Huawei

According to the company founder Ren Zhengfei, the name Huawei comes from a slogan he saw on a wall, Zhonghua youwei meaning "China has achievements" ({{lang-zh|c=中华有为|p=Zhōng huá yǒu wéi|label=no}}), when he was starting up the company and needed a name.{{Cite web |title=任正非：华为名源自中华有为 我们要教外国人怎么念_科技频道_凤凰网 |url=http://tech.ifeng.com/telecom/detail_2013_12/01/31700411_0.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603043947/http://tech.ifeng.com/telecom/detail_2013_12/01/31700411_0.shtml |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=Phoenix Television}} Zhonghua or Hua means China,{{Cite web |title=中华 |url=https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E |website=MDBG |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823221956/https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E |url-status=live}} while youwei means "promising/to show promise."{{Cite web |title=有为 |url=https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA |website=MDBG |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823221956/https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=有为 yǒuwéi |url=https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/entry/79b42bfb7d974a7999f9ae7a5430cd4e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928234939/https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/entry/79b42bfb7d974a7999f9ae7a5430cd4e |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=LINE Dict}} Huawei has also been translated as "splendid achievement" or "China is able," which are possible readings of the name.{{Cite news |last=Vaswani |first=Karishma |date=6 March 2019 |title=Huawei: The story of a controversial company |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Huawei |url-status=live |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128051303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Huawei |archive-date=28 January 2020}}

In Chinese pinyin, the name is Huáwéi,{{Cite web |title=华为 |url=https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%BA |website=MDBG |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528122531/https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%BA |url-status=live}} and pronounced {{IPAc-cmn|h|ua|2|wei|2}} in Mandarin Chinese; in Cantonese, the name is transliterated with Jyutping as Waa⁴-wai⁴ and pronounced {{IPAc-yue|w|aa|4|w|ai|4}}. However, the pronunciation of Huawei by non-Chinese varies in other countries, for example "Hoe-ah-wei" in Belgium and the Netherlands.{{Cite book |last=Segers |first=Rien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoF-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |title=Multinational Management: A Casebook on Asia's Global Market Leaders |date=29 January 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319230122 |page=87 |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113713/https://books.google.com/books?id=aoF-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}

The company had considered changing the name in English out of concern that non-Chinese people may find it hard to pronounce,{{Cite news |last=Thomson |first=Ainsley |date=4 September 2013 |title=Huawei Mulled Changing Its Name as Foreigners Found it Too Hard |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2013/09/04/huawei-mulled-changing-its-name-as-foreigners-found-it-too-hard/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045823/https://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2013/09/04/huawei-mulled-changing-its-name-as-foreigners-found-it-too-hard/ |archive-date=7 December 2018}} but decided to keep the name, and launched a brand recognition campaign instead to encourage a pronunciation closer to "Wah-Way" using the words "Wow Way".{{Cite news |date=10 January 2018 |title=Wow Way or Huawei? A readable Chinese brand is the first key in unlocking America's market |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2127685/wow-way-or-huawei-readable-chinese-brand-first-key-unlocking |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102901/https://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2127685/wow-way-or-huawei-readable-chinese-brand-first-key-unlocking |archive-date=7 December 2018}}{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Matthew |date=10 January 2018 |title=Huawei launches unlocked Mate 10 Pro in US, backed by Wonder Woman |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/huawei-mate-10-pro-us-launch-promoted-by-wonder-woman-gal-gadot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305171925/http://www.zdnet.com/article/huawei-mate-10-pro-us-launch-promoted-by-wonder-woman-gal-gadot/ |archive-date=5 March 2018 |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=ZDNet}} Ren states, "We will not change the name of our brand and will teach foreigners how to pronounce it. We have to make sure they do not pronounce it like 'Hawaii.'"{{Rp|page=85}}

In the 1980s, the Chinese government endeavored to overhaul the nation's underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure. A core component of the telecommunications network was telephone exchange switches, and in the late 1980s, several Chinese research groups endeavored to acquire and develop the technology, usually through joint ventures with foreign companies.

Ren Zhengfei, a former deputy director of the People's Liberation Army engineering corps, founded Huawei in 1987 in Shenzhen. The company reports that it had RMB 21,000 (about $5,000 at the time) in registered capital from Ren Zhengfei and five other investors at the time of its founding, when each contributed RMB 3,500.{{Cite web |title=Huawei, a self-made world-class company or agent of China's global strategy? |url=https://ash.harvard.edu/huawei-self-made-world-class-company-or-agent-chinas-global-strategy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611082008/https://ash.harvard.edu/huawei-self-made-world-class-company-or-agent-chinas-global-strategy |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=Ash Center}} These five initial investors gradually withdrew their investments in Huawei. The Wall Street Journal has suggested, however, that Huawei received approximately "$46 billion in loans and other support, coupled with $25 billion in tax cuts" since the Chinese government had a vested interest in fostering a company to compete against Apple and Samsung.{{Cite web |title=Huawei denies receiving billions in financial aid from Chinese government |date=26 December 2019 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019-12-26-huawei-denies-75-billion-china-aid-report.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519224349/https://www.engadget.com/2019-12-26-huawei-denies-75-billion-china-aid-report.html |url-status=live}}

Ren sought to reverse engineer foreign technologies with local researchers. China borrowed liberally from Qualcomm and other industry leaders (PBX as an example) in order to enter the market. At a time when all of China's telecommunications technology was imported from abroad, Ren hoped to build a domestic Chinese telecommunications company that could compete with, and ultimately replace, foreign competitors.Peilei Fan, "Catching Up through Developing Innovation Capacity: Evidence from China's Telecom Equipment Industry," Technovation 26 (2006): 359–368

During its first several years the company's business model consisted mainly of reselling private branch exchange (PBX) switches imported from Hong Kong.{{Cite news |last=Ahrens |first=Nathaniel |date=February 2013 |title=China's Competitiveness Myth, Reality, and Lessons for the United States and Japan. Case Study: Huawei |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies |url=http://csis.org/files/publication/130215_competitiveness_Huawei_casestudy_Web.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213062809/http://csis.org/files/publication/130215_competitiveness_Huawei_casestudy_Web.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2015}}{{Cite news |title=The Startup: Who is Huawei |language=en |work=BBC Future |url=http://www.bbc.com/storyworks/future/who-is-huawei/rens-21000-yuan |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115113111/http://www.bbc.com/storyworks/future/who-is-huawei/rens-21000-yuan |archive-date=15 November 2019}} Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research and development to manufacture its own technologies. By 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises.{{Cite web |title=Milestones |url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/milestone/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709205444/http://www1.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/milestone/index.htm |archive-date=9 July 2016 |website=Huawei}}

In order to grow despite difficult competition from Alcatel, Lucent, and Nortel Networks, in 1992 Huawei focused on low-income and difficult-to-access market niches.{{Rp|page=12}} Huawei's sales force traveled from village to village in underdeveloped regions, gradually moving into more developed areas.{{Rp|page=12}}

The company's first major breakthrough came in 1993 when it launched its C&C08 program-controlled telephone switch. It was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, the company gained market share and made its way into the mainstream market.{{Cite news |last1=Christine Chang |last2=Amy Cheng |last3=Susan Kim |last4=Johanna Kuhn Osius |last5=Jesus Reyes |last6=Daniel Turgel |year=2009 |title=Huawei Technologies: A Chinese Trail Blazer In Africa |work=Business Today |url=http://www.businesstoday.lk/article.php?article=931 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009035828/http://www.businesstoday.lk/article.php?article=931 |archive-date=9 October 2011}}

Huawei also won a key contract to build the first national telecommunications network for the People's Liberation Army, a deal one employee described as "small in terms of our overall business, but large in terms of our relationships".{{Cite journal |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=28 December 2000 |title=Huawei's Fixed Line to Beijing |journal=Far Eastern Economic Review |pages=94–98}} In 1994, founder Ren Zhengfei had a meeting with General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin, telling him that "switching equipment technology was related to national security, and that a nation that did not have its own switching equipment was like one that lacked its own military." Jiang reportedly agreed with this assessment.

In the 1990s, Canadian telecom giant Nortel outsourced production of their entire product line to Huawei. They subsequently outsourced much of their product engineering to Huawei as well.{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Jim |title=Did Outsourcing and Corporate Espionage Kill Nortel? |url=https://www.assemblymag.com/blogs/14-assembly-blog/post/90631-did-outsourcing-and-corporate-espionage-kill-nortel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607205520/https://www.assemblymag.com/blogs/14-assembly-blog/post/90631-did-outsourcing-and-corporate-espionage-kill-nortel |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Assembly Magazine}}

Another major turning point for the company came in 1996 when the government in Beijing adopted an explicit policy of supporting domestic telecommunications manufacturers and restricting access to foreign competitors. Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices.

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Beginning in the late 1990s, Huawei built communications networks throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East,{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1249712936 |title=China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4 |location=Stanford, California |pages=158 |oclc=1249712936}} with its first entrance into the African telecommunications market in 1998.{{Cite book |title=China's Digital Expansion in the Global South |date=2024 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-94328-2 |editor-last=Foster |editor-first=Christopher |location=London |chapter=China's Digital Expansion in the Global South: Systemic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda |editor-last2=Gao |editor-first2=Ping |editor-last3=Han |editor-first3=Xia |editor-last4=Heeks |editor-first4=Richard |editor-last5=Jepson |editor-first5=Nicholas |editor-last6=Schindler |editor-first6=Seth |editor-last7=Zhou |editor-first7=Qingna}}{{Rp|page=9}} It has become the most important Chinese telecommunications company operating in these regions.

In 1997, Huawei won a contract to provide fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa. Later that year, Huawei launched wireless GSM-based products and eventually expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS. In 1999, the company opened a research and development (R&D) centre in Bengaluru, India to develop a wide range of telecom software.

Huawei received support as part of China's Go Out policy beginning in the late 1990s.{{Rp|page=8}}

In May 2003, Huawei partnered with 3Com on a joint venture known as H3C, which was focused on enterprise networking equipment. It marked 3Com's re-entrance into the high-end core routers and switch market, after having abandoned it in 2000 to focus on other businesses. 3Com bought out Huawei's share of the venture in 2006 for US$882 million.{{Cite web |last=Hochmuth |first=Phil |date=29 November 2006 |title=3Com buys out Huawei joint venture for $882 million |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2301469/3com-buys-out-huawei-joint-venture-for--882-million.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530234642/https://www.networkworld.com/article/2301469/3com-buys-out-huawei-joint-venture-for--882-million.html |archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=30 May 2019 |website=Network World |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=26 March 2001 |title=3Com exits enterprise network stage |url=https://www.itworld.com/article/2798282/3com-exits-enterprise-network-stage.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530234643/https://www.itworld.com/article/2798282/3com-exits-enterprise-network-stage.html |archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=30 May 2019 |website=ITworld |language=en}}

In 2004, Huawei signed a $10 billion credit line with China Development Bank to provide low-cost financing to customers buying its telecommunications equipment to support its sales outside of China. This line of credit was tripled to $30 billion in 2009.{{Cite web |last=Mcmorrow |first=Ryan |date=30 May 2019 |title=Huawei a key beneficiary of China subsidies that US wants ended |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-05-huawei-key-beneficiary-china-subsidies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226054508/https://phys.org/news/2019-05-huawei-key-beneficiary-china-subsidies.html |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=Phys.org}}

In 2005, Huawei's foreign contract orders exceeded its domestic sales for the first time. Huawei signed a global framework agreement with Vodafone. This agreement marked the first time a telecommunications equipment supplier from China had received Approved Supplier status from Vodafone Global Supply Chain.{{Cite web |date=20 November 2005 |title=Huawei Becomes an Approved Supplier for Vodafone's Global Supply Chain |url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-088626-news.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724093834/http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-088626-news.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=24 May 2011 |website=Huawei}}{{primary source inline|date=May 2019}}

In 2007, Huawei began a joint venture with US security software vendor Symantec Corporation, known as Huawei Symantec, which aimed to provide end-to-end solutions for network data storage and security. Huawei bought out Symantec's share in the venture in 2012, with The New York Times noting that Symantec had fears that the partnership "would prevent it from obtaining United States government classified information about cyber threats".{{Cite news |last1=Perlroth |first1=Nicole |last2=Markoff |first2=John |date=26 March 2012 |title=Symantec Dissolves Alliance with Huawei of China |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/technology/symantec-dissolves-alliance-with-huawei-of-china.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530214417/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/technology/symantec-dissolves-alliance-with-huawei-of-china.html |archive-date=30 May 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}

In May 2008, Australian carrier Optus announced that it would establish a technology research facility with Huawei in Sydney.{{Cite web |last=Marcus Browne |date=20 May 2008 |title=Optus opens up mobile research shop with Huawei |url=https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/optus-opens-up-mobile-research-shop-with-huawei/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607063827/http://www.zdnet.com.au/optus-opens-up-mobile-research-shop-with-huawei-339289117.htm |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=24 May 2011 |website=ZDNet Australia}} In October 2008, Huawei reached an agreement to contribute to a new GSM-based HSPA+ network being deployed jointly by Canadian carriers Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility, joined by Nokia Siemens Networks.{{Cite news |title=Bell teams up with rival Telus on 3G |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/bell-teams-up-with-rival-telus-on-3g/article1200256/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217044014/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/bell-teams-up-with-rival-telus-on-3g/article1200256/ |archive-date=17 December 2019}} Huawei delivered one of the world's first LTE/EPC commercial networks for TeliaSonera in Oslo, Norway in 2009. Norway-based telecommunications Telenor instead selected Ericsson due to security concerns with Huawei.{{Cite news |last1=Klesty |first1=Victoria |last2=Solsvik |first2=Terje |date=13 December 2019 |title=Norway's Telenor picks Ericsson for 5G, abandoning Huawei |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telenor-ericsson-huawei-tech-idUSKBN1YH0RM |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518170454/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telenor-ericsson-huawei-tech-idUSKBN1YH0RM |url-status=live}}

In July 2010, Huawei was included in the Global Fortune 500 2010 list published by the US magazine Fortune for the first time, on the strength of annual sales of US$21.8 billion and net profit of US$2.67 billion.{{Cite news |date=26 July 2010 |title=397. Huawei Technologies |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/snapshots/11397.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528005812/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/snapshots/11397.html |archive-date=28 May 2011}}{{Cite web |date=31 December 2014 |title=Huawei Financial Results |url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/financial/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803223143/http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/financial/index.htm |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=28 July 2015 |website=Huawei}}

In October 2012, it was announced that Huawei would move its UK headquarters to Green Park, Reading, Berkshire.{{Cite web |date=10 October 2012 |title=Reading move for Chinese communication giant / Reading Chronicle / News / Roundup |url=http://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/news/roundup/articles/2012/10/10/63373-reading-move-for-chinese-communication-giant/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152021/http://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/news/13397812.Reading_move_for_Chinese_communication_giant/ |archive-date=23 April 2017 |access-date=12 October 2012 |website=Reading Chronicle}}

