Trappists
{{Short description|Roman Catholic religious order}}
{{Redirect|Trappist}}
{{Redirect|OCSO}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance
|native_name = Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae
|native_name_lang = la
|logo = Trappist website logo 2018.png
|logo_size = 160px
|logo_caption = Logo of the Trappists
|image = Armand Bouthillier Rance.jpg
|size = 200px
|caption = Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, the founder of the Trappists
|abbreviation = OCSO
|formation = {{start date and age|1664}}
|founder = Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé
|founding_location = La Trappe Abbey
|headquarters = Viale Africa, 33
Rome, Italy
|type = Catholic religious order
|leader_title = Abbot General
|leader_name = Bernardus Peeters
|parent_organization = Catholic Church
|website = {{URL|https://ocso.org}}
}}
The Trappists, officially known as the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance ({{langx|la|Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae}}, abbreviated as OCSO) and originally named the Order of Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe,{{Cite book|title=Cistercian Europe: Architecture of Contemplation|last=Kinder|first=Terryl N.|date=19 Apr 2002|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=9780802838872|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cistercianeurope2002kind/page/50 50]|quote=... the Order of the Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe (today called the Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance [O.C.S.O.], popularly known as the Trappists and Trappistines) was founded in 1892.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cistercianeurope2002kind/page/50}} are a Catholic religious order of cloistered monastics that branched off from the Cistercians. They follow the Rule of Saint Benedict and have communities of both monks and nuns that are known as Trappists and Trappistines, respectively. They are named after La Trappe Abbey, the monastery from which the movement and religious order originated. The movement began with the reforms that Abbot Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé introduced in 1664, later leading to the creation of Trappist congregations, and eventually the formal constitution as a separate religious order in 1892.
History
The order takes its name from La Trappe Abbey or La Grande Trappe, located in the French province of Normandy, where the reform movement began. Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, originally the commendatory abbot of La Trappe, led the reform. As commendatory abbot, de Rancé was a secular individual who obtained income from the monastery but was not a professed monk and otherwise had no monastic obligations. The second son of Denis Bouthillier, a Councillor of State, he possessed considerable wealth and was earmarked for an ecclesiastical career as coadjutor bishop to the Archbishop of Tours. However, after undergoing a conversion of life between 1660 and 1662, de Rancé renounced his possessions, formally joined the abbey, and became its regular abbot in 1663.{{Cite CE1913|id=12639a|title=Jean-Armand le Bouthillier de Rancé|access-date=2 June 2019|first=Edmond|last=Obrecht}}Image:Orval church etychon 200611.jpg in Belgium|alt=|left]]In 1664, in reaction to the relaxation of practices in many Cistercian monasteries, de Rancé introduced an austere reform.{{cite web |url=http://www.osb.org/cist/intro.html |author=M. Basil Pennington, OCSO |title=The Cistercians: An Introductory History |publisher=The Order of Saint Benedict |access-date=2008-01-01 |archive-date=2010-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407002750/http://www.osb.org/cist/intro.html |url-status=dead }}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} De Rancé's reform was first and foremost centered on penitence; it prescribed hard manual labour, silence, a meagre diet, isolation from the world, and renunciation of most studies. The hard labour was in part a penitential exercise, in part a way of keeping the monastery self-supportive so that communication with the world might be kept at a minimum. This movement spread to many other Cistercian monasteries, which took up de Rancé's reforms. In time, these monasteries also spread and created new foundations of their own. These monasteries called themselves "Trappist" in reference to La Trappe, the source and origin of their reforms.
