in 2009, Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak received the Nobel prize,{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2009/illustrated-information/ |title=The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Illustrated Presentation |work=NobelPrize.org |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430121753/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2009/illustrated-information/ |url-status=live }} in the same year Alexey Olovnikov was awarded the Demidov Prize.{{cite journal | vauthors = Egorov EE, Zelenin AV | title = [Racing for cell immortality, telomeres, telomerase, and the measure of health (a reflection on the award of the 2009 Demidov Prize in the field of biology given to Alexeĭ Matveevich Olovnikov)] | journal = Ontogenez | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–66 | date = 13 February 2011 | pmid = 21442903 | pmc = | doi = 10.1134/S1062360411010061 | s2cid = 30043400 }}
• 1986 Reliability theory of aging and longevity proposed by Leonid Gavrilov and Natalia Gavrilova. At first it was published only in the USSR.{{cite book |vauthors=Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS |year=1986 |veditors=Skulachev WP |editor-link=Vladimir P. Skulachev |title=Биология продолжительности жизни: Количественные аспекты |language=ru |trans-title=Biology of Life Span: Quantitative Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMY5AAAAIAAJ |edition=1st |location=Moscow |publisher=Nauka |page=167 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153447/https://books.google.com/books?id=zMY5AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }} In English language the theory was published five years later, in 1991.{{cite book| vauthors = Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS | year=1991 | veditors = Skulachev VP |editor-link=Vladimir P. Skulachev |title=Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach |language=en |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=Chur |page=385 |isbn=978-3-7186-4983-9}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS | title = The reliability theory of aging and longevity | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 213 | issue = 4 | pages = 527–545 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11742523 | doi = 10.1006/jtbi.2001.2430 | bibcode = 2001JThBi.213..527G }}{{cite journal |author=A.J.S. Rayl |date=13 May 2002 |title=Aging, in Theory: A Personal Pursuit. Do body system redundancies hold the key? |url=http://longevity-science.org/TheScientist.pdf |journal=The Scientist |volume=16 |issue=10 |page=20 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725212748/http://longevity-science.org/TheScientist.pdf |url-status=live }}
• 1990 Formation of the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) which searches for supercentenarians around the world and verifies their age. Whenever possible, the organization tries to collect data on why these people live significantly longer than the average person. The organization regularly publishes a list of the oldest verified living supercentenarians.{{cite web |url=https://grg.org/WSRL/TableE.aspx |title=GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List |work=Gerontology Research Group |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525151117/http://supercentenarian-research-foundation.org/TableE.aspx |url-status=live }}
• 1992 National Archive of Computerized Data on Aging (NACDA) published in the Internet the first 28 datasets related to aging. Gradually the number of published datasets has grown to over 1600 and continues to grow. These datasets are available to any researcher around the world at no charge, so they can search in them for new patterns. The site also provides some tools to facilitate analysis.{{cite web |url=https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/pages/NACDA/index.html |title=About Us |work={{abbr|NACDA|National Archive of Computerized Data on Aging}} |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418123006/https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/pages/NACDA/index.html |url-status=live }}
• 1993 Cynthia Kenyon and Ramon Tabtiang doubled the lifespan of C. elegans nematodes by partially disabling a gene, with the nematodes remaining relatively healthy for significantly longer. The discovery was a revolutionary breakthrough in aging research, demonstrating that the aging process could be controlled in the laboratory, and sparked more research into the molecular biology of aging.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/mar/17/cynthia-kenyon-rational-heroes-interview |title=Cynthia Kenyon: 'The idea that ageing was subject to control was completely unexpected' |newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 March 2013 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153448/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/mar/17/cynthia-kenyon-rational-heroes-interview |url-status=live | vauthors =de Lange C}}[https://profiles.ucsf.edu/cynthia.kenyon Cynthia Kenyon, PhD]
• 1995 Method for detection of senescent cells using a cytochemical assay.{{cite journal |vauthors=Eccles M |date=20 August 2012 |title=Senescence Associated β-galactosidase Staining |url=https://bio-protocol.org/e247 |journal=Bio-Protocol |volume=2 |issue=16 |doi=10.21769/BioProtoc.247 |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430140042/https://bio-protocol.org/e247 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
• 1997 The absolute record for the duration of human life. The French woman Jeanne Calment lived 122 years and 164 days (the record is still held).
• 1998 A record for the duration of life among males. The Danish-American Christian Mortensen lived 115 years and 252 days.
• 1998 Scientists managed to extend, in a laboratory environment, the life of normal human cells beyond the Hayflick limit using telomerase.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, Holt SE, Chiu CP, Morin GB, Harley CB, Shay JW, Lichtsteiner S, Wright WE | title = Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells | journal = Science | volume = 279 | issue = 5349 | pages = 349–352 | date = January 1998 | pmid = 9454332 | doi = 10.1126/science.279.5349.349 | bibcode = 1998Sci...279..349B }}
• 1999 Establishment of the Buck Institute for Research on Aging – the first institute originally established primarily to study intervention into the aging process.
• 1999 Sierra Sciences, a biotechnology company focused on aging research with the goal of curing human aging, was founded by William H. Andrews.

The research activity has increased. There is a shift of focus of the scientific community from the passive study of aging and theorizing to research aimed at intervening in the aging process to extend the lives of organisms beyond their genetic limits. Scientific-commercial companies appear, which aim to create practical technologies for measuring the biological age of a person (in contrast to chronological age) and extend the life of people to a greater extend than the healthy lifestyle and preventive medicine can provide. In society and media there are discussions not only about whether a significant prolongation of life is physically possible, but also whether it is appropriate, about the possibility of officially classifying aging as a disease, and about the possibility of mass testing on human volunteers.

