United States sanctions against China#Sanctions on Chinese semiconductor industry
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The United States government applies economic sanctions against certain institutions and key members of the government of the People's Republic of China and its ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP), certain companies linked to the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and other affiliates that the U.S. government has accused of aiding in human rights abuses. The U.S. maintained embargoes against China from the inception of the People's Republic of China in 1949 until 1972. An embargo was reimposed by the U.S. following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. From 2020 onward, the U.S. imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against several Chinese government officials and companies, in response to the persecution of Uyghurs in China, human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Tibet, military-civil fusion, support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine, transnational repression, and fentanyl production.
Economic sanctions and export controls against China are administered and enforced by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), respectively.
History
Due to concerns about national security and human rights, the United States has gradually increased sanctions against Chinese businesses and organizations. According to the United States Department of Commerce, 721 Chinese businesses, organizations, and individuals have been added to an "entity list" that restricts their ability to purchase goods from the United States.{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=2023-07-07 |title=The Contentious U.S.-China Relationship, by the Numbers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/07/business/economy/us-china-relationship-facts.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2023-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710050036/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/07/business/economy/us-china-relationship-facts.html |url-status=live }}
= Sanctions in the early PRC (1949–1979) =
After the establishment of Communist rule in China in 1949, an embargo against the sale of military technology or infrastructure, previously levied against the Soviet Union, was expanded to include the newly established People's Republic of China.{{Cite journal |last=Cain |first=Frank |date=March 1, 2020 |title=America's trade embargo against China and the East in the Cold War Years |journal=Journal of Transatlantic Studies |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1057/s42738-019-00037-7 |s2cid=216500361}} Following the onset of the Korean War, further trade restrictions were imposed.{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1953–1960 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/china-talks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020172812/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/china-talks |archive-date=2020-10-20 |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=U.S. Department of State}} According to academic Chun Lin, the embargo resulted in increased Chinese nationalism.{{Cite book |last=Lin |first=Chun |title=The Transformation of Chinese Socialism |date=2006 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-3785-0 |location= |pages=62 |doi=10.1515/9780822388364 |oclc=63178961}}
The trade embargo was lifted under President Richard Nixon in 1972 right before the opening of China and establishment of official relations.{{Cite journal |author=Chen, Xin-zhu J. |year=2006 |title=China and the US Trade Embargo, 1950–1972 |journal=American Journal of Chinese Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=169–186 |jstor=44288827}}
= Sanctions after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre =
{{Further|Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre}}
Following the Tiananmen Square massacre, the Bush Sr. administration imposed an arms embargo against the PRC after the massacre of the protesters.{{cite web |date=April 28, 1998 |title=U.S. and European Union Arms Sales Since the 1989 Embargoes |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/ns98171t.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027024517/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/ns98171t.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-27 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Government Accountability Office}}
= Sanctions under the first Trump administration =
== Ban of Huawei and ZTE equipment ==
{{See also|Entity List}}
In August 2018, President Trump signed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) which banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the U.S. federal government, citing security concerns.{{Cite news |date=13 August 2018 |title=Trump signs bill banning government use of Huawei and ZTE tech |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17686310/huawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529222201/https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17686310/huawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump |archive-date=2019-05-29}}{{Cite news |date=14 August 2018 |title=New defense bill bans the U.S. Government from using Huawei and ZTE tech |work=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/13/new-defense-bill-bans-the-u-s-government-from-using-huawei-and-zte-tech/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428094500/https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/13/new-defense-bill-bans-the-u-s-government-from-using-huawei-and-zte-tech/ |archive-date=2021-04-28}}{{Cite news |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=2018-08-13 |title=Trump signs bill banning government use of Huawei and ZTE tech |website=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17686310/huawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump |url-status=live |access-date=2019-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529222201/https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17686310/huawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump |archive-date=29 May 2019}}