In 1792, during the French Revolution, La Trappe Abbey, like all other monasteries at the time, was confiscated by the French government and the Trappists expelled. Augustin de Lestrange, a monk of La Trappe at that time, led a number of monks to establish a new monastery in the ruined and unroofed former Carthusian charterhouse of Val-Sainte in the Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, where the monks subsequently carried out an even more austere reform practising the ancient observances of Benedict of Nursia and the first usages of Cîteaux. In 1794, Pope Pius VI raised Val-Sainte to the status of an abbey and motherhouse of the Trappists, and Dom Augustin was elected the first abbot of the abbey and the leader of the Trappist congregation. However, in 1798, when the French invaded Switzerland, the monks were again exiled and had to roam different countries seeking to establish a new home, until Dom Augustin and his monks of Val-Sainte were finally able to re-establish a community in La Trappe.{{Cite CE1913|id=15024a|title=Trappists|access-date=2 June 2019|first=Edmond|last=Obrecht}}
In 1834, the Holy See formed all French monasteries into the Congregation of the Cistercian Monks of Notre-Dame de la Trappe, with the abbot of La Trappe being the vicar general of the congregation. However, there were differences in observances between the dependencies of Val-Sainte and those of Notre-Dame de l'Eternité, an abbey itself founded by Val-Sainte in 1795. This led to two different Trappist congregations being formed by decree of the Holy See in 1847. These were named the 'Ancient Reform of Our Lady of La Trappe' and the 'New Reform of Our Lady of La Trappe', the former following the Constitutions of de Rancé, with the latter following the Rule of Saint Benedict combined with the ancient constitution of Cîteaux, except in a few areas prescribed by the Holy See in the same decree.
In 1892, seeking unity among the different Trappist observances, the Trappist congregations left the Cistercian Order entirely and merged to form a new order with the approval of Pope Leo XIII named the 'Order of Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe', formalising their identity and spirituality as a separate monastic community.{{cite web |author=OCist.Hu - A Ciszterci Rend Zirci Apátsága |url=http://www.ocist.hu/index.php?lid=2&cid=4 |title=History |publisher=OCist.Hu |date=2002-12-31 |access-date=2011-03-09 |archive-date=2020-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624204307/https://www.ocist.hu/index.php?lid=2&cid=4 |url-status=live }}
In 1909, the Trappists of Mariannhill were separated from the rest of the Trappist Order by decree of the Holy See to form the Congregation of Mariannhill Missionaries.{{cite web|url=https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/ByIssue/Article/TabId/735/ArtMID/13636/ArticleID/4036/How-one-monk-changed-the-South-African-landscape.aspx|title=How one monk changed the South African landscape|author=Denny-Dimitriou, Julia|date=Nov 23, 2010|work=OSV Newsweekly|access-date=June 26, 2016|archive-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063331/https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/ByIssue/Article/TabId/735/ArtMID/13636/ArticleID/4036/How-one-monk-changed-the-South-African-landscape.aspx|url-status=dead}}
A well-known Trappist theologian was Thomas Merton, a prominent author in the mystic tradition and a noted poet and social and literary critic. He entered the Abbey of Gethsemani in 1941 where his writings and letters to world leaders became some of the most widely read spiritual and social works of the 20th century. Merton's widely read works include his autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain, as well as New Seeds of Contemplation and No Man is an Island.
The first Trappist to be canonized was Rafael Arnáiz Barón, who was a conventual oblate of the Abbey of San Isidro de Dueñas in Dueñas, Palencia. His defining characteristic was his intense devotion to a religious life and personal piety despite the setbacks of his affliction with diabetes mellitus. He died in 1938, aged 27 from complications of diabetes, was beatified in 1992 by Pope John Paul II and canonized in 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI.
Monastic life
File:Trappists, Kentucky Library of Congress Pictures.jpg in the early 20th century]]
Trappists, like the Benedictines and Cistercians from whom they originate, follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. "Strict Observance" refers to the Trappists' goal of following the Rule closely. They take the three vows described in the Rule (c. 58): stability, fidelity to monastic life, and obedience.