• 2003 First evidence that aging of nematodes is regulated via TOR signaling.{{cite journal | vauthors = Vellai T, Takacs-Vellai K, Zhang Y, Kovacs AL, Orosz L, Müller F | title = Genetics: influence of TOR kinase on lifespan in C. elegans | journal = Nature | volume = 426 | issue = 6967 | page = 620 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14668850 | doi = 10.1038/426620a | s2cid = 52833339 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..620V }}
• 2003 The Methuselah Foundation is organized by Aubrey de Grey and David Gobel to create life extension technologies based on the Strategies for engineered negligible senescence (SENS) approaches and supporting related research in other organizations.
• 2003 Andrzej Bartke created a mouse that lived 1,819 days (8 days short of 5 years), while the maximum lifespan for this species is 1,030–1,070 days. By human standards, such longevity is equivalent to about 180 years.{{Cite news|first=Valerie|last=Sprague|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/3079834.stm|title=Battle for 'old mouse' prize|work=BBC News Online|date=4 September 2003|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421140627/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/3079834.stm|url-status=live}}
• 2004 First evidence that aging of nematodes is regulated by AMP-Kinase.{{cite journal | vauthors = Apfeld J, O'Connor G, McDonagh T, DiStefano PS, Curtis R | title = The AMP-activated protein kinase AAK-2 links energy levels and insulin-like signals to lifespan in C. elegans | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 18 | issue = 24 | pages = 3004–3009 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15574588 | pmc = 535911 | doi = 10.1101/gad.1255404 }}
• 2004 Aubrey de Grey coined the term "longevity escape velocity" (LEV).{{cite journal | vauthors = de Grey AD | title = The unfortunate influence of the weather on the rate of ageing: why human caloric restriction or its emulation may only extend life expectancy by 2–3 years | journal = Gerontology | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 73–82 | date = 15 June 2004 | pmid = 15711074 | pmc = | doi = 10.1159/000082192 | author-link = Aubrey de Grey }} Though the concept per se has been present in the life extension community since at least the 1970s (for example, Robert Wilson, essay Next Stop, Immortality, 1978{{cite journal |author=Robert Anton Wilson |author1-link=Robert Anton Wilson |title=Next Stop, Immortality |date=November 1978 |journal=Future Life |issue=6 |url=http://rawilsonfans.org/next-stop-immortality/ |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928064540/http://rawilsonfans.org/next-stop-immortality/ |url-status=live }}).
• 2004 As a result of the use of anti-aging therapy, a team of scientists led by Stephen Spindler managed to extend the life of a group of already adult mice to an average of 3.5 years. For this achievement, the first Methuselah Mouse Rejuvenation 'M Prize' was awarded.{{Cite news|first=Bill|last=Christensen|url=https://www.livescience.com/3725-methuselah-mouse-rejuvenation-prize-awarded.html|title=First Methuselah Mouse Rejuvenation 'M Prize' Awarded|work=Live Science|date=1 December 2004|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430084233/https://www.livescience.com/3725-methuselah-mouse-rejuvenation-prize-awarded.html|url-status=live}}
• 2004 Creation of the first curated database of genes related to human ageing: GenAge.{{cite journal | vauthors = de Magalhães JP, Toussaint O | title = GenAge: a genomic and proteomic network map of human ageing | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 571 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 243–247 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15280050 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.006 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2004FEBSL.571..243D }}
• 2006 Creation of induced stem cells (iSC) from somatic cells by the simultaneous action of several factors. First produced by the Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka.{{cite journal | vauthors = Takahashi K, Yamanaka S | title = Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors | journal = Cell | volume = 126 | issue = 4 | pages = 663–676 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16904174 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024 | hdl-access = free | author-link2 = Shinya Yamanaka | s2cid = 1565219 | hdl = 2433/159777 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S | title = Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors | journal = Cell | volume = 131 | issue = 5 | pages = 861–872 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18035408 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 8531539 | author-link7 = Shinya Yamanaka | hdl = 2433/49782 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Okita K, Ichisaka T, Yamanaka S | title = Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells | journal = Nature | volume = 448 | issue = 7151 | pages = 313–317 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17554338 | doi = 10.1038/nature05934 | s2cid = 459050 | author-link3 = Shinya Yamanaka | bibcode = 2007Natur.448..313O }} In 2012, Shinya Yamanaka and John Gurdon received the Nobel Prize for their work on reprogramming mature cells into pluripotent cells.{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/summary/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 |work=NobelPrize.org |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523080858/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/summary/ |url-status=live }}
• 2007 Extension of mouse lifespan via deletion of insulin receptor in the brain.{{cite journal | vauthors = Taguchi A, Wartschow LM, White MF | title = Brain IRS2 signaling coordinates life span and nutrient homeostasis | journal = Science | volume = 317 | issue = 5836 | pages = 369–372 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17641201 | pmc = | doi = 10.1126/science.1142179 | s2cid = 84884057 | bibcode = 2007Sci...317..369T }}
• 2007 The book Ending Aging written by Aubrey de Grey and his research assistant Michael Rae.
• 2007 First evidence that a pharmacological agent (namely, metformin) at a certain dosage is capable to increase the lifespan of mice.{{cite journal | vauthors = Anisimov VN, Berstein LM, Egormin PA, Piskunova TS, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA, Tyndyk ML, Yurova MV, Kovalenko IG, Poroshina TE, Semenchenko AV | title = Metformin slows down aging and extends life span of female SHR mice | journal = Cell Cycle | volume = 7 | issue = 17 | pages = 2769–2773 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18728386 | doi = 10.4161/cc.7.17.6625 | s2cid = 14475617 | doi-access = free }}
• 2008 Foundation of the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing.
• 2008 (approximately) It was observed that different variants of FOXO3 gene are associated with human longevity. Since then, research has been conducted to better understand its functions and the mechanism of action.{{cite journal | vauthors = Willcox BJ, Donlon TA, He Q, Chen R, Grove JS, Yano K, Masaki KH, Willcox DC, Rodriguez B, Curb JD | title = FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 37 | pages = 13987–13992 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18765803 | pmc = 2544566 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0801030105 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008PNAS..10513987W }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Flachsbart F, Caliebe A, Kleindorp R, Blanché H, von Eller-Eberstein H, Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Nebel A | title = Association of FOXO3A variation with human longevity confirmed in German centenarians | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 8 | pages = 2700–2705 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19196970 | pmc = 2650329 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0809594106 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.2700F }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Stefanetti RJ, Voisin S, Russell A, Lamon S | title = Recent advances in understanding the role of FOXO3 | journal = F1000Research | volume = 7 | issue = | page = 1372 | date = 31 August 2018 | pmid = 30228872 | pmc = 6124385 | doi = 10.12688/f1000research.15258.1 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Timmers PR, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, Deelen J | title = Multivariate genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 3570 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32678081 | pmc = 7366647 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17312-3 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.3570T }}
• 2009 Association of genetic variants in insulin/IGF1 signaling with human longevity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pawlikowska L, Hu D, Huntsman S, Sung A, Chu C, Chen J, Joyner AH, Schork NJ, Hsueh WC, Reiner AP, Psaty BM, Atzmon G, Barzilai N, Cummings SR, Browner WS, Kwok PY, Ziv E | title = Association of common genetic variation in the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway with human longevity | journal = Aging Cell | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 460–472 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19489743 | pmc = 3652804 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00493.x }}
• 2009 A second pharmacological agent (namely, rapamycin) was shown to be capable to increase the lifespan of mice. For this discovery Davе Sharp receive a special prize from the Methuselah Foundation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD, Nelson JF, Astle CM, Flurkey K, Nadon NL, Wilkinson JE, Frenkel K, Carter CS, Pahor M, Javors MA, Fernandez E, Miller RA | title = Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253 | pages = 392–395 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19587680 | pmc = 2786175 | doi = 10.1038/nature08221 | bibcode = 2009Natur.460..392H }}{{Cite news|url=https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2009/10/a-special-mprize-award/|title=A Special Mprize Award|date=5 October 2009|work=Fight Aging!|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053106/https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2009/10/a-special-mprize-award/|url-status=live}}
• 2009 The SENS Research Foundation, a research institute dedicated to studying the aging process and ways to reverse it based on the strategies for engineered negligible senescence approach, was established by Aubrey de Grey.
• 2010s first half The appearance of small political parties in different countries that make the promotion of anti-aging technologies part of their political platforms (for example, Science Party of Australia, U.S. Transhumanist Party, Party for Rejuvenation Research).
• 2010 Harvard University scientists at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute partially reversed age-related degeneration in mice by engineering an improved telomerase gene.{{Cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/11/partial-reversal-of-aging-achieved-in-mice/ |title=Partial reversal of aging achieved in mice |date=28 November 2010 |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107235643/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/11/partial-reversal-of-aging-achieved-in-mice/ |url-status=live }}
• 2012 It was discovered that protein Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) regulates the lifespan of male mice (but not female mice).{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanfi Y, Naiman S, Amir G, Peshti V, Zinman G, Nahum L, Bar-Joseph Z, Cohen HY | title = The sirtuin SIRT6 regulates lifespan in male mice | journal = Nature | volume = 483 | issue = 7388 | pages = 218–221 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22367546 | pmc = | doi = 10.1038/nature10815 | s2cid = 4417564 | bibcode = 2012Natur.483..218K }}
• 2013 The pan-tissue Epigenetic clock is a molecular biomarker by Steve Horvath that facilitates the measurement of the age of all human tissues based on cytosine methylation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Horvath S | title = DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = R115 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24138928 | pmc = 4015143 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115 | doi-access = free }}{{Erratum|doi=10.1186/s13059-015-0649-6|pmid=25968125|http://retractionwatch.com/2015/06/15/high-profile-aging-paper-posts-old-erratum-requested-by-author-more-than-one-year-prior/ Retraction Watch|checked=yes}}
• 2013 The scientific journal Cell published the article "The Hallmarks of Aging", that was translated to several languages and determined the directions of many studies.{{cite journal | vauthors = López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G | title = The hallmarks of aging | journal = Cell | volume = 153 | issue = 6 | pages = 1194–1217 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23746838 | pmc = 3836174 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039 }}
• 2013 A record for the duration of life among males. Japanese Jiroemon Kimura lived 116 years and 54 days (that is 167 days longer than the previous record).
• 2013 It was discovered that brain-specific overexpression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is also capable to extend lifespan and delay aging in mice.{{cite journal | vauthors = Satoh A, Brace CS, Rensing N, Cliften P, Wozniak DF, Herzog ED, Yamada KA, Imai S | title = Sirt1 extends life span and delays aging in mice through the regulation of Nk2 homeobox 1 in the DMH and LH | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 416–430 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24011076 | pmc = 3794712 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.07.013 }}
• 2013 Google and other investors created the company Calico to combat aging and related diseases. Investors provided Calico with more than a billion dollars of funding. Arthur Levinson became CEO of the company and one of its investors.{{cite news |title=Google announces Calico, a new company focused on health and well-being |url=http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2013/09/calico-announcement.html |work=News from Google |date=18 September 2013 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231142505/http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2013/09/calico-announcement.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603087/googles-long-strange-life-span-trip/|title=Can naked mole rats teach us the secrets to living longer?|vauthors=Regalado A|work=MIT Technology Review|date=15 December 2016|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170623180502/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603087/googles-long-strange-life-span-trip/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/09/silicon-valley-wants-to-cheat-grim-reaper-google|title=Why Silicon Valley wants to thwart the grim reaper|vauthors=Naughton J|work=The Guardian|date=9 April 2017|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225059/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/09/silicon-valley-wants-to-cheat-grim-reaper-google|url-status=live}}{{cite news |vauthors=Fortuna WH |title=Seeking eternal life, Silicon Valley is solving for death |url=https://qz.com/1123164/seeking-eternal-life-silicon-valley-is-solving-for-death/ |work=Quartz |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212120253/https://qz.com/1123164/seeking-eternal-life-silicon-valley-is-solving-for-death/ |url-status=live }}
• 2014 First evidence that pharmacological activation of SIRT1 extends lifespan in mice and improves their health.{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell SJ, Martin-Montalvo A, Mercken EM, Palacios HH, Ward TM, Abulwerdi G, Minor RK, Vlasuk GP, Ellis JL, Sinclair DA, Dawson J, Allison DB, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Bernier M, de Cabo R | title = The SIRT1 activator SRT1720 extends lifespan and improves health of mice fed a standard diet | journal = Cell Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 836–843 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24582957 | pmc = 4010117 | doi = 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.031 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mercken EM, Mitchell SJ, Martin-Montalvo A, Minor RK, Almeida M, Gomes AP, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Palacios HH, Licata JJ, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Khraiwesh H, González-Reyes JA, Villalba JM, Baur JA, Elliott P, Westphal C, Vlasuk GP, Ellis JL, Sinclair DA, Bernier M, de Cabo R | title = SRT2104 extends survival of male mice on a standard diet and preserves bone and muscle mass | journal = Aging Cell | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 787–796 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 24931715 | pmc = 4172519 | doi = 10.1111/acel.12220 }}
• 2014 Establishment of the Dog Aging Project at the University of Washington, a decade-long study of aging in dogs which includes clinical trials of rapamycin in some of them to test its effects on lifespan, with the project's ultimate goal being to translate the results into further understanding aging in humans and ways to target it.
• 2010s second half The emergence of official discussions about the possibility of recognizing aging as a disease.{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhavoronkov A, Bhullar B | title = Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11 | journal = Frontiers in Genetics | volume = 6 | issue = | page = 326 | date = 4 October 2015 | pmid = 26583032 | pmc = 4631811 | doi = 10.3389/fgene.2015.00326 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Stambler I | title = Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy | journal = Aging and Disease | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 583–589 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28966803 | pmc = 5614323 | doi = 10.14336/AD.2017.0130 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | title = Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease | journal = The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | page = 587 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30053981 | doi = 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6 | s2cid = 51726070 | last1 = The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Calimport SR, Bentley BL, Stewart CE, Pawelec G, Scuteri A, Vinciguerra M, Slack C, Chen D, Harries LW, Marchant G, Fleming GA, Conboy M, Antebi A, Small GW, Gil J, Lakatta EG, Richardson A, Rosen C, Nikolich K, Wyss-Coray T, Steinman L, Montine T, de Magalhães JP, Campisi J, Church G | title = To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence | journal = Science | volume = 366 | issue = 6465 | pages = 576–578 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31672885 | pmc = 7193988 | doi = 10.1126/science.aay7319 | bibcode = 2019Sci...366..576C }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Khaltourina D, Matveyev Y, Alekseev A, Cortese F, Ioviţă A | title = Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases | journal = Mechanisms of Ageing and Development | volume = 189 | page = 111230 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32251691 | doi = 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230 | s2cid = 214779653 | author-link1 = Daria Khaltourina }}
• 2016 It was found that the replenishment of NAD⁺ in the organism of mice through precursor molecules improves the functioning of mitochondria and stem cells, and also leads to an increase in their lifespan.{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang H, Ryu D, Wu Y, Gariani K, Wang X, Luan P, D'Amico D, Ropelle ER, Lutolf MP, Aebersold R, Schoonjans K, Menzies KJ, Auwerx J | title = NAD⁺ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice | journal = Science | volume = 352 | issue = 6292 | pages = 1436–1443 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27127236 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaf2693 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016Sci...352.1436Z }} One of these NAD⁺ precursor molecules is NMN.{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshino J, Mills KF, Yoon MJ, Imai S | title = Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key NAD(+) intermediate, treats the pathophysiology of diet- and age-induced diabetes in mice | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 528–536 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21982712 | pmc = 3204926 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.014 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.nmn.com/precursors/what-is-nmn |title=What is NMN? |work=NMN.com |date=5 May 2020 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421164611/https://www.nmn.com/precursors/what-is-nmn |url-status=live }}
• 2016 Demonstration that a combination of longevity associated drugs can additively extend lifespan, at least in mice.{{cite journal | vauthors = Strong R, Miller RA, Antebi A, Astle CM, Bogue M, Denzel MS, Fernandez E, Flurkey K, Hamilton KL, Lamming DW, Javors MA, de Magalhães JP, Martinez PA, McCord JM, Miller BF, Müller M, Nelson JF, Ndukum J, Rainger GE, Richardson A, Sabatini DM, Salmon AB, Simpkins JW, Steegenga WT, Nadon NL, Harrison DE | title = Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α-glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2-inducer | journal = Aging Cell | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 872–884 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27312235 | pmc = 5013015 | doi = 10.1111/acel.12496 }}
• 2016 As part of the implementation of the SENS programs, researchers managed to make two mitochondrial genes, ATP8 and ATP6, stably express from the cell nucleus in the cell culture.{{cite journal | vauthors = Boominathan A, Vanhoozer S, Basisty N, Powers K, Crampton AL, Wang X, Friedricks N, Schilling B, Brand MD, O'Connor MS | title = Stable nuclear expression of ATP8 and ATP6 genes rescues a mtDNA Complex V null mutant | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 44 | issue = 19 | pages = 9342–9357 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27596602 | pmc = 5100594 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkw756 }}
• 2016 Scientists show that expressing Yamanaka reprogramming factors in mice with premature aging can extend their lifespan by about 20%.{{cite news |vauthors=Weintraub K |title=Aging Is Reversible—at Least in Human Cells and Live Mice |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/aging-is-reversible-at-least-in-human-cells-and-live-mice/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804073403/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/aging-is-reversible-at-least-in-human-cells-and-live-mice/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Old human cells rejuvenated with stem cell technology |url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2020/03/old-human-cells-rejuvenated-with-stem-cell-technology.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=News Center |language=sm |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726002651/https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2020/03/old-human-cells-rejuvenated-with-stem-cell-technology.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ocampo A, Reddy P, Martinez-Redondo P, Platero-Luengo A, Hatanaka F, Hishida T, Li M, Lam D, Kurita M, Beyret E, Araoka T, Vazquez-Ferrer E, Donoso D, Roman JL, Xu J, Rodriguez Esteban C, Nuñez G, Nuñez Delicado E, Campistol JM, Guillen I, Guillen P, Izpisua Belmonte JC | title = In Vivo Amelioration of Age-Associated Hallmarks by Partial Reprogramming | language = English | journal = Cell | volume = 167 | issue = 7 | pages = 1719–1733.e12 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27984723 | pmc = 5679279 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.052 }}
• 2017 The discovery that a naturally occurring polymorphism in human signaling pathways is in some cases associated with health and longevity. It was also detected that, the same as in mice, this association can depend on the sex (it can be observed for one sex but not for another). This indicates that by correctly influencing these pathways, it is theoretically possible to alter lifespan and healthspan in humans.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ben-Avraham D, Govindaraju DR, Budagov T, Fradin D, Durda P, Liu B, Ott S, Gutman D, Sharvit L, Kaplan R, Bougnères P, Reiner A, Shuldiner AR, Cohen P, Barzilai N, Atzmon G | title = The GH receptor exon 3 deletion is a marker of male-specific exceptional longevity associated with increased GH sensitivity and taller stature | journal = Science Advances | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = e1602025 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28630896 | pmc = 5473676 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1602025 | bibcode = 2017SciA....3E2025B }}
• 2017 AgeX Therapeutics, a biotechnology company focused on medical therapeutics related to longevity, was founded.
• 2018 The Nobel Prize for cancer research was awarded to James Allison and Tasuku Honjo.{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2018/summary/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 |work=NobelPrize.org |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001101624/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2018/summary/ |url-status=live }} (The main cause of cancer is the accumulation of errors in DNA. So the topic of cancer research is closely related to research on aging.)
• 2018 The World Health Organization included in the international classification of diseases ICD-11 a special additional code XT9T, signaling the relationship of a disease with age. Due to this, after the final approval of the ICD-11 in May 2019, aging began to be officially recognized as a fundamental factor that increases the risk of diseases, the severity of their course and the difficulty of treatment.{{cite web |author=Biogerontology Research Foundation |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/brf-who070218.php |title=World Health Organization adds extension code for 'aging-related' via ICD-11 |work=EurekAlert |date=2 July 2018 |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205536/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/brf-who070218.php |url-status=live }}{{cite web |first=Steve |last=Hill |url=https://www.lifespan.io/news/a-step-closer-to-aging-being-classified-as-a-disease/ |title=Getting Aging Classified as a Disease – Daria Khaltourina |work=Lifespan.io |date=31 August 2018 |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203049/https://www.lifespan.io/news/a-step-closer-to-aging-being-classified-as-a-disease/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2018/09/inching-towards-the-regulatory-classification-of-aging-as-a-disease/ |title=Inching Towards the Regulatory Classification of Aging as a Disease |website=Fight Aging! |date=3 September 2018 |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205226/https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2018/09/inching-towards-the-regulatory-classification-of-aging-as-a-disease/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |first=Oksana |last=Andreiuk |url=https://medium.com/@oandreiuk/lets-talk-about-the-world-health-organisation-recognising-ageing-as-a-disease-risk-factor-4ca8ac89e59b |title=Let's talk about the World Health Organisation recognising ageing as a disease risk factor, updating the ICD for the first time in 35 years. |website=Medium |date=12 September 2018 |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204806/https://medium.com/@oandreiuk/lets-talk-about-the-world-health-organisation-recognising-ageing-as-a-disease-risk-factor-4ca8ac89e59b |url-status=live }}

• The lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (free-living nematodes) was increased by 5–6 times (by 400–500%) using simultaneous impact in IIS and TOR pathways. This is equivalent to how a human would live 400–500 years.{{cite web |url=https://mdibl.org/press-release/mdi-biological-scientists-identify-pathways-that-extend-lifespan-by-500-percent/ |title=MDI Biological Scientists Identify Pathways That Extend Lifespan by 500 Percent |work=MDI Biological Laboratory |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427141629/https://mdibl.org/press-release/mdi-biological-scientists-identify-pathways-that-extend-lifespan-by-500-percent/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Irving |url=https://newatlas.com/biology/worm-lifespans-extended-500-percent/ |title=Worm lifespans extended 500 percent in surprising new aging study |work=New Atlas |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427141629/https://newatlas.com/biology/worm-lifespans-extended-500-percent/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |first=Kristin |last=Houser |url=https://futurism.com/scientists-extend-lifespan-worms-500-percent |title=Scientists Extend Lifespan of Worms by 500 Percent |work=Futurism.com |date=9 January 2020 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427141629/https://futurism.com/scientists-extend-lifespan-worms-500-percent |url-status=live }}{{cite web |first=Stephen |last=Johnson |url=https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/aging-research |title=Biologists extend worm lifespan by 500% in surprising discovery on aging |work=Big Think |date=13 January 2020 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427141629/https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/aging-research |url-status=live }}
• Scientists at the Mayo Clinic report the first successful use of senolytics, a new class of drug with potential anti-aging benefits, to remove senescent cells from human patients with a kidney disease.{{cite web|url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-researchers-demonstrate-senescent-cell-burden-is-reduced-in-humans-by-senolytic-drugs/|title=Mayo researchers demonstrate senescent cell burden is reduced in humans by senolytic drugs|work=Mayo Clinic|date=18 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920121839/https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-researchers-demonstrate-senescent-cell-burden-is-reduced-in-humans-by-senolytic-drugs/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(19)30591-2/pdf|title=Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: Preliminary report from a clinical trial of Dasatinib plus Quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease|work=EBioMedicine|date=20 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153835/https://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(19)30591-2/pdf|url-status=live}}
• By combining doses of lithium, trametinib and rapamycin into a single treatment, researchers extend the lifespan of fruit flies (Drosophila) by 48%.{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2019/sep/fruit-flies-live-longer-combination-drug-treatment|title=Fruit flies live longer with combination drug treatment|date=30 September 2019|access-date=2 October 2019|publisher=University College London}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Castillo-Quan JI, Tain LS, Kinghorn KJ, Li L, Grönke S, Hinze Y, Blackwell TK, Bjedov I, Partridge L | title = A triple drug combination targeting components of the nutrient-sensing network maximizes longevity | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 116 | issue = 42 | pages = 20817–20819 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31570569 | pmc = 6800352 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1913212116 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2019PNAS..11620817C }}
• Researchers at Harvard Medical School identify a link between neural activity and human longevity. Neural excitation is linked to shorter life, while suppression of overactivity appears to extend lifespan.{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191016131224.htm|title=In a first, scientists pinpoint neural activity's role in human longevity|date=16 October 2019|access-date=28 October 2019|publisher=Science Daily|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019013926/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191016131224.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Zullo JM, Drake D, Aron L, O'Hern P, Dhamne SC, Davidsohn N, Mao CA, Klein WH, Rotenberg A, Bennett DA, Church GM, Colaiácovo MP, Yankner BA | title = Regulation of lifespan by neural excitation and REST | journal = Nature | volume = 574 | issue = 7778 | pages = 359–364 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31619788 | pmc = 6893853 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-019-1647-8 | bibcode = 2019Natur.574..359Z }}
• Scientists in Japan use single-cell RNA analysis to find that supercentenarians have an excess of cytotoxic CD4 T-cells, a type of immune cell.{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191113101845.htm|title=Could cytotoxic T-cells be a key to longevity?|date=13 November 2019|access-date=19 November 2019|publisher=Science Daily|archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121222451/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191113101845.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K, Kouno T, Ikawa T, Hayatsu N, Miyajima Y, Yabukami H, Terooatea T, Sasaki T, Suzuki T, Valentine M, Pascarella G, Okazaki Y, Suzuki H, Shin JW, Minoda A, Taniuchi I, Okano H, Arai Y, Hirose N, Carninci P | title = Single-cell transcriptomics reveals expansion of cytotoxic CD4 T cells in supercentenarians | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 116 | issue = 48 | pages = 24242–24251 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31719197 | pmc = 6883788 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1907883116 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2019PNAS..11624242H }}

