Tyumen Oblast#History

The territory covers 160,100 km². The Tyumen Oblast was founded on August 14, 1944. It includes two autonomous okrugs of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (which is the okrug that border the region) and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamalia). The territory is located in the basin of the river. The biggest rivers are the Tura, Tobol, Pyshma, Iset, Tavda, Ishim, Agan, Irtysh, Tanama, and Noska. The hydro-geographical system is characterized with the prevalence of small rivers as well as the significant bogginess of their catchment areas and numerous lakes.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} It borders Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in the north, Omsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the East, Kazakhstan (North Kazakhstan Region), Kurgan Oblast and Sverdlovsk Oblast in the west.

Extreme climatic conditions characterise most parts of the territory, especially the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Beloyarsky and Berezovsky areas of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Yugra↑ Постановлением Правительства РФ от 03.03.2012 N 170 «Об отнесении Берёзовского и Белоярского районов Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа — Югры к районам Крайнего Севера» Берёзовский и Белоярский районы Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа — Югры с 01.01.2013 г. отнесены к районам Крайнего Севера. within the Far North and other areas and urban districts of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Uvat area equated to them.

The climate is arctic, subarctic and humid continental in the north, center and south, respectively. The average January temperature ranges from {{convert|−17|°C|1|disp=or}} in Tyumen Oblast to {{convert|−27|°C|1|disp=or}} in the north. The duration of the period affected by frost ranges from 130 days per year in Tyumen to 210 or more in the tundra region.

The region contains more than 70,000 watercourses with a length of more than 10 km for a total length of 584,400 km. The largest navigable rivers are the Ob (185 cu km / yr) and Irtysh (36.5 cu km / yr). In the region there are about 70 thousand lakes. In the north and central parts are widespread Alas lakes and predominately marsh in the south.

The Red Book of Tyumen Oblast listed 711 rare and endangered species. In the list of specially protected areas of the south region there are 99 sites, including one international and three federal.

Tyumen Oblast is in the Yekaterinburg time zone (UTC+5; MSK+2).

There are variety of fauna and flora in this oblast. In the northern part can be found ptarmigan, walrus and Arctic fox.Bruce Forbes, The End of the Earth: Threats to the Yamal Region's Cultural and Biological Diversity [http://home.planet.nl/~innusupp/english/forbes2.html] Polar bears also occur in the extreme north; the genetic make-up of this Polar bear sub-population is genetically distinct from other circumpolar regions.C. Michael Hogan (2008) [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=36084 "Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus", globalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308140245/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=36084 |date=March 8, 2012 }}

{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2016}}

File:Здание обкома КПСС.JPG

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Tyumen CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

image:Tyumen Title Regional Council.jpg

The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Tyumen Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Tymen Oblast which is the legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Tyumen Oblast Administration. It also includes the executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

The autonomous regions are concentrated the bulk of the country's oil and gas. The total volume of exploration drilling has exceeded 45 million meters. Oil production is concentrated in the Middle Ob. Gas is produced mainly in the northern areas. Large oil fields are located in the Khanty-Ugra: Samotlor Field, Ob, Fyodorovskoye Field, Mamontovskoye, Krasnoleninskoye; gas - in the Yamalo-Nenets District: Urengoy Field, Bear, Yamburg Field. The depth from 700 m to 4 km. Produced peat, sapropel, quartz sand, limestone. Explored about 400 deposits of raw materials for the production of building materials [source not specified 252 days].

Ore minerals and precious stones discovered on the eastern slope of the Subpolar and Polar Urals (in particular, the deposits of Lead, copper, chromite).

The area is rich in fresh water resources, which are represented by large rivers - the Ob, Irtysh, Tobol, lakes (650 ths.) - Black (224 km²), Big Uvat (179 km²), etc., groundwater, that contain more than half of Russian stocks. iodine (30 mlg / l) and bromine (40-50 mlg / l)

Over 44% of the land reserves in the south of the region are covered with forests. 43 million hectares are covered by forests. The forest resources area is the third largest in the Russian Federation after the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. The main forest forming species are pine, birch, spruce, fir, aspen and larch. The total timber reserves are estimated at 5.4 billion cubic meters.

In the south of the Tyumen region are about ten hot (37-50 °C) geothermal sources, having balneological properties. Sources are popular not only among residents of Tyumen, but in neighboring regions as well: the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, and Chelyabinsk regions.

The region has large peat reserves. Large deposits of vivianite (ferric phosphate) (approximately 20% of world reserves) have been discovered in particular peat deposits, the usage of which may meet the phosphate fertilizers demand of the agriculture.

There are deposits of quartz sands, brick and expanded clays, sapropels and limestone. The region has large fresh and mineral water reserves. There are great prospects for oil field development.

{{As of|2016}}, the Nominal GDP in Tyumen Oblast(including Khanty–Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous regions) reached ₽5,9 trillion{{cite web|url=http://mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/ |title=Валовой региональный продукт::Мордовиястат |publisher=Mrd.gks.ru |access-date=September 26, 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/412824/euro-to-ruble-average-annual-exchange-rate/ |title=• EUR RUB average annual exchange rate 1999-2016 | Statistic |publisher=Statista.com |access-date=September 26, 2017}}$104 billion ($28,000 per capita).