File:Terce at the Church of the Hermitage of Saint Mary Rawaseneng 2.JPG]]
Benedict's precept to minimize conversation means that Trappists generally speak only when necessary; thus idle talk is strongly discouraged. However, contrary to popular belief, they do not take a vow of silence.{{Cite web |title=FAQ's : Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance: OCSO |url=https://ocso.org/who-we-are/faqs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511210854/https://ocso.org/who-we-are/faqs/ |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=ocso.org |language=en}} According to Benedict, speech disturbs a disciple's quietude and receptivity, and may tempt one to exercise one's own will instead of the will of God. Speech that leads to unkind amusement or laughter is considered evil and is forbidden.{{cite web |url=http://www.osb.org/rb/text/rbejms3.html#6 |title=OSB. Rule of Benedict : Text, English, Jan May Sep 3/3 |publisher=Osb.org |date=2006-05-06 |access-date=2011-03-09 |archive-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524093807/http://www.osb.org/rb/text/rbejms3.html#6 |url-status=dead }} A Trappist sign language, one of several monastic sign languages, was developed to render speaking unnecessary. Meals are usually taken in contemplative silence as Trappists listen to a reading.Rule of St. Benedict, c. 38: Reading must not be wanting at the table of the brethren when they are eating. The 1949 Edition Translated by Rev. Boniface Verheyen, OSB.
Unlike the Benedictines and Cistercians,{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLlmbc1P0R4C |title=Please Don't Eat the Animals |author1=Jennifer Horsman |author2=Jaime Flowers |publisher=Quill Driver Books |year=2006 |isbn=9781884956607 |page=10 |postscript=.}}{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxV87Fup-SUC |title=The Benedictine Handbook |editor=Anthony Marett-Crosby |publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=9781853114991 |page=331 |postscript=.}} Trappists fully abstain from "flesh meats" (pig, cattle, sheep, venison, etc), described by Saint Benedict as "four-footed animals".{{citation |url=http://www.trappists.org/visitor-questions/can-i-maintain-my-own-dietary-discipline-trappist |title=Can I maintain my own dietary discipline as a Trappist? |publisher=Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-date=2016-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104190741/http://www.trappists.org/visitor-questions/can-i-maintain-my-own-dietary-discipline-trappist |url-status=dead }} However, they generally do not live as strict vegetarians, as they consume poultry, fish and seafood, though their diet mostly consists of vegetables, beans, and grain products.{{Cite web|url=http://www.trappists.org/newcomers/monastic-discipline/lifestyle|title=A Newcomer's Guide to the Trappists {{!}} Becoming a Trappist Monk or Nun|website=www.trappists.org|access-date=2017-06-19|archive-date=2017-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626215956/http://www.trappists.org/newcomers/monastic-discipline/lifestyle|url-status=dead}} Some monasteries also raise broiler chickens.{{Cite web |title=The Farm |url=https://www.calvaryabbey.com/the-farm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912131959/https://www.calvaryabbey.com/the-farm/ |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=September 12, 2022 |website=Our Lady of Calvary Abbey |language=en-US}}
= Daily life=
The Liturgy of the Hours is the foundation of every Trappist's life. However, the details of daily life can vary from community to community and based on the liturgical calendar. The following schedule is a representative summary of a Trappist's daily life.{{Cite web |title=Our Daily Life - Trappist Monastery, Moncks Corner, South Carolina |url=https://mepkinabbey.org/our-daily-life/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Mepkin Abbey |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule – New Melleray |url=https://newmelleray.org/schedule/daily-schedule/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |language=en-US}}
- 3:30 AM | Rise
- 4:00 AM | Vigils followed by Meditation, Lectio Divina or private prayer
- 5:30 AM | Breakfast available
- 6:30 AM | Lauds
- 7:30 AM | Eucharist (Mass) (10:00 AM on Sundays)
- 8:00 AM | Great Silence Ends
- 8:30 AM | Terce
- 9:00 AM | Morning work period begins
- 12:00 PM | Sext
- 12:15 PM | Dinner
- 12:45 PM | Rest
- 1:30 PM | None
- 1:45 PM | Afternoon work period begins
- 5:00 PM | Supper
- 6:00 PM | Vespers
- 7:30 PM | Compline
- 8:00 PM | Grand Silence Begins & Retire
= Becoming a Trappist =
Though each monastery is autonomous and may have different rules, generally the stages to enter the Trappist life can be described as follows:{{citation |url=http://www.ocso.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=61&lang=en |title=Becoming a monk or nun |publisher=Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae |postscript=. |access-date=2016-04-28 |archive-date=2016-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521062701/http://www.ocso.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=61&lang=en |url-status=live }}
- Candidate/observership: candidates or observers visit a monastery and consult the vocation director and/or the superior to help them discern their vocation. Usually they will be asked to live in the monastery for a short period of time, at least one month.