In addition, on 15 May 2019, the Department of Commerce added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and "affiliates" to its Entity List under the Export Administration Regulations, citing the company having been indicted for "knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)".{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=Addition of Entities to the Entity List |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/21/2019-10616/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608070718/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/21/2019-10616/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=Federal Register}} This restricts U.S. companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license.{{Cite news |last=Webster |first=Graham |date=May 18, 2019 |title=It's not just Huawei. Trump's new tech sector order could ripple through global supply chains. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/18/its-not-just-huawei-trumps-new-tech-sector-order-could-ripple-through-global-supply-chains |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=May 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520090639/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/18/its-not-just-huawei-trumps-new-tech-sector-order-could-ripple-through-global-supply-chains/ |archive-date=20 May 2019}}{{Cite news |date=16 May 2019 |title=Tech stocks slide on US decision to blacklist Huawei and 70 affiliates |language=en-US |website=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/15/us-blacklist-huawei-70-affiliates/ |url-status=live |access-date=2019-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616044449/https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/15/us-blacklist-huawei-70-affiliates/ |archive-date=2020-06-16}}{{Cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Sabrina |date=2019-05-16 |title=Huawei hits back over Trump's national emergency on telecoms 'threat' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |location=Washington |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/15/donald-trump-national-emergency-telecoms-threats-huawei |url-status=live |access-date=2019-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520022052/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/15/donald-trump-national-emergency-telecoms-threats-huawei |archive-date=20 May 2019 |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |date=16 May 2019 |title=US places China's Huawei and 70 affiliates on trade blacklist |website=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3010403/us-commerce-department-places-chinas-huawei-and-70-affiliates-trade |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522073807/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3010403/us-commerce-department-places-chinas-huawei-and-70-affiliates-trade |archive-date=22 May 2019}} Various U.S.-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation.{{Cite news |last1=Satariano |first1=Adam |last2=Zhong |first2=Raymond |last3=Wakabayashi |first3=Daisuke |date=2019-05-20 |title=U.S. Tech Suppliers, Including Google, Restrict Dealings With Huawei After Trump Order |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/technology/google-android-huawei.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=2019-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527021957/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/technology/google-android-huawei.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |issn=0362-4331}} That same year, it was determined that Huawei also provided equipment to build North Korea’s 3G network.{{Cite news |title=Huawei's North Korea 3G Collaboration Likely Violated Sanctions, Export Laws, Experts Say |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/huawei-northkorea-07232019150833.html/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Radio Free Asia |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220002118/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/huawei-northkorea-07232019150833.html/ |url-status=live }}
== Currency manipulator designation ==
In August 2019, the United States Department of the Treasury designated China a currency manipulator,{{cite press release | url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm751 | title=Treasury Designates China as a Currency Manipulator | publisher=United States Department of the Treasury | date=August 5, 2019 | access-date=March 2, 2021 | archive-date=August 6, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806014655/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm751 | url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=Trump pressured Mnuchin to label China 'currency manipulator', a move he had previously resisted |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-pressured-mnuchin-to-label-china-currency-manipulator-a-move-he-had-previously-resisted/2019/08/15/b487bb2e-bf84-11e9-a5c6-1e74f7ec4a93_story.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315180116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-pressured-mnuchin-to-label-china-currency-manipulator-a-move-he-had-previously-resisted/2019/08/15/b487bb2e-bf84-11e9-a5c6-1e74f7ec4a93_story.html |archive-date=2021-03-15}} which resulted in China being excluded from U.S. government procurement contracts.{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-currency/us-designates-china-as-currency-manipulator-for-first-time-in-decades-idUSKCN1UV2BK | title=U.S. designates China as currency manipulator for first time in decades | first1=Andrea | last1=Shalal | first2=David | last2=Lawder | first3=Lesley | last3=Wroughton | first4=Makini | last4=Brice | work=Reuters | date=August 5, 2019 | access-date=March 2, 2021 | archive-date=December 24, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224053925/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-currency/us-designates-china-as-currency-manipulator-for-first-time-in-decades-idUSKCN1UV2BK | url-status=live }} The designation was withdrawn in January 2020 after China agreed to refrain from devaluing its currency to make its own goods cheaper for foreign buyers.{{Cite news |date=14 January 2020 |title=US reverses China 'currency manipulator' label |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51098294 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062343/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51098294 |archive-date=2021-03-08}}
== Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act ==
{{Excerpt|Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1}}
== Hong Kong Autonomy Act ==
{{main|Executive Order 13936#Sanctions}}
{{See also|Hong Kong Autonomy Act}}
The United States imposed six rounds of sanctions between 2020 and 2025 under Hong Kong Autonomy Act and Executive Order 13936 after the passage of the national security law for undermining Hong Kong's autonomy and restricting freedom of Hong Kong people. Then Chief Executive Carrie Lam and her successor John Lee, then as Secretary for Justice, were sanctioned along with several Hong Kong and Chinese government officials and legislators.