• Scientists report, using public biological data on 1.75 m people with known lifespans overall, to have identified 10 genomic loci which appear to intrinsically influence healthspan, lifespan, and longevity – of which half have not been reported previously at genome-wide significance and most being associated with cardiovascular disease – as well as haem metabolism as a promising candidate for further research within the field.{{cite news |title=Blood iron levels could be key to slowing ageing, gene study shows |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-blood-iron-key-ageing-gene.html |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316201154/https://phys.org/news/2020-07-blood-iron-key-ageing-gene.html |url-status=live }}
• Scientists report that after mice exercise their livers secrete the protein GPLD1, which is also elevated in elderly humans who exercise regularly, that this is associated with improved cognitive function in aged mice and that increasing the amount of GPLD1 produced by the mouse liver in old mice could yield many benefits of regular exercise for their brains – such as increased BDNF-levels, neurogenesis, and improved cognitive functioning in tests.{{cite news |title=Brain benefits of exercise can be gained with a single protein |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-brain-benefits-gained-protein.html |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820073126/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-brain-benefits-gained-protein.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Horowitz AM, Fan X, Bieri G, Smith LK, Sanchez-Diaz CI, Schroer AB, Gontier G, Casaletto KB, Kramer JH, Williams KE, Villeda SA | title = Blood factors transfer beneficial effects of exercise on neurogenesis and cognition to the aged brain | journal = Science | volume = 369 | issue = 6500 | pages = 167–173 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32646997 | pmc = 7879650 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaw2622 | bibcode = 2020Sci...369..167H }}
• Scientists report that yeast cells of the same genetic material and within the same environment age in two distinct ways, describe a biomolecular mechanism that can determine which process dominates during aging and genetically engineer a novel aging route with substantially extended lifespan.{{cite news |title=Researchers discover 2 paths of aging and new insights on promoting healthspan |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-paths-aging-insights-healthspan.html |access-date=17 August 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813063302/https://phys.org/news/2020-07-paths-aging-insights-healthspan.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Y, Jiang Y, Paxman J, O'Laughlin R, Klepin S, Zhu Y, Pillus L, Tsimring LS, Hasty J, Hao N | title = A programmable fate decision landscape underlies single-cell aging in yeast | journal = Science | volume = 369 | issue = 6501 | pages = 325–329 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32675375 | pmc = 7437498 | doi = 10.1126/science.aax9552 | bibcode = 2020Sci...369..325L }}
• Reprogramming progress{{cite journal | vauthors = Eisenstein M | title = Rejuvenation by controlled reprogramming is the latest gambit in anti-aging | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 144–146 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35046614 | doi = 10.1038/d41587-022-00002-4 | s2cid = 256821115 }}
• Scientists show that expression of nuclear reprogramming factors can lead to rapid and broad amelioration of cellular aging.{{cite news |vauthors=Irving M |title=Stem cell technique winds back aging in human cells |url=https://newatlas.com/medical/stem-cells-anti-aging-stanford/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726110028/https://newatlas.com/medical/stem-cells-anti-aging-stanford/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |vauthors=Wade N |title=Turning Back the Clock on Aging Cells |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/science/aging-dna-epigenetics-cells.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820025610/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/science/aging-dna-epigenetics-cells.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarkar TJ, Quarta M, Mukherjee S, Colville A, Paine P, Doan L, Tran CM, Chu CR, Horvath S, Qi LS, Bhutani N, Rando TA, Sebastiano V | title = Transient non-integrative expression of nuclear reprogramming factors promotes multifaceted amelioration of aging in human cells | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 1545 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32210226 | pmc = 7093390 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-15174-3 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.1545S }}
• A study shows that reprogramming induced with the OSK-genes can restore youthful epigenetic patterns as well as revert age-related vision loss.{{cite news |title=Scientists reverse age-related vision loss, eye damage from glaucoma in mice |url=https://scienmag.com/scientists-reverse-age-related-vision-loss-eye-damage-from-glaucoma-in-mice/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726110028/https://scienmag.com/scientists-reverse-age-related-vision-loss-eye-damage-from-glaucoma-in-mice/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu Y, Brommer B, Tian X, Krishnan A, Meer M, Wang C, Vera DL, Zeng Q, Yu D, Bonkowski MS, Yang JH, Zhou S, Hoffmann EM, Karg MM, Schultz MB, Kane AE, Davidsohn N, Korobkina E, Chwalek K, Rajman LA, Church GM, Hochedlinger K, Gladyshev VN, Horvath S, Levine ME, Gregory-Ksander MS, Ksander BR, He Z, Sinclair DA | title = Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision | journal = Nature | volume = 588 | issue = 7836 | pages = 124–129 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33268865 | pmc = 7752134 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2975-4 | bibcode = 2020Natur.588..124L }}

• Researchers report that myeloid cells are drivers of a maladaptive inflammation element of brain-ageing in mice and that this can be reversed or prevented via inhibition of their EP2 signalling.{{cite news |title=Study reveals immune driver of brain aging |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-reveals-immune-driver-brain-aging.html |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712035601/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-reveals-immune-driver-brain-aging.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Minhas PS, Latif-Hernandez A, McReynolds MR, Durairaj AS, Wang Q, Rubin A, Joshi AU, He JQ, Gauba E, Liu L, Wang C, Linde M, Sugiura Y, Moon PK, Majeti R, Suematsu M, Mochly-Rosen D, Weissman IL, Longo FM, Rabinowitz JD, Andreasson KI | title = Restoring metabolism of myeloid cells reverses cognitive decline in ageing | journal = Nature | volume = 590 | issue = 7844 | pages = 122–128 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33473210 | pmc = 8274816 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-03160-0 | bibcode = 2021Natur.590..122M }}
• A randomized clinical trial demonstrates that a combination therapy of a short (two months) intervention of diet, phytonutrient and probiotics supplementation, exercise, relaxation and further lifestyle changes can lead to substantial decrease of the Horvath DNAmAge Epigenetic clock epigenetic aging biomarker in healthy adults and that such may therefore be, measurable, DNA methylome rejuvenation guidance.{{cite news |title=Study: Specific diet, lifestyle interventions may reverse epigenetic aging in healthy adult males |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210528/Study-Specific-diet-lifestyle-interventions-may-reverse-epigenetic-aging-in-healthy-adult-males.aspx |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=News-Medical.net |date=28 May 2021 |language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Fitzgerald KN, Hodges R, Hanes D, Stack E, Cheishvili D, Szyf M, Henkel J, Twedt MW, Giannopoulou D, Herdell J, Logan S, Bradley R | title = Potential reversal of epigenetic age using a diet and lifestyle intervention: a pilot randomized clinical trial | journal = Aging | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 9419–9432 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33844651 | pmc = 8064200 | doi = 10.18632/aging.202913 }}
• Scientists report alternative approach to senolytics for removing senescent cells: invariant NKT (iNKT) cells.{{cite news |title=Scientists find mechanism that eliminates senescent cells |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-05-scientists-mechanism-senescent-cells.html |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624043532/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-05-scientists-mechanism-senescent-cells.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Arora S, Thompson PJ, Wang Y, Bhattacharyya A, Apostolopoulou H, Hatano R, Naikawadi RP, Shah A, Wolters PJ, Koliwad S, Bhattacharya M, Bhushan A | title = Invariant Natural Killer T cells coordinate removal of senescent cells | language = English | journal = Med | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = 938–950 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34617070 | pmc = 8491998 | doi = 10.1016/j.medj.2021.04.014 | doi-access = free }}
• Scientists demonstrate a tool to calculate a person's inflammatory age (iAge) based on patterns of systemic age-related inflammation and identify cytokine CXCL9 as a key suppression target.{{cite news |title=Tool that calculates immune system age could predict frailty and disease |url=https://newatlas.com/science/stanford-immune-system-age-biomarker-blood-test/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726110032/https://newatlas.com/science/stanford-immune-system-age-biomarker-blood-test/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sayed N, Huang Y, Nguyen K, Krejciova-Rajaniemi Z, Grawe AP, Gao T, Tibshirani R, Hastie T, Alpert A, Cui L, Kuznetsova T, Rosenberg-Hasson Y, Ostan R, Monti D, Lehallier B, Shen-Orr SS, Maecker HT, Dekker CL, Wyss-Coray T, Franceschi C, Jojic V, Haddad F, Montoya JG, Wu JC, Davis MM, Furman D | title = An inflammatory aging clock (iAge) based on deep learning tracks multimorbidity, immunosenescence, frailty and cardiovascular aging | journal = Nature Aging | volume = 1 | issue = 7 | pages = 598–615 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34888528 | pmc = 8654267 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-021-00082-y | doi-access = free }}
• A study indicates gut microbiomes with large amounts of microbes capable of generating unique secondary bile acids are a key element of centenarians' longevity.{{cite news |title=Clues to healthy aging found in the gut bacteria of centenarians |url=https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/gut-bacteria-microbiome-centenarians-healthy-aging/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814111334/https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/gut-bacteria-microbiome-centenarians-healthy-aging/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sato Y, Atarashi K, Plichta DR, Arai Y, Sasajima S, Kearney SM, Suda W, Takeshita K, Sasaki T, Okamoto S, Skelly AN, Okamura Y, Vlamakis H, Li Y, Tanoue T, Takei H, Nittono H, Narushima S, Irie J, Itoh H, Moriya K, Sugiura Y, Suematsu M, Moritoki N, Shibata S, Littman DR, Fischbach MA, Uwamino Y, Inoue T, Honda A, Hattori M, Murai T, Xavier RJ, Hirose N, Honda K | title = Novel bile acid biosynthetic pathways are enriched in the microbiome of centenarians | journal = Nature | volume = 599 | issue = 7885 | pages = 458–464 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34325466 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-021-03832-5 | s2cid = 236514774 | bibcode = 2021Natur.599..458S }}
• Scientists identify genetic determinants of ovarian ageing and possible effects of extending fertility in women.{{cite news |title=Researchers identify new genes linked to longer reproductive lifespan in women |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-08-genes-linked-longer-reproductive-lifespan.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921225111/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-08-genes-linked-longer-reproductive-lifespan.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruth KS, Day FR, Hussain J, Martínez-Marchal A, Aiken CE, Azad A, Thompson DJ, Knoblochova L, Abe H, Tarry-Adkins JL, Gonzalez JM, Fontanillas P, Claringbould A, Bakker OB, Sulem P, Walters RG, Terao C, Turon S, Horikoshi M, Lin K, Onland-Moret NC, Sankar A, Hertz EP, Timshel PN, Shukla V, Borup R, Olsen KW, Aguilera P, Ferrer-Roda M, Huang Y, Stankovic S, Timmers PR, Ahearn TU, Alizadeh BZ, Naderi E, Andrulis IL, Arnold AM, Aronson KJ, Augustinsson A, Bandinelli S, Barbieri CM, Beaumont RN, Becher H, Beckmann MW, Benonisdottir S, Bergmann S, Bochud M, Boerwinkle E, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Boomsma DI, Bowker N, Brody JA, Broer L, Buring JE, Campbell A, Campbell H, Castelao JE, Catamo E, Chanock SJ, Chenevix-Trench G, Ciullo M, Corre T, Couch FJ, Cox A, Crisponi L, Cross SS, Cucca F, Czene K, Smith GD, de Geus EJ, de Mutsert R, De Vivo I, Demerath EW, Dennis J, Dunning AM, Dwek M, Eriksson M, Esko T, Fasching PA, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Franceschini N, Frayling TM, Gago-Dominguez M, Mezzavilla M, García-Closas M, Gieger C, Giles GG, Grallert H, Gudbjartsson DF, Gudnason V, Guénel P, Haiman CA, Håkansson N, Hall P, Hayward C, He C, He W, Heiss G, Høffding MK, Hopper JL, Hottenga JJ, Hu F, Hunter D, Ikram MA, Jackson RD, Joaquim MD, John EM, Joshi PK, Karasik D, Kardia SL, Kartsonaki C, Karlsson R, Kitahara CM, Kolcic I, Kooperberg C, Kraft P, Kurian AW, Kutalik Z, La Bianca M, LaChance G, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Laven JS, Lawlor DA, Le Marchand L, Li J, Lindblom A, Lindstrom S, Lindstrom T, Linet M, Liu Y, Liu S, Luan J, Mägi R, Magnusson PK, Mangino M, Mannermaa A, Marco B, Marten J, Martin NG, Mbarek H, McKnight B, Medland SE, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Menni C, Metspalu A, Milani L, Milne RL, Montgomery GW, Mook-Kanamori DO, Mulas A, Mulligan AM, Murray A, Nalls MA, Newman A, Noordam R, Nutile T, Nyholt DR, Olshan AF, Olsson H, Painter JN, Patel AV, Pedersen NL, Perjakova N, Peters A, Peters U, Pharoah PD, Polasek O, Porcu E, Psaty BM, Rahman I, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Ridker PM, Ring SM, Robino A, Rose LM, Rosendaal FR, Rossouw J, Rudan I, Rueedi R, Ruggiero D, Sala CF, Saloustros E, Sandler DP, Sanna S, Sawyer EJ, Sarnowski C, Schlessinger D, Schmidt MK, Schoemaker MJ, Schraut KE, Scott C, Shekari S, Shrikhande A, Smith AV, Smith BH, Smith JA, Sorice R, Southey MC, Spector TD, Spinelli JJ, Stampfer M, Stöckl D, van Meurs JB, Strauch K, Styrkarsdottir U, Swerdlow AJ, Tanaka T, Teras LR, Teumer A, Þorsteinsdottir U, Timpson NJ, Toniolo D, Traglia M, Troester MA, Truong T, Tyrrell J, Uitterlinden AG, Ulivi S, Vachon CM, Vitart V, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Wang Q, Wareham NJ, Weinberg CR, Weir DR, Wilcox AN, van Dijk KW, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Wolffenbuttel BH, Wolk A, Wood AR, Zhao W, Zygmunt M, Chen Z, Li L, Franke L, Burgess S, Deelen P, Pers TH, Grøndahl ML, Andersen CY, Pujol A, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Daniel JA, Stefansson K, Chang-Claude J, van der Schouw YT, Lunetta KL, Chasman DI, Easton DF, Visser JA, Ozanne SE, Namekawa SH, Solc P, Murabito JM, Ong KK, Hoffmann ER, Murray A, Roig I, Perry JR | title = Genetic insights into biological mechanisms governing human ovarian ageing | journal = Nature | volume = 596 | issue = 7872 | pages = 393–397 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34349265 | pmc = 7611832 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-021-03779-7 | s2cid = 236928198 | bibcode = 2021Natur.596..393R }}
• Scientists show that transplantation of fecal microbiota from young donor mice into aged recipient mice substantially rejuvenates the brains of the latter,{{cite news |title=Gut bacteria from young mice reverse signs of brain aging in old mice |url=https://newatlas.com/science/microbiome-brain-aging-gut-bacteria-neuroscience/ |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712040014/https://newatlas.com/science/microbiome-brain-aging-gut-bacteria-neuroscience/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Boehme M, Guzzetta KE, Bastiaanssen TF, van de Wouw M, Moloney GM, Gual-Grau A, Spichak S, Olavarría-Ramírez L, Fitzgerald P, Morillas E, Ritz NL, Jaggar M, Cowan CS, Crispie F, Donoso F, Halitzki E, Neto MC, Sichetti M, Golubeva AV, Fitzgerald RS, Claesson MJ, Cotter PD, O'Leary OF, Dinan TG, Cryan JF | title = Microbiota from young mice counteracts selective age-associated behavioral deficits | journal = Nature Aging | volume = 1 | issue = 8 | pages = 666–676 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 37117767 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-021-00093-9 | doi-access = free }} complementing similar results of a 2020 study.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee J, Venna VR, Durgan DJ, Shi H, Hudobenko J, Putluri N, Petrosino J, McCullough LD, Bryan RM | title = Young versus aged microbiota transplants to germ-free mice: increased short-chain fatty acids and improved cognitive performance | journal = Gut Microbes | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–14 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32897773 | pmc = 7757789 | doi = 10.1080/19490976.2020.1814107 }}