- Postulancy: candidates live as a member of the monastery as a postulant for some months and are guided by the novice director.
- Novitiate: postulants will be clothed with the monastic habit and are formally received as a member of this order. Novices are still guided by the novice director, and they undergo this stage for two years.
- After novitiate, novices may take temporary vows. They will live this stage for three to nine years to deepen study, practicing the Gospel in the monastic way and integration within the society.
- After finishing the previous stage, the professed members may take final vows for their entire life.
= Manual labor =
The 48th chapter of the Rule of St. Benedict states "for then are they monks in truth, if they live by the work of their hands".{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/benedict/rule2/files/rule2.html#ch48 |title=The Rule of St. Benedict |publisher=Ccel.org |access-date=2011-03-09 |archive-date=2007-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103202915/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/benedict/rule2/files/rule2.html#ch48 |url-status=dead }} Thus, the life of a Trappist monk is centered on manual labor in addition to their spiritual activities. In addition to the tangible results of manual labor, which goes to support the economy of the community and the poor, the monk's work also contributes and reinforces the monk's and community's spiritual growth.{{Cite web |title=Work – New Melleray |url=https://newmelleray.org/work-4/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208033805/https://newmelleray.org/work-4/ |url-status=live }}
The goods produced range from cheeses, bread and other foodstuffs to clothing and coffins. Their most famous products are Trappist beers.{{cite web|url=http://99percentinvisible.org/post/24136733632/episode-55-the-best-beer-in-the-world|title=The Best Beer in the World|work=99% Invisible|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=20 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820000310/http://99percentinvisible.org/post/24136733632/episode-55-the-best-beer-in-the-world|url-status=dead}} These are a unique category within the beer world,{{cite web|url=http://beer.about.com/od/beerstyles/f/What-Are-Trappist-Beers.htm|title=What are Trappist beers?|author=Bryce Eddings|work=About.com Food|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906111254/http://beer.about.com/od/beerstyles/f/What-Are-Trappist-Beers.htm|url-status=dead}} and are lauded for their high quality and flavor.{{cite web|url=http://shop.belgianshop.com/acatalog/buy-online-book-trappist-the-seven-magnificent-beers.html|title=TRAPPIST - THE SEVEN MAGNIFICENT BEERS|work=BelgianShop Online|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030319/http://shop.belgianshop.com/acatalog/buy-online-book-trappist-the-seven-magnificent-beers.html|url-status=live}} These monasteries brew beer both for the monks themselves and for sale to the general public. Trappist beers contain residual sugars and living yeast and are felt to improve with age, unlike conventional beers.{{cite web |url=http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000107.html |title=Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter - Chastity, poverty and a pint |publisher=Beerhunter.com |access-date=2011-03-09 |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526202206/https://beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000107.html |url-status=live }}
The Trappist monks of the Tre Fontane Abbey raise the lambs whose wool is used to make the pallia of new metropolitan archbishops. The pope blesses the pallia on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul; the metropolitan archbishops receive those pallia in a separate ceremony within their home dioceses from the hands of the apostolic nuncio, who personally represents the pope in their respective countries.
The monks of New Melleray Abbey in rural Peosta, Iowa produce caskets for both themselves and sale to the public.
Cistercian College, Roscrea, a boys' boarding secondary school in Ireland, is the only Trappist school left in the world, and one of only two remaining monastic secondary schools in Ireland.
Saints, Blesseds, and other holy people
Saints
- Rafael (Maria Rafael) Arnáiz Barón (9 April 1911 - 26 April 1938), oblate, canonized on 11 October 2009.
Blesseds
- Augustin-Joseph (Élie) Desgardin (21 December 1750 - 6 July 1794), Martyr of the French Revolution, beatified on 1 October 1995.
- Gervais-Protais Brunel (18 June 1744 - 20 August 1794), Martyr of the French Revolution, beatified on 1 October 1995.
- Paul-Jean Charles (29 September 1743 - 25 August 1794), Martyr of the French Revolution, beatified on 1 October 1995.