== Prohibition of investment in companies linked to China’s military ==
{{Further|Military-civil fusion}}
On November 12, 2020, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13959, titled "Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies". The executive order prohibits all U.S. investors (institutional and retail investors alike) from purchasing or investing in securities of companies identified by the U.S. Department of Defense as "Communist Chinese military companies."{{Cite news|last1=Pamuk|first1=Humeyra , Alexandra Alper, Idrees|last2=Alper|first2=Alexandra|last3=Ali|first3=Idrees|date=2020-11-13|title=Trump bans U.S. investments in companies linked to Chinese military|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-china-securities-idUSKBN27T1MD|url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-15|archive-date=2020-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211160118/https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-china-securities-idUSKBN27T1MD}}{{Cite web|title=Executive Order on Addressing the Threat from Securities Investments that Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-addressing-threat-securities-investments-finance-communist-chinese-military-companies/|access-date=2020-12-15|website=The White House|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214032643/https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-addressing-threat-securities-investments-finance-communist-chinese-military-companies/|url-status=live}} As of January 14, 2021, 44 Chinese companies were identified. Five of these companies are to be delisted by the New York Stock Exchange by March 2021.{{Cite news |last=He |first=Laura |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Wall Street is kicking out yet another big Chinese company |website=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/01/investing/cnooc-nyse-delisting-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302004703/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/01/investing/cnooc-nyse-delisting-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=2021-03-02}} On January 13, 2021, the executive order was amended to require divestment from the companies by November 11, 2021.{{Cite news|date=2021-01-14|title=Trump bolsters ban on U.S. investments in China|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-china-investments-idUSKBN29J04J|access-date=2021-01-14|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429025800/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-china-investments-idUSKBN29J04J|url-status=live}}
Section 1260H of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 requires the U.S. Department of Defense to release the names of all "Chinese military companies" operating directly or indirect in the United States.{{Cite web |title=DOD Releases List of Chinese Military Companies in Accordance With Section 1260H of the Na |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/release/article/2645126/dod-releases-list-of-chinese-military-companies-in-accordance-with-section-1260/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2645126/dod-releases-list-of-chinese-military-companies-in-accordance-with-section-1260/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{Cite news |date=February 1, 2024 |title=Pentagon calls out Chinese companies it says are helping Beijing's military |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/pentagon-adds-companies-chinese-military-list-us-official-says-2024-01-31/ |access-date=February 16, 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313185728/https://www.reuters.com/technology/pentagon-adds-companies-chinese-military-list-us-official-says-2024-01-31/ |url-status=live }}
= Sanctions under the Biden administration =
== Russian invasion of Ukraine ==
{{Further|China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
In April 2022, United States Secretary of Treasury Janet Yellen warned China that it could face consequences for not sanctioning Russia.{{Cite news |date=2022-04-14 |title=China Defends Stance on Russia After U.S. Criticism |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/04/14/china-defends-stance-on-russia-after-us-criticism-a77358 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055358/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/04/14/china-defends-stance-on-russia-after-us-criticism-a77358 |archive-date=2022-09-28 |access-date=2022-06-05 |work=Agence France-Presse |pages= |agency=}} In June 2022, the United States Department of Commerce placed five Hong Kong companies on the Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List for providing support to Russia's military.{{Cite news |last=Alper |first=Alexandra |date=2022-06-29 |title=U.S. accuses five firms in China of supporting Russia's military |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-accuses-chinese-companies-supporting-russias-military-2022-06-28/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074626/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-accuses-chinese-companies-supporting-russias-military-2022-06-28/ |archive-date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2022-07-01 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Li |first=Jiaxing |date=2022-06-30 |title=US blacklists 25 Chinese entities, including firms aiding Russia's military |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3183554/us-sanctions-25-chinese-entities-including-firm-touted-its-technology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630212847/http://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3183554/us-sanctions-25-chinese-entities-including-firm-touted-its-technology |archive-date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}} The U.S. Treasury Department separately sanctioned a Chinese and an Armenian vendor for maintaining trade relationship with a Russian arms procurement firm.