[[File:Global aging demographics.webp|thumb|Past and projected age of the human world population through time as of 2021{{cite journal | vauthors = Garmany A, Yamada S, Terzic A | title = Longevity leap: mind the healthspan gap | journal = npj Regenerative Medicine | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | page = 57 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34556664 | pmc = 8460831 | doi = 10.1038/s41536-021-00169-5 | doi-access = free }}

• Non-profit hospital press release: {{cite news |vauthors=Buckles S |title=A regenerative reset for aging » Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics |url=https://regenerativemedicineblog.mayoclinic.org/2021/10/07/a-regenerative-reset-for-aging |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=Mayo Clinic |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301172642/https://regenerativemedicineblog.mayoclinic.org/2021/10/07/a-regenerative-reset-for-aging/ |url-status=live }}]]

File:Healthspan-lifespan gap.webp

File:Healthspan extending toolkit.webp

• A study highlight the importance of extending healthspans, not just lifespans and especially as life expectancy rises and demographics shift. Biological aging or the healthspan-lifespan gap (LHG) comes with a great cost burden to society, including potentially rising health care costs (also depending on types and costs of treatments). Scientists have noted that "[c]hronic diseases of aging are increasing and are inflicting untold costs on human quality of life".{{cite journal | vauthors = Hansen M, Kennedy BK | title = Does Longer Lifespan Mean Longer Healthspan? | language = English | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 565–568 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27238421 | pmc = 4969078 | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.002 }} Further reasons to prioritize healthspans as much as lifespans include global quality of life or wellbeing.
• A scientific review concludes that accumulating data suggests dietary restriction (DR) – mainly intermittent fasting and caloric restriction – results in many of the same beneficial changes in adult humans as in studied organisms, potentially increasing health- and lifespan.{{cite news |title=Physiology: Fasting may mediate the beneficial effects of calorie restriction in mice {{!}} Nature Metabolism {{!}} Nature Portfolio |url=https://www.natureasia.com/en/research/highlight/13845/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=Nature Asia |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018162605/http://www.natureasia.com/en/research/highlight/13845 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Green CL, Lamming DW, Fontana L | title = Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–73 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34518687 | pmc = 8692439 | doi = 10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4 | s2cid = 237505615 }} A review published a few days later provides an overview of DR as an intervention and develops a framework for a proposed field of "precision nutrigeroscience".{{cite news |title=Researchers provide a framework to study precision nutrigeroscience |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-09-framework-precision-nutrigeroscience.html |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=Buck Institute for Research on Aging |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018195416/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-09-framework-precision-nutrigeroscience.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson KA, Chamoli M, Hilsabeck TA, Pandey M, Bansal S, Chawla G, Kapahi P | title = Evaluating the beneficial effects of dietary restrictions: A framework for precision nutrigeroscience | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 2142–2173 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34555343 | pmc = 8845500 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.018 | s2cid = 237617416 }} A study published a few days later identifies circadian-regulated autophagy as a critical contributor to intermittent time-restricted fasting-mediated lifespan extension in Drosophila and suggests that only certain forms of and/or combinations with intermittent fasting – intervals during which no food but only e.g. water and tea/coffee are ingested{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Keefe JH, Torres-Acosta N, O'Keefe EL, Saeed IM, Lavie CJ, Smith SE, Ros E | title = A Pesco-Mediterranean Diet With Intermittent Fasting: JACC Review Topic of the Week | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 76 | issue = 12 | pages = 1484–1493 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32943166 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.049 | s2cid = 221787788 | doi-access = free }} – may be effective beyond the benefits of healthy body weight.{{cite news |title=Intermittent fasting makes fruit flies live longer—will it work for people? |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-09-intermittent-fasting-fruit-flies-longerwill.html |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=Columbia University Irving Medical Center |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018173914/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-09-intermittent-fasting-fruit-flies-longerwill.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ulgherait M, Midoun AM, Park SJ, Gatto JA, Tener SJ, Siewert J, Klickstein N, Canman JC, Ja WW, Shirasu-Hiza M | title = Circadian autophagy drives iTRF-mediated longevity | journal = Nature | volume = 598 | issue = 7880 | pages = 353–358 | date = October 2021 | pmid = 34588695 | pmc = 9395244 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-021-03934-0 | s2cid = 238229699 | bibcode = 2021Natur.598..353U }}
• Scientists show that and how the flavonoid Procyanidin C1 of the antioxidant grape seed extract increases the health- and lifespan of mice.{{cite news |title=Grape seed chemical allows mice to live longer by killing aged cells |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2300346-grape-seed-chemical-allows-mice-to-live-longer-by-killing-aged-cells/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221165350/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2300346-grape-seed-chemical-allows-mice-to-live-longer-by-killing-aged-cells/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu Q, Fu Q, Li Z, Liu H, Wang Y, Lin X, He R, Zhang X, Ju Z, Campisi J, Kirkland JL, Sun Y | title = The flavonoid procyanidin C1 has senotherapeutic activity and increases lifespan in mice | journal = Nature Metabolism | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = 1706–1726 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34873338 | pmc = 8688144 | doi = 10.1038/s42255-021-00491-8 }}{{importance inline|date=January 2022|reason=This item should probably be removed in return for a new item about a review about flavonoids (or even nutraceuticals including flavonoids) and longevity/senescence}}
• A vaccine to remove senescent cells, a key driver of the aging process, is demonstrated in mice by researchers from Japan.{{cite news|title=Japanese scientists develop vaccine to eliminate cells behind aging|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/12/12/national/science-health/aging-vaccine/|work=Japan Times|date=12 December 2021|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212095216/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/12/12/national/science-health/aging-vaccine/}}{{cite news|title=Senolytic vaccination improves normal and pathological age-related phenotypes and increases lifespan in progeroid mice|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-021-00151-2|work=Nature Aging|date=10 December 2021|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211172017/https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-021-00151-2|url-status=live}}
• The American biotechnology company Altos Labs, which focuses on life extension research, is founded.{{cite web |first=Antonio |last=Regalado |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/09/04/1034364/altos-labs-silicon-valleys-jeff-bezos-milner-bet-living-forever/ |title=Meet Altos Labs, Silicon Valley's latest wild bet on living forever |date=4 September 2021 |work=MIT Technology Review |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210905014902/https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/09/04/1034364/altos-labs-silicon-valleys-jeff-bezos-milner-bet-living-forever/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=A $3bn bet on finding the fountain of youth |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/a-3bn-bet-on-finding-the-fountain-of-youth/21807244 |access-date=2022-07-09 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126192154/https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/a-3bn-bet-on-finding-the-fountain-of-youth/21807244 |url-status=live }}

{{See also|Life extension#Strategies}}

File:Expected life years gained for 20-year-olds in U.S. who change from a typical Western diet to an optimized diet (changes indicated in gram).png

• {{tooltip|Nutrition-related results|Studies about effects of diet on aging (not necessarily only useful for dietary interventions and mostly not including studies about isolated dietary biochemicals)}}
• A study integrates meta-analyses and data in a tool that shows populations' relative general life extension potentials of different food groups according to this available data, mostly consisting of observational studies.{{cite news |title=Changing your diet could add up to a decade to life expectancy, study finds |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-02-diet-decade-life.html |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=Public Library of Science |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314104144/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-02-diet-decade-life.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Fadnes LT, Økland JM, Haaland ØA, Johansson KA | title = Estimating impact of food choices on life expectancy: A modeling study | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = e1003889 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35134067 | pmc = 8824353 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889 | doi-access = free }}
• Results from the first controlled trial of caloric restriction in healthy non-obese humans, CALERIE, are published, confirming benefits and identifying a key protein that could be harnessed to extend health in humans, PLA2G7.{{Cite web|date=10 February 2022|title=Calorie restriction rewires metabolism, immunity for longer health span|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220210154159.htm|access-date=23 February 2022|work=Science Daily|language=en|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223085608/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220210154159.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Spadaro O, Youm Y, Shchukina I, Ryu S, Sidorov S, Ravussin A, Nguyen K, Aladyeva E, Predeus AN, Smith SR, Ravussin E, Galban C, Artyomov MN, Dixit VD | title = Caloric restriction in humans reveals immunometabolic regulators of health span | journal = Science | volume = 375 | issue = 6581 | pages = 671–677 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35143297 | pmc = 10061495 | doi = 10.1126/science.abg7292 | s2cid = 246749754 | bibcode = 2022Sci...375..671S }}
• A comprehensive review reaffirms likely beneficial health effects with links to health/life extension of cycles of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting as well as reducing meat consumption in humans. It identifies issues with contemporary nutrition research approaches, proposing a multi-pillar approach, and summarizes findings towards constructing – multi-system-considering and at least age-personalized dynamic – refined longevity diets and proposes inclusion of such in standard preventive healthcare.{{cite news |title=New article outlines the characteristics of a 'longevity diet': Review of research in animals and humans to identify how nutrition affects aging and healthy lifespan |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220428125433.htm |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=ScienceDaily |language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Longo VD, Anderson RM | title = Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions | language = English | journal = Cell | volume = 185 | issue = 9 | pages = 1455–1470 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35487190 | pmc = 9089818 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002 }}
• A study demonstrates that a 30% caloric restriction extended life spans of male C57BL/6J mice by 10% but when combined with daily intermittent fasting and eating during the most active time of the day it extended life span by 35%.{{cite news |title=Cutting calories and eating at the right time of day leads to longer life in mice |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05-calories-day-longer-life-mice.html |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623112714/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05-calories-day-longer-life-mice.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Acosta-Rodríguez V, Rijo-Ferreira F, Izumo M, Xu P, Wight-Carter M, Green CB, Takahashi JS | title = Circadian alignment of early onset caloric restriction promotes longevity in male C57BL/6J mice | journal = Science | volume = 376 | issue = 6598 | pages = 1192–1202 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 35511946 | pmc = 9262309 | doi = 10.1126/science.abk0297 | s2cid = 248544027 | bibcode = 2022Sci...376.1192A }}
• A study shows that 50+ aged users of the dietary program SNAP "had about 2 fewer years of cognitive aging over a 10-year period compared with non-users" despite it having nearly no conditions for the sustainability and healthiness of the food products purchased with the coupons (or coupon-credits).{{cite news |title=SNAP Use Linked to Slower Decline in Memory for Older Adults |url=https://www.neurologyadvisor.com/topics/general-neurology/snap-use-linked-to-slower-decline-in-memory-for-older-adults/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=Neurology Advisor |date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712035700/https://www.neurologyadvisor.com/topics/general-neurology/snap-use-linked-to-slower-decline-in-memory-for-older-adults/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu P, Kezios K, Lee J, Calonico S, Wimer C, Zeki Al Hazzouri A | title = Association Between Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Use and Memory Decline: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study | journal = Neurology | volume = 100 | issue = 6 | pages = e595–e602 | date = February 2023 | pmid = 36351816 | pmc = 9946186 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000201499 | s2cid = 253445156 }}
• University press release: {{cite news |title=Using SNAP benefits may slow memory decline in older adults |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-11-snap-benefits-memory-decline-older.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health via medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712035845/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-11-snap-benefits-memory-decline-older.html |url-status=live }}
• A cohort study indicates dietary intakes of total flavonols – and at least kaempferol- and quercetin-containing foods in specific – may substantially decrease decline in multiple cognitive abilities with older age, showing a difference of "0.4 units{{clarify|date=December 2022}} per decade" between 5 mg and 15 mg intakes.{{cite news |vauthors=LaMotte SS |title=Slow cognitive decline with flavonols, study says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/28/health/flavonols-memory-boost-wellness |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=CNN |date=28 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213115124/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/28/health/flavonols-memory-boost-wellness |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Holland TM, Agarwal P, Wang Y, Dhana K, Leurgans SE, Shea K, Booth SL, Rajan KB, Schneider JA, Barnes LL | title = Association of Dietary Intake of Flavonols With Changes in Global Cognition and Several Cognitive Abilities | journal = Neurology | volume = 100 | issue = 7 | pages = e694–e702 | date = February 2023 | pmid = 36414424 | pmc = 9969915 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000201541 | s2cid = 253800625 }}
• A paywalled study reports higher percentage of daily energy consumption of ultra-processed foods, such as white bread or instant noodles, was associated with faster cognitive decline in aging. Differences can be as large or larger than a 28% faster rate of global cognitive decline.{{cite news |vauthors=LaMotte S |title=Dementia risk may increase if you're eating these foods, study says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/05/health/dementia-ultraprocessed-food-wellness/index.html |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=CNN |date=5 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401054051/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/05/health/dementia-ultraprocessed-food-wellness/index.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Gomes Gonçalves N, Vidal Ferreira N, Khandpur N, Martinez Steele E, Bertazzi Levy R, Andrade Lotufo P, Bensenor IM, Caramelli P, Alvim de Matos SM, Marchioni DM, Suemoto CK | title = Association Between Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods and Cognitive Decline | journal = JAMA Neurology | volume = 80 | issue = 2 | pages = 142–150 | date = February 2023 | pmid = 36469335 | pmc = 9857155 | doi = 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4397 | s2cid = 254245281 }}
• {{tooltip|Pharmaceutical/supplemental intervention-related results}}
• Researchers report that the widely used supplements glycine and NAC when combined as "GlyNAC", which previously showed various beneficial effects in humans i.a. in a small trial by the authors,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar P, Liu C, Hsu JW, Chacko S, Minard C, Jahoor F, Sekhar RV | title = Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, genotoxicity, muscle strength, and cognition: Results of a pilot clinical trial | journal = Clinical and Translational Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = e372 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33783984 | pmc = 8002905 | doi = 10.1002/ctm2.372 }} can extend lifespan by 24% in mice when taken at old age.{{cite news |title=GlyNAC supplementation extends life span in mice |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-03-glynac-supplementation-life-span-mice.html |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=Baylor College of Medicine |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307172241/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-03-glynac-supplementation-life-span-mice.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar P, Osahon OW, Sekhar RV | title = GlyNAC (Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine) Supplementation in Mice Increases Length of Life by Correcting Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Abnormalities in Mitophagy and Nutrient Sensing, and Genomic Damage | journal = Nutrients | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | page = 1114 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35268089 | pmc = 8912885 | doi = 10.3390/nu14051114 | doi-access = free }}
• Biomedical gerontologists demonstrate a mechanism of anti-aging senolytics, in particular of Dasatinib plus Quercetin (D+Q) – an increase of α-Klotho as shown in mice, human cells and in a human trial.{{cite news |title=Senolytic drugs boost key protective protein |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/senolytic-drugs-boost-key-protective-protein/ |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=Mayo Clinic News Network |date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405014131/https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/senolytic-drugs-boost-key-protective-protein/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu Y, Prata LG, Gerdes EO, Netto JM, Pirtskhalava T, Giorgadze N, Tripathi U, Inman CL, Johnson KO, Xue A, Palmer AK, Chen T, Schaefer K, Justice JN, Nambiar AM, Musi N, Kritchevsky SB, Chen J, Khosla S, Jurk D, Schafer MJ, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL | title = Orally-active, clinically-translatable senolytics restore α-Klotho in mice and humans | language = English | journal = eBioMedicine | volume = 77 | page = 103912 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35292270 | pmc = 9034457 | doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103912 }}
• A study reports that in model animals, treatment with rapamycin – which typically has negative side-effects – for a limited timespan extended lifespan as much as life-long administration started at the same age and that it was most effective during early adulthood.{{cite news |title=Exploring the brief use of rapamycin treatment in early adulthood to extend lifespan |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-exploring-rapamycin-treatment-early-adulthood.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Max Planck Society |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152350/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-exploring-rapamycin-treatment-early-adulthood.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Juricic P, Lu YX, Leech T, Drews LF, Paulitz J, Lu J, Nespital T, Azami S, Regan JC, Funk E, Fröhlich J, Grönke S, Partridge L | title = Long-lasting geroprotection from brief rapamycin treatment in early adulthood by persistently increased intestinal autophagy | journal = Nature Aging | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | pages = 824–836 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 37118497 | pmc = 10154223 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-022-00278-w | doi-access = free }}