- Pierre-Joseph Cassant (6 March 1878 – 17 June 1903), priest, beatified on 3 October 2004.
- Pio Heredia Zubia and 15 Companions (died between 28 July to 31 December 1936), Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War, beatified on 3 October 2015.
- Maria Gabriella Sagheddu (17 March 1914 – 23 April 1939), nun, beatified on 25 January 1983.
- Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi (c. September 1903 – 20 January 1964), Nigerian priest, beatified on 22 March 1998
- Christian de Cherge and 6 Companions (died 21 May 1996), martyred during the Algerian Civil War, beatified on 8 December 2018.
Venerables
- Romano Bottegal (28 December 1921 - 19 February 1978), priest, declared Venerable on 9 December 2013.
Servants of God
- Joseph (Alois) Bley (25 January 1865 - 13 August 1904), martyred in Papua New Guinea{{Cite web |title=1904 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1904.htm |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}
- Wendelin (Franz) Pfanner (21 September 1825 – 24 May 1909), Abbot of Mariannhill Abbey and founder of the Missionary Sisters of the Precious Blood and Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill, declared as a Servant of God on 8 April 2013.
- André (Marie-Emmanuel) Robial (25 October 1884 - 9 October 1937), Martyr of China from the Diocese of Zhengding, declared as a Servant of God in 2015.{{Cite web |title=China (4) |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/China4.htm |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}
- Chrysostomus Chang and 32 Companions (died between 15 August 1947 to c. April 1948), Martyrs of China from the Monastery of Yangjiaping{{Cite web |title=China (5) |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/China5.htm |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}
- Zacarías Santamaría Aramendía (10 June 1907 - 20 August 1986), professed religious, declared as a Servant of God on 14 December 2002{{Cite web |title=1986 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1986.htm |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}
- Anselm (Abraham) Isidahome Ojefua (15 January 1910 - 28 July 1988), Nigerian priest and founder of the Knights of Saint Mulumba, declared as a Servant of God on 28 October 2020.{{Cite web |title=1988 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1988.htm |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}
- Jean-Richard (François) Mahieu (15 April 1919 - 31 January 2002), Belgian priest{{Cite web |title=2002 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/2002.htm |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}
- Michael Strode (5 June 1923 - 27 December 2010), English oblate{{Cite web |title=2019 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/2019.htm |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}
Organization
File:Latrun-Monastery.jpg, Israel]]
Cistercian monasteries have continued to spread, with many founded outside Europe in the 20th century. In particular, the number of Trappist monasteries throughout the world has more than doubled over the past 60 years: from 82 in 1940 to 127 in 1970, and 169 at the beginning of the 21st century.{{cite web|url=http://www.ocso.org/HTM/net/faq-eng.htm#chi |title=Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance (Trappists): Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Ocso.org |date=2003-12-08 |access-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917223746/http://www.ocso.org/HTM/net/faq-eng.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2009 }} In 1940, there were six Trappist monasteries in Asia and the Pacific, only one Trappist monastery in Africa, and none in Latin America. Now there are 13 in Central and South America, 17 in Africa, and 23 in Asia and the Pacific. In general, these communities are growing faster than those in other parts of the world.
Over the same period, the total number of monks and nuns in the Order decreased by about 15%. There are on average 25 members per community – less than half those in former times. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, there were 1,796 Trappist monks{{cite report |url=https://www.ocso.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2017-Statistiques-Moines-Monk-Monjes.pdf |title=STATISTIQUES Moines - Monks - Monjes |publisher=Order of Cistercians of Strict Observance |website=ocso.org |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=12 October 2018}} and 1,592 Trappistine nuns{{cite report |url=https://www.ocso.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2017-Statistiques-Moniales-Nuns-Monjas.pdf |title=STATISTIQUES Moniales - Nuns - Monjas |publisher=Order of Cistercians of Strict Observance |website=ocso.org |date=1 January 2018 |access-date=12 October 2018}} across the world.