Tyumen is a service center for gas and oil industries: the Oblast has the highest level of oil and gas production of any region in Russia.

Gazprom, LUKoil and Gazpromneft, TNK-BP, Shell, Salym Petroleum Development N.V.{{cite web|url=http://www.spdnv.ru/index.php?s=2|title=Компания "Салым Петролеум Девелопмент Н.В." (СПД) — совместное предприятие, созданное в 1996 году для освоения Салымской группы нефтяных месторождений в Западной Сибири. Акционерами СПД являются на паритетных началах "Шелл Салым Девелопмент Б.В." и ОАО "Газпром нефть"|website=www.spdnv.ru|access-date=March 22, 2018}} have representative offices in Tyumen.

It has been suggested that the importance of these industries has caused the high levels of economic inequality observed in the region.{{cite journal|last=Buccellato|first=T|author2=T. Mickiewicz |title=Oil and Gas: A Blessing for the Few. Hydrocarbons and Inequality in Russia|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|year=2009|volume=61|issue=3|pages=385–407|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/17469/1/17469.pdf|doi=10.1080/09668130902753275|citeseerx=10.1.1.426.4068|s2cid=153796510}}

The largest companies in the region include Sibur (revenues of ${{to USD|373.7|RUS|year=2017}} billion in 2017), the Antipinsky Refinery (${{to USD|186|RUS|year=2017}} billion) and the local branch of Schlumberger (${{to USD|21300|RUS|year=2017}} million).{{cite web |script-title=ru:Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО |url=https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |website=СБИС |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=ru}}

File:Cvetnoi Bulvar.jpg

The Tyumen region produces milk, meat, eggs, potatoes and vegetables.

File:Ялуторовский острог.jpg

Transport is presented by the motor, railway, aviation and river communication system. The railway takes the leading position in freight traffic.

The river port is also a cargo center and a link between rail, road and air transport.

Roshchino International Airport is undergoing construction as of 2017, with development of a new terminal.

{{Main|Administrative divisions of Tyumen Oblast}}

{{Expand section|date=March 2016}}

File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Tyumen Oblast.png{{Historical populations|7=1959|8=1092126|9=1970|10=1406101|11=1979|12=1887152|13=1989|14=3080621|15=2002|16=3264841|17=2010|18=3395755|19=2021|20=3823910|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}

Population: {{ru-census|p2010=3,395,755|p2002=3,264,841|p1989=3,080,621}}

Ethnic groups: There were thirty-six recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in Tyumen Oblast, making this one of the most multicultural oblasts in Russia. The national composition at the time of the 2010 Census was:

• Russians: 73.3%
• Tatars: 7.5%
• Ukrainians: 4.9%
• Bashkirs: 1.4%
• Azerbaijanis: 1.4%
• Nenets: 1%
• Chuvash: 0.93%
• Khanty: 0.9%
• Belarusians: 0.8%
• Germans: 0.6%
• Kazakhs: 0.6%
• Moldovans: 0.5%
• Armenians: 0.5%
• Mansi: 0.4%
• 5.3% others
• 187,803 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 Перепись-2010: русских становится больше]. Perepis-2010.ru (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.

Vital statistics for 2024:{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat}}

• Births: 16,973 (10.5 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 17,166 (10.6 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2024): 1.76 children per woman{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}

Life expectancy (2021): Total — 70.14 years (male — 65.43, female — 74.88){{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}

{{Bar box

|title=Religion in Tyumen Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"]. Sreda, 2012.[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].

|float=right

|bars=

{{Bar percent|Russian Orthodoxy|DarkOrchid|28.9}}

{{Bar percent|Other Orthodox|MediumOrchid|9.2}}

{{Bar percent|Protestantism|Navy|0.9}}

{{Bar percent|Other Christians|DeepSkyBlue|4.3}}

{{Bar percent|Islam|Green|5.7}}

{{Bar percent|Rodnovery and other native faiths|Red|1.6}}

{{Bar percent|Spiritual but not religious|DarkSlateGray|34}}

{{Bar percent|Atheism and irreligion|Black|11}}

{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|4.4}}

}}

According to a 2012 official survey 28.9% of the population of Tyumen Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 9% is an Orthodox Christian believer without belonging to any church or is a member of other (non-Russian) Eastern Orthodox Churches, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are members of Protestant churches. 6% of the population is composed of Muslims, 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 0.4% to forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism). In addition, 34% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 11% is atheist, and 3.7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

2120 Tyumenia, a minor planet discovered in 1967 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named after the Tyumen Oblast.{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|page=172|edition=5th|year=2003|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=New York|isbn=978-3-540-00238-3}}

Masha and the Bear, a popular Russian children's animated series, is possibly set in the forests near Tyumen Oblast.

• 2007 Siberian orange snow

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}

{{Tyumen Oblast}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}

Category:States and territories established in 1944

Category:Kara Sea