Huawei has also expanded its operations in Ireland since 2016. As well as a headquarters in Dublin, it has facilities in Cork and Westmeath.{{Cite web |last=Quann |first=Jack |title=Huawei announces 100 jobs as it opens new Dublin office |url=https://www.newstalk.com/news/huawei-announces-100-jobs-opens-new-dublin-office-918367 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Newstalk |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923032904/https://www.newstalk.com/news/huawei-announces-100-jobs-opens-new-dublin-office-918367 |url-status=live}}

In September 2017, Huawei created a Narrowband IoT city-aware network using a "one network, one platform, N applications" construction model utilizing Internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, big data, and other next-generation information and communications technology. It aims to be one of the world's five largest cloud players in the near future.{{Cite news |last=Bridgwater |first=Adrian |title=Huawei CEO Ambitions: We Will Be One Of Five Major 'World Clouds' |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2017/09/05/huawei-ceo-ambitions-we-will-be-one-of-five-major-world-clouds/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205758/https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2017/09/05/huawei-ceo-ambitions-we-will-be-one-of-five-major-world-clouds/ |archive-date=11 September 2017}}{{Cite news |title=Huawei Creates the 'Nervous System' of Smart Cities and Launches IoT City Demo Based on NB-IoT with Weifang |work=AsiaOne |url=http://www.asiaone.com/business/huawei-creates-the-nervous-system-of-smart-cities-and-launches-iot-city-demo-based-on-nbiot |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011445/http://www.asiaone.com/business/huawei-creates-the-nervous-system-of-smart-cities-and-launches-iot-city-demo-based-on-nbiot |archive-date=12 September 2017}}

In 2017, Huawei and the government of Malaysia began cooperating to develop public security programs and Malaysian Smart City programs, as well as a related lab in Kuala Lumpur.{{Rp|page=82}} In April 2019, Huawei established the Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC) at Cyberjaya, Malaysia.{{Cite news |title=YB Dr Ong Kian Ming Deputy Minister of International Trade and Industry visits Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre |work=Huawei |url=https://www.huawei.com/my/press-events/news/my/2019/deputy-minister-of-international-trade-industry-visits-huawei-malaysia-global-training-centre |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812054355/https://www.huawei.com/my/press-events/news/my/2019/deputy-minister-of-international-trade-industry-visits-huawei-malaysia-global-training-centre |archive-date=12 August 2019}}

Huawei has had a major role in building, by 2020, approximately 70% of Africa's 4G networks.{{Rp|page=9}}{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}{{Rp|page=76}}

In November 2020, Telus Mobility dropped Huawei in favor of Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia for their 5G/Radio Access Network{{Cite news |title=Telus to build out 5G network without China's Huawei |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-telus-to-build-out-5g-network-without-chinas-huawei/ |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124011520/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-telus-to-build-out-5g-network-without-chinas-huawei/ |url-status=live}}

Huawei has been a major player in African technology markets and investment since their commencement of operations in Kenya in 1998.{{Cite web |title=Huawei Technologies: A Chinese Trail Blazer in Africa |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/huawei-technologies-a-chinese-trail-blazer-in-africa/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Knowledge at Wharton |language=en-US}} Today, Africa is one of Huawei's largest overseas markets.{{Cite journal |last=Tugendhat |first=Henry |date=2020 |title=How Huawei Succeeds in Africa: Training and Knowledge Transfers in Kenya and Nigeria |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/caripb/412020.html |journal=SAIS-CARI Policy Briefs |language=en}}

In 2017, Huawei launched RuralStar to provide rural areas with access to technology and network connectivity. The systems work through solar-powered small cell base stations that connect to a central network via wireless backhaul, extending mobile coverage to remote and underserved areas with minimal infrastructure.{{Cite web |title=Rural Connectivity Innovation Case Study: Using light sites to drive rural coverage - Huawei RuralStar and MTN Ghana |url=https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/connectivity-for-good/mobile-for-development/gsma_resources/rural-connectivity-innovation-case-study-using-light-sites-to-drive-rural-coverage-huawei-ruralstar-and-mtn-ghana/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Mobile for Development |language=en-GB}}

In October 2018, Huawei and HENGTONG Group announced the start of production for the Pakistan and East Africa Connecting Europe (PEACE) cable project. The cable went live in December 2022 with a design capacity of 16Tbit/s per fiber pair.{{Cite web |title=PEACE - Submarine Networks |url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/asia-europe-africa/peace |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.submarinenetworks.com}}

In February 2023, Huawei joined the UNESCO Global Alliance for Literacy (GAL) as an associate member.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-24 |title=Huawei joins the UNESCO Global Alliance for Literacy as Associate Member |url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/articles/huawei-joins-unesco-global-alliance-literacy-associate-member#:~:text=Announced%20by%20the%20company%20and,of%20technology%20in%20literacy%20teaching. |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=UNESCO}} Huawei partners with UNESCO's Global Skills Academy, which trains students through an online IT program to equip them with practical skills.{{Cite web |date= |title=Huawei |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/global-education-coalition/skills-academy/huawei |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=UNESCO Partners}}

The Leadership, Employability, Advancement, and Possibility program (LEAP) is a collaboration between Huawei and the African Telecommunications Union (ATU) to teach IT training, certification courses, and employable digital skills in sub-Saharan Africa. The original program sought to equip 100,000 individuals with digital skills, but Huawei announced a new goal of an additional 150,000 individuals at the LEAP Summit 2024 in Shanghai.{{Cite web |title=July 2024 |url=https://techafricanews.com/2024/07/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=TechAfrica News |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Huawei Expands Digital Skills Training in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://ventureburn.com/2024/07/huawei-expands-digital-skills-training-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Ventureburn |language=en-ZA}} This expansion builds on Huawei's goal to equip individuals with digital skills to meet their estimate that over 230 million jobs in sub-Saharan Africa will require digital expertise.

Huawei Music is the default music streaming platform on Huawei devices, and it boasts 32 million active daily users in China as of 2018.{{Cite web |date=2018-03-20 |title=Huawei Music, cloud services coming to SA - TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/huawei-music-cloud-services-coming-to-sa/199737/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |language=en-US}} That year, Huawei also launched an initiative to expand usership in Africa, putting most of their efforts into South Africa. The initial release of the software in South Africa included a limited library that was 80% South African music, although officials announced that international music would be added later. Beyond their streaming services, Huawei Music has also invested substantially in South African artists, events, and music businesses. Notably, Huawei released a platform called Huawei Culture Club that displays upcoming shows, events, and DJs performing in South Africa. Huawei Culture Club was listed as an official sponsor for Ultra Music Festival 2015, which is among the largest electronic festivals in Africa.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-01-16 |title=Huawei Culture Club announced as official sponsor of Ultra South Africa 2015 |url=https://www.digitalstreetsa.com/huawei-culture-club-announced-official-sponsor-ultra-south-africa-2015/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Digital Street |language=en-ZA}} In 2020, Huawei Music partnered with top artists in Kenya, Nigeria, and Africa, having them publish their playlists for listeners to rate and enjoy on the Huawei Music app. Audiences were able to vote on their favorite playlist, and the winner was featured on the app for the rest of the year.{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=Africa's top and emerging artists team up with Huawei Music to curate playlists of their favourite tracks |url=https://www.samusicnews.co.za/local-music/africas-top-and-emerging-artists-team-up-with-huawei-music-to-curate-playlists-of-their-favourite-tracks/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=SA Music News Magazine |language=en-US}}

File:Huawei, IFA 2018, Berlin (P1070188).jpg 2018 in Berlin]]

By 2018, Huawei had sold 200 million smartphones.{{Cite web |date=25 December 2018 |title=Huawei Hits 200 Million Smartphone Sales in 2018 |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/13743/shipments-of-huawei-smartphones-hit-200-million-units-in-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327160311/https://www.anandtech.com/show/13743/shipments-of-huawei-smartphones-hit-200-million-units-in-2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=AnandTech}} In 2019, Huawei reported revenue of US$122 billion.{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title=Huawei Thumbs its Nose at the US Government With Record High Revenues | Tom's Hardware |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/huawei-revenues-2019 |website=tomshardware.com |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171437/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/huawei-revenues-2019 |url-status=live}} By the second quarter of 2020, Huawei had become the world's top smartphone seller, overtaking Samsung for the first time. In 2021, Huawei was ranked the second-largest R&D investor in the world by the EU Joint Research Centre (JRC) in its EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre |url=https://op.europa.eu/o/opportal-service/download-handler?identifier=02ab5f6a-c9bd-11ec-b6f4-01aa75ed71a1&format=pdf&language=en&productionSystem=cellar&part= |title=The 2021 EU industrial R&D investment scoreboard |date=2021 |isbn=978-92-76-44399-5 |location=Luxembourg |doi=10.2760/472514 |issn=2599-5731 |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118185928/https://op.europa.eu/o/opportal-service/download-handler?identifier=02ab5f6a-c9bd-11ec-b6f4-01aa75ed71a1&format=pdf&language=en&productionSystem=cellar&part= |url-status=live}} and ranked fifth in the world in US patents according to a report by Fairview Research's IFI Claims Patent Services.{{Cite web |date=11 January 2022 |title=Huawei Ranks No. 5 in U.S. Patents in Sign of Chinese Growth |work=Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/huawei-ranks-no-5-u-100000564.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113025627/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/huawei-ranks-no-5-u-100000564.html |url-status=live}}{{Rp|page=10}}

However, heavy international sanctions saw Huawei's revenues drop by 32% in the third quarter of 2021.{{Cite news |date=27 October 2022 |title=Huawei Revenue Down 2.2% In First Three Quarters Of 2022 |work=Agence France Presse |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/huawei-revenue-down-2-2-in-first-three-quarters-of-2022-01666860609 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024240/https://www.barrons.com/news/huawei-revenue-down-2-2-in-first-three-quarters-of-2022-01666860609 |url-status=live}} Linghao Bao, an analyst at policy research firm Trivium China said the "communications giant went from being the second-largest smartphone maker in the world, after Samsung, to essentially dead."{{Cite news |last=Tewari |first=Suranjana |date=13 January 2023 |title=US-China chip war: America is winning |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-64143602 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113232037/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-64143602 |url-status=live}} By the end of third quarter in 2022, Huawei revenue had dropped a further 19.7% since the beginning of the year.{{Cite news |date=28 October 2022 |title=Huawei generates $19.95 billion in 2022 Q3 as profit falls |work=TechNode |url=https://technode.com/2022/10/28/huawei-generates-19-95-billion-in-2022-q3-as-profit-falls/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024240/https://technode.com/2022/10/28/huawei-generates-19-95-billion-in-2022-q3-as-profit-falls/ |url-status=live}} Yet, for the seventh consecutive year, Huawei remained the top patent applicant for patents filled under the PCT, with 6494 published applications in 2023.{{Cite web |title=PCT Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-901-2024-en-patent-cooperation-treaty-yearly-review-2024.pdf |page=27}}

By mid-2024, the company had recovered after a brief decline in turnover and profit and continued its expansion. Most foreign parts in the supply chain were successfully replaced by domestic products in a relatively short period of time. In the first quarter of 2024, the company's profits increased nearly six-fold compared to the previous year to just under US$2.7 billion.{{Cite news |title=America's assassination attempt on Huawei is backfiring |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/06/13/americas-assassination-attempt-on-huawei-is-backfiring |access-date=2024-06-16 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}} On 21 June 2024, Huawei announced that HarmonyOS is now installed on over 900 million devices and has become the second most popular mobile OS in China.{{Cite news |last=Kirton |first=David |date=21 June 2024 |title=Huawei says it has made huge strides, from operating systems to AI |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/huawei-says-it-has-made-huge-strides-operating-systems-ai-2024-06-21/ |access-date=23 June 2024}}

Huawei classifies itself as a "collective" entity and prior to 2019 did not refer to itself as a private company. Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers, said that this is "a definitional distinction that has been essential to the company's receipt of state support at crucial points in its development".{{Cite book |last=McGregor, Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxchbfKHfhsC&q=The+Party |title=The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84614-173-7 |location=New York |page=204 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113745/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxchbfKHfhsC&q=The+Party#v=snippet&q=The%20Party&f=false |url-status=live}} McGregor argued that "Huawei's status as a genuine collective is doubtful." Huawei's position shifted in 2019 when Dr. Song Liuping, Huawei's chief legal officer, commenting on the US government ban, said: "Politicians in the US are using the strength of an entire nation to come after a private company." (emphasis added).{{Cite web |last=Bisset |first=Jennifer |title=Huawei asks court to rule US ban unconstitutional |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/huawei-asks-court-to-rule-us-ban-unconstitutional/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612010801/https://www.cnet.com/news/huawei-asks-court-to-rule-us-ban-unconstitutional/ |archive-date=12 June 2019 |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=CNET |language=en}}

Ren Zhengfei is the founder and CEO of Huawei and has the power to veto any decisions made by the board of directors.{{Cite SSRN |title=Who Owns Huawei? |last=Balding |first=Christopher |last2=Clarke |first2=Donald C. |date=17 April 2019 |page=4 |ssrn=3372669}}{{Cite web |date=10 April 2019 |title=Who is the man behind Huawei and why is the U.S. intelligence community so afraid of his company? |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-tn-huawei-5g-trade-war/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522201743/https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-tn-huawei-5g-trade-war/ |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=www.latimes.com |language=en}} Huawei also has rotating co-CEOs.{{Rp|page=11}}

Huawei disclosed its list of board of directors for the first time in 2010.{{Cite news |last=Fletcher |first=Owen |date=18 April 2011 |title=Huawei Discloses Directors |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703702004576268822147303878 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081940/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703702004576268822147303878 |archive-date=18 February 2019}} Liang Hua is the current chair of the board. {{As of|2019}}, the members of the board are Liang Hua, Guo Ping, Xu Zhijun, Hu Houkun, Meng Wanzhou (CFO and deputy chairwoman), Ding Yun, Yu Chengdong, Wang Tao, Xu Wenwei, Shen-Han Chiu, Chen Lifang, Peng Zhongyang, He Tingbo, Li Yingtao, Ren Zhengfei, Yao Fuhai, Tao Jingwen, and Yan Lida.{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors – About Huawei |url=https://www.huawei.com/ca/about-huawei/corporate-governance/board-of-directors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524102941/https://www.huawei.com/ca/about-huawei/corporate-governance/board-of-directors |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Huawei |language=en}}

Guo Ping is the Chairman of Huawei Device, Huawei's mobile phone division.{{Cite web |title=Mr. Guo Ping – Huawei Executives |url=https://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/executives/board-of-directors/guo-ping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524102940/https://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/executives/board-of-directors/guo-ping |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Huawei |language=en}} Huawei's Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer is Zhou Daiqi,{{Cite web |title=Mr.Zhou Daiqi |url=https://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/executives/supervisory-board/zhou-daiqi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808223241/https://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/executives/supervisory-board/zhou-daiqi |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=Huawei}} who is also Huawei's Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary.{{Cite web |last=Mo Han Aw |first=Florence |title=Huawei – private or state-owned? |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2019/08/08/2003720108 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807180401/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2019/08/08/2003720108 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=Taipei Times}} Their chief legal officer is Song Liuping.