{{Cite news |last1=Talley |first1=Ian |last2=DeBarros |first2=Anthony |date=2023-02-04 |title=China Aids Russia's War in Ukraine, Trade Data Shows |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-aids-russias-war-in-ukraine-trade-data-shows-11675466360 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312142710/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-aids-russias-war-in-ukraine-trade-data-shows-11675466360 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |access-date=2023-06-21 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}} In September 2022, the Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned Sinno Electronics of Shenzhen for supplying a Russian military procurement network.{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2022 |title=Treasury Imposes Swift and Severe Costs on Russia for Putin's Purported Annexation of Regions of Ukraine |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0981 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312180355/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0981 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Pao |first=Jeff |date=2022-06-30 |title=US starts sanctioning China for supporting Russia |url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/06/us-starts-sanctioning-china-for-supporting-russia/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930172545/https://asiatimes.com/2022/06/us-starts-sanctioning-china-for-supporting-russia/ |url-status=live }}
In January 2023, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Spacety China, also known as Changsha Tianyi Space Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd., for providing satellite imagery to the Wagner Group.{{Cite news |last1=Marlow |first1=Iain |last2=Flatley |first2=Daniel |date=January 26, 2023 |title=US Targets Chinese Company in Broader Russia Sanctions Push |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-26/us-targets-chinese-company-in-broader-russia-sanctions-push |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230929202101/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-26/us-targets-chinese-company-in-broader-russia-sanctions-push |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |work=Bloomberg News}} In February 2023, the U.S. Commerce Department added AOOK Technology Ltd, Beijing Ti-Tech Science and Technology Development Co, Beijing Yunze Technology Co, and China HEAD Aerospace Technology Co to the Entity List for aiding Russia's military.{{Cite news |last1=Delaney |first1=Robert |last2=Wang |first2=Orange |last3=Razdan |first3=Khushboo |date=2023-02-25 |title=US joins EU in rejecting Beijing's peace plan, sanctions more Chinese firms |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3211510/us-joins-eu-rejecting-beijings-peace-proposal-sanctions-more-chinese-firms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225000832/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3211510/us-joins-eu-rejecting-beijings-peace-proposal-sanctions-more-chinese-firms |archive-date=2023-02-25 |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}{{Cite news |last1=Freifeld |first1=Karen |last2=Heavey |first2=Susan |last3=Alper |first3=Alexandra |date=2023-02-24 |title=U.S. hits Chinese, Russian firms for aiding Russian military |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-commerce-targets-entities-china-other-countries-latest-russia-action-2023-02-24/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224203942/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-commerce-targets-entities-china-other-countries-latest-russia-action-2023-02-24/ |archive-date=2023-02-24 |access-date=2023-02-25 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |last1=Psaledakis |first1=Daphne |last2=Mohammed |first2=Arshad |date=2023-04-12 |title=U.S. sanctions hit over 120 targets supporting Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-imposes-sanctions-over-100-targets-action-over-russias-invasion-ukraine-2023-04-12/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412203439/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-imposes-sanctions-over-100-targets-action-over-russias-invasion-ukraine-2023-04-12/ |archive-date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-04-12 |work=Reuters |language=en}}
In March 2023, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned five Chinese companies for supplying equipment to the Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industries Corporation, which manufactures HESA Shahed 136 drones used by Russia against Ukraine.{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Orange |date=2023-03-10 |title=US sanctions 5 China-based suppliers to Iranian firm selling drones to Russia |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3213011/us-sanctions-5-china-based-suppliers-iranian-company-selling-drones-russia |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311092701/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3213011/us-sanctions-5-china-based-suppliers-iranian-company-selling-drones-russia |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last1=Fedor |first1=Lauren |last2=Rathbone |first2=John Paul |date=2023-03-09 |title=US sanctions Chinese companies for supplying parts used in Iranian drones |url=https://www.ft.com/content/db510397-6fa5-4480-bcff-e2a6bda2edec |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230925095125/https://www.ft.com/content/db510397-6fa5-4480-bcff-e2a6bda2edec |archive-date=2023-09-25 |access-date=2023-03-10 |work=Financial Times}}