= Institutional Structure =
Cistercian communities are autonomous but united in a communion implemented by key institutions:
- Regular Visitation: An independent "Father Immediate" is appointed to help and support the abbot in the exercise of his pastoral charge and to foster concord in the community. The Father Immediate or other representative visits the monastery approximately every two years. The purpose of this “Regular Visitation” is to strengthen and supplement the pastoral action of the local superior, to correct violations where necessary, and to renew the nuns’ or monks’ spiritual fervor.
- General Chapter: The General Chapter is the supreme authority of the order. Since 2011, Abbots and Abbesses form a single General Chapter. They meet every 3 years for three weeks to strengthen the bonds of the order and to make key decisions, including the election of the Abbot General when necessary.{{Cite web |title=Our Structure : Ordre Cistercien de la Stricte Observance: OCSO |url=https://ocso.org/who-we-are/our-structure/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=ocso.org |archive-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208032126/https://ocso.org/who-we-are/our-structure/ |url-status=live }} The Abbot General chairs the General Chapter.
= Abbots General =
File:Dom Sébastien Wyart.jpg, 1st Abbot General of the Trappists between 1892 and 1904]]
The Abbot General is elected for an unrestricted amount of time by the General Chapter. He is assisted by a Council that is composed of five members, four of them are elected by the General Chapter and the fifth is chosen by the elected Council members. The Abbot General and his Council reside in Rome and are generally in charge of the order's affairs.{{cite web |url=http://www.holytrinityabbey.org/order_history.html |title=Abbey of Our Lady of the Holy Trinity: Brief History |publisher=Holytrinityabbey.org |access-date=2010-01-18 |archive-date=2010-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225115504/http://holytrinityabbey.org/order_history.html |url-status=dead }} The present Abbot General is Dom Bernardus Peeters of Koningshoeven Abbey in the Netherlands.{{cite web |url=https://monks.org/bernardus-peeters-elected-abbot-general |title=Dom Bernardus Peeters elected Abbot General |date=10 March 2022 |publisher=monks.org |access-date=2022-06-16 |archive-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022230734/https://monks.org/bernardus-peeters-elected-abbot-general/ |url-status=live }}
- 1892–1904: Sébastien Wyart
- 1904–1922: Augustin Marre
- 1922–1929: Jean-Baptiste Ollitraut de Keryvallan
- 1929–1943: Herman-Joseph Smets
- 1943–1951: Dominique Nogues
- 1951–1963: Gabriel Sortais
- 1964–1974: Ignace Gillet
- 1974–1990: Ambroise Southey
- 1990–2008: Bernardo-Luis-José Oliveira
- 2008–2022: Eamon Fitzgerald
- 2022–present: Bernardus Peeters
= List of Trappist monasteries and convents =
{{As of|2018}}, there were 168 Trappist monasteries and convents.{{cite web |title=Alphabetical List : Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance : OCSO |url=https://www.ocso.org/monasteries/alphabetical-list/ |website=ocso.org |publisher=Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093157/https://www.ocso.org/monasteries/alphabetical-list/ |url-status=live }}
| class="wikitable" |
| style="width: 50%;" | Monks
! style="width: 50%;" | Nuns |
|---|
| bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Africa |
| style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Plainlist|
}} |{{Plainlist|
}} |
| bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Asia |
| style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Plainlist|
}} |{{Plainlist|
}} |
| bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Europe |
| style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Plainlist|
}} |{{Plainlist|
}} |
| bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Latin America |
| style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Plainlist|
}} |{{Plainlist|
}} |
| bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |North America |
| style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Plainlist|
}} |{{Plainlist|
}} |
| bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Oceania |
| style="vertical-align: top;"
|{{Plainlist|
}} | None |
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
=Works cited=
- {{EB1911|wstitle=Rancé, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de|volume=22|page=885}}
External links
{{Commons category|Order of La Trappe}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Trappists}}
- {{official website|http://www.ocso.org/}}
- [http://www.trappists.org Trappists in the United States]
{{Gutenberg|no=6733|name=Memoir of Father Vincent de Paul, religious of La Trappe}}
{{Catholic congregation}}
{{Trappist beer}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:1664 establishments in France
Category:Religious organizations established in the 1660s
Category:Christian religious orders established in the 17th century