File:Turritopsis dohrnii.jpg]]

• {{tooltip|Biological and biotechnical rejuvenation-related results|Studies relating to various approaches and natural rejuvenation}}
• A new cellular rejuvenation therapy of bursts of iPSC reprogramming is reported, which can reverse aspects of aging in mice, without causing cancer or other health problems.{{Cite web|title=Cellular rejuvenation therapy safely reverses signs of aging in mice|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220307113027.htm|access-date=9 March 2022|date=7 March 2022|language=en-US|work=Salk Institute|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309100651/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220307113027.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Browder KC, Reddy P, Yamamoto M, Haghani A, Guillen IG, Sahu S, Wang C, Luque Y, Prieto J, Shi L, Shojima K, Hishida T, Lai Z, Li Q, Choudhury FK, Wong WR, Liang Y, Sangaraju D, Sandoval W, Esteban CR, Delicado EN, Garcia PG, Pawlak M, Vander Heiden JA, Horvath S, Jasper H, Izpisua Belmonte JC | title = In vivo partial reprogramming alters age-associated molecular changes during physiological aging in mice | journal = Nature Aging | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–253 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 37118377 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-022-00183-2 | s2cid = 247305231 }}
• Scientists reversed aging in human skin cells for over 30 years by partially reprogramming them with the Yamanaka factors, working better than previous reprogramming methods.{{Cite web |vauthors=Brouillette M |date=6 May 2022 |title=Scientists Claim They Can Make Human Skin Act 30 Years Younger |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a39926209/scientists-reverse-signs-of-aging-in-skin/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708220238/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a39926209/scientists-reverse-signs-of-aging-in-skin/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Gill D, Parry A, Santos F, Okkenhaug H, Todd CD, Hernando-Herraez I, Stubbs TM, Milagre I, Reik W | title = Multi-omic rejuvenation of human cells by maturation phase transient reprogramming | journal = eLife | volume = 11 | pages = e71624 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35390271 | pmc = 9023058 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.71624 | doi-access = free }}
• Bioresearchers demonstrate an in vitro method ({{tooltip|2=maturation phase transient reprogramming|MPTR}}) for rejuvenation (including the transcriptome and epigenome) reprogramming in which fibroblast skin cells temporarily lose their cell identity.{{cite news |title=Anti-ageing technique makes skin cells act 30 years younger |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2315485-anti-ageing-technique-makes-skin-cells-act-30-years-younger/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512112631/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2315485-anti-ageing-technique-makes-skin-cells-act-30-years-younger/ |url-status=live }}
• Scientists report the key molecular mechanisms of rejuvenation they found in a comparison of the newly presented genomes of the biologically immortal T. dohrnii and a similar but non-rejuvenating jellyfish, involving e.g. DNA replication and repair, and stem cell renewal.{{cite news |vauthors=Greenwood V |title=This Jellyfish Can Live Forever. Its Genes May Tell Us How. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/06/science/immortal-jellyfish-gene-protein.html |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921223704/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/06/science/immortal-jellyfish-gene-protein.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Pascual-Torner M, Carrero D, Pérez-Silva JG, Álvarez-Puente D, Roiz-Valle D, Bretones G, Rodríguez D, Maeso D, Mateo-González E, Español Y, Mariño G, Acuña JL, Quesada V, López-Otín C | title = Comparative genomics of mortal and immortal cnidarians unveils novel keys behind rejuvenation | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 119 | issue = 36 | pages = e2118763119 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36037356 | pmc = 9459311 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2118763119 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2022PNAS..11918763P }} {{Further|Longevity#Non-human biological longevity}}
• A first spatiotemporal map reveals key insights about axolotl brain regeneration.{{cite news |title=Single-cell Stereo-seq reveals new insights into axolotl brain regeneration |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220906/Single-cell-Stereo-seq-reveals-new-insights-into-axolotl-brain-regeneration.aspx |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=News-Medical.net |date=6 September 2022 |language=en}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei X, Fu S, Li H, Liu Y, Wang S, Feng W, Yang Y, Liu X, Zeng YY, Cheng M, Lai Y, Qiu X, Wu L, Zhang N, Jiang Y, Xu J, Su X, Peng C, Han L, Lou WP, Liu C, Yuan Y, Ma K, Yang T, Pan X, Gao S, Chen A, Esteban MA, Yang H, Wang J, Fan G, Liu L, Chen L, Xu X, Fei JF, Gu Y | title = Single-cell Stereo-seq reveals induced progenitor cells involved in axolotl brain regeneration | journal = Science | volume = 377 | issue = 6610 | pages = eabp9444 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36048929 | doi = 10.1126/science.abp9444 | s2cid = 252010604 }} Axolotls retain regenerative capacity in their aging throughout their lives.{{cite journal | vauthors = Vieira WA, Wells KM, McCusker CD | title = Advancements to the Axolotl Model for Regeneration and Aging | journal = Gerontology | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 212–222 | date = 2020 | pmid = 31779024 | pmc = 7214127 | doi = 10.1159/000504294 }} It is thought that by "understanding the mechanisms of regeneration, we eventually will be able to enhance our intrinsic regenerative abilities in order to slow and even reverse the damage of aging."{{cite journal | vauthors = McCusker C, Gardiner DM | title = The axolotl model for regeneration and aging research: a mini-review | journal = Gerontology | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 565–571 | date = 2011 | pmid = 21372551 | doi = 10.1159/000323761 | s2cid = 18261052 | doi-access = free }}
• Scientists report leprosy-causing bacteria viably regenerate and rejuvenate the liver in its armadillos hosts, which may enable novel human therapies.{{cite news |vauthors=Fauzia M |title=The bacteria that causes leprosy can also help regrow human livers |url=https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/leprosy-causing-bacteria-regrow-human-livers |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=Inverse |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217225447/https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/leprosy-causing-bacteria-regrow-human-livers |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hess S, Kendall TJ, Pena M, Yamane K, Soong D, Adams L, Truman R, Rambukkana A | title = In vivo partial reprogramming by bacteria promotes adult liver organ growth without fibrosis and tumorigenesis | language = English | journal = Cell Reports. Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | page = 100820 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 36384103 | pmc = 9729881 | doi = 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100820 | s2cid = 253577148 }}
• A study shows that infusing the nourishing cerebrospinal fluid from around brain cells of young mice into aged brains rejuvenates aspects of the brain, identifying FGF17 as a key target for potential therapeutics such as of anti-aging.{{cite news |vauthors=Yirka B |title=Giving an old mouse cerebrospinal fluid from a young mouse improves its memory |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05-mouse-cerebrospinal-fluid-young-memory.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712042145/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05-mouse-cerebrospinal-fluid-young-memory.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Verjüngung der Gedächtnisleistung von alten Mäusen |url=https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/research-in-context/details/news/verjuengung-der-gedaechtnisleistung-von-alten-maeusen/ |publisher=Science Media Centre Germany |access-date=22 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712035849/https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/research-in-context/details/news/verjuengung-der-gedaechtnisleistung-von-alten-maeusen/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Iram T, Kern F, Kaur A, Myneni S, Morningstar AR, Shin H, Garcia MA, Yerra L, Palovics R, Yang AC, Hahn O, Lu N, Shuken SR, Haney MS, Lehallier B, Iyer M, Luo J, Zetterberg H, Keller A, Zuchero JB, Wyss-Coray T | title = Young CSF restores oligodendrogenesis and memory in aged mice via Fgf17 | journal = Nature | volume = 605 | issue = 7910 | pages = 509–515 | date = May 2022 | pmid = 35545674 | pmc = 9377328 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-04722-0 | s2cid = 248741220 | bibcode = 2022Natur.605..509I }}

• A study shows the clonal diversity of stem cells that produce blood cells gets drastically reduced around age 70 {{tooltip|2=from 20,000–200,000 HSC/MPPs contributing evenly to 10–20 expanded clones accounting for 30–60% of haematopoiesis due to mutations that occurred decades earlier that make them grow faster|to a faster-growing few}}, substantiating a novel theory of ageing which could enable healthy aging.{{cite news |title=Research may reveal why people can suddenly become frail in their 70s |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jun/01/research-may-reveal-why-people-can-suddenly-become-frail-in-their-70s |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=1 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718211153/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jun/01/research-may-reveal-why-people-can-suddenly-become-frail-in-their-70s |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell E, Spencer Chapman M, Williams N, Dawson KJ, Mende N, Calderbank EF, Jung H, Mitchell T, Coorens TH, Spencer DH, Machado H, Lee-Six H, Davies M, Hayler D, Fabre MA, Mahbubani K, Abascal F, Cagan A, Vassiliou GS, Baxter J, Martincorena I, Stratton MR, Kent DG, Chatterjee K, Parsy KS, Green AR, Nangalia J, Laurenti E, Campbell PJ | title = Clonal dynamics of haematopoiesis across the human lifespan | journal = Nature | volume = 606 | issue = 7913 | pages = 343–350 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 35650442 | pmc = 9177428 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-04786-y | bibcode = 2022Natur.606..343M }} {{See also|Stem cell theory of aging#Hematopoietic stem cell diversity aging}}
• A study shows that blood cells' {{tooltip|2=called 'mosaic loss of chromosome Y' (mLOY)|loss of the Y chromosome in a subset of cells}} with age, reportedly affecting at least 40% of 70 years-old men to some degree, contributes to fibrosis, heart risks, and mortality in a causal way.{{cite news |vauthors=Kolata G |title=As Y Chromosomes Vanish With Age, Heart Risks May Grow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/health/y-chromosome-heart-failure.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821173426/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/health/y-chromosome-heart-failure.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sano S, Horitani K, Ogawa H, Halvardson J, Chavkin NW, Wang Y, Sano M, Mattisson J, Hata A, Danielsson M, Miura-Yura E, Zaghlool A, Evans MA, Fall T, De Hoyos HN, Sundström J, Yura Y, Kour A, Arai Y, Thel MC, Arai Y, Mychaleckyj JC, Hirschi KK, Forsberg LA, Walsh K | title = Hematopoietic loss of Y chromosome leads to cardiac fibrosis and heart failure mortality | journal = Science | volume = 377 | issue = 6603 | pages = 292–297 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35857592 | pmc = 9437978 | doi = 10.1126/science.abn3100 | bibcode = 2022Sci...377..292S }} {{See also|Stem cell theory of aging#Hematopoietic mosaic loss of chromosome Y}}
• Researchers describe a way by which the aging of select immune system T cells can be prevented or is slowed down, with relevance to life extension and making vaccines more durable.{{cite news |title=New mechanism extends life of immune system |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-09-mechanism-life-immune.html |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=University College London via medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021085204/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-09-mechanism-life-immune.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lanna A, Vaz B, D'Ambra C, Valvo S, Vuotto C, Chiurchiù V, Devine O, Sanchez M, Borsellino G, Akbar AN, De Bardi M, Gilroy DW, Dustin ML, Blumer B, Karin M | title = An intercellular transfer of telomeres rescues T cells from senescence and promotes long-term immunological memory | journal = Nature Cell Biology | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 1461–1474 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36109671 | pmc = 7613731 | doi = 10.1038/s41556-022-00991-z }}
• The discovery of "super neurons" in the entorhinal cortex of people over age 80 who show exceptional episodic memory is reported.{{cite news |title=Study offers clues to super-agers' brilliant brains |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63081924 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=BBC News |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021100157/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63081924 |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Nassif C, Kawles A, Ayala I, Minogue G, Gill NP, Shepard RA, Zouridakis A, Keszycki R, Zhang H, Mao Q, Flanagan ME, Bigio EH, Mesulam MM, Rogalski E, Geula C, Gefen T | title = Integrity of Neuronal Size in the Entorhinal Cortex Is a Biological Substrate of Exceptional Cognitive Aging | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 42 | issue = 45 | pages = 8587–8594 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 36180225 | pmc = 9665923 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0679-22.2022 | s2cid = 252646247 }}
• University press release: {{Cite web|title=SuperAger brains contain 'super neurons'|url=https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2022/09/superager-brains-contain-super-neurons/?fj=1|date=30 September 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|work=Northwestern University|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153837/https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2022/09/superager-brains-contain-super-neurons/?fj=1|url-status=live}}
• Scientists report that some apparently senescent cells – which are targeted by anti-aging senolytics – are required for regeneration, and suggest tailoring senolytics to precisely target harmful senescent cells while leaving the ones involved in regeneration intact.{{cite news |title=Scientists reappraise the role of 'zombie' cells that anti-aging medicine has sought to eliminate |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-10-scientists-reappraise-role-zombie-cells.html |access-date=20 November 2022 |work=University of San Francisco via medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120212101/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-10-scientists-reappraise-role-zombie-cells.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Reyes NS, Krasilnikov M, Allen NC, Lee JY, Hyams B, Zhou M, Ravishankar S, Cassandras M, Wang C, Khan I, Matatia P, Johmura Y, Molofsky A, Matthay M, Nakanishi M, Sheppard D, Campisi J, Peng T | title = Sentinel p16^INK4a+ cells in the basement membrane form a reparative niche in the lung | journal = Science | volume = 378 | issue = 6616 | pages = 192–201 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36227993 | doi = 10.1126/science.abf3326 | s2cid = 219636762 | bibcode = 2022Sci...378..192R | biorxiv = 10.1101/2020.06.10.142893 | pmc = 10621323 }}
• A study indicates that aging shifts activity toward short genes or shorter transcript length and that this can be countered by interventions.{{cite news |vauthors=Kwon D |title=Aging Is Linked to More Activity in Short Genes Than in Long Genes |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/aging-is-linked-to-more-activity-in-short-genes-than-in-long-genes/ |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052143/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/aging-is-linked-to-more-activity-in-short-genes-than-in-long-genes/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Stoeger T, Grant RA, McQuattie-Pimentel AC, Anekalla KR, Liu SS, Tejedor-Navarro H, Singer BD, Abdala-Valencia H, Schwake M, Tetreault MP, Perlman H, Balch WE, Chandel NS, Ridge KM, Sznajder JI, Morimoto RI, Misharin AV, Budinger GR, Nunes Amaral LA | title = Aging is associated with a systemic length-associated transcriptome imbalance | journal = Nature Aging | volume = 2 | issue = 12 | pages = 1191–1206 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 37118543 | pmc = 10154227 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-022-00317-6 | doi-access = free }}
• University press release: {{cite news |title=Aging is driven by unbalanced genes, finds AI analysis of multiple species |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-12-aging-driven-unbalanced-genes-ai.html |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=Northwestern University via phys.org |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202173100/https://phys.org/news/2022-12-aging-driven-unbalanced-genes-ai.html |url-status=live }}
• Scientists report that sphingolipids accumulate in muscle during aging whose genetic inhibition or ceramide-blockers such as myriocin could counteract, reducing associated muscle loss.{{cite news |title=Ceramides found to be key in aging muscle health |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-12-ceramides-key-aging-muscle-health.html |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne via medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202173101/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-12-ceramides-key-aging-muscle-health.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Laurila PP, Wohlwend M, Imamura de Lima T, Luan P, Herzig S, Zanou N, Crisol B, Bou-Sleiman M, Porcu E, Gallart-Ayala H, Handzlik MK, Wang Q, Jain S, D'Amico D, Salonen M, Metallo CM, Kutalik Z, Eichmann TO, Place N, Ivanisevic J, Lahti J, Eriksson JG, Auwerx J | title = Sphingolipids accumulate in aged muscle, and their reduction counteracts sarcopenia | journal = Nature Aging | volume = 2 | issue = 12 | pages = 1159–1175 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 37118545 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-022-00309-6 | s2cid = 254819305 | url = http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/300528 | access-date = 5 June 2024 | archive-date = 14 September 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153841/https://infoscience.epfl.ch/entities/publication/6a1dbc29-b893-4020-abdd-29d5296927cb | url-status = live }}
• By stimulating (or charging) genetically engineered roundworm mitochondria with light, researchers show that halting the decline in mitochondrial membrane potential can slow aging.{{cite news |vauthors=Firtina N |title=Roundworms' anti-aging could help researchers to stop human aging |url=https://interestingengineering.com/health/roundworms-could-help-stop-aging |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120032156/https://interestingengineering.com/health/roundworms-could-help-stop-aging |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Berry BJ, Vodičková A, Müller-Eigner A, Meng C, Ludwig C, Kaeberlein M, Peleg S, Wojtovich AP | title = Optogenetic rejuvenation of mitochondrial membrane potential extends C. elegans lifespan | journal = Nature Aging | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–161 | date = February 2023 | pmid = 36873708 | pmc = 9980297 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-022-00340-7 | s2cid = 248815258 | biorxiv = 10.1101/2022.05.11.491574 }}
• University press release: {{cite news |title=Solar-powered cells: Light-activated proton pumps generate cellular energy, extend life |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-12-solar-powered-cells-light-activated-proton-generate.html |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=University of Rochester Medical Center via phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103114518/https://phys.org/news/2022-12-solar-powered-cells-light-activated-proton-generate.html |url-status=live }}
• It was proposed to expand the list of the nine hallmarks of aging with five more.{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmauck-Medina T, Molière A, Lautrup S, Zhang J, Chlopicki S, Madsen HB, Cao S, Soendenbroe C, Mansell E, Vestergaard MB, Li Z, Shiloh Y, Opresko PL, Egly JM, Kirkwood T, Verdin E, Bohr VA, Cox LS, Stevnsner T, Rasmussen LJ, Fang EF | title = New hallmarks of ageing: a 2022 Copenhagen ageing meeting summary | journal = Aging | volume = 14 | issue = 16 | pages = 6829–6839 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 36040386 | pmc = 9467401 | doi = 10.18632/aging.204248 }}{{cite web |vauthors=Conway J |url=https://www.lifespan.io/news/researchers-propose-five-new-hallmarks-of-aging/ |title=Researchers Propose Five New Hallmarks of Aging |work=Lifespan.io |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402115225/https://www.lifespan.io/news/researchers-propose-five-new-hallmarks-of-aging/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2022/09/arguing-for-an-expansion-of-the-hallmarks-of-aging/ |title=Arguing for an Expansion of the Hallmarks of Aging |work=Fight Aging! |date=5 September 2022 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326084115/https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2022/09/arguing-for-an-expansion-of-the-hallmarks-of-aging/ |url-status=live }}
• Saudi Arabia has started a not-for-profit organization called "the Hevolution Foundation" with budget $1 billion per year for developing anti-aging technology.{{cite web |vauthors=Regalado A |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/06/07/1053132/saudi-arabia-slow-aging-metformin/ |title=Saudi Arabia plans to spend $1 billion a year discovering treatments to slow aging |date=7 June 2022 |work=MIT Technology Review |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326111453/https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/06/07/1053132/saudi-arabia-slow-aging-metformin/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/saudi-arabia-invest-1-billion-anti-ageing |title=Saudi Arabia to invest $1 billion into anti-ageing |date=8 June 2022 |website=The New Arab |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326111448/https://www.newarab.com/news/saudi-arabia-invest-1-billion-anti-ageing |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221018006192/en/Hevolution-Foundation-Launches-Grants-Program-to-Encourage-Research-into-the-Science-of-Aging-in-Saudi-Arabia |title=Hevolution Foundation Launches Grants Program to Encourage Research into the Science of Aging in Saudi Arabia |date=20 October 2022 |website=Business Wire |type=Press release |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326111447/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221018006192/en/Hevolution-Foundation-Launches-Grants-Program-to-Encourage-Research-into-the-Science-of-Aging-in-Saudi-Arabia |url-status=live }}