In July 2023, the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence published a report stating that the Chinese government is assisting Russia to evade sanctions and providing it with dual-use technology.{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Martina |first2=Michael |last3=Singh |first3=Kanishka |date=2023-07-27 |title=US intelligence report says China likely supplying tech for Russian military |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-intelligence-report-says-china-likely-supplying-tech-russian-military-2023-07-27/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727235402/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-intelligence-report-says-china-likely-supplying-tech-russian-military-2023-07-27/ |archive-date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-28 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Willemyns |first=Alex |date=July 27, 2023 |title=US intelligence: Beijing has increased Russia support |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/russia-economic-support-07272023124810.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729191349/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/russia-economic-support-07272023124810.html |archive-date=July 29, 2023 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |work=Radio Free Asia}}
In October 2023, the U.S. Department of Commerce added 42 Chinese companies to the Entity List for supplying Russia with microelectronics for missile and drone guidance systems.{{Cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=US restricts trade with 42 Chinese entities over Russia military support |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-adds-42-chinese-entities-trade-black-list-over-russia-military-support-2023-10-06/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006235714/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-adds-42-chinese-entities-trade-black-list-over-russia-military-support-2023-10-06/ |archive-date=2023-10-06 |access-date=2023-10-07 |work=Reuters |language=en}} In April 2024, the Department of Commerce sanctioned a Chinese company for supporting Russia's military through the procurement, development, and proliferation of Russian drones.{{Cite news |last1=Chiacu |first1=Doina |last2=Freifeld |first2=Karen |date=April 10, 2024 |title=US restricts trade with companies tied to drones used by Russia, Houthis |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/us-restricts-trade-with-11-entities-russia-china-uae-government-notice-says-2024-04-10/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240410231008/https://www.reuters.com/business/us-restricts-trade-with-11-entities-russia-china-uae-government-notice-says-2024-04-10/ |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |work=Reuters}} In May 2024, the U.S. sanctioned 20 companies in China and Hong Kong for supplying Russia's military.{{Cite news |last=Psaledakis |first=Daphne |date=2024-05-01 |title=US issues sanctions targeting Russia, takes aim at Chinese companies |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-issues-hundreds-sanctions-targeting-russia-takes-aim-chinese-companies-2024-05-01/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240514210624/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-issues-hundreds-sanctions-targeting-russia-takes-aim-chinese-companies-2024-05-01/ |archive-date=2024-05-14 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Reuters |language=en |agency=}} In October 2024, the U.S. sanctioned two companies, Xiamen Limbach Aircraft Engine Co. and Redlepus Vector Industry, involving the production of long-range attack drones for Russia, including the Garpiya.{{Cite news |last=Tang |first=Didi |date=2024-10-17 |title=US imposes sanctions on Chinese companies accused of helping make Russian attack drones |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-russia-sanctions-united-states-ukraine-drones-49e4e56bb37ee46faf028f649df140b0 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Associated Press |language=en |archive-date=2024-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107160915/https://apnews.com/article/china-russia-sanctions-united-states-ukraine-drones-49e4e56bb37ee46faf028f649df140b0 |url-status=live }}
== Sanctions on Chinese semiconductor industry ==
On October 7, 2022, the Bureau of Industry and Security of the United States Department of Commerce implemented controls related to advanced computing and semiconductor manufacturing in China. Some of these controls began immediately whereas others became effective on October 12, 2022, and October 21, 2022.