Tumucumaque Mountains National Park
{{short description|National park of Brazil}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Tumucumaque Mountains National Park
| iucn_category = II
| photo = File:Oyapock maripa falls tree.jpg
| photo_caption =
| location = Amapá and Pará, Brazil
| nearest_city =Serra do Navio, Pedra Branca do Amapari, Oiapoque
| map = Brazil |relief=1
| coordinates = {{coords|1|50|N|54|0|W|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 38874
| established = August 23, 2002
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation
}}
The Tumucumaque Mountains National Park ({{langx|pt|Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque}}; {{IPA|pt|tumukuˈmaki}}) is situated in the Amazon Rainforest in the Brazilian states of Amapá and Pará. It is bordered to the north by French Guiana and Suriname.
History
Tumucumaque was declared a national park on August 23, 2002, by the Government of Brazil, after collaboration with the WWF.{{cite news|title=Brazil creates largest tropical park|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3077248|access-date=23 August 2015|work=NBC News / AP|date=Aug 22, 2003}}
It is part of the Amapá Biodiversity Corridor, created in 2003.{{sfn|Corredor de Biodiversidade do Amapá Biodiversity Corridor|p=43}}
The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program.{{sfn|Full list: PAs supported by ARPA}} Its Management Plan was published on March 10, 2010.
Geography
Tumucumaque Mountains National Park has an area of more than {{convert|38800|km2|sqmi|-1}}, making it the world's largest tropical forest national park and larger than Belgium.{{cite news|title=Brazil creates largest rainforest reserve|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2210914.stm|access-date=23 August 2015|work=BBC News|date=23 August 2002}} This area even reaches {{convert|59000|km2|sqmi|-1}} when including the bordering Guiana Amazonian Park, a national park in French Guiana.
This combination of protected areas is still smaller than the three national parks system in the Brazil-Venezuelan border, where the Parima-Tapirapeco, Serranía de la Neblina and Pico da Neblina national parks have a combined area of over {{convert|73000|km2|sqmi|-1}}.
But the latter is certainly smaller if the Tumucumaque Mountains National Park (Brazil) and the adjacent Guiana Amazonian Park (France) is combined with large neighbouring protected areas in northern Pará, Brazil, such as Grão-Pará Ecological Station, Maicuru Biological Reserve, and many others. The importance is that this makes the Guiana Shield one of the best protected and largest ecological corridor of tropical rainforests in the world. It is an uninhabited{{efn|The villages of Vila Brasil and Ilha Bela are inside the park,{{cite web|url=https://www.wwf.org.br/?29964/Vila-Brasil-vilarejo-de-comerciantes-no-meio-da-floresta-Amazonica |title=Vila Brasil, vilarejo de comerciantes no meio da floresta Amazônica |website=World Wide Found for Nature Brazil|access-date=31 March 2021|language=pt}} and are home to an estimated 600 people in 2019.{{cite news|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/bresil-fermeture-lieu-prostitution-saisies-carburant-materiel-sonorisation-vila-brasil-712171.html |title=Brésil : fermeture d'un lieu de prostitution et saisies de carburant et de matériel de sonorisation à Vila Brasil|website=France TV Info|access-date=31 March 2021|language=fr}}}} region and is of high ecological value: most of its animal species, mainly fish and aquatic birds, are not found in any other place in the world.
It is a habitat for jaguars, primates, aquatic turtles, and harpy eagles.{{cite news|title=World’s largest tropical forest park created|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2712-worlds-largest-tropical-forest-park-created/|access-date=23 August 2015|work=New Scientist|date=22 August 2002}}
The highest point of the Brazilian state of Amapá is located there, reaching 701 meters.[http://www.portalbrasil.net/estados_ap.htm Portal Brasil]
= Climate =
The climate is tropical monsoon (Köppen: Am), common in areas of northern Brazil in transition from biomes to the Amazon Forest.{{Citation|last=Hunter|first=Allice|title=English: Köppen climate types of Pará, Brazil.|date=2018-11-21|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Par%C3%A1_K%C3%B6ppen.svg|access-date=2019-03-26}} It has an average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and accumulated rainfall ranging from 2,000 (78.84 in) to 3,250 mm (127.95 in) per year.{{Cite web|url=http://portalamazonia.com.br/secao/amazoniadeaz/interna.php?id=159|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314083143/http://portalamazonia.com.br/secao/amazoniadeaz/interna.php?id=159|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-14|title=Parque Nacional do Tumucumaque, Amapá|date=2016-03-14|publisher=Amazônia de A a Z - Portal Amazônia|access-date=2019-03-26}}