File:Change from baseline to 12- and 24-month follow-up in DNAm measures of aging in the AL and CR groups in the CALERIE Trial.webp caloric restriction (CR) trial, CALERIE]]

[[File:Accuracy of universal methylation aging clocks are independent of species lifespan.webp|thumb|A global consortium identifies changes in methylation levels that occur with age across mammals.{{cite journal |last1=Haghani |first1=Amin |last2=Li |first2=Caesar Z. |last3=Robeck |first3=Todd R. |display-authors=et al. |title=DNA methylation networks underlying mammalian traits |journal=Science |date=11 August 2023 |volume=381 |issue=6658 |pages=eabq5693 |doi=10.1126/science.abq5693 |pmid=37561875 |pmc=11180965 |issn=0036-8075 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.16.435708 |s2cid=260776387 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373045035 |hdl=20.500.11820/eaafb00f-2c73-44ba-91ec-bc9b304f0bdd |hdl-access=free }}

• University press release: {{cite news |title=Global consortium creates database and universal 'clock' to estimate age in all mammalian tissues |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-08-global-consortium-database-universal-clock.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=University of California, Los Angeles via medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009220113/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-08-global-consortium-database-universal-clock.html |url-status=live }}]]
• {{tooltip|Nutrition-related results|Studies about effects of diet on aging (not necessarily only useful for dietary interventions and mostly not including studies about isolated dietary biochemicals)}}
• A study reports results of the first longevity caloric restriction (CR) trial, CALERIE, finding that two years of {{tooltip|nonintermittent|a continuous 25% CR diet which already yielded the 2y DunedinPACE effects within one year}} CR slowed the pace of aging as measured by one of three aging clocks (modest DunedinPACE effects).{{cite news |title=A calorie-restricted diet may slow aging in healthy adults, science shows |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/calorie-restricted-diet-may-slow-aging-healthy-adults-science-shows-rcna69562 |access-date=27 March 2023 |work=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153840/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/calorie-restricted-diet-may-slow-aging-healthy-adults-science-shows-rcna69562 |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Waziry R, Ryan CP, Corcoran DL, Huffman KM, Kobor MS, Kothari M, Graf GH, Kraus VB, Kraus WE, Lin DT, Pieper CF, Ramaker ME, Bhapkar M, Das SK, Ferrucci L, Hastings WJ, Kebbe M, Parker DC, Racette SB, Shalev I, Schilling B, Belsky DW | title = Effect of long-term caloric restriction on DNA methylation measures of biological aging in healthy adults from the CALERIE trial | journal = Nature Aging | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 248–257 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 37118425 | pmc = 10148951 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-022-00357-y | doi-access = free }}
• Development and application of aging clocks and combination therapies
• A study reports the development of deep learning software using anatomic magnetic resonance images to estimate brain age with the highest accuracy for AI so far, including detecting early signs of Alzheimer's disease and varying neuroanatomical patterns of neurological aging.{{cite news |title=KI kann wahres Alter des Hirns bestimmen |url=https://www.deutschlandfunknova.de/nachrichten/alterungsprozess-ki-kann-wahres-alter-des-hirns-bestimmen |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=Deutschlandfunk Nova |language=de |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232037/https://www.deutschlandfunknova.de/nachrichten/alterungsprozess-ki-kann-wahres-alter-des-hirns-bestimmen |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Yin C, Imms P, Cheng M, Amgalan A, Chowdhury NF, Massett RJ, Chaudhari NN, Chen X, Thompson PM, Bogdan P, Irimia A | title = Anatomically interpretable deep learning of brain age captures domain-specific cognitive impairment | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 120 | issue = 2 | pages = e2214634120 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36595679 | pmc = 9926270 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2214634120 | bibcode = 2023PNAS..12014634Y }}
• University press release: {{cite news |title=How old is your brain, really? AI-powered analysis accurately reflects risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-01-brain-ai-powered-analysis-accurately-cognitive.html |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=University of Southern California via medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232042/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-01-brain-ai-powered-analysis-accurately-cognitive.html |url-status=live }}
• A study shows DNA methylation aging clocks could be useful indicators of health while social factors – such as health behaviors and poverty – are at least as good predictors and e.g. can better predict cognitive functioning.{{cite journal | vauthors = Faul JD, Kim JK, Levine ME, Thyagarajan B, Weir DR, Crimmins EM | title = Epigenetic-based age acceleration in a representative sample of older Americans: Associations with aging-related morbidity and mortality | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 120 | issue = 9 | pages = e2215840120 | date = February 2023 | pmid = 36802439 | pmc = 9992763 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2215840120 | s2cid = 257077345 | bibcode = 2023PNAS..12015840F }}
• Authors' lay summary: {{cite news |vauthors=Crimmins E, Faul J |title=Epigenetic and social factors both predict aging and health, but new research suggests one might be stronger |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-02-epigenetic-social-factors-aging-health.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328155240/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-02-epigenetic-social-factors-aging-health.html |url-status=live }}
• News article mentioning this and other studies: {{cite magazine |title=How Old Are You, Really? New Tests Want to Tell You |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-old-are-you-really-new-tests-want-to-tell-you/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |magazine=WIRED |quote=These clocks were meant to be used by researchers to test the antiaging effects of drugs or lifestyle changes in animals or people. Indeed, studies have shown that people who test as biologically older than their chronological age are at increased risk of certain diseases and death. But companies have since sprung up to make clocks of their own or adapt existing ones into direct-to-consumer tests. |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327231016/https://www.wired.com/story/how-old-are-you-really-new-tests-want-to-tell-you/ |url-status=live }} Around February, Bryan Johnson's Project Blueprint for one of the first comprehensive, possibly largely public,{{cite web |title=blueprint |url=https://blueprint.bryanjohnson.co/ |website=blueprint.bryanjohnson.co |access-date=28 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327233350/https://blueprint.bryanjohnson.co/ |url-status=live }} self-experimentations of a comprehensive combination therapy informed by the large scientific corpus on the topic and organ measurements to maximally reverse biological age and (epigenetic) aging markers achieves substantial media attention,{{cite news |vauthors=della Cava M |title=With Project Blueprint, tech millionaire Bryan Johnson is trying to be 18 again. Literally. |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2023/01/27/want-feel-18-again-tech-ceo-spending-2-million/11133790002/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=USA TODAY |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914154503/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2023/01/27/want-feel-18-again-tech-ceo-spending-2-million/11133790002/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Tech millionaire's reasonable explanation for why he spends $2m a year to be 18 again |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/bryan-johnson-age-18-blueprint-surgery-b2280122.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=The Independent |date=10 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328163316/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/bryan-johnson-age-18-blueprint-surgery-b2280122.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title='The Most Measured Man in Human History' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/bryan-johnson-blueprint-aging-biotech/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=VICE |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328163316/https://www.vice.com/en/article/z34ay8/bryan-johnson-blueprint-aging-biotech |url-status=live }} with such activities previously largely reserved to biohackers without resources and means to evaluate effects.
• The pan-mammalian epigenetic clock is a molecular biomarker designed to measure the age of all mammalian tissues and species using cytosine methylation in highly conserved DNA regions.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu AT, Fei Z, Haghani A, et al. | title = Universal DNA methylation age across mammalian tissues [published correction appears in Nat Aging. 2023 Sep 6;] | journal = Nat Aging | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | pages = 1144–1166 | year = 2023 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-023-00462-6 | pmid = 37563227 | pmc = 10501909 }}
• A study indicates chest radiographs evaluated using AI could be a performant biomarker for aging clocks.{{cite journal |last1=Mitsuyama |first1=Yasuhito |last2=Matsumoto |first2=Toshimasa |last3=Tatekawa |first3=Hiroyuki |last4=Walston |first4=Shannon L |last5=Kimura |first5=Tatsuo |last6=Yamamoto |first6=Akira |last7=Watanabe |first7=Toshio |last8=Miki |first8=Yukio |last9=Ueda |first9=Daiju |title=Chest radiography as a biomarker of ageing: artificial intelligence-based, multi-institutional model development and validation in Japan |journal=The Lancet Healthy Longevity |date=September 2023 |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=e478–e486 |doi=10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00133-2|pmid=37597530 |doi-access=free}}
• A study using plasma proteomics aging clocks suggests nearly 20% of the population may show strongly accelerated age in one of 11 major organs, which it links to higher mortality risk.{{cite journal|last1=Oh |first1=Hamilton Se-Hwee |last2=Rutledge |first2=Jarod |last3=Nachun |first3=Daniel |last4=Pálovics |first4=Róbert |last5=Abiose |first5=Olamide |last6=Moran-Losada |first6=Patricia |last7=Channappa |first7=Divya |last8=Urey |first8=Deniz Yagmur |last9=Kim |first9=Kate |last10=Sung |first10=Yun Ju |last11=Wang |first11=Lihua |last12=Timsina |first12=Jigyasha |last13=Western |first13=Dan |last14=Liu |first14=Menghan |last15=Kohlfeld |first15=Pat |last16=Budde |first16=John |last17=Wilson |first17=Edward N. |last18=Guen |first18=Yann |last19=Maurer |first19=Taylor M. |last20=Haney |first20=Michael |last21=Yang |first21=Andrew C. |last22=He |first22=Zihuai |last23=Greicius |first23=Michael D. |last24=Andreasson |first24=Katrin I. |last25=Sathyan |first25=Sanish |last26=Weiss |first26=Erica F. |last27=Milman |first27=Sofiya |last28=Barzilai |first28=Nir |last29=Cruchaga |first29=Carlos |last30=Wagner |first30=Anthony D. |last31=Mormino |first31=Elizabeth |last32=Lehallier |first32=Benoit |last33=Henderson |first33=Victor W. |last34=Longo |first34=Frank M. |last35=Montgomery |first35=Stephen B. |last36=Wyss-Coray |first36=Tony |title=Organ aging signatures in the plasma proteome track health and disease |journal=Nature |date=December 2023 |volume=624 |issue=7990 |pages=164–172 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06802-1 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free|pmid=38057571 |pmc=10700136 |bibcode=2023Natur.624..164O }}
• {{tooltip|Biological and biotechnical rejuvenation-related results|Studies relating to various approaches and natural rejuvenation}}
• In January, a team led by David Sinclair shows in a 13-year-long international study how DNA breaks or epigenetic damage are a major driver of epigenetic change, and how the loss of epigenetic information is a cause of aging in mammals. It concluded that the loss of epigenetic information can drive aging independently of changes to the genetic code, suggesting that epigenetic change is a primary driver of aging in mammals. Using a treatment based on Yamanaka factors, they demonstrate an ability to drive aging in both the forward and reverse directions in mice.{{cite news |title=Old mice grow young again in study. Can people do the same? |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/12/health/reversing-aging-scn-wellness/index.html |date=13 January 2023 |work=CNN |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113000736/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/12/health/reversing-aging-scn-wellness/index.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang JH, Hayano M, Griffin PT, Amorim JA, Bonkowski MS, Apostolides JK, Salfati EL, Blanchette M, Munding EM, Bhakta M, Chew YC, Guo W, Yang X, Maybury-Lewis S, Tian X, Ross JM, Coppotelli G, Meer MV, Rogers-Hammond R, Vera DL, Lu YR, Pippin JW, Creswell ML, Dou Z, Xu C, Mitchell SJ, Das A, O'Connell BL, Thakur S, Kane AE, Su Q, Mohri Y, Nishimura EK, Schaevitz L, Garg N, Balta AM, Rego MA, Gregory-Ksander M, Jakobs TC, Zhong L, Wakimoto H, El Andari J, Grimm D, Mostoslavsky R, Wagers AJ, Tsubota K, Bonasera SJ, Palmeira CM, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Wolf NS, Kreiling JA, Sedivy JM, Murphy GF, Green RE, Garcia BA, Berger SL, Oberdoerffer P, Shankland SJ, Gladyshev VN, Ksander BR, Pfenning AR, Rajman LA, Sinclair DA | title = Loss of epigenetic information as a cause of mammalian aging | language = English | journal = Cell | volume = 186 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–326.e27 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36638792 | pmc = 10166133 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.027 }}
• In a preprint, another team of researchers of the biotechnology company Rejuvenate Bio also reports the use of Yamanaka-reprogramming to modestly extend the lives of elderly mice. However, if it was also applicable to humans, risks may include the formation of cancer.{{cite news |title=Two research teams reverse signs of aging in mice |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/two-research-teams-reverse-signs-aging-mice |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=Science |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214194501/https://www.science.org/content/article/two-research-teams-reverse-signs-aging-mice |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=This biotech startup says mice live longer after genetic reprogramming |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/01/09/1066488/biotech-says-mice-live-longer-after-genetic-reprogramming/ |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=MIT Technology Review |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232034/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/01/09/1066488/biotech-says-mice-live-longer-after-genetic-reprogramming/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Macip CC, Hasan R, Hoznek V, Kim J, Metzger IV LE, Sethna S, Davidsohn N |title=Gene Therapy Mediated Partial Reprogramming Extends Lifespan and Reverses Age-Related Changes in Aged Mice |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522507 |journal=bioRxiv |pages=2023.01.04.522507 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2023.01.04.522507 |date=27 January 2023 |s2cid=255478053 |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219164648/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522507v2 |url-status=live }}
• In July, the David Sinclair team at Harvard Medical School release a study that claims to have discovered the first known chemical approach to reprogram cells to a younger state by delivering the Yamanaka factors directly, whereas previously this had only been achievable via gene therapy.{{Cite web |url=https://www.aging-us.com/news_room/NEW-STUDY-Discovery-of-Chemical-Means-to-Reverse-Aging-and-Restore-Cellular-Function |title=NEW STUDY: Discovery of Chemical Means to Reverse Aging and Restore Cellular Function |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914154348/https://www.aging-us.com/news-room/NEW-STUDY-Discovery-of-Chemical-Means-to-Reverse-Aging-and-Restore-Cellular-Function |url-status=live }}
• A study indicates factors contributing to the longevity of long-living organisms can be transferred between species, particularly from naked mole-rats {{tooltip|to mice|in this experimental case, this particular change resulted in "an increase of 4.4% in median lifespan and 12.2% in maximum lifespan"}}.{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhihui |last2=Tian |first2=Xiao |last3=Lu |first3=J. Yuyang |last4=Boit |first4=Kathryn |last5=Ablaeva |first5=Julia |last6=Zakusilo |first6=Frances Tolibzoda |last7=Emmrich |first7=Stephan |last8=Firsanov |first8=Denis |last9=Rydkina |first9=Elena |last10=Biashad |first10=Seyed Ali |last11=Lu |first11=Quan |last12=Tyshkovskiy |first12=Alexander |last13=Gladyshev |first13=Vadim N. |last14=Horvath |first14=Steve |last15=Seluanov |first15=Andrei |last16=Gorbunova |first16=Vera |title=Increased hyaluronan by naked mole-rat Has2 improves healthspan in mice |journal=Nature |date=September 2023 |volume=621 |issue=7977 |pages=196–205 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06463-0 |pmid=37612507 |pmc=10666664 |bibcode=2023Natur.621..196Z |s2cid=261100218 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370684489 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}
• {{tooltip|Chemical intervention-related results}}