{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=The United States Announces Export Controls to Restrict China's Ability to Purchase and Manufacture High-End Chips |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=144–150 |doi=10.1017/ajil.2022.89 |issn=0002-9300 |doi-access=free |s2cid=256194830}}{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=Commerce Implements New Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items to the People's Republic of China (PRC) |url=https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/about-bis/newsroom/press-releases/3158-2022-10-07-bis-press-release-advanced-computing-and-semiconductor-manufacturing-controls-final/file |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Bureau of Industry and Security |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310160001/https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/about-bis/newsroom/press-releases/3158-2022-10-07-bis-press-release-advanced-computing-and-semiconductor-manufacturing-controls-final/file |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last1=Nellis |first1=Stephen |last2=Freifeld |first2=Karen |last3=Alper |first3=Alexandra |date=2022-10-10 |title=U.S. aims to hobble China's chip industry with sweeping new export rules |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-aims-hobble-chinas-chip-industry-with-sweeping-new-export-rules-2022-10-07/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309062659/https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-aims-hobble-chinas-chip-industry-with-sweeping-new-export-rules-2022-10-07/ |url-status=live }}
In March 2023, the U.S. Department of Commerce added 28 additional Chinese firms to the Entity List, including Inspur and Loongson, for acquiring American technology in support of the PLA.{{Cite news |last=Shilov |first=Anton |date=2023-03-03 |title=U.S. Govt Blacklists Chinese Tech Firms Loongson and Inspur |language=en |website=Tom's Hardware |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/us-govt-blacklists-loongson-and-inspur |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304231148/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/us-govt-blacklists-loongson-and-inspur |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Willemyns |first=Alex |date=3 March 2023 |title=US blacklists 28 more Chinese firms |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/bgi-entity-list-03032023135505.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Radio Free Asia |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304094018/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/bgi-entity-list-03032023135505.html |url-status=live }} In October 2023, the Department of Commerce added Biren Technology and Moore Threads to the Entity List.{{Cite news |date=2023-11-06 |title=Chinese GPU start-up Moore Threads to cut jobs after US sanctions: report |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3240506/chinese-ai-chip-start-moore-threads-cut-jobs-after-us-sanctions-report |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106125935/https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3240506/chinese-ai-chip-start-moore-threads-cut-jobs-after-us-sanctions-report |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=2023-10-18 |title=美更新对华芯片出口控制规定，你需要知道的四大要点 |url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/us-china-ai-chips-export-control-20231017/7314520.html |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Voice of America |language=zh |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106122746/https://www.voachinese.com/a/us-china-ai-chips-export-control-20231017/7314520.html |url-status=live }}
== Sanctions on producers of fentanyl and drug money launderers ==
File:Fentanyl. 2 mg. A lethal dose in most people.jpg. 2 mg (white powder to the right) is a lethal dose in most people.[https://www.dea.gov/galleries/drug-images/fentanyl Fentanyl]. Image 4 of 17. US DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration). See [https://web.archive.org/web/20181008000027/https://www.dea.gov/galleries/drug-images/fentanyl archive] with caption: "photo illustration of 2 milligrams of fentanyl, a lethal dose in most people". US penny is 19 mm (0.75 in) wide.]]
{{See also|Opioid epidemic in the United States|China and the opioid epidemic in the United States}}
In April 2023, OFAC sanctioned two companies and four individuals in China, pursuant to Executive Order 14059, for supplying precursor chemicals for fentanyl production to drug cartels in Mexico.{{Cite news |last=Tabachnick |first=Cara |date=April 14, 2023 |title=U.S. sanctions Chinese suppliers of chemicals for fentanyl production |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-sanctions-chinese-companies-fentanyl/ |access-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418114547/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-sanctions-chinese-companies-fentanyl/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2023 |title=U.S. Sanctions Suppliers of Precursor Chemicals for Fentanyl Production |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1413 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418235732/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1413 |url-status=live }} In May 2023, OFAC sanctioned an additional seven companies and six people in China for supplying equipment to cartels for fentanyl production.{{Cite news |last=Farivar |first=Masood |date=May 30, 2023 |title=US Sanctions 17 Chinese, Mexican Targets Over Fentanyl Production |work=Voice of America |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-sanctions-17-chinese-mexican-targets-over-fentanyl-production/7115410.html |access-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531140736/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-sanctions-17-chinese-mexican-targets-over-fentanyl-production/7115410.html |url-status=live }} In June 2023, U.S. federal prosecutors announced criminal indictments of fentanyl precursor producers in China.