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed =
| open =
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| location = Tumucumaque Mountains National Park (border with Suriname), elevation: {{convert|325|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
| Jan mean C =24.2
| Feb mean C =24.1
| Mar mean C =24.3
| Apr mean C =24.5
| May mean C =24.5
| Jun mean C =24.4
| Jul mean C =24.4
| Aug mean C =24.7
| Sep mean C =25.2
| Oct mean C =25.8
| Nov mean C =25.7
| Dec mean C =25.0
| Jan high C =29.0
| Feb high C =28.8
| Mar high C =29.2
| Apr high C =29.4
| May high C =29.5
| Jun high C =29.6
| Jul high C =29.9
| Aug high C =30.8
| Sep high C =31.7
| Oct high C =32.2
| Nov high C =31.6
| Dec high C =30.3
| Jan low C =20.7
| Feb low C =20.8
| Mar low C =21.0
| Apr low C =21.4
| May low C =21.3
| Jun low C =21.0
| Jul low C =20.7
| Aug low C =20.6
| Sep low C =20.4
| Oct low C =20.9
| Nov low C =21.0
| Dec low C =21.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =111.2
| Feb precipitation mm =116.3
| Mar precipitation mm =168.1
| Apr precipitation mm =226.7
| May precipitation mm =348.5
| Jun precipitation mm =231.1
| Jul precipitation mm =189.4
| Aug precipitation mm =105.8
| Sep precipitation mm =76.9
| Oct precipitation mm =38.4
| Nov precipitation mm =43.8
| Dec precipitation mm =75.9
| Jan humidity =84.0
| Feb humidity =84.0
| Mar humidity =85.0
| Apr humidity =85.0
| May humidity =87.0
| Jun humidity =85.0
| Jul humidity =85.0
| Aug humidity =82.0
| Sep humidity =76.0
| Oct humidity =74.0
| Nov humidity =75.0
| Dec humidity =79.0
| Jan sun =121.7
| Feb sun =109.6
| Mar sun =112.0
| Apr sun =104.0
| May sun =129.7
| Jun sun =165.8
| Jul sun =171.5
| Aug sun =207.3
| Sep sun =218.9
| Oct sun =220.4
| Nov sun =199.4
| Dec sun =163.8
| source = NOAA{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/
| title = Tirios Region (82026) - WMO Weather Station
| access-date = March 24, 2019
| publisher = NOAA}}
}}
Tourism
Tourism in the Park takes place in two different sectors: Amapari Sector and Oiapoque Sector.{{Cite web|title=Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque: Turismo|url=https://montanhasdotumucumaque.blogspot.com/p/visitacao.html|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque|language=pt}}
At Amaparí Sector, the Park is accessed by Serra do Navio city (most common) or by a community in Pedra Branca do Amapari (usually in the summer). The trip is made by the Amapari River, using aluminum boats (90 km from Serra do Navio) to the park's rustic base, where it is possible to stay in a camping structure adapted to Amazonian conditions (hammocks) and do activities such as trails, bathing in rivers and animal and plants watching.
At Oiapoque Sector, you can camp at Cachoeira do Anotaie, which is located on the Anotaie River, a tributary of the Oiapoque River. This waterfall is 40 km from the city of Oiapoque, on a trip using aluminum boats. There is also the possibility to visit Vila Brasil, a community located on the right bank of the Oiapoque River and located in front of the French-Guyanese indigenous community of Camopi. In this location there are small hotels and it is possible to understand its socio-cultural context, where the residents, mostly traders, provide services to the indigenous people of the neighboring country.{{Cite book|last=ICMBio|first=Brazil|url=https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/imgs-unidades-coservacao/parna_montanhas-do-tumucumaque.pdf|title=Tumucumaque Mountains National Park Management Plan|publisher=ICMBio|year=2009|language=pt}}
Legacy
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
{{refbegin}}
- {{citation|ref={{harvid|Corredor de Biodiversidade do Amapá Biodiversity Corridor}}
|title=Corredor de Biodiversidade do Amapá Biodiversity Corridor|publisher=CI-Brasil, Governo do Amapá, Fundação Lee & Gund|location=Belém |year=2007
|url=http://www.conservation.org/global/brasil/publicacoes/Documents/Amapa%20FINAL.pdf|access-date=2016-11-05}}
- {{citation|ref={{harvid|Full list: PAs supported by ARPA}}
|title=Full list: PAs supported by ARPA|publisher=ARPA
|url=http://programaarpa.gov.br/en/full-list-pas-supported-by-arpa/|access-date=2016-08-07}}
{{refend}}
External links
- [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090713065547/http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1114-google_earth-act.html Amazon natives use Google Earth, GPS to protect rainforest home]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101171024/http://www.conservation.org/xp/frontlines/protectedareas/parkprofile24-2.xml Conservation International - Mountains of Tumucumaque Mountains National Park: Setting a New Conservation Standard]
{{National park (Brazil)}}
{{authority control}}
Category:2002 establishments in Brazil
Category:National parks of Brazil