At its founding in 1987, Huawei was established as a collectively owned enterprise.{{Rp|page=213}} Collectively owned enterprises were an intermediary corporate ownership status between state-owned enterprises and private businesses.{{Cite book |last=Yueh |first=Linda |title=Enterprising China: Business, Economic, and Legal Developments since 1979 |date=2011-07-07 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920583-7 |chapter=Collectively-Owned Enterprises: Hybrid Ownership Form and the Partial Reform Strategy |doi=10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199205837.003.0005}}{{Rp|page=213}} The Chinese government began issuing licenses for private businesses starting in 1992.{{Rp|page=213}}

Huawei states it is an employee-owned company, but this remains a point of dispute. Ren Zhengfei retains approximately 1 percent of the shares of Huawei's holding company, Huawei Investment & Holding,{{Cite news |last=Zhong |first=Raymond |date=25 April 2019 |title=Who Owns Huawei? The Company Tried to Explain. It Got Complicated. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/technology/who-owns-huawei.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523005541/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/technology/who-owns-huawei.html |archive-date=23 May 2019 |issn=0362-4331}} with the remainder of the shares held by a trade union committee (not a trade union per se, and the internal governance procedures of this committee, its members, its leaders or how they are selected all remain undisclosed to the public) that is claimed to be representative of Huawei's employee shareholders.{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=Yuan |date=25 April 2019 |title=Huawei says employees control company through virtual shares |language=en-GB |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/22fdb0ea-6742-11e9-a79d-04f350474d62 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519090454/https://www.ft.com/content/22fdb0ea-6742-11e9-a79d-04f350474d62 |archive-date=19 May 2019}} The company's trade union committee is registered with and pays dues to the Shenzhen federation of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, which is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party.{{Cite web |last=Tao |first=Li |date=29 April 2019 |title=Huawei: Four key questions on ownership structure answered |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-leaders-and-founders/article/3007863/who-controls-huawei-chinese-telecom-leaders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610171238/https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-leaders-and-founders/article/3007863/who-controls-huawei-chinese-telecom-leaders |archive-date=10 June 2019 |access-date=23 June 2019 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}} About half of Huawei staff participate in this structure (foreign employees are not eligible), and hold what the company calls "virtual restricted shares". These shares are non-tradable and are allocated to reward performance.{{Cite news |last=Mackie |title=Innovation in China}} When employees leave Huawei, their shares revert to the company, which compensates them for their holding.{{Cite news |last=Saarinen |first=Juha |date=28 May 2010 |title=Analysis: Who Really Owns Huawei? |agency=IT News |url=http://www.itnews.com.au/Tools/Print.aspx?CIID=175946 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014640/http://www.itnews.com.au/tools/print.aspx?CIID=175946 |archive-date=20 April 2016}} Although employee shareholders receive dividends, their shares do not entitle them to any direct influence in management decisions, but enables them to vote for members of the 115-person Representatives' Commission from a pre-selected list of candidates. The Representatives' Commission selects Huawei Holding's board of directors and Board of Supervisors.{{Cite web |last=Shi |first=Wei |date=16 April 2019 |title=New research claims employees do not own Huawei |url=http://telecoms.com/496951/new-research-claims-employees-do-not-own-huawei/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417102744/http://telecoms.com/496951/new-research-claims-employees-do-not-own-huawei/ |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019 |website=Telecoms.com |language=en-GB}}

Academics Christopher Balding of Fulbright University and Donald C. Clarke of George Washington University have described Huawei's virtual stock program as "purely a profit-sharing incentive scheme" that "has nothing to do with financing or control".{{Cite news |last=Zhong |first=Raymond |date=25 April 2019 |title=Who Owns Huawei? The Company Tried to Explain. It Got Complicated |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/technology/who-owns-huawei.html |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523005541/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/technology/who-owns-huawei.html |url-status=live}} They found that, after a few stages of historical morphing, employees do not own a part of Huawei through their shares. Instead, the "virtual stock is a contract right, not a property right; it gives the holder no voting power in either Huawei Tech or Huawei Holding, cannot be transferred, and is cancelled when the employee leaves the firm, subject to a redemption payment from Huawei Holding TUC at a low fixed price".{{Cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=New research claims employees do not own Huawei |url=http://telecoms.com/496951/new-research-claims-employees-do-not-own-huawei/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417102744/http://telecoms.com/496951/new-research-claims-employees-do-not-own-huawei/ |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}} Balding and Clarke add, "given the public nature of trade unions in China, if the ownership stake of the trade union committee is genuine, and if the trade union and its committee function as trade unions generally function in China, then Huawei may be deemed effectively state-owned." Tim Rühlig, a Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, asked Huawei for a response to the Balding and Clarke paper; the "information provided by Huawei gives an indication of how difficult it is to run an independent company in such a crucial sector in China".[https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf Who Controls Huawei?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803111531/https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf |date=3 August 2023}} ui.se After the publication of Balding and Clarke's paper, Huawei has "engaged in a PR blitz to manufacture an image of a transparent company".{{Cite web |last=Šimalčík |first=Matej |date=14 April 2021 |title=Can European AML Laws Reveal Who Owns Huawei? |url=https://chinaobservers.eu/can-european-aml-laws-reveal-who-owns-huawei/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=China Observers |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823153523/https://chinaobservers.eu/can-european-aml-laws-reveal-who-owns-huawei/ |url-status=live}}

Academic Toshio Goto of the Japan University of Economics has disagreed with Balding and Clarke's assessment of Huawei employee shareholders’ ownership.{{Cite journal |last=Goto |first=Toshio |date=2021 |title=Huawei's Employee Shareholding Scheme: Who Owns Huawei? |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3856761 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3856761 |s2cid=235669202 |issn=1556-5068 |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113717/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3856761 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}{{Rp|page=13}} Goto writes that the Huawei's ownership structure is a function of its formation amid the Chinese reforms, with the only mechanism for concentrating employee ownership under Shenzen's 1997 Provisions on State-owned Company Employee Stock Option Plans being to do so via Huawei's trade union.{{Rp|page=25}} In contrast to Balding and Clarke, Goto writes that the Huawei's virtual shares are substantially equivalent to voting stock, and that nominal ownership through the trade union does not change the legal and financial independence of employee ownership from the union itself.{{Rp|page=25}} Goto concludes that the firm is effectively owned by employees and therefore it is not effectively state-owned.{{Rp|page=25}} In analyzing Huawei's corporate governance and ownership structure, Academic Wang Jun of the Chinese University of Politics and Law also rejects the argument that Huawei is a state-owned enterprise controlled by a labor union, writing that normative practices and legal requirements distinguish between the shareholding vehicle of union-held employee assets and assets belonging to the union itself.{{Cite book |last=王军 Wang |first=Jun |title=超越陷阱：从中美贸易摩擦说起 Beyond the Trap: On Sino-US Trade Dispute |publisher=当代世界出版社 Contemporary World Press |year=2020 |isbn=9787509015551 |pages=211–252}} Academics Kunyuan Qiao of Cornell University and Christopher Marquis of the University of Cambridge likewise conclude that Huawei is a private company owned collectively by its employees and is neither owned nor controlled directly by the Chinese government.{{Rp|page=11}}

Academics Steve Tsang and Olivia Cheung write that Huawei is a private company.{{Cite book |last1=Tsang |first1=Steve |author-link=Steve Chang |title=The Political Thought of Xi Jinping |last2=Cheung |first2=Olivia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |isbn=9780197689363}}{{Rp|page=131}} Likewise, academics Simon Curtis and Ian Klaus write that Huawei is not state-owned, but is a private company which the Chinese government views as a national champion.{{Rp|pages=156–157}}

In 2021, Huawei did not report its ultimate beneficial ownership in Europe as required by European anti-money laundering laws.

In July 2021, Huawei hired Tony Podesta as a consultant and lobbyist, with a goal of nurturing the company's relationship with the Biden administration.{{Cite news |last1=Lipman |first1=Daniel |last2=Swan |first2=Betsy Woodruff |date=23 July 2021 |title=Huawei hiring former Democratic super lobbyist Tony Podesta |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/23/huawei-hires-tony-podesta-500649 |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723163849/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/23/huawei-hires-tony-podesta-500649 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Kenneth P. |date=23 July 2021 |title=Tony Podesta is hired to lobby by Huawei and a Bulgarian energy company. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/23/us/politics/tony-podesta-lobby-huawei.html |access-date=30 July 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730005651/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/23/us/politics/tony-podesta-lobby-huawei.html |url-status=live}}

Huawei has also hired public relations firms Ruder Finn, Wavemaker, Racepoint Global, and Burson Cohn & Wolfe for various campaigns.{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Sarah |date=27 June 2023 |title=China's Foreign PR Enablers |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/chinas-foreign-pr-enablers/ |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727010251/https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/chinas-foreign-pr-enablers/ |url-status=live}}

In January 2024, Bloomberg News reported that Huawei ended its in-house lobbying operations in Washington, D.C.{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2024 |title=Huawei Ends US Lobbying Operations After Years of Fighting Ban |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom-law/huawei-ends-us-lobbying-operations-after-years-of-fighting-ban |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128194505/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/tech-and-telecom-law/huawei-ends-us-lobbying-operations-after-years-of-fighting-ban |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=Bloomberg News}}

In March 2025, Huawei lobbyists were banned from accessing the European Parliament following the arrests of several Huawei staff accused of bribery, forgery, and money laundering.{{Cite web |date=2025-03-14 |title=Huawei lobbyists banned from accessing European Parliament after bribery arrests |url=https://apnews.com/article/huawei-corruption-eu-parliament-belgium-brussels-arrests-f91e918ab1057f82f33e175993ce17db |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Huawei bribery scandal rocks European Parliament |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/belgian-police-raid-huawei-lobbyists-as-new-scandal-rocks-eu-parliament/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}{{Cite news |date=March 18, 2025 |title=Five charged in European Parliament Huawei bribery probe |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/five-charged-european-parliament-huawei-bribery-probe-2025-03-18/ |access-date=March 20, 2025 |work=Reuters}} In April 2025, the European Commission announced that it "shall not meet with any lobby groups and/or trade associations that represent Huawei's interests and/or speak on its behalf" in response to the investigation.{{Cite web |last=Pollet |first=Mathieu |date=2025-04-24 |title=European Commission blacklists groups lobbying for Huawei |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/european-commission-blacklists-lobby-groups-tied-to-huawei/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Politico Europe |language=en-GB}}

According to its CEO and founder Ren Zhengfei, Huawei's corporate culture is the same as the culture of the CCP, "and to serve the people wholeheartedly means to be customer-centric and responsible to society."{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=Yale University Press |others=Kunyuan Qiao |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}{{Rp|page=9}} Ren frequently states that Huawei's management philosophy and strategy are commercial applications of Maoism.{{Rp|page=11}}

Ren states that in the event of a conflict between Huawei's business interests and the CCP's interests, he would "choose the CCP whose interest is to serve the people and all human beings".{{Rp|page=11}} Qiao and Marquis observe that company founder Ren is a dedicated communist who seeks to ingrain communist values at Huawei.{{Rp|page=9}}

File:Huawei P9 main camera.jpg was the first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera.]]

{{As of | 2010 | alt = As of the beginning of 2010}}, approximately 80% of the world's top 50 telecoms companies had worked with Huawei.{{Cite web |last=Mucci |first=Jeff |date=5 February 2010 |title=Huawei Q&A: 95,000 employees and growing |url=http://www.rcrwireless.com/ARTICLE/20100205/INFRASTRUCTURE/100209979/huawei-qa-95000-employees-and-growing |access-date=21 June 2011 |website=RCR Wireless}} {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

In 2016, German camera company Leica has established a partnership with Huawei, and Leica cameras will be co-engineered into Huawei smartphones, including the P and Mate Series. The first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera was the Huawei P9.{{Cite press release |title=Huawei and Leica Camera announce long-term technology partnership for the reinvention of smartphone photography |url=https://en.leica-camera.com/Company/Press-Centre/Press-Releases/Press-Releases-2016/Press-Release-HUAWEI-and-Leica-Camera-announce-long-term-technology-partnership-for-the-reinvention-of-smartphone-photography |access-date=19 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144334/https://en.leica-camera.com/Company/Press-Centre/Press-Releases/Press-Releases-2016/Press-Release-HUAWEI-and-Leica-Camera-announce-long-term-technology-partnership-for-the-reinvention-of-smartphone-photography |archive-date=26 April 2018 |website=Leica Camera}} As of May 2022, Huawei partnership with Leica had ended.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gizmochina.com/2022/05/23/huawei-ends-partnership-leica|title=Huawei is No Longer in Partnership with Leica - Gizmochina|date=23 May 2022 |access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228171403/https://www.gizmochina.com/2022/05/23/huawei-ends-partnership-leica/|url-status=live}}{{cite web | title=Huawei confirms that its partnership with Leica has ended | website=GSMArena.com | date=2022-05-23 | url=https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_confirms_that_its_partnership_with_leica_has_ended-news-54398.php | access-date=2023-12-28 | archive-date=28 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228171403/https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_confirms_that_its_partnership_with_leica_has_ended-news-54398.php | url-status=live}}

In August 2019, Huawei collaborated with eyewear company Gentle Monster and released smartglasses.{{Cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=Gentle Monster Collaborates With Huawei on a Fashionable Smart Eyewear |url=https://www.designscene.net/2019/08/gentle-monster-huawei.html |website=designscene |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102182026/https://www.designscene.net/2019/08/gentle-monster-huawei.html |url-status=live}} In November 2019, Huawei partners with Devialet and unveiled a new specifically designed speaker, the Sound X.{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Devialet partners with Huawei for new speaker |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/25/devialet-partners-with-huawei-for-new-speaker/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206125529/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/25/devialet-partners-with-huawei-for-new-speaker/ |url-status=live}} In October 2020, Huawei released its own mapping service, Petal Maps, which was developed in partnership with Dutch navigation device manufacturer TomTom.{{Cite web |last=Lambrechts 2020-01-20T02:35:45Z |first=Stephen |date=20 January 2020 |title=Huawei partners with TomTom for Google Maps alternative |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-partners-with-tomtom-for-google-maps-alternative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120170349/https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-partners-with-tomtom-for-google-maps-alternative |archive-date=20 January 2020 |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}

Huawei offers mobile and fixed softswitches, plus next-generation home location register and Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystems (IMS). Huawei sells xDSL, passive optical network (PON) and next-generation PON (NG PON) on a single platform. The company also offers mobile infrastructure, broadband access and service provider routers and switches (SPRS). Huawei's software products include service delivery platforms (SDPs), base station subsystems, and more.{{Cite web |title=Information on the Company |url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/annual-report/annual-report-2010/Information-on-the-company/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724093927/http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/annual-report/annual-report-2010/Information-on-the-company/index.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=21 June 2011 |website=Huawei}} As of 2023, telecoms-network equipment remains Huawei's core area of business, which constituted half of its revenues for the year.{{Cite news |title=America's assassination attempt on Huawei is backfiring |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/06/13/americas-assassination-attempt-on-huawei-is-backfiring |newspaper=The Economist| date = June 13, 2024}}

Huawei Marine Networks delivered the HANNIBAL submarine communications cable system for Tunisie Telecom across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy in 2009.{{Rp|page=310}}

Huawei Marine is involved in many fiber-optic cable projects connected with the Belt and Road Initiative.{{Rp|page=78}} Huawei Marine completed the China-Pakistan Fiber Optic Project which runs along the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.{{Rp|page=78}} In 2018, Huawei Marine completed the South Atlantic Interlink (SAIL) Cable System which runs from Kribi, Cameroon to Fortaleza, Brazil.{{Rp|page=78}} It also built the Kumul Domestic Fiber Cable from Indonesia to Papua New Guinea.{{Rp|page=78}}

As part of the Smart Africa project, Huawei Marine built the 2,800 mile fiber-optic network Guinea Backbone Network.{{Rp|page=78}}

Huawei Global Services provides telecommunications operators with equipment to build and operate networks as well as consulting and engineering services to improve operational efficiencies.{{Cite web |last=Millet |first=Carol |date=9 May 2011 |title=Huawei clinches Everything Everywhere network upgrade deal |url=http://www.mobiletoday.co.uk/News/11445/Huawei_clinches_Everything_Everywhere_network_upgrade_deal.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514132832/http://www.mobiletoday.co.uk/News/11445/Huawei_clinches_Everything_Everywhere_network_upgrade_deal.aspx |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=21 June 2011 |website=Mobile Magazine}} These include network integration services such as those for mobile and fixed networks; assurance services such as network safety; and learning services, such as competency consulting.