{{Cite news |last1=Lynch |first1=Sarah N. |last2=Cohen |first2=Luc |last3=Lynch |first3=Sarah N. |last4=Cohen |first4=Luc |date=2023-06-23 |title=US files first-ever charges against Chinese fentanyl manufacturers |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-files-first-ever-charges-against-chinese-fentanyl-manufacturers-2023-06-23/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |archive-date=2023-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624021232/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-files-first-ever-charges-against-chinese-fentanyl-manufacturers-2023-06-23/ |url-status=live }} In October 2023, OFAC sanctioned a China-based network of fentanyl manufacturers and distributors.{{Cite news |last1=Goudsward |first1=Andrew |last2=Psaledakis |first2=Daphne |date=2023-10-03 |title=US takes action against Chinese companies, people tied to fentanyl |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-sanctions-china-based-network-accused-trafficking-fentanyl-2023-10-03/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004062803/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-sanctions-china-based-network-accused-trafficking-fentanyl-2023-10-03/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=2023-08-28 |title=Treasury Targets Large Chinese Network of Illicit Drug Producers |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1779 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003190525/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1779 |url-status=live }} In July 2024, OFAC sanctioned individuals in China accused of money laundering for the Sinaloa Cartel.{{Cite news |date=2024-07-01 |title=US sanctions suspected drug cartel money launderers |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-sanctions-suspected-drug-cartel-money-launderers/7681047.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}
== Prohibition of U.S. investments in key technologies in China ==
In August 2023, President Biden issued Executive Order 14105, titled “Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern” (the Outbound Order), which prohibits U.S. investments in semiconductors and microelectronics, quantum information technologies, and artificial intelligence technologies in China.{{Cite news |last1=Shalal |first1=Andrea |last2=Freifeld |first2=Karen |date=August 9, 2023 |title=US starts process to restrict some investment in key tech in China |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-starts-process-restrict-some-investment-key-tech-china-2023-08-09/ |access-date=November 1, 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209055843/https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-starts-process-restrict-some-investment-key-tech-china-2023-08-09/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2023 |title=Executive Order on Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/08/09/executive-order-on-addressing-united-states-investments-in-certain-national-security-technologies-and-products-in-countries-of-concern/ |access-date=November 1, 2024 |website=The White House |archive-date=November 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108233831/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/08/09/executive-order-on-addressing-united-states-investments-in-certain-national-security-technologies-and-products-in-countries-of-concern/ |url-status=live }} In October 2024, the U.S. Treasury Department issued regulations implementing the Outbound Order.{{Cite news |last1=Shepardson |first1=David |last2=Martina |first2=Michael |last3=Hunnicutt |first3=Trevor |date=October 28, 2024 |title=US finalizes rules to curb AI investments in China, impose other restrictions |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/us-finalizes-rules-curb-ai-investments-china-impose-other-restrictions-2024-10-28/ |access-date=November 1, 2024 |work=Reuters}}{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2024 |title=Additional Information on Final Regulations Implementing Outbound Investment Executive Order (E.O. 14105) |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2690 |access-date=November 1, 2024 |website=U.S. Treasury Department |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112045706/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2690 |url-status=live }}
== Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act ==
{{Excerpt|Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1}}
== Cyberattack actors ==
In December 2024, OFAC sanctioned Sichuan Silence Information Technology Company while federal prosecutors indicted one of its employees for ransomware attacks.{{Cite news |last=Bleiberg |first=Jake |date=2024-12-10 |title=Chinese Cybersecurity Firm Sanctioned, Employee Charged by US |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-10/chinese-cybersecurity-firm-sanctioned-employee-charged-by-us |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=Bloomberg News |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212040424/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-10/chinese-cybersecurity-firm-sanctioned-employee-charged-by-us |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Sabin |first=Sam |date=2024-12-10 |title=U.S. has sanctioned a Chinese cyber contractor and charged one of its employees for attacks |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/12/10/china-hackers-sophos-firewalls-sanctions |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Axios |language=en}}
= Sanctions under the second Trump administration =
== Fentanyl supply and drug money laundering ==