• First senolytics discovered using artificial intelligence:{{cite web | title = AI helps discover three drugs which could fight effects of ageing | date = 14 June 2023 | work = Sky News | url = https://news.sky.com/story/ai-helps-discover-three-drugs-which-could-fight-effects-of-ageing-12902182}}{{cite web | title = AI finds drugs that could kill 'zombie cells' behind ageing | url = https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/ai-finds-drugs-that-could-kill-zombie-cells-behind-ageing-g6929hstl | vauthors = Puttic H | date = 15 June 2023 | work = The Times | access-date = 16 June 2023 | archive-date = 16 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230616115327/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ai-finds-drugs-that-could-kill-zombie-cells-behind-ageing-g6929hstl#:~:text=The%20AI%20selected%2021%20compounds,senescent%20drug%20of%20its%20kind | url-status = live }} Teams from the University of Edinburgh and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology independently report the discovery of senolytics using artificial intelligence for screening large chemical libraries. The works reported compounds of comparable efficacy and increased potency than other known senolytics.{{cite journal | vauthors = Smer-Barreto V, Quintanilla A, Elliott RJ, Dawson JC, Sun J, Campa VM, Lorente-Macías Á, Unciti-Broceta A, Carragher NO, Acosta JC, Oyarzún DA | title = Discovery of senolytics using machine learning | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | page = 3445 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37301862 | pmc = 10257182 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-023-39120-1 | bibcode = 2023NatCo..14.3445S }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong F, Omori S, Donghia NM, Zheng EJ, Collins JJ | title = Discovering small-molecule senolytics with deep neural networks | journal = Nature Aging | pages = 734–750 | date = May 2023 | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pmid = 37142829 | doi = 10.1038/s43587-023-00415-z | s2cid = 258506382 }}
• A study identifies low levels of taurine, which declines with age, as a driver of the aging process and suggests that taurine supplements may increase lifespan.{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh P, Gollapalli K, Mangiola S, Schranner D, Yusuf MA, Chamoli M, Shi SL, Lopes Bastos B, Nair T, Riermeier A, Vayndorf EM, Wu JZ, Nilakhe A, Nguyen CQ, Muir M, Kiflezghi MG, Foulger A, Junker A, Devine J, Sharan K, Chinta SJ, Rajput S, Rane A, Baumert P, Schönfelder M, Iavarone F, di Lorenzo G, Kumari S, Gupta A, Sarkar R, Khyriem C, Chawla AS, Sharma A, Sarper N, Chattopadhyay N, Biswal BK, Settembre C, Nagarajan P, Targoff KL, Picard M, Gupta S, Velagapudi V, Papenfuss AT, Kaya A, Ferreira MG, Kennedy BK, Andersen JK, Lithgow GJ, Ali AM, Mukhopadhyay A, Palotie A, Kastenmüller G, Kaeberlein M, Wackerhage H, Pal B, Yadav VK | title = Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging | journal = Science | volume = 380 | issue = 6649 | pages = eabn9257 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37289866 | doi = 10.1126/science.abn9257 | pmc = 10630957 | s2cid = 259112394 }}
• Ora Biomedical announces the "million molecule challenge", an effort to assess 1 million potential longevity interventions within five years using artificial intelligence.{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s11357-023-00867-6 | title=The million-molecule challenge: A moonshot project to rapidly advance longevity intervention discovery | year=2023 | last1=Lee | first1=Mitchell B. | last2=Blue | first2=Benjamin | last3=Muir | first3=Michael | last4=Kaeberlein | first4=Matt | journal=Geroscience | volume=45 | issue=6 | pages=3103–3113 | pmid=37432607 | s2cid=259656441 | pmc=10643437 }}
• A study suggests chemical alternatives to age reversal via Yamanaka factors gene therapy are feasible via early in vitro fibroblasts data. These results have not yet been validated in an animal and via more reliable "improvements in age-related health metrics or lifespan".{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Jae-Hyun |last2=Petty |first2=Christopher A. |last3=Dixon-McDougall |first3=Thomas |last4=Lopez |first4=Maria Vina |last5=Tyshkovskiy |first5=Alexander |last6=Maybury-Lewis |first6=Sun |last7=Tian |first7=Xiao |last8=Ibrahim |first8=Nabilah |last9=Chen |first9=Zhili |last10=Griffin |first10=Patrick T. |last11=Arnold |first11=Matthew |last12=Li |first12=Jien |last13=Martinez |first13=Oswaldo A. |last14=Behn |first14=Alexander |last15=Rogers-Hammond |first15=Ryan |last16=Angeli |first16=Suzanne |last17=Gladyshev |first17=Vadim N. |last18=Sinclair |first18=David A.|author-link18=David A. Sinclair |title=Chemically induced reprogramming to reverse cellular aging |journal=Aging |date=12 July 2023 |volume=15 |issue=13 |pages=5966–5989 |doi=10.18632/aging.204896 |pmid=37437248 |pmc=10373966 |language=en |issn=1945-4589|doi-access=free}}{{update inline|date=September 2023}}
• Subcutaneous administration of longevity factor α-klotho enhanced cognition in old rhesus macaques.{{cite journal |last1=Castner |first1=Stacy A. |last2=Gupta |first2=Shweta |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Moreno |first4=Arturo J. |last5=Park |first5=Cana |last6=Chen |first6=Chen |last7=Poon |first7=Yan |last8=Groen |first8=Aaron |last9=Greenberg |first9=Kenneth |last10=David |first10=Nathaniel |last11=Boone |first11=Tom |last12=Baxter |first12=Mark G. |last13=Williams |first13=Graham V. |last14=Dubal |first14=Dena B. |title=Longevity factor klotho enhances cognition in aged nonhuman primates |journal=Nature Aging |date=August 2023 |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=931–937 |doi=10.1038/s43587-023-00441-x |pmid=37400721 |pmc=10432271 |language=en |issn=2662-8465|doi-access=free}}
• In a paywalled review, the authors of a heavily cited paper on the hallmarks of aging update the set of proposed hallmarks after a decade.{{cite news |title=New research extensively explores 12 distinctive aging traits |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230105/New-research-extensively-explores-12-distinctive-aging-traits.aspx |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=News-Medical.net |date=5 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232034/https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230105/New-research-extensively-explores-12-distinctive-aging-traits.aspx |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G | title = Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe | language = English | journal = Cell | volume = 186 | issue = 2 | pages = 243–278 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36599349 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001 | s2cid = 255394876 | doi-access = free }} A review with overlapping authors merge or link various hallmarks of cancer with those of aging.{{cite journal | vauthors = López-Otín C, Pietrocola F, Roiz-Valle D, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G | title = Meta-hallmarks of aging and cancer | language = English | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–35 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36599298 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.001 | s2cid = 255465457 | doi-access = free }}{{additional citation needed|date=February 2023}}
• A study concludes that retroviruses in the human genomes can become awakened from dormant states and, in senescent cells and aged tissue, contribute to aging which can be blocked by neutralizing antibodies, resulting in improved function.{{cite news |title=Aging and Retroviruses |url=https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/aging-and-retroviruses |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=Science |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232037/https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/aging-and-retroviruses |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu X, Liu Z, Wu Z, Ren J, Fan Y, Sun L, Cao G, Niu Y, Zhang B, Ji Q, Jiang X, Wang C, Wang Q, Ji Z, Li L, Esteban CR, Yan K, Li W, Cai Y, Wang S, Zheng A, Zhang YE, Tan S, Cai Y, Song M, Lu F, Tang F, Ji W, Zhou Q, Belmonte JC, Zhang W, Qu J, Liu GH | title = Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses during aging reinforces senescence | language = English | journal = Cell | volume = 186 | issue = 2 | pages = 287–304.e26 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36610399 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.017 | s2cid = 232060038 | doi-access = free }}
• A study by Columbia University researchers suggests hypermetabolism in cells due to impaired mitochondria is a driver of aging.{{Cite web |url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/overactive-cell-metabolism-linked-biological-aging |title=Overactive Cell Metabolism Linked to Biological Aging |date=11 January 2023 |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114034951/https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/overactive-cell-metabolism-linked-biological-aging |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sturm G, Karan KR, Monzel AS, Santhanam B, Taivassalo T, Bris C, Ware SA, Cross M, Towheed A, Higgins-Chen A, McManus MJ, Cardenas A, Lin J, Epel ES, Rahman S, Vissing J, Grassi B, Levine M, Horvath S, Haller RG, Lenaers G, Wallace DC, St-Onge MP, Tavazoie S, Procaccio V, Kaufman BA, Seifert EL, Hirano M, Picard M | title = OxPhos defects cause hypermetabolism and reduce lifespan in cells and in patients with mitochondrial diseases | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | page = 22 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36635485 | pmc = 9837150 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-022-04303-x | doi-access = free }}
• A previously unknown cell mechanism involved in aging is discovered, which explains how cells 'remember' their identity when they divide – the cells' so-called epigenetic memory.{{cite journal | vauthors = Flury V, Reverón-Gómez N, Alcaraz N, Stewart-Morgan KR, Wenger A, Klose RJ, Groth A | title = Recycling of modified H2A-H2B provides short-term memory of chromatin states | language = English | journal = Cell | volume = 186 | issue = 5 | pages = 1050–1065.e19 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36750094 | pmc = 9994263 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.007 | doi-access = free }}
• University press release: {{cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230213120650.htm|title=Previously unknown cell mechanism could help counter cancer and aging|date=13 February 2023|work=University of Copenhagen – The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences via Science Daily|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914154403/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230213120650.htm|url-status=live}}{{additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}
• A team of scientists from New York University identifies a potential cause of greying hair with age as the failure of melanocyte stem cells to mature with age. The study was carried out using mice, which have identical cells for their fur. According to the research team, the results could provide a basis for reversing the hair greying process.{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05960-6 | title=Dedifferentiation maintains melanocyte stem cells in a dynamic niche | year=2023 | last1=Sun | first1=Qi | last2=Lee | first2=Wendy | last3=Hu | first3=Hai | last4=Ogawa | first4=Tatsuya | last5=De Leon | first5=Sophie | last6=Katehis | first6=Ioanna | last7=Lim | first7=Chae Ho | last8=Takeo | first8=Makoto | last9=Cammer | first9=Michael | last10=Taketo | first10=M. Mark | last11=Gay | first11=Denise L. | last12=Millar | first12=Sarah E. | last13=Ito | first13=Mayumi | journal=Nature | volume=616 | issue=7958 | pages=774–782 | pmid=37076619 | pmc=10132989 | bibcode=2023Natur.616..774S }}{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Cause of grey hair may be 'stuck' cells, say scientists |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-65309374 |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420002004/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-65309374 |url-status=live }}
• A study affirms and explains why a moderate decrease in body temperature extends lifespan.{{cite news |title=Wer cool bleibt, lebt länger: Niedrigere Körpertemperatur sorgt für höhere Lebenserwartung {{!}} MDR.DE |url=https://www.mdr.de/wissen/kalt-wird-alt-kaelte-verlaengert-leben100.html |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=MDR |language=de |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528094700/https://www.mdr.de/wissen/kalt-wird-alt-kaelte-verlaengert-leben100.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Hyun Ju |last2=Alirzayeva |first2=Hafiza |last3=Koyuncu |first3=Seda |last4=Rueber |first4=Amirabbas |last5=Noormohammadi |first5=Alireza |last6=Vilchez |first6=David |title=Cold temperature extends longevity and prevents disease-related protein aggregation through PA28γ-induced proteasomes |journal=Nature Aging |date=May 2023 |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=546–566 |doi=10.1038/s43587-023-00383-4 |pmid=37118550 |pmc=10191861 |language=en |issn=2662-8465|doi-access=free}}
• A study finds that human organs may age at different rates in some individuals, finding that nearly 20% of the 5,676 adults screened showed signs of accelerated aging in one organ and that 1.7% had more than one organ in a state of accelerated aging.[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06802-1 Organ ageing signatures in the plasma proteome track health and disease]
• By publishing virome-related results, researchers close a major gap in the acceleratingly{{cite journal |last1=Pang |first1=Shifu |last2=Chen |first2=Xiaodong |last3=Lu |first3=Zhilong |last4=Meng |first4=Lili |last5=Huang |first5=Yu |last6=Yu |first6=Xiuqi |last7=Huang |first7=Lianfei |last8=Ye |first8=Pengpeng |last9=Chen |first9=Xiaochun |last10=Liang |first10=Jian |last11=Peng |first11=Tao |last12=Luo |first12=Weifei |last13=Wang |first13=Shuai |title=Longevity of centenarians is reflected by the gut microbiome with youth-associated signatures |journal=Nature Aging |date=April 2023 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=436–449 |doi=10.1038/s43587-023-00389-y |pmid=37117794 |s2cid=258020982 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-023-00389-y |language=en |issn=2662-8465 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421093044/https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-023-00389-y |url-status=live }}
• Lay summary: {{cite journal |title=Youth-associated signatures in the gut microbiome of centenarians |journal=Nature Aging |date=April 2023 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=376–377 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s43587-023-00395-0|pmid=37117796 |s2cid=258012179 |doi-access=free }} accumulating Research into centenarians#Other factors for life extension.{{cite news |title=Scientists Have Just Discovered The Secret To Living To 100 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/scientists-have-just-discovered-the-secret-to-living-to-100_uk_647f3b9be4b045ce248b019d |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=HuffPost UK |date=6 June 2023 |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Johansen |first1=Joachim |last2=Atarashi |first2=Koji |last3=Arai |first3=Yasumichi |last4=Hirose |first4=Nobuyoshi |last5=Sørensen |first5=Søren J. |last6=Vatanen |first6=Tommi |last7=Knip |first7=Mikael |last8=Honda |first8=Kenya |last9=Xavier |first9=Ramnik J. |last10=Rasmussen |first10=Simon |last11=Plichta |first11=Damian R. |title=Centenarians have a diverse gut virome with the potential to modulate metabolism and promote healthy lifespan |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=June 2023 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=1064–1078 |doi=10.1038/s41564-023-01370-6 |pmid=37188814 |s2cid=258716117 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370775166 |language=en |issn=2058-5276|url-access=subscription}}
• University press release: {{cite news |last1=DiCorato |first1=Allessandra |title=Viruses in the guts of centenarians may help them resist pathogens |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-05-viruses-guts-centenarians-resist-pathogens.html |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard via medicalxpress.com |language=en}}
• Scientists at the University of Colorado report what they believe to be the primary mechanism behind cognitive decline in aging, the mis-regulation of the brain protein CaMKII.{{Cite web |url=https://news.cuanschutz.edu/news-stories/scientists-may-have-found-mechanism-behind-cognitive-decline-in-aging |title=Scientists May Have Found Mechanism Behind Cognitive Decline in Aging |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731084206/https://news.cuanschutz.edu/news-stories/scientists-may-have-found-mechanism-behind-cognitive-decline-in-aging |url-status=live }}
• Three studies indicate platelets, including or especially FF4, are exerkines with health- and life-extension-potential that rejuvenate aging brains of mice.{{cite journal |last1=Leiter |first1=Odette |last2=Brici |first2=David |last3=Fletcher |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Yong |first4=Xuan Ling Hilary |last5=Widagdo |first5=Jocelyn |last6=Matigian |first6=Nicholas |last7=Schroer |first7=Adam B. |last8=Bieri |first8=Gregor |last9=Blackmore |first9=Daniel G. |last10=Bartlett |first10=Perry F. |last11=Anggono |first11=Victor |last12=Villeda |first12=Saul A. |last13=Walker |first13=Tara L. |title=Platelet-derived exerkine CXCL4/platelet factor 4 rejuvenates hippocampal neurogenesis and restores cognitive function in aged mice |journal=Nature Communications |date=16 August 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=4375 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-39873-9 |pmid=37587147 |pmc=10432533 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.4375L |language=en |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Schroer |first1=Adam B. |last2=Ventura |first2=Patrick B. |last3=Sucharov |first3=Juliana |last4=Misra |first4=Rhea |last5=Chui |first5=M. K. Kirsten |last6=Bieri |first6=Gregor |last7=Horowitz |first7=Alana M. |last8=Smith |first8=Lucas K. |last9=Encabo |first9=Katriel |last10=Tenggara |first10=Imelda |last11=Couthouis |first11=Julien |last12=Gross |first12=Joshua D. |last13=Chan |first13=June M. |last14=Luke |first14=Anthony |last15=Villeda |first15=Saul A. |title=Platelet factors attenuate inflammation and rescue cognition in ageing |journal=Nature |date=August 2023 |volume=620 |issue=7976 |pages=1071–1079 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06436-3 |pmid=37587343 |pmc=10468395 |bibcode=2023Natur.620.1071S |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Cana |last2=Hahn |first2=Oliver |last3=Gupta |first3=Shweta |last4=Moreno |first4=Arturo J. |last5=Marino |first5=Francesca |last6=Kedir |first6=Blen |last7=Wang |first7=Dan |last8=Villeda |first8=Saul A. |last9=Wyss-Coray |first9=Tony |last10=Dubal |first10=Dena B. |title=Platelet factors are induced by longevity factor klotho and enhance cognition in young and aging mice |journal=Nature Aging |date=September 2023 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1067–1078 |doi=10.1038/s43587-023-00468-0 |pmid=37587231 |pmc=10501899 |language=en |issn=2662-8465|doi-access=free}}