File:Huawei Band 7 in Wilderness Green color.jpg

Huawei's Devices division provides white-label products to content-service providers, including USB modems, wireless modems and wireless routers for mobile Wi-Fi,{{Cite magazine |last=Oliver |first=Dave |date=8 June 2012 |title=Vodafone Mobile Wi-Fi R205 review |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/reviews/mobile-phones/2012-05/vodafone-mobile-wi-fi-r205 |url-status=live |magazine=Wired UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120011633/http://www.wired.co.uk/reviews/mobile-phones/2012-05/vodafone-mobile-wi-fi-r205 |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015}} embedded modules, fixed wireless terminals, wireless gateways, set-top boxes, mobile handsets and video products.Vendor Rating: Huawei. Gartner. 24 September 2010. Huawei also produces and sells a variety of devices under its own name, such as the smartphones, tablet PCs, earbuds and Huawei Smartwatch.{{Cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=Huawei watch smartwatch classy smartwatch android wear android smartwatch |url=http://smartwatchcrunch.com/huawei-watch-probably-the-best-looking-android-smartwatch-so-far/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160746/http://smartwatchcrunch.com/huawei-watch-probably-the-best-looking-android-smartwatch-so-far/ |archive-date=2 April 2015}}{{Cite news |last1=Chyen Yee |first1=Lee |last2=Yuntao |first2=Huang |date=19 April 2011 |title=INTERVIEW – Huawei makes aggressive push in consumer devices |work=Reuters |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56424320110419 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710053815/http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/04/19/idINIndia-56424320110419 |archive-date=10 July 2011}}

{{See also|HiSilicon}}

Through its wholly owned subsidiary, HiSilicon, Huawei is one of the largest domestic designers of chips in China. It frequently partners with Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) to manufacture its chips. As of April 2024, Huawei is also building or supporting the construction of five semiconductor fabs.{{Cite web |date= 9 April 2024 |title=Huawei is quietly dominating China's semiconductor supply chain |url=https://merics.org/en/report/huawei-quietly-dominating-chinas-semiconductor-supply-chain| work = MERICS}}

{{main|List of Huawei phones}}

Huawei is the second-biggest smartphone maker in the world, after Samsung, as of the first quarter of 2019. Their portfolio of phones includes both high-end smartphones, its Huawei Mate series and Huawei Pura series, and cheaper handsets that fall under its Honor brand.{{Cite web |last1=Villas-Boas |first1=Antonio |last2=Eadicicco |first2=Lisa |date=20 May 2019 |title=Why Huawei smartphones are so popular all over the world – except in the US, where stores don't sell them |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/huawei-smartphones-are-popular-all-over-world-not-united-states-2018-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610062330/https://www.businessinsider.com/huawei-smartphones-are-popular-all-over-world-not-united-states-2018-12 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=Business Insider}}

Cheaper handsets fall under its Honor brand. Honor was created in order to elevate Huawei-branded phones as premium offerings. In 2020, Huawei agreed to sell the Honor brand to a state-owned enterprise of the Shenzhen municipal government. Consequently, Honor was initially reported to be cut off from access to Huawei's IPs, which consists of more than 100,000 active patents by the end of 2020, and additionally cannot tap into Huawei's large R&D resources where $20 billion had been committed for 2021. However, Wired magazine noted in 2021 that Honor devices still had not differentiated their software much from Huawei phones and that core apps and certain engineering features, like the Honor-engineered camera features looked "virtually identical' across both phones.{{Cite magazine |date=7 November 2021 |title=Honor May Not Be as Free From Huawei as It Claims |url=https://www.wired.com/story/honor-huawei-smartphones-separation/ |magazine=WIRED |language=en-US |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011191801/https://www.wired.com/story/honor-huawei-smartphones-separation/ |url-status=live}}

File:Huawei P30.jpg with rear triple-lens Leica optics camera]]

In July 2003, Huawei established their handset department and by 2004, Huawei shipped their first phone, the C300. The U626 was Huawei's first 3G phone in June 2005 and in 2006, Huawei launched the first Vodafone-branded 3G handset, the V710. The U8220 was Huawei's first Android smartphone and was unveiled in MWC 2009. At CES 2012, Huawei introduced the Ascend range starting with the Ascend P1 S. At MWC 2012, Huawei launched the Ascend D1. In September 2012, Huawei launched their first 4G ready phone, the Ascend P1 LTE. At CES 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend D2 and the Ascend Mate. At MWC 2013, the Ascend P2 was launched as the world's first LTE Cat4 smartphone. In June 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend P6 and in December 2013, Huawei introduced Honor as a subsidiary independent brand in China. At CES 2014, Huawei launched the Ascend Mate2 4G in 2014 and at MWC 2014, Huawei launched the MediaPad X1 tablet and Ascend G6 4G smartphone. Other launched in 2014 included the Ascend P7 in May 2014, the Ascend Mate7, the Ascend G7 and the Ascend P7 Sapphire Edition as China's first 4G smartphone with a sapphire screen.{{Cite web |title=About Us Huawei {{!}} Our History, Heritage & Who We Are |url=https://consumer.huawei.com/my/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212842/https://consumer.huawei.com/my/about-us/ |archive-date=1 April 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Huawei Malaysia}}

In January 2015, Huawei discontinued the "Ascend" brand for its flagship phones, and launched the new P series with the Huawei P8.{{Cite news |date=19 January 2015 |title=Huawei to drop 'Ascend' smartphone branding {{!}} Trusted Reviews |work=Trusted Reviews |url=http://www.trustedreviews.com/news/huawei-to-drop-ascend-smartphone-branding-2921440 |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144816/http://www.trustedreviews.com/news/huawei-to-drop-ascend-smartphone-branding-2921440 |archive-date=1 April 2018}}{{Cite news |title=Huawei is retiring the Ascend brand for future devices |work=GSMArena.com |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_is_retiring_the_ascend_brand_for_future_devices-news-10822.php |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212747/https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_is_retiring_the_ascend_brand_for_future_devices-news-10822.php |archive-date=1 April 2018}} Huawei also partnered with Google to build the Nexus 6P which was released in September 2015.{{Cite journal |last1=Odeh |first1=Lemuel Ekedegwa |last2=Akinade |first2=Muideen Olalekan |date=2017 |title=China's Footprint on Nigeria's Telecommunications Market |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48562081 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=26 |pages=107–121 |issn=0018-2540 |jstor=48562081 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806204242/https://www.jstor.org/stable/48562081 |url-status=live}}

In May 2018, Huawei stated that they will no longer allow unlocking the bootloader of their phones to allow installing third party system software or security updates after Huawei stops them.

{{Cite web |date=25 May 2018 |title=Huawei will no longer allow bootloader unlocking (Update: Explanation from Huawei) |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/huawei-bootloader-unlocking-869169/ |website=Android Authority |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328095030/https://www.androidauthority.com/huawei-bootloader-unlocking-869169/ |url-status=live}}

Huawei is currently the most well-known international corporation in China and a pioneer of the 5G mobile phone standard, which has come to be used globally in the last few years.{{Cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Xiaobo |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/management-transformation-of-huawei/006441E95D611C0795D352E7317D1348 |title=The Management Transformation of Huawei: From Humble Beginnings to Global Leadership |last2=Murmann |first2=Johann Peter |last3=Huang |first3=Can |last4=Guo |first4=Bin |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42643-5 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781108550987 |s2cid=169357927 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806204356/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/management-transformation-of-huawei/006441E95D611C0795D352E7317D1348 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Huawei MateBook series}}

File:Huawei Matebook 2-in-1 tablet with Windows 10 (26627094621).jpg

In 2016, Huawei entered the laptop markets with the release of its Huawei MateBook series of laptops.{{Cite news |date=21 February 2016 |title=Huawei's MateBook is its spin on the Surface |website=Engadget |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/02/21/huawei-matebook-convertible-pc/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210114322/https://www.engadget.com/2016/02/21/huawei-matebook-convertible-pc/ |archive-date=10 February 2019}} They have continued to release laptop models in this series into 2020 with their most recent models being the MateBook X Pro and Matebook 13 2020.{{Cite web |last=Bonshor |first=Gavin |title=Huawei Matebook X Pro and Matebook 13 2020 Models Available For Pre-Order |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15802/huawei-matebook-x-pro-and-matebook-13-2020-models-available-for-pre-order |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528100703/https://www.anandtech.com/show/15802/huawei-matebook-x-pro-and-matebook-13-2020-models-available-for-pre-order |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=AnandTech}}

{{Main|Huawei Mate series#Tablets}}

The Huawei MatePad Pro, launched in November 2019, after that, subsequent releases of their MatePad tablet line.{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=Huawei Consumer Business Group 2019 Business Results |url=https://consumer.huawei.com/at/press/news/2020/news-200401/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614064332/https://consumer.huawei.com/at/press/news/2020/news-200401/ |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=Huawei Consumer}} Huawei is number one in the Chinese tablet market and number two globally as of 4Q 2019.{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=IDC: Q4 2019 China's Tablet Market Shipments Down 3.9% Year-on-Year |url=https://www.gizchina.com/2020/02/25/idc-q4-2019-chinas-tablet-market-shipments-down-3-9-year-on-year/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614070044/https://www.gizchina.com/2020/02/25/idc-q4-2019-chinas-tablet-market-shipments-down-3-9-year-on-year/ |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=Gizchina.com}}

{{Main|Huawei MateStation series}}

The MateStation S and X was released in September 2021 among successor releases of variants, marking Huawei entrance into the workstation, desktop PC space with All-in-one and Thin client PCs.{{cite web |last1=Alderson |first1=Alex |title=MWC 2022 {{!}} Huawei MateStation X: Apple iMac competitor lands in Europe with a 3:2 display and AMD Ryzen 5000H APUs |url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/Huawei-MateStation-X-Apple-iMac-competitor-lands-in-Europe-with-a-3-2-display-and-AMD-Ryzen-5000H-APUs.604999.0.html |website=Notebook Check |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228035027/https://www.notebookcheck.net/Huawei-MateStation-X-Apple-iMac-competitor-lands-in-Europe-with-a-3-2-display-and-AMD-Ryzen-5000H-APUs.604999.0.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last1=Orlina |first1=Gab |title=COMPUTERSHuawei MateStation S review: One smart workstation |url=https://www.gadgetmatch.com/huawei-matestation-s-review-price-specs/ |website=GadgetMatch |date=26 March 2021 |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160001/https://www.gadgetmatch.com/huawei-matestation-s-review-price-specs/ |url-status=live}}

{{main|Huawei Watch}}

The Huawei Watch is an Android Wear-based smartwatch developed by Huawei. It was released at Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin on 2 September 2015. Since 2020, Huawei released subsequent models based on in-house operating systems, from earlier LiteOS (discontinued) models, to later HarmonyOS (active) models.{{Cite news |date=2 September 2015 |title=IFA 2015 Sees Huawei's 1st Smart Watch |website=Twice |url=http://www.twice.com/news/smart-watches/ifa-2015-sees-huawei-s-1st-smart-watch/58440 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501171208/http://www.twice.com/news/smart-watches/ifa-2015-sees-huawei-s-1st-smart-watch/58440 |archive-date=1 May 2017}} It is the first smartwatch produced by Huawei. Their latest watch, Huawei Watch Ultimate Design, announced on 25 September 2023, was released 4 October 2023 worldwide.{{cite web |title=Huawei Watch Ultimate Design |url=https://gsmgeek.blog/huawei-watch-ultimate-design/ |website=SPECSPRICES |access-date=12 February 2024}}

{{Main|EMUI}}

Emotion UI (EMUI) was a ROM/OS developed by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and based on Google's Android Open Source Project (AOSP). EMUI is pre-installed on most Huawei Smartphone devices and its subsidiaries the Honor series.{{Cite web |date=19 September 2019 |title=Huawei confirms the new Mate 30 Pro won't come with Google's Android apps |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/19/20873690/huawei-mate-30-series-phones-google-android-ban-apps-block |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219170315/https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/19/20873690/huawei-mate-30-series-phones-google-android-ban-apps-block |url-status=live}}

{{Excerpt|HarmonyOS|paragraphs=1}}

Huawei Mobile Services (HMS) is Huawei's solution to GMS (Google Mobile services) for Android - providing many of the same features for app developers. It also serves as the umbrella brand for Huawei's core set of mobile applications, including Huawei AppGallery, which was created as a competitor to Google's Play Store. In December 2019, Huawei unveiled HMS version 4.0, and as of 16 January 2020, the company reported that it had signed up 55,000 apps using its HMS Core software.{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Huawei pitches its alternative to Google Play Store |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-pitches-its-alternative-to-google-play-store |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604081159/https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-pitches-its-alternative-to-google-play-store |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=TechRadar}}

MetaERP is an proprietary enterprise resource planning (ERP) solution launched on April 24, 2023. The company began with a manufacturing resource planning (MRP) solution in 1996. It upgraded its legacy ERP system from third-party American suppliers, followed by further improvements for internal management. Since the United States Entity List of May 2019 barred American software technology companies from supplying ERP systems to Huawei prompted the company to develop an in-house ERP system for the next following three years.{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Yash |title=What is Huawei MetaERP and why it's important? |url=https://www.huaweicentral.com/huawei-metaerp/ |website=HC Newsroom |date=23 April 2023 |access-date=17 February 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Sharwood |first1=Simon |title=Huawei replaces ERP with homebrew effort, claims it's perfect and shows the company will thrive despite sanctions |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/21/huawei_develops_own_erp/ |website=The Register |access-date=17 February 2024}}