On February 1, 2025, President Trump issued Executive Order 14195, "Imposing Duties To Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China," which imposes an additional 10% tariff on imports from China.{{Cite news |last1=Shalal |first1=Andrea |last2=Renshaw |first2=Jarrett |last3=Lawder |first3=David |date=February 1, 2025 |title=Trump launches trade war with tariffs on Mexico, Canada and China |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/trump-readies-order-steep-tariffs-goods-mexico-canada-china-2025-02-01/ |access-date=February 8, 2025 |work=Reuters}}{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03 |title=Tariff threats take aim at fentanyl trafficking. Here's how the drug reaches the US |url=https://apnews.com/article/fentanyl-border-mexico-trump-tariffs-drug-canada-3b7f4b39aaa1c9e2ca9a2b1c4cb40715 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210124911/https://apnews.com/article/fentanyl-border-mexico-trump-tariffs-drug-canada-3b7f4b39aaa1c9e2ca9a2b1c4cb40715 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=Imposing Duties To Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/07/2025-02408/imposing-duties-to-address-the-synthetic-opioid-supply-chain-in-the-peoples-republic-of-china |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Federal Register |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207184833/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/07/2025-02408/imposing-duties-to-address-the-synthetic-opioid-supply-chain-in-the-peoples-republic-of-china |url-status=live }} According to the White House Fact Sheet, Chinese officials have failed to take sufficient action to stop the supply of precursor chemicals to criminal cartels or to curb money laundering by transnational criminal organizations.{{Cite web |date=2025-02-02 |title=Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Imposes Tariffs on Imports from Canada, Mexico and China |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-imposes-tariffs-on-imports-from-canada-mexico-and-china/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The White House |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203024046/https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-imposes-tariffs-on-imports-from-canada-mexico-and-china/ |url-status=live }}
== "Teapot" oil refineries ==
In March 2025, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned a Chinese "teapot" oil refinery, Shouguang Luqing Petrochemical in Shandong, and related executives for violations of international sanctions against Iran.{{Cite web |title=U.S. sanctions Chinese 'teapot' oil refinery, targets Iranian shadow fleet |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/03/20/chinese-oil-refinery-sanctions/2901742493606/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=United Press International |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Aizhu |first=Chen |last2=Tan |first2=Florence |date=March 21, 2025 |title=New US sanctions to slow but not stop China's Iranian oil imports, traders say |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/new-us-sanctions-slow-not-stop-chinas-iranian-oil-imports-traders-say-2025-03-21/ |access-date=March 22, 2025 |work=Reuters |quote=Washington on Thursday imposed new sanctions on entities including Shouguang Luqing Petrochemical, a "teapot," or independent refinery in east China's Shandong province, and vessels that supplied oil to such plants in China, the top buyers of Iranian crude.}} In April 2025, the U.S. sanctioned another teapot oil refinery.{{Cite news |last=Psaledakis |first=Daphne |date=April 16, 2025 |title=US issues new sanctions targeting Chinese importers of Iranian oil |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-issues-new-sanctions-targeting-chinese-importers-iranian-oil-2025-04-16/ |access-date=April 16, 2025 |work=Reuters}}
==Presidential memorandum restricting Chinese investment==
In February 2025, President Trump signed a national security presidential memorandum (NSPM), directing the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to restrict Chinese investments in U.S. technology, critical infrastructure, health care, agriculture, energy, raw materials and other sectors.{{Cite news |last=Holland |first=Steve |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Trump orders use of CFIUS to restrict Chinese investments in strategic areas |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-use-cfius-restrict-chinese-investments-strategic-areas-white-house-2025-02-21/ |access-date=March 21, 2025 |work=Reuters |archive-date=February 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221205929/https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-use-cfius-restrict-chinese-investments-strategic-areas-white-house-2025-02-21/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=February 21, 2025 |title=Trump Directs CFIUS to Restrict Chinese Investments in US |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-21/trump-directs-cfius-to-restrict-chinese-investments-in-key-areas |access-date=March 21, 2025 |work=Bloomberg News}} According to Bloomberg, the NSPM commits to using “all necessary legal instruments” in curbing such investments.
See also
References
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{{China–United States relations}}
Category:China–United States relations
Category:Anti-communism in the United States
Category:China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Category:Human rights abuses in China
Category:Human rights abuses in Hong Kong
Category:Opioid epidemic in the United States