• Researchers demonstrate antibody-mediated depletion of myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells against immune system aging with mice.{{cite news |last1=Lowe |first1=Derek |title=Rejuvenating the Blood Cell Population |url=https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/rejuvenating-blood-cell-population |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514174821/https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/rejuvenating-blood-cell-population |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Jason B. |last2=Myers |first2=Lara M. |last3=Noh |first3=Joseph J. |last4=Collins |first4=Madison M. |last5=Carmody |first5=Aaron B. |last6=Messer |first6=Ronald J. |last7=Dhuey |first7=Erica |last8=Hasenkrug |first8=Kim J. |last9=Weissman |first9=Irving L. |title=Depleting myeloid-biased haematopoietic stem cells rejuvenates aged immunity |journal=Nature |date=April 2024 |volume=628 |issue=8006 |pages=162–170 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07238-x |pmid=38538791 |bibcode=2024Natur.628..162R |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07238-x |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419192247/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07238-x |url-status=live |pmc=11870232 }}
• An experiment by researchers at Imperial College London, the MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, and Duke–NUS Medical School found that reduction in levels of the protein interleukin 11, which increases in the body with age and in excess is responsible for increased inflammation, reversed some aspects of aging in mice. The experiment, which involved genetically engineering some mice to block the production of the protein and allowing others to reach middle age before giving them a drug to eliminate it from their bodies, increased their lifespans by 20–25% and reversed numerous effects of aging.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv2gr3x3xkno |title='Supermodel granny' drug extends life in animals |work=BBC}}
• Precious3GPT, an artificial intelligence model designed to assist in aging research and drug discovery, is launched.{{cite web |url=https://insilico.com/repository/precious3gpt |title=Data Repository for Precious3GPT |access-date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=23 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723223125/https://insilico.com/repository/precious3gpt |url-status=live }}
• A study by scientists at Stanford University found that rather than being a solely gradual and linear process, aging accelerates dramatically at two points in a human lifetime. The study, which tracked thousands of different molecules in 108 people aged between 25 and 75, found that age-related changes rise substantially in two waves, with the first occurring at around age 44 and the second at around age 60.{{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/aug/14/scientists-find-humans-age-dramatically-in-two-bursts-at-44-then-60-aging-not-slow-and-steady |title=Scientists find humans age dramatically in two bursts – at 44, then 60 |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914154409/https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/aug/14/scientists-find-humans-age-dramatically-in-two-bursts-at-44-then-60-aging-not-slow-and-steady |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Xiaotao |last2=Wang |first2=Chuchu |last3=Zhou |first3=Xin |last4=Zhou |first4=Wenyu |last5=Hornburg |first5=Daniel |last6=Wu |first6=Si |last7=Snyder |first7=Michael P. |date=14 August 2024 |title=Nonlinear dynamics of multi-omics profiles during human aging |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00692-2 |journal=Nature Aging |pages=1–16 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s43587-024-00692-2 |pmid=39143318 |issn=2662-8465 |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815001748/https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00692-2 |url-status=live |doi-access=free |pmc=11564093 }}
• Researchers at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine demonstrated that senescent cells release mt-dsRNA into the cytosol driving the SASP via RIGI/MDA5/MAVS/MFN1, and in turn are hypersensitive to mt-dsRNA-driven inflammation due to reduced levels of PNPT1/ADAR1. Moreover, senescent cells within fibrotic and aged tissues also present increased dsRNA foci, and inhibition of mitochondrial RNA polymerase reduces systemic inflammation associated to senescence.{{Cite journal |last1=López-Polo |first1=Vanessa |last2=Maus |first2=Mate |last3=Zacharioudakis |first3=Emmanouil |last4=Lafarga |first4=Miguel |last5=Attolini |first5=Camille Stephan-Otto |last6=Marques |first6=Francisco D. M. |last7=Kovatcheva |first7=Marta |last8=Gavathiotis |first8=Evripidis |last9=Serrano |first9=Manuel |date=27 August 2024 |title=Release of mitochondrial dsRNA into the cytosol is a key driver of the inflammatory phenotype of senescent cells |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=7378 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-51363-0 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=11349883 |pmid=39191740 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024NatCo..15.7378L }}

• UPF1 was found to decline significantly during cellular senescence. The findings suggest that the fall in UPF1 accelerates senescence by slowing down nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.{{Cite journal |last=Koh |first=Dahyeon |last2=Lee |first2=Yebin |last3=Kim |first3=Kyuchan |last4=Jeon |first4=Hyeong Bin |last5=Oh |first5=Chaehwan |last6=Hwang |first6=Sangik |last7=Lim |first7=Minjung |last8=Lee |first8=Kwang-Pyo |last9=Park |first9=Yeonkyoung |last10=Yang |first10=Yong Ryoul |last11=Kim |first11=Yoon Ki |last12=Shim |first12=Donghwan |last13=Gorospe |first13=Myriam |last14=Noh |first14=Ji Heon |last15=Kim |first15=Kyoung Mi |date=2025-01-18 |title=Reduced UPF1 levels in senescence impair nonsense-mediated mRNA decay |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-07502-4 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1038/s42003-025-07502-4 |issn=2399-3642|pmc=11742877 }} The study was conducted by scientists at Chungnam National University, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, and the US National Institute on Aging.
• Researchers at RWTH Aachen University discover that four senolytic compounds – JQ1, RG7112, nutlin-3a, and AMG232 – can decrease epigenetic age in in vitro blood samples.{{Cite journal |last=Tharmapalan |first=Vithurithra |last2=Du Marchie Sarvaas |first2=Miriam |last3=Bleichert |first3=Michael |last4=Wessiepe |first4=Martina |last5=Wagner |first5=Wolfgang |date=2025-02-04 |title=Senolytic compounds reduce epigenetic age of blood samples in vitro |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-025-00199-z |journal=npj Aging |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1038/s41514-025-00199-z |issn=2731-6068|pmc=11794651 }}
• Researchers at the University of Osaka discovered that the protein AP2A1 may regulate cellular senescence, finding that suppressing the protein in older cells reversed senescence and promoted rejuvenation, whereas overexpression of the protein in young cells advanced senescence.[https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-key-protein-that-may-reverse-aging-at-the-cellular-level/ Scientists Discover Key Protein That May Reverse Aging at the Cellular Level]
• A study by scientists at University College London, Stanford University, Inserm, and the University of Helsinki found that accelerated aging in specific organs could be predictors for diseases across the entire body, not just those affecting that particular organ.[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2025/feb/biological-organ-ages-predict-disease-risk-decades-advance Biological organ ages predict disease risk decades in advance]
• A study at the University of Texas at Austin identified the exposure of osteocytes to senescent cells as a key driver of aging in bones.[https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-04-bones-skeletal-cell-aging-revealed.html Study reveals how aging affects bone cell structure and function]

{{Science year nav|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}

{{Scholia|Q2070979}}

{{Scholia|Q574567}}

• Longevity escape velocity
• Life extension
• Rejuvenation
• Biogerontology

Research domains related or part of senescence research currently not fully included in the timeline:

• Senolytic
• Establishments of new research-conducting organizations, especially companies (see template at the bottom)
• Research into centenarians
• Ageing research projects and prizes

Notable events in these fields of research that relate to life extension and healthspan are currently deliberately not included in this timeline

• History of nutritional science – progress in general health- and lifespan-related nutritional science
• List of causes of death by rate – such as R&D on the reduction of environmental toxins
• Years of potential life lost (YPLL) and Loss of life expectancy (LLE)
• General medicine and preventive healthcare and interventions against any specific aging-related disease
• Progress in tools and knowledge that can be used for anti-aging purposes such as CRISPR gene editing
• General regeneration in humans, organ printing and xenotransplantation progress
• Research about sustained brain health in general
• Maintaining health – conventional ways of maintaining and protecting health for life extension
• Health effects of exercise
• Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
• Public health / health policy including environmental policy and consumer protection

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite journal | vauthors = Haber C | title = Life extension and history: the continual search for the fountain of youth | journal = The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences | volume = 59 | issue = 6 | pages = B515–B522 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15215256 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/59.6.B515 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite book |vauthors=Grignolio A, Franceschi C |title=eLS |date=15 June 2012 |chapter=History of Research into Ageing/Senescence |publisher=Wiley |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0023955 |doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0023955 |isbn=978-0-470-01617-6 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505152016/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0023955 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Stambler I | title = The unexpected outcomes of anti-aging, rejuvenation, and life extension studies: an origin of modern therapies | journal = Rejuvenation Research | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 297–305 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24524368 | doi = 10.1089/rej.2013.1527 }}
• {{cite book |vauthors=Stambler I |date=29 August 2014 |title=A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315526897 |series=Longevity History |page=540 |isbn=978-1-5008-1857-9 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Zainabadi K | title = A brief history of modern aging research | journal = Experimental Gerontology | volume = 104 | pages = 35–42 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29355705 | doi = 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.018 | s2cid = 3972313 }}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Stambler I |date=January 2019 |title=History of Life-Extensionism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiLLDwAAQBAJ&q=History+of+Life-Extensionism+Ilia+Stambler+encyclopedia+of+biomedical+gerontology&pg=RA1-PA228 |journal=Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology |pages=228–237 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.11331-5 |isbn=978-0-12-801238-3 |s2cid=195489019 |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914152805/https://books.google.com/books?id=yiLLDwAAQBAJ&q=History+of+Life-Extensionism+Ilia+Stambler+encyclopedia+of+biomedical+gerontology&pg=RA1-PA228#v=snippet&q=History%20of%20Life-Extensionism%20Ilia%20Stambler%20encyclopedia%20of%20biomedical%20gerontology&f=false |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Kyriazis M | title = Ageing Throughout History: The Evolution of Human Lifespan | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–65 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31197416 | pmc = | doi = 10.1007/s00239-019-09896-2 | s2cid = 189763393 | bibcode = 2020JMolE..88...57K }}

{{refend}}

• {{URL|http://www.longevityhistory.com}} — history of aging research

{{Life extension}}

Category:Senescence

Aging research

Aging

Category:Life extension