MetaERP targets mid-sized and large enterprises. For ease of migration to the ERP system, it consists of the following modules such as Financials and Operations, Sales Enterprise, Marketing, Customer Service, Field Service, and Project Service Automation using its Linux-based EulerOS server operating system and GaussDB relational database management system.{{cite web |last1=Albert |first1=Kikonyogo Douglas |title=MetaERP: Explaining Huawei's advanced ERP system |url=https://techjaja.com/huawei-metaerp-explained/ |website=Techjaja |date=25 July 2023 |access-date=17 February 2024}} After launch in 2023,{{cite web |title=Huawei Announces Switch to MetaERP, Redefining Enterprises' Core Business Systems |url=https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2023/4/metaerp-press-release |website=Huawei |access-date=17 February 2024}} the first batch of large-scale switching was carried out in May 14 midnight, across Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, Southern Africa, and Latin America. The business covers ICT and Huawei Cloud, alongside terminals and other industries. Over thousands of employees in 75 countries use MetaERP in stable operation post-launch.{{cite web |last1=Li |first1=Deng |title=Huawei MetaERP is not small but a world class software: Founder |url=https://www.huaweicentral.com/huawei-metaerp-is-not-small-but-a-world-class-software-founder/ |website=HC Newsroom |date=24 May 2023 |access-date=17 February 2024}} MetaERP currently handles 100% of Huawei's internal business and most of the 80% of its business operations.{{cite press release |title=Huawei Announces Switch to MetaERP, Redefining Enterprises' Core Business Systems |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230424005396/en/Huawei-Announces-Switch-to-MetaERP-Redefining-Enterprises-Core-Business-Systems |website=BusinessWire |access-date=17 February 2024}}

In November 2024, Huawei announced its plans to start mass-producing advanced artificial intelligence chips within the first quarter of 2025. This chip named Ascend 910C has been made by top Chinese contract chipmaker Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp (SMIC) via its N+2 process.{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2024 |title=Exclusive: Huawei aims to mass-produce newest AI chip in early 2025, despite US curbs |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/huawei-aims-mass-produce-newest-ai-chip-early-2025-despite-us-curbs-2024-11-21/}} Huawei Ascend chips rely on Huawei's Compute Architecture for Neural Networks (CANN) software ecosystem, which is a competitor to Nvidia's CUDA ecosystem.{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Gregory |date=March 7, 2025 |title=DeepSeek, Huawei, Export Controls, and the Future of the U.S.-China AI Race |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/deepseek-huawei-export-controls-and-future-us-china-ai-race |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}

In 2020 Huawei launched browser, which was released in over 170 countries. Huawei Browser is made explicitly for HMS (Huawei Mobile Services) ecosystem.{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Here are the 4 features you need to explore in Huawei Browser|website=techxmedia.com|publisher=|date=December 24, 2020|url=https://techxmedia.com/en/here-are-the-4-features-you-need-to-explore-in-huawei-browser/|access-date=March 22, 2025}} The browser is a fork of Chromium project.{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Huawei Browser vs Google Chrome: A Comprehensive Analysis|website=umatechnology.org|publisher=|date=January 4, 2025|url=https://umatechnology.org/huawei-browser-vs-google-chrome/|access-date=March 22, 2025}}

{{See also|Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance|Yinwang}}

Huawei has secured collaboration with a few automakers including Seres, Chery, BAIC Motor, Changan Automobile, GAC Group and JAC Group.{{Cite news |title=Huawei promises to share driving in its new smart car business |work=Light Reading |url=https://www.lightreading.com/asia/huawei-promises-to-share-driving-in-its-new-smart-car-business/d/d-id/768747 |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310182426/https://www.lightreading.com/asia/huawei-promises-to-share-driving-in-its-new-smart-car-business/d/d-id/768747 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|AITO (marque)}}

The Aito brand (问界 Wenjie) is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with Seres. In December 2021, the AITO M5 was unveiled as the first vehicle to be developed in cooperation with Huawei. The model was developed mainly by Seres and is essentially a restyled Seres SF5 crossover.{{Cite web |last=Krijgsman |first=Lars |date=27 December 2021 |title=Aito M5: met een vleugje Huawei |url=https://www.autoweek.nl/autonieuws/artikel/aito-m5-met-een-vleugje-huawei/ |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227155502/https://www.autoweek.nl/autonieuws/artikel/aito-m5-met-een-vleugje-huawei/ |url-status=live}} The model was sold under a new brand called AITO, which stands for "Adding Intelligence to Auto" and uses Huawei DriveONE and HarmonyOS, while the Seres SF5 used Huawei DriveONE and HiCar.{{Cite web |last=Krijgsman |first=Lars |date=27 December 2021 |title=Huawei Smart Selection AITO M5 surpassed 6000 orders |url=https://www.huaweicentral.com/huawei-smart-selection-aito-m5-surpassed-6000-orders/ |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207144533/https://www.huaweicentral.com/huawei-smart-selection-aito-m5-surpassed-6000-orders/ |url-status=live}}

File:AITO M5 2022-02-06-01.jpg|AITO M5

File:Aito M7 facelift 001.jpg|AITO M7

File:Aito M9 011 (cropped).jpg|AITO M9

{{Main|Avatr Technology}}

The Avatr (阿维塔 Aweita) brand is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with Changan Automobile and CATL.

File:(CHN-Guangdong) Showcar Avatr 11 No-plate 2024-05-25 (2).jpg|Avatr 11

File:(CHN-Guangdong) Showcar Avatr 12 No-plate 2024-05-26.jpg|Avatr 12

File:Avatr 07 005.jpg|Avatr 07

{{Main|Luxeed}}

The Luxeed (智界 Zhijie) brand is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with Chery, with the first vehicle being the Luxeed S7, previously called the Chery EH3,{{Cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=华为智选车奇瑞EH3谍照曝光：ADS 2.0智驾或成主要卖点 |url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/roll/2023-05-29/doc-imyvmexn1421485.shtml |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=finance.sina.com.cn |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626151334/https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/roll/2023-05-29/doc-imyvmexn1421485.shtml |url-status=live}} an upcoming premium electric executive sedan due to be unveiled in Q3 2023, and would be the first car to have the Harmony OS 4 system on board.{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Yi |date=2023-08-10 |title=曝奇瑞+华为智选首款纯电轿跑无伪谍照 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202308/1287235.html#pvareaid=102624 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811055319/https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202308/1287235.html#pvareaid=102624 |url-status=live}}

File:Luxeed S7 at Auto Guangzhou 2023 20231126-A.jpg|Luxeed S7

File:Luxeed R7.jpg|Luxeed R7

{{Main|Stelato}}

The Stelato (享界 Xiǎngjiè) brand is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with BAIC BluePark, with the first vehicle being the Stelato S9

File:Stelato S9 005.jpg|Stelato S9

{{Main|Maextro}}

The Maextro (尊界 Zūnjiè) brand is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with JAC Group, with the first vehicle being the Maextro S800

Huawei entered the photovoltaic (PV) market in 2011, and opened an Energy Center of Competence in Nuremberg, Germany the same year.{{cite web|url=https://www.pv|title=Smart solar: Convergence powers PV|year=2017|publisher=PV Magazine International - Special|accessdate=2023-09-27}} {{dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} In September 2016, Huawei integrated new manufacturing capabilities into its Eindhoven hub in the Netherlands, where it can produce 7,000 inverter units per month. In October that same year, Huawei entered the North American market and formed a strategic partnership with Strata Solar. In April 2017, Huawei enters the residential solar market with the launch of its string solar inverters and DC power optimizers, later also solar batteries. Some of its solar products are also sold under the "iStore" brand in Australia from 2024 onwards.{{cite web|url=https://mckerchercorporation.com/huawei-fusionsolar-vacating-australian-solar-market/|title=Huawei FusionSolar to Vacate the Australian Solar Market|date=2023-09-20|last=|first=|publisher=McKercher Corporation|accessdate=2025-02-27}}

As of 2022, Huawei is the largest producer of solar inverters in the world with a 29% market share, which saw a significant shipment increase of 83% compared to 2021.{{cite web|url=https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/top-10-solar-pv-inverter-vendors-account-for-86-of-global-market-share/|title=Top 10 solar PV inverter vendors account for 86% of global market share|date=2023-08-14|publisher=Wood Mackenzie|accessdate=2023-09-27|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926151043/https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/top-10-solar-pv-inverter-vendors-account-for-86-of-global-market-share/|url-status=live}}

Huawei's global growth has largely been driven by its offering of competitive telecommunications equipment at a lesser price than rival firms.{{Rp|page=95}}

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. was the world's largest telecom equipment maker in 2012 and China's largest telephone-network equipment maker.{{Cite news |date=9 May 2011 |title=Huawei Climbs 'Food Chain' in Cisco Enterprise Challenge |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-05-09/huawei-climbs-food-chain-in-cisco-enterprise-challenge.html |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175812/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-05-09/huawei-climbs-food-chain-in-cisco-enterprise-challenge.html |archive-date=14 May 2011}} With 3,442 patents, Huawei became the world's No. 1 applicant for international patents in 2014.{{Cite news |date=19 March 2015 |title=China's Huawei leads international patent filings: WIPO |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-patent-idUSKBN0MF17820150319 |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319214507/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/19/us-huawei-patent-idUSKBN0MF17820150319 |archive-date=19 March 2015}} In 2019, Huawei had the second most patents granted by the European Patent Office.{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Respecting and Protecting Intellectual Property: The Foundation of Innovation Huawei White Paper on Innovation and Intellectual Property |url=http://www-file.huawei.com/-/media/CORP2020/pdf/download/Huawei_IPR_White_paper_2020_en.pdf |website=Huawei |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810073358/https://www-file.huawei.com/-/media/CORP2020/pdf/download/Huawei_IPR_White_paper_2020_en.pdf |url-status=live}} In 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)'s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Huawei's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 1st in the world, with 5464 patent applications being published during 2020.{{Cite web |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108113717/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2021.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization}} The Madrid Yearly Review ranked Huawei's number of marks applications filed under the Madrid System as 9th in the world, with 78 trademarks applications submitted during 2023.{{Cite web |title=Madrid Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-940-2024-en-madrid-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |page=22}}

{{As of|2023}}, Huawei is the leading 5G equipment manufacturer and has the greatest market share of 5G equipment and has built approximately 70% of worldwide 5G base stations.{{cite book |last=Parzyan |first=Anahit |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |location=New York |chapter=China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia |doi=10.4324/9781003352587-18 |oclc=1353290533}}{{Rp|pages=|page=182}}

{{As of|2024}}, more than half of Huawei's employees are involved in research.{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Stephen S. |url= |title=Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives |date=2022 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26901-7 |location=New Haven |oclc=1347023475 |author-link=Stephen S. Roach}}{{Rp|page=119}} In the same year, Huawei spent $22.1 billion on R&D, around 22.4% of its net sales, being one of the six companies in the world to spend more than $20 billion on R&D spending.{{cite news |date=2022-04-25 |title=Huawei Pumps $22 Billion Into R&D to Beat U.S. Sanctions |language=en |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-25/huawei-rivals-apple-meta-with-r-d-spending-to-beat-sanctions |access-date=2023-07-28 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428110435/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-25/huawei-rivals-apple-meta-with-r-d-spending-to-beat-sanctions |url-status=live}} In recent years, Huawei has prioritized technological innovation as a means of vertically integrating its supply chain, particularly in to areas vulnerable to sanctions.

The company has numerous R&D institutes in countries including China, the United States,Some of Huawei's US operations include FutureWei Technologies Inc. (in at least Santa Clara CA, Plano TX, and Bridgetwater NJ), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Huawei North America. Canada,{{cite web |title=Huawei Canada – Corporate Information |website=Huawei Canada |url=http://www.huawei.com/ca-en/about-huawei/corporate-info/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419083655/http://www.huawei.com/ca-en/about-huawei/corporate-info/index.htm |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015}} the United Kingdom,{{cite web |title=Huawei and Imperial College Open Data Science Innovation Lab |url=http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/focus/archive/2014/01/huawei-and-imperial-college-open-data-science-innovation-lab |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518162303/http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/focus/archive/2014/01/huawei-and-imperial-college-open-data-science-innovation-lab |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014 |newspaper=Datacenter Dynamics}} Pakistan, Finland, France, Belgium, Germany, Colombia, Sweden, Ireland, India,{{cite news |date=8 January 2016 |title=CES 2016: Huawei unveils Mate 8 with Kirin 950 chipset |website=Tech Desk |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/ces-2016-huawei-unveils-mate-8-with-kirin-950-chipset/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109020655/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/ces-2016-huawei-unveils-mate-8-with-kirin-950-chipset/ |archive-date=9 January 2016}} Russia, and Turkey.{{Cite web |title=Huawei has opened its R&D center in Istanbul on 27 February 2010 |url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-071891-turkey-r.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011141541/http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-071891-turkey-r.htm |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=24 June 2013 |website=Huawei}}{{Cite web |title=Huawei – Invest in Turkey |url=http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/successstories/Pages/Huawei.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116074901/http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/successstories/Pages/Huawei.aspx |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=12 October 2012 |website=Republic of Türkiye Investment Office}} It opened in July 2024 its biggest R&D center to date near Shanghai to accommodate nearly 35,000 members of its personnel.[https://www.eet-china.com/mp/a330789.html], EE Times, 13 July 2024 {{in lang|zh}}

Huawei also funds research partnerships with universities such as the University of British Columbia, the University of Waterloo, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Guelph, and Université Laval.{{Cite news |last=Armstrong |first=Peter |date=29 November 2019 |title=Huawei funds $56M in academic research in Canada. That has some experts concerned |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/huawei-academic-funding-in-canada-1.5372310 |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201095600/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/huawei-academic-funding-in-canada-1.5372310 |archive-date=1 December 2019}}{{Cite news |last=Hainsworth |first=Jeremy |date=13 January 2020 |title=Canadian taxpayers, companies subsidizing Huawei research |work=Richmond News |url=https://www.richmond-news.com/special-report-canadian-taxpayers-companies-subsidizing-huawei-research-1.24051719 |url-status=live |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114192527/https://www.richmond-news.com/special-report-canadian-taxpayers-companies-subsidizing-huawei-research-1.24051719 |archive-date=14 January 2020}}

{{Main|Criticism of Huawei}}

Huawei has faced allegations that its products contain backdoors for Chinese government espionage and domestic laws require Chinese citizens and companies to cooperate with state intelligence when warranted. Huawei executives denied these claims, saying that the company has not received requests by the Chinese government to introduce backdoors in its equipment, would refuse to do so, and that Chinese law does not compel them to do so. As of 2019, the United States had not produced evidence of coordinated hacking by Huawei.{{Cite web |last=Kharpal |first=Arjun |date=5 March 2019 |title=Huawei says it would never hand data to China's government. Experts say it wouldn't have a choice |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/05/huawei-would-have-to-give-data-to-china-government-if-asked-experts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529154448/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/05/huawei-would-have-to-give-data-to-china-government-if-asked-experts.html |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=CNBC |language=en}}{{Cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Perlroth |first2=Nicole |date=22 March 2014 |title=N.S.A. Breached Chinese Servers Seen as Security Threat |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/23/world/asia/nsa-breached-chinese-servers-seen-as-spy-peril.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218125030/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/23/world/asia/nsa-breached-chinese-servers-seen-as-spy-peril.html |archive-date=18 February 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |last=Byford |first=Sam |date=27 February 2019 |title=Huawei chairman accuses American critics of hypocrisy over NSA hacks |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/27/18242656/huawei-us-security-nsa-guo-ping-mwc-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611211155/https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/27/18242656/huawei-us-security-nsa-guo-ping-mwc-2019 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=The Verge}}{{Cite web |title=Huawei leader calls out U.S. for privacy contradictions |url=https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/huawei-leaders-calls-out-u-s-for-privacy-contradictions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524071422/https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/huawei-leaders-calls-out-u-s-for-privacy-contradictions |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=FierceWireless |language=en}}

Huawei employed a complex system of agreements with local state-owned telephone companies that seemed to include illicit payments to the local telecommunications bureau employees. During the late 1990s, the company created several joint ventures with their state-owned telecommunications company customers. By 1998, Huawei had signed agreements with municipal and provincial telephone bureaus to create Shanghai Huawei, Chengdu Huawei, Shenyang Huawei, Anhui Huawei, Sichuan Huawei, and other companies. The joint ventures were actually shell companies, and were a way to funnel money to local telecommunications employees so that Huawei could get deals to sell them equipment. In the case of Sichuan Huawei, for example, local partners could get 60–70 percent of their investment returned in the form of annual 'dividends'.{{Cite journal |last=Harwit |first=Eric |date=2007 |title=Building China's Telecommunications Network: Industrial Policy and the Role of Chinese State-Owned, Foreign and Private Domestic Enterprises |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=190 |issue=190 |pages=311–332 |doi=10.1017/S030574100700121X |issn=0305-7410 |jstor=20192772 |s2cid=154057376}}

Martin Thorley of the University of Nottingham noted that a "company of Huawei's size, working in what is considered a sensitive sector, simply cannot succeed in China without extensive links to the Party". Klon Kitchen has suggested that 5G dominance is essential to China in order to achieve its vision where "the prosperity of state-run capitalism is combined with the stability and security of technologically enabled authoritarianism".{{Cite web |title=Deep Dive: The Geopolitics of 5G |url=https://www.thekitchensync.tech/p/deep-dive-the-geopolitics-of-5g?s=r |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216214004/https://www.thekitchensync.tech/p/deep-dive-the-geopolitics-of-5g?s=r |url-status=live}} Nigel Inkster of the International Institute for Strategic Studies suggested that "Huawei involvement in the core backbone 5G infrastructure of developed western liberal democracies is a strategic game-changer because 5G is a game-changer”, with “national telecoms champions” playing a key role, which in turn is part of China's "ambitious strategy to reshape the planet in line with its interests” through the Belt and Road Initiative. On 7 October 2020, the U.K. Parliament's Defence Committee released a report concluding that there was evidence of collusion between Huawei and Chinese state and the Chinese Communist Party, based upon ownership model and government subsidies it has received.

Huawei has a strong rapport with, and support from, the Chinese government.{{Rp|page=131}} The Chinese government has granted Huawei much more comprehensive support than other domestic companies facing troubles abroad, such as ByteDance, since Huawei is considered a national champion along with Alibaba Group and Tencent.{{cite web |last=Brandao |first=Doowan Lee, Shannon |date=30 April 2021 |title=Huawei Is Bad for Business |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/30/huawei-china-business-risk/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210553/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/30/huawei-china-business-risk/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=China's "National Champions": Alibaba, Tencent, and Huawei |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/chinas-national-champions-alibaba-tencent-and-huawei/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526023043/https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/chinas-national-champions-alibaba-tencent-and-huawei/ |url-status=live}} For instance after Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou was detained in Canada pending extradition to the United States for fraud charges, China immediately arrested Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor in what was widely viewed as "hostage diplomacy".{{Cite news |date=25 September 2021 |title=Huawei's Meng Wanzhou flies back to China after deal with US |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58682998 |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926223520/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58682998 |url-status=live}} China has also imposed tariffs on Australian imports in 2020, in apparent retaliation for Huawei and ZTE being excluded from Australia's 5G network in 2018. In June 2020, when the UK mulled reversing an earlier decision to permit Huawei's participation in 5G, China threatened retaliation in other sectors by withholding investments in power generation and high-speed rail. A House of Commons defence committee found that "Beijing had exerted pressure through "covert and overt threats" to keep Huawei in the UK's 5G network".{{Cite news |last=Corera |first=Gordon |date=7 October 2020 |title=Huawei: MPs claim 'clear evidence of collusion' with Chinese Communist Party |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54455112 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014044835/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54455112 |archive-date=14 October 2020}} US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo reassured the UK saying "the US stands with our allies and partners against the Chinese Communist Party's coercive bullying tactics," and "the US stands ready to assist our friends in the UK with any needs they have, from building secure and reliable nuclear power plants to developing trusted 5G solutions that protect their citizens' privacy".{{Cite web |last=Doffman |first=Zak |title=China Just Crossed Another Dangerous New Line For Huawei—But Is It Already Too Late? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2020/06/13/china-just-crossed-another-dangerous-new-line-for-huawei-but-is-it-already-too-late/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507131956/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2020/06/13/china-just-crossed-another-dangerous-new-line-for-huawei-but-is-it-already-too-late/ |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=Forbes}}

The "optics of Beijing's diplomats coming to [Huawei]'s defense" in the European Union has also contradicted Huawei's claims that it is "fully independent from the Chinese government".{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=Huawei put pressure on Denmark in wake of diplomatic row |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/huawei-put-pressure-on-denmark-in-wake-of-diplomatic-scandal/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=POLITICO |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005075028/https://www.politico.eu/article/huawei-put-pressure-on-denmark-in-wake-of-diplomatic-scandal/ |url-status=live}} In November 2019, the Chinese ambassador to Denmark, in meetings with high-ranking Faroese politicians, directly linked Huawei's 5G expansion with Chinese trade, according to a sound recording obtained by Kringvarp Føroya. According to Berlingske, the ambassador threatened with dropping a planned trade deal with the Faroe Islands, if the Faroese telecom company Føroya Tele did not let Huawei build the national 5G network. Huawei said they did not knоw about the meetings.{{Cite news |last1=Kruse |first1=Simon |last2=Winther |first2=Lene |date=10 December 2019 |title=Afsløring: Kinas ambassadør truede færøsk leder på mørklagt møde |language=da |work=Berlingske |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/internationalt/afsloering-kinas-ambassadoer-truede-faeroesk-leder-paa-moerklagt |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172021/https://www.berlingske.dk/internationalt/afsloering-kinas-ambassadoer-truede-faeroesk-leder-paa-moerklagt |archive-date=10 December 2019}} China's ambassador to Germany, Wu Ken, warned that ‘there will be consequences’ if Huawei was excluded, and floated the "possibility of German cars being banned on safety grounds".{{Cite web |date=2019-12-15 |title=Chinese ambassador 'threatens German car industry' if Huawei is banned |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3042190/chinese-ambassador-accused-threatening-german-car-industry-if |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005075030/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3042190/chinese-ambassador-accused-threatening-german-car-industry-if |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |date=2019-12-14 |title=China Threatens Retaliation Should Germany Ban Huawei 5G |language=en |website=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-14/china-threatens-germany-with-retaliation-if-huawei-5g-is-banned |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718150104/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-14/china-threatens-germany-with-retaliation-if-huawei-5g-is-banned |url-status=live |first1=Tony|last1=Czuczka|first2=Steven|last2=Arons}}

The Wall Street Journal has suggested that Huawei received approximately "$46 billion in loans and other support, coupled with $25 billion in tax cuts" since the Chinese government had a vested interest in fostering a company to compete against Apple and Samsung. In particular, China's state-owned banks such as the China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China make loans to Huawei customers which substantially undercut competitors' financing with lower interest and cash in advance, with China Development Bank providing a credit line totaling US$30 billion between 2004 and 2009. In 2010, the European Commission launched an investigation into China's subsidies that distorted global markets and harmed European vendors, and Huawei offered the initial complainant US$56 million to withdraw the complaint in an attempt to shut down the investigation. Then-European Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht found that Huawei leveraged state support to underbid competitors by up to 70 percent.{{Cite web |date=18 May 2013 |title=ZTE and Huawei face EU investigation over predatory pricing |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/18/4342884/zte-and-huawei-eu-investigation-karel-de-gucht-anti-competitive-dumping |access-date=21 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521213140/https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/18/4342884/zte-and-huawei-eu-investigation-karel-de-gucht-anti-competitive-dumping |url-status=live}}

{{summarize section|date=September 2024}}

{{See also| Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks|Chinese intelligence activity abroad}}

In 2011, a report by the Open Source Enterprise detailed its "suspicions over potential close links between Huawei and the Chinese Government," such as former chairwoman Sun Yafang's prior employment by the Ministry of State Security (MSS)'s Communications Department.{{cite web |date=5 October 2011 |title=Open Source Center Views China's Huawei Technologies |url=https://irp.fas.org/dni/osc/huawei.pdf |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Open Source Enterprise |quote=Xinjing Bao reported that Huawei Chairwoman Sun Yafang worked for the Communications Department of the Ministry of State Security for an unspecified period of time before joining Huawei (28 October 2010). |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201010025/https://irp.fas.org/dni/osc/huawei.pdf |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |last2=Stein |first2=Perry |last3=Nakashima |first3=Ellen |date=2022-10-24 |title=DOJ accuses 10 Chinese spies and government officials of 'malign schemes' |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/24/justice-china-telecom-giant-spy-investigation/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072543/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/24/justice-china-telecom-giant-spy-investigation/ |archive-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0190-8286 |quote=Huawei’s former chairwoman, Sun Yafang, who retired in 2018, had previously worked for the Ministry of State Security, China’s main foreign intelligence service, according to an essay published under her name in a Chinese magazine in 2017.}}{{Cite news |last=Gollom |first=Mark |date=December 7, 2018 |title=Huawei is 'growing astronomically' despite allegations it spies for China |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/huawei-china-telecom-arrest-spying-1.4934905 |url-status=live |access-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193652/http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/huawei-china-telecom-arrest-spying-1.4934905 |archive-date=October 12, 2023}}

In 2019, Ren Zhengfei stated "we never participate in espionage and we do not allow any of our employees to do any act like that. And we absolutely never install backdoors. Even if we were required by Chinese law, we would firmly reject that".{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Isobel Asher |title=Huawei's security boss says the company would sooner 'shut down' than spy for China |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/huawei-would-sooner-shut-down-than-spy-for-china-2019-3 |website=Business Insider |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505212932/https://www.businessinsider.com/huawei-would-sooner-shut-down-than-spy-for-china-2019-3 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=20 February 2019 |title=Huawei president promises not to spy on US as Trump considers banning the company's telecom equipment |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/20/huawei-founder-ren-zhengfei-says-he-would-not-aid-chinese-espionage.html |website=CNBC |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505212931/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/20/huawei-founder-ren-zhengfei-says-he-would-not-aid-chinese-espionage.html |url-status=live}} Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was quoted saying "the Chinese government did not and will not ask Chinese companies to spy on other countries, such kind of action is not consistent with the Chinese law and is not how China behaves." Huawei has cited the opinion of Zhong Lun Law Firm, co-signed by a CCP member, whose lawyers testified to the FCC that the National Intelligence Law doesn't apply to Huawei. The opinion of Zhong Lun lawyers, reviewed by British law firm Clifford Chance, has been distributed widely by Huawei as an "independent legal opinion", although Clifford Chance added a disclaimer stated that "the material should not be construed as constituting a legal opinion on the application of PRC law".{{Cite web |last=Jichang |first=Lulu |date=8 February 2019 |title=Lawfare by proxy: Huawei touts "independent" legal advice by a CCP member |url=https://sinopsis.cz/en/lawfare-by-proxy-huawei-touts-independent-legal-advice-by-a-ccp-member/ |website=Sinopsis |publisher=Charles University |quote=Huawei deployed a new tactic. In the Czech Republic, after trying a little intimidation by the local PRC embassy in Prague, and then some political pressure through their favorite interlocutors in the country, the latest weapon in the PR offensive is a recycled document, signed by a CCP member, presented as a "legal opinion" by a Western law firm, contradicting the firm’s own explicit disclaimer. |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517211630/https://sinopsis.cz/en/lawfare-by-proxy-huawei-touts-independent-legal-advice-by-a-ccp-member/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Sam |date=19 November 2019 |title=US Legal Expert: China Can Still Force Huawei to Build a Backdoor |url=https://wccftech.com/us-legal-expert-china-can-still-force-huawei-to-build-a-backdoor/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505212928/https://wccftech.com/us-legal-expert-china-can-still-force-huawei-to-build-a-backdoor/ |url-status=live}} Follow up reporting from Wired cast doubt on the findings of Zhong Lun, particularly because the Chinese "government doesn't limit itself to what the law explicitly allows" when it comes to national security.{{Cite magazine |last=Simonite |first=Tom |title=US Lawyers Don't Buy Huawei's Argument on Chinese Hacking |url=https://www.wired.com/story/us-lawyers-dont-buy-huaweis-argument-chinese-hacking/ |url-status=live |magazine=Wired |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603223837/https://www.wired.com/story/us-lawyers-dont-buy-huaweis-argument-chinese-hacking/ |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019}} "All Chinese citizens and organisations are obliged to cooperate upon request with PRC intelligence operations—and also maintain the secrecy of such operations", as explicitly stipulated in Article 7 of the 2017 PRC national intelligence-gathering activities law. Tim Rühlig, a Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, observed that "Not least in the light of the lack of the rule of law in China, but also given the clarity of the Intelligence Law, this legal opinion [by Clifford Chance] does not provide any substantial reassurance that Huawei could decline to cooperate with Chinese intelligence, even if the company wanted to do so".{{Cite web |url=https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803111531/https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf |url-status=live}}

Experts have pointed out that under Xi Jinping's "intensifying authoritarianism [since] Beijing promulgated a new national intelligence law" in 2017, as well as the 2014 Counter-Espionage Law, both of which are vaguely defined and far-reaching. The two laws "[compel] Chinese businesses to work with Chinese intelligence and security agencies whenever they are requested to do so", suggesting that Huawei or other domestic major technology companies could not refuse to cooperate with Chinese intelligence. Jerome Cohen, a New York University law professor and Council on Foreign Relations adjunct senior fellow stated "Not only is this mandated by existing legislation but, more important, also by political reality and the organizational structure and operation of the Party-State's economy. The Party is embedded in Huawei and controls it". One former Huawei employee said "The state wants to use Huawei, and it can use it if it wants. Everyone has to listen to the state. Every person. Every company and every individual, and you can't talk about it. You can't say you don't like it. That's just China." The new cybersecurity law also requires domestic companies, and eventually foreign subsidiaries, to use state-certified network equipment and software so that their data and communications are fully visible to China's Cybersecurity Bureau.{{cite web |date=10 April 2019 |title=Who is the man behind Huawei and why is the U.S. intelligence community so afraid of his company? |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-tn-huawei-5g-trade-war/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522201743/https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-tn-huawei-5g-trade-war/ |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Los Angeles Times}} University of Nottingham's Martin Thorley has suggested that Huawei would have no recourse to oppose the CCP's request in court, since the party controls the police, the media, the judiciary and the government. Klon Kitchen has suggested that 5G dominance is essential to China in order to achieve its vision where "the prosperity of state-run capitalism is combined with the stability and security of technologically enabled authoritarianism".

In 2019, Henry Jackson Society researchers conducted an analysis of 25,000 Huawei employee CVs and found that some had worked or trained with China's Ministry of State Security, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), its academies, and a military unit accused of hacking US corporations, including 11 alumni from a PLA information engineering school.{{Cite news |last=Mendick |first=Robert |date=6 July 2019 |title='Smoking gun': Huawei staff employment records link them to Chinese military agencies |work=National Post |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/smoking-gun-huawei-staff-employment-records-link-them-to-chinese-military-agencies |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113714/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/smoking-gun-huawei-staff-employment-records-link-them-to-chinese-military-agencies |url-status=live}} One of the study researchers says this shows "a strong relationship between Huawei and all levels of the Chinese state, Chinese military and Chinese intelligence. This to me appears to be a systemized, structural relationship."{{Cite web |last=Doffman |first=Zak |title=Huawei Employees Linked To China's Military And Intelligence, Reports Claim |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/07/06/huawei-employees-linked-to-chinas-state-intelligence-agencies-report-claims/ |website=Forbes |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507131955/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/07/06/huawei-employees-linked-to-chinas-state-intelligence-agencies-report-claims/ |url-status=live}} In a report by academics Christopher Balding of Fulbright University and Donald C. Clarke of George Washington University, a person "simultaneously held a position at Huawei and a teaching and research role at a military university through which they were employed by the Chinese People's Liberation Army...a section in the PLA that is responsible for the Chinese military's space, cyber, and electronic warfare capabilities".{{Cite news |last=Kharpal |first=Arjun |date=2019-07-08 |title=Huawei staff share deep links with Chinese military, new study claims |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/08/huawei-staff-and-chinese-military-have-deep-links-study-claims.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506015628/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/08/huawei-staff-and-chinese-military-have-deep-links-study-claims.html |url-status=live}} Charles Parton, a British diplomat, said this "give the lie to Huawei's claim that there is no evidence that they help the Chinese intelligence services. This gun is smoking." Huawei said that while it does not work on Chinese military or intelligence projects, it is no secret that some employees have a previous government background. It criticized the report's speculative language such as ‘believes’, ‘infers’, and ‘cannot rule out’. In 2014, the National Security Agency penetrated Huawei's corporate networks in China to search for links between the company and the People's Liberation Army. It was able to monitor accounts belonging to Huawei employees and its founder Ren Zhengfei.

U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission member Michael Wessel said: “If there's a locksmith who's installing more and more locks on the doors in a community and suddenly there's a rash of silent robberies, at some point the locksmith becomes a person of interest. Huawei around that time became a significant entity of interest". A Bloomberg News report stated that Australian intelligence in 2012 detected a backdoor in the country's telecom network and shared its findings with the United States, who reported similar hacks. It was reportedly caused by a software update from Huawei carrying malicious code that transmitted data to China before deleting itself. Investigators managed to reconstruct the exploit and determined that Huawei technicians must have pushed the update through the network on behalf of China's spy agencies. Huawei said updates would have required authorization from the customer and that no tangible evidence was presented. China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the accusation a "slander". Australian telecom operators Optus and Vodafone disputed that they were compromised. Senior security officials in Uganda and Zambia told The Wall Street Journal that Huawei played key roles enabling their governments to spy on political opponents. Several IT sources told Le Monde that inside the African Union headquarters, whose computer systems were supplied by Huawei, data transfers on its servers peaked after hours from January 2012 to January 2017, with the AU's internal data sent to unknown servers hosted in Shanghai.{{Cite news |date=2018-01-26 |title=A Addis-Abeba, le siège de l'Union africaine espionné par Pékin |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/01/26/a-addis-abeba-le-siege-de-l-union-africaine-espionne-par-les-chinois_5247521_3212.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141153/http://www.lemonde.fr//afrique/article/2018/01/26/a-addis-abeba-le-siege-de-l-union-africaine-espionne-par-les-chinois_5247521_3212.html |url-status=live}} In May 2019, a Huawei Mediapad M5 belonging to a Canadian IT engineer living in Taiwan was found to be sending data to servers in China despite never being authorized to do so, as the apps could not be disabled and continued to send sensitive data even after appearing to be deleted.{{Cite web |last=Everington |first=Keoni |date=8 May 2019 |title=Huawei Mediapad M5 found to be snooping on engineer in Taiwan from China |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3697098 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512110219/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3697098 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=Taiwan News}} At the end of 2019, United States officials disclosed to the United Kingdom and Germany that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials since 2009, as these backdoors are found on carrier equipment like antennas and routers, and Huawei's equipment is widely used around the world due to its low cost.{{Cite web |last=Reichert |first=Corinne |title=US finds Huawei has backdoor access to mobile networks globally, report says |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/us-finds-huawei-has-backdoor-access-to-mobile-networks-globally-report-says/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212104036/https://www.cnet.com/news/us-finds-huawei-has-backdoor-access-to-mobile-networks-globally-report-says/ |archive-date=12 February 2020 |access-date=12 February 2020 |website=CNET}}{{Cite news |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=12 February 2020 |title=U.S. Officials Say Huawei Can Covertly Access Telecom Networks |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-officials-say-huawei-can-covertly-access-telecom-networks-11581452256 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212112856/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-officials-say-huawei-can-covertly-access-telecom-networks-11581452256 |archive-date=12 February 2020}} The United Kingdom established a lab that it ran, but which was paid for by Huawei, to evaluate Huawei equipment.{{Cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=David H. |title=China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement |last2=Eisenman |first2=Joshua |date=2023 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-21001-0 |location=New York |author-link=David H. Shinn}}{{Rp|pages=322}} After eight years of study, the lab did not identify any Huawei backdoor, but concluded that Huawei's equipment had bugs that could be exploited by hackers.{{Rp|page=322}}

Yale University economist Stephen Roach stated in 2022 that there was no hard evidence to support the allegations of Huawei having a backdoor for industrial espionage other than one arguable instance,{{Rp|page=118}} which was when UK telecom Vodafone disclosed in 2011 that its Italian fixed line network contained a security vulnerability in its Huawei-installed software.{{Rp|pages=118–119}} Huawei fixed the vulnerability at Vodafone's request.{{Rp|page=118}} There was no report of any suspicious data capture or systems control activity.{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=2019-04-30 |title='Hidden backdoors' were found in Huawei equipment, reports Bloomberg |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/30/18523701/huawei-vodafone-italy-security-backdoors-vulnerabilities-routers-core-network-wide-area-local |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=The Verge |language=en |quote=The vulnerabilities were discovered between 2009 and 2011 in Huawei’s home internet routers, as well as its equipment used in parts of Vodafone’s network infrastructure. There was no evidence of data being compromised. [...] In a statement given to Bloomberg, Vodafone acknowledged the vulnerabilities but contested the timeline, saying they were resolved in 2011 and 2012. |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226165104/https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/30/18523701/huawei-vodafone-italy-security-backdoors-vulnerabilities-routers-core-network-wide-area-local |url-status=live}} Vodafone was satisfied with the outcome and thereafter increased its reliance on Huawei as an equipment-supplier.{{Rp|page=118}}

A 2012 White House-ordered security review found no evidence that Huawei spied for China and said instead that security vulnerabilities on its products posed a greater threat to its users. The details of the leaked review came a week after a US House Intelligence Committee report which warned against letting Huawei supply critical telecommunications infrastructure in the United States.{{Cite news |date=18 October 2012 |title=Huawei - leaked report shows no evidence of spying |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19988919 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101163157/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19988919 |url-status=live}}

Huawei has been at the center of concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks. In 2018, the United States passed a defense funding bill that contained a passage barring the federal government from doing business with Huawei, ZTE, and several Chinese vendors of surveillance products, due to security concerns.{{Cite news |title=Senate rejects Trump's plan to lift ZTE export ban |language=en-US |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/06/senate-rejects-trumps-plan-to-lift-zte-export-ban/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527190615/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/06/senate-rejects-trumps-plan-to-lift-zte-export-ban/ |archive-date=27 May 2019}}{{Cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=China Contributing $500 Million to Trump-Linked Project in Indonesia |language=en-US |work=National Review |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/china-contributing-500-million-trump-linked-project-indonesia/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520013045/https://www.nationalreview.com/news/china-contributing-500-million-trump-linked-project-indonesia/ |archive-date=20 May 2019}}{{Cite news |title=New law bans US gov't from buying tech from Chinese giants ZTE and Huawei |language=en-US |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/08/trump-signs-bill-banning-feds-from-using-huawei-zte-technology/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529164610/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/08/trump-signs-bill-banning-feds-from-using-huawei-zte-technology/ |archive-date=29 May 2019}} The Chinese government has threatened economic retaliation against countries that block Huawei's market access.

Similarly in November 2018, New Zealand blocked Huawei from supplying mobile equipment to national telecommunications company Spark New Zealand's 5G network, citing a "significant network security risk" and concerns about China's National Intelligence Law.{{Cite news |last=Jolly |first=Jasper |date=28 November 2018 |title=New Zealand blocks Huawei imports over 'significant security risk' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/nov/28/new-zealand-blocks-huawei-5g-equipment-on-security-concerns |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061708/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/nov/28/new-zealand-blocks-huawei-5g-equipment-on-security-concerns |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |date=14 January 2019 |title=China intelligence law a 'known concern' in Huawei 5G ban - GCSB Minister Andrew Little |website=Radio New Zealand |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/380057/china-intelligence-law-a-known-concern-in-huawei-5g-ban-gcsb-minister-andrew-little |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214062135/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/380057/china-intelligence-law-a-known-concern-in-huawei-5g-ban-gcsb-minister-andrew-little |url-status=live}}

Huawei was involved in developing the United Kingdom's 5G network, which initially led to serious policy and diplomatic disagreements between the UK and the United States, which opposed Huawei's involvement.{{Rp|page=77}} Between December 2018 and January 2019, German and British intelligence agencies initially pushed back against the US' allegations, stating that after examining Huawei's 5G hardware and accompanying source code, they have found no evidence of malevolence and that a ban would therefore be unwarranted.{{Cite news |last= |date=16 December 2018 |title=German IT watchdog says 'no evidence' of Huawei spying |work=The Local |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20181216/german-it-watchdog-says-no-evidence-of-huawei-spying |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913223026/https://www.thelocal.de/20181216/german-it-watchdog-says-no-evidence-of-huawei-spying |archive-date=13 September 2019}}{{Cite news |last1=Stubbs |first1=Jack |last2=Chee |first2=Foo Yun |date=20 February 2019 |title=Britain managing Huawei risks, has no evidence of spying: official |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-europe-britain-idUSKCN1Q91PM |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628115250/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-europe-britain-idUSKCN1Q91PM |archive-date=28 June 2020}} Additionally, the head of Britain's National Cyber Security Centre (the information security arm of GCHQ) stated that the US has not managed to provide the UK with any proof of its allegations against Huawei and also their agency had concluded that any risks involving Huawei in UK's telecom networks are "manageable".{{Cite news |date=18 February 2019 |title=Huawei risk can be managed, say UK cyber-security chiefs |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47274643 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031030415/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47274643 |url-status=live}} The Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Centre (HCSEC), set up in 2010 to assuage security fears as it examined Huawei hardware and software for the UK market, was staffed largely by employees from Huawei but with regular oversight from GCHQ, which led to questions of operating independence from Huawei.{{Cite magazine |date= |title=Here's how GCHQ scours Huawei hardware for malicious code |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/huawei-gchq-security-evaluation-uk |magazine=Wired UK |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520130615/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/huawei-gchq-security-evaluation-uk |url-status=live}} On 1 October 2020, an official report released by National Cyber Security Centre noted that "Huawei has failed to adequately tackle security flaws in equipment used in the UK's telecoms networks despite previous complaints", and flagged one vulnerability of "national significance" related to broadband in 2019. The report concluded that Huawei was not confident of implementing the five-year plan of improving its software engineering processes, so there was "limited assurance that all risks to UK national security" could be mitigated in the long-term.{{Cite news |date=1 October 2020 |title=Huawei 'failed to improve UK security standards' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54370574 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210556/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54370574 |url-status=live}} On 14 July 2020, the United Kingdom Government announced a ban on the use of company's 5G network equipment, citing security concerns.{{Cite web |last= |date=14 July 2020 |title=Huawei 5G kit must be removed from UK by 2027 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53403793 |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=BBC News |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811212723/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53403793 |url-status=live}} In October 2020, the British Defence Select Committee announced that it had found evidence of Huawei's collusion with the Chinese state and that it supported accelerated purging of Huawei equipment from Britain's telecom infrastructure by 2025, since they concluded that Huawei had "engaged in a variety of intelligence, security, and intellectual property activities" despite its repeated denials.{{Cite news |date=9 October 2020 |title=UK parliament committee says Huawei colludes with the Chinese state |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-huawei-idUSKBN26T144 |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010071207/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-huawei-idUSKBN26T144 |archive-date=10 October 2020}} In November 2020, Huawei challenged the UK government's decision, citing an Oxford Economics report that it had contributed £3.3 billion to the UK's GDP.{{Cite web |title=Huawei claims £3.3bn contribution to UK economy |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252492294/Huawei-claims-33bn-contribution-to-UK-economy |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=ComputerWeekly.com |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118170857/https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252492294/Huawei-claims-33bn-contribution-to-UK-economy |url-status=live}}

In March 2019, Huawei filed three defamation claims over comments suggesting ties to the Chinese government made on television by a French researcher, a broadcast journalist and a telecommunications sector expert.{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=There's no proof to show Huawei was spying in Europe, France says |website=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/world/theres-no-proof-to-show-huawei-was-spying-in-europe-france-says/357011/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101163248/https://theprint.in/world/theres-no-proof-to-show-huawei-was-spying-in-europe-france-says/357011/ |url-status=live}} In June 2020 ANSSI informed French telecommunications companies that they would not be allowed to renew licenses for 5G equipment made from Huawei after 2028.{{Cite news |title=France introduces de facto ban on Huawei 5G equipment by 2028 |work=Politico |agency= |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/france-introduces-de-facto-ban-on-huawei-5g-equipment-by-2028 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105021250/https://www.politico.eu/article/france-introduces-de-facto-ban-on-huawei-5g-equipment-by-2028/ |url-status=live}} On 28 August 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron assured the Chinese government that it did not ban Huawei products from participating in its fifth-generation mobile roll-out, but favored European providers for security reasons. The head of the France's cybersecurity agency also stated that it has granted time-limited waivers on 5G for wireless operators that use Huawei products, a decision that likely started a "phasing out" of the company's products.{{Cite news |date=24 July 2020 |title=France Says It's Not Banning Huawei Though Phase Out Started |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-24/france-says-it-s-not-banning-huawei-though-phase-out-is-underway |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727114625/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-24/france-says-it-s-not-banning-huawei-though-phase-out-is-underway |url-status=live}}

In February 2020, US government officials claimed that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials in carrier equipment like antennas and routers since 2009.

In mid July 2020, Andrew Little, the Minister in charge of New Zealand's signals intelligence agency the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), announced that New Zealand would not join the United Kingdom and United States in banning Huawei from the country's 5G network.{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Rachel |date=15 July 2020 |title=Andrew Little says New Zealand won't follow UK's Huawei 5G ban |work=Radio New Zealand |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/421286/andrew-little-says-new-zealand-won-t-follow-uk-s-huawei-5g-ban |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128084057/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/421286/andrew-little-says-new-zealand-won-t-follow-uk-s-huawei-5g-ban |archive-date=28 January 2021}}{{Cite news |last=Walton |first=Felix |date=27 July 2020 |title=Both the UK and the US have cancelled Huawei. Should NZ be next? |work=The Spinoff |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/27-07-2020/both-the-uk-and-the-us-have-cancelled-huawei-should-nz-be-next/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051803/https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/27-07-2020/both-the-uk-and-the-us-have-cancelled-huawei-should-nz-be-next/ |archive-date=18 January 2021}}

In May 2022, Canada's industry minister Francois-Philippe Champagne announced that Canada will ban Huawei from the country's 5G network, in an effort to protect the safety and security of Canadians, as well as to protect Canada's infrastructure.{{Cite news |date=20 May 2022 |title=Canada to ban China's Huawei and ZTE from its 5G networks |website=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61517729 |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520040917/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61517729 |url-status=live}} The Canadian federal government cited national security concerns for the move, saying that the suppliers could be forced to company with "extrajudicial directions from foreign governments" in ways that could "conflict with Canadian laws or would be detrimental to Canadian interests". Telcos will be prevented from procuring new 4G or 5G equipment from Huawei and ZTE and must remove all ZTE- and Huawei-branded 5G equipment from their networks by 28 June 2024.{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Canada bans Huawei equipment from 5G networks, orders removal by 2024 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/20/23132125/canada-bans-huawei-5g-network-equipment-telcos-reoval-2024 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=The Verge |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525185533/https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/20/23132125/canada-bans-huawei-5g-network-equipment-telcos-reoval-2024 |url-status=live}}

{{Excerpt|Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou}}

{{Further|Allegations of intellectual property infringement by China}}

Huawei has settled with Cisco Systems, Motorola, and PanOptis in patent infringement lawsuits.{{Cite news |last=Flynn |first=Laurie J. |date=29 July 2004 |title=Technology briefing: Cisco drops Huawei suit |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/29/business/technology-briefing-hardware-cisco-drops-patent-infringement-suit.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110082434/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/29/business/technology-briefing-hardware-cisco-drops-patent-infringement-suit.html |archive-date=10 November 2012}}{{Cite web |last=Long |first=David |date=31 August 2018 |title=Jury awards running royalty for willfully infringed SEPs subject to FRAND commitment (Optis v. Huawei) |url=https://www.essentialpatentblog.com/2018/08/jury-awards-running-royalty-infringed-seps-optis-v-huawei/ |access-date=23 August 2020 |website=Essential Patent Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219211706/https://www.essentialpatentblog.com/2018/08/jury-awards-running-royalty-infringed-seps-optis-v-huawei/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=$13M Huawei Patent Case Halted After Settlement News |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1248593/13m-huawei-patent-case-halted-after-settlement-news |access-date=23 August 2020 |website=Law360 |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823222021/https://www.law360.com/articles/1248593 |url-status=live}} In 2018, a German court ruled against Huawei and ZTE in favor of MPEG LA, which holds patents related to Advanced Video Coding.{{Cite web |last=Anjorin |first=Seyi |date=20 November 2018 |title=German Court Slams Huawei, ZTE Over AVC Patent Infringement |url=https://thenews-chronicle.com/german-court-slams-huawei-zte-over-avc-patent-infringement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121192849/https://thenews-chronicle.com/german-court-slams-huawei-zte-over-avc-patent-infringement/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=23 August 2020 |website=The News Chronicle |language=en-US}}

Huawei has been accused of intellectual property infringement.{{Cite web |last=Chaffin |first=Larry |date=8 October 2012 |title=60 Minutes torpedoes Huawei in less than 15 minutes |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2223272/60-minutes-torpedoes-huawei-in-less-than-15-minutes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611083614/https://www.networkworld.com/article/2223272/60-minutes-torpedoes-huawei-in-less-than-15-minutes.html |archive-date=11 June 2019 |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=Network World}}{{Cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |last2=Barboza |first2=David |date=25 October 2010 |title=Huawei Technologies of China's Bold Push Into U.S. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/technology/26telecom.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219173721/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/technology/26telecom.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 |issn=0362-4331}} In February 2003, Cisco Systems sued Huawei Technologies for allegedly infringing on its patents and illegally copying source code used in its routers and switches.{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/Cisco_Mot_for_PI.pdf |title=Cisco's motion for preliminary injunction |date=5 February 2003 |work=Cisco.com |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815151250/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/Cisco_Mot_for_PI.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2023}} By July 2004, Huawei removed the contested code, manuals and command-line interfaces and the case was subsequently settled out of court.{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Laurie J. |date=29 July 2004 |title=Technology briefing: Cisco drops Huawei suit |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/29/business/technology-briefing-hardware-cisco-drops-patent-infringement-suit.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110082434/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/29/business/technology-briefing-hardware-cisco-drops-patent-infringement-suit.html |archive-date=10 November 2012}} As part of the settlement Huawei admitted that it had copied some of Cisco's router software.{{cite news |author1=Dan Strumpf |author2=Dustin Volz |author3=Kate O'Keeffe |author4=Aruna Viswanatha |author5=Chuin-Wei Yap |date=2019-05-25 |title=Huawei's Yearslong Rise Is Littered With Accusations of Theft and Dubious Ethics |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/huaweis-yearslong-rise-is-littered-with-accusations-of-theft-and-dubious-ethics-11558756858 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614010340/https://www.wsj.com/articles/huaweis-yearslong-rise-is-littered-with-accusations-of-theft-and-dubious-ethics-11558756858 |archive-date=14 June 2019}}

At the 2004 Supercomm tech conference in Chicago, a Huawei employee allegedly opened up the networking equipment of other companies to photograph the circuit boards.

Brian Shields, former chief security officer at Nortel, said that his company was compromised in 2004 by Chinese hackers; executive credentials were accessed remotely, and entire computers were taken over. Shields does not believe Huawei was directly involved but thinks that Huawei was a beneficiary of the hack. Documents taken included product roadmaps, sales proposals, and technical papers.{{Cite news |last=Blackwell |first=Tom |date=February 20, 2020 |title=Did Huawei bring down Nortel? Corporate espionage, theft, and the parallel rise and fall of two telecom giants |work=National Post |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/exclusive-did-huawei-bring-down-nortel-corporate-espionage-theft-and-the-parallel-rise-and-fall-of-two-telecom-giants |access-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113715/https://nationalpost.com/news/exclusive-did-huawei-bring-down-nortel-corporate-espionage-theft-and-the-parallel-rise-and-fall-of-two-telecom-giants |url-status=live}} Nortel sought for but failed to receive help from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The Canadian Security Intelligence Service said it approached the company but was rebuffed.{{Cite news |last=Marlow |first=Iain |date=15 February 2012 |title=Nortel turned to RCMP about cyber hacking in 2004, ex-employee says |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/tech-news/nortel-turned-to-rcmp-about-cyber-hacking-in-2004-ex-employee-says/article534295/ |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804003449/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/tech-news/nortel-turned-to-rcmp-about-cyber-hacking-in-2004-ex-employee-says/article534295/ |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last=Kehoe |first=John |title=How Chinese hacking felled telecommunication giant Nortel |url=https://www.afr.com/technology/web/security/how-chinese-hacking-felled-telecommunication-giant-nortel-20140526-iux6a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607204151/https://www.afr.com/technology/web/security/how-chinese-hacking-felled-telecommunication-giant-nortel-20140526-iux6a |archive-date=7 June 2019 |website=Australian Financial Review |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=7 June 2019}}

Cybersecurity experts have some doubts about a hack of such magnitude as described by Shields, calling it "unlikely". An extensive analysis by University of Ottawa professor Jonathan Calof and recollections of former Nortel executive Tim Dempsey place the blame mostly on strategic mistakes and poor management at Nortel. On the other hand, some employees recall when Huawei or a front company returned a fibre card to Nortel disassembled, around a time when knock-offs products emerged in Asia. There remains a suspicion that industrial espionage brought down or at least accelerated Nortel's demise.

In 2017, a jury found that Huawei had misappropriated trade secrets of T-Mobile US but awarded damages only for a breach of supplier contract; it did not compensate T-Mobile for claims of espionage.{{Cite web |last=Lerman, Rachel |date=18 May 2017 |title=Jury awards T-Mobile $4.8M in trade-secrets case against Huawei |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/july-awards-t-mobile-48m-in-trade-secrets-case-against-huawei |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725190656/http://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/july-awards-t-mobile-48m-in-trade-secrets-case-against-huawei/ |archive-date=25 July 2017 |access-date=8 August 2017 |website=The Seattle Times}}

In February 2020, the United States Department of Justice charged Huawei with racketeering and conspiring to steal trade secrets from six US firms.{{Cite news |last=O'Keeffe |first=Corinne Ramey and Kate |date=13 February 2020 |title=China's Huawei Charged With Racketeering, Stealing Trade Secrets |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-huawei-charged-with-racketeering-11581618336 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220014559/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-huawei-charged-with-racketeering-11581618336 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |issn=0099-9660}} Huawei said those allegations, some going back almost 20 years, had never been found as a basis for any significant monetary judgment.{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Huawei: US issues new charges of racketeering and theft |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51497460 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214171929/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51497460 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |website=BBC News}}

Leaked documents obtained by The Washington Post in 2019 raised questions about whether Huawei conducted business secretly with North Korea, which was under numerous US sanctions.{{Cite news |last1=Nakashima |first1=Ellen |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |last3=Hudson |first3=John |date=2019-07-22 |title=Leaked documents reveal Huawei's secret operations to build North Korea's wireless network |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/leaked-documents-reveal-huaweis-secret-operations-to-build-north-koreas-wireless-network/2019/07/22/583430fe-8d12-11e9-adf3-f70f78c156e8_story.html |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210022815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/leaked-documents-reveal-huaweis-secret-operations-to-build-north-koreas-wireless-network/2019/07/22/583430fe-8d12-11e9-adf3-f70f78c156e8_story.html |url-status=live}}

{{Further|Persecution of Uyghurs in China|Xinjiang internment camps}}

Huawei has been accused of providing technology used in the mass surveillance and detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps, resulting in sanctions by the United States Department of State.{{Cite web |title=Connectivity Comes to Kenya's DigiSchools |url=https://www.huawei.com/en/tech4all/stories/kenya-digischool |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241013225141/https://www.huawei.com/en/tech4all/stories/kenya-digischool |archive-date=2024-10-13 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=huawei |language=en}}{{Cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Laura |last2=Mills Rodrigo |first2=Chris |date=15 July 2020 |title=US announces sanctions on Huawei, citing human rights abuses |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/507443-us-announces-sanctions-on-huawei-citing-human-rights-abuses |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823221956/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/507443-us-announces-sanctions-on-huawei-citing-human-rights-abuses |url-status=live}} Documents show that it has developed facial recognition software that recognizes ethnicity-specific features for surveillance{{Cite news |last1=Dou |first1=Eva |last2=Harwell |first2=Drew |date=2020-12-13 |title=Huawei worked on several surveillance systems promoted to identify ethnicity, documents show |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/12/12/huawei-uighurs-identify/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514021121/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/12/12/huawei-uighurs-identify/ |url-status=live}} and filed a patent in China for a technology that could identify Han and Uyghur pedestrians.{{Cite news |date=13 January 2021 |title=Huawei patent mentions use of Uighur-spotting tech |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55634388 |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113002844/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55634388 |url-status=live}} The company and its suppliers have also been accused of using forced labor.{{Cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Chris |last2=Mozur |first2=Paul |date=22 May 2019 |title=How China Uses High-Tech Surveillance to Subdue Minorities |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125180459/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html |archive-date=25 November 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=3 March 2020 |title=Tory MP asks BT if using Huawei complies with anti-slavery policy |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/03/tory-mp-asks-bt-using-huawei-complies-anti-slavery-policy |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422202834/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/03/tory-mp-asks-bt-using-huawei-complies-anti-slavery-policy |archive-date=22 April 2020 |issn=0261-3077}} Huawei denied operating such technology.{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Huawei refutes reports it helps China with surveillance, detention of Muslim minorities in Xinjiang |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-jan-20-2020-1.5433064/huawei-refutes-reports-it-helps-china-with-surveillance-detention-of-muslim-minorities-in-xinjiang-1.5433380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122170850/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-jan-20-2020-1.5433064/huawei-refutes-reports-it-helps-china-with-surveillance-detention-of-muslim-minorities-in-xinjiang-1.5433380 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=CBC News |quote=We sell technology all around the world, but we don't operate it. We don't know how our customers choose to operate it," said Alykhan Velshi, Huawei Canada's vice-president of corporate affairs.}}

On 8 October 2023, former MI6 spy Aimen Dean posted on X that Israel's failure to detect the Hamas-led attack on Israel was due partly to its militants use of Huawei phones, tablets and laptops, elaborating that US tech companies barring of Huawei had forced it to develop its own systems that were not easy to hack except by China.{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2023 |title=Was Huawei behind Israel's failure to detect Hamas plans? |url=https://www.albawaba.com/node/was-huawei-behind-israels-failure-detect-hamas-plans-1536954 |website=Al Bawaba |language=en |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226212008/https://www.albawaba.com/node/was-huawei-behind-israels-failure-detect-hamas-plans-1536954 |url-status=live}}{{Citation |title=Teknologi Canggih China Kunci Sukses Hamas? Sistem Canggih Sulit Ditembus Barat, Israel Kocar-kacir |date=13 October 2023 |trans-title=China's advanced technology key to Hamas' success? Sophisticated Systems are Difficult for the West to Penetrate, Israel in Disarray |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPZBtq_SDr0 |access-date=2024-02-26 |publisher=Tribunnews.com |language=id |via=Youtube |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226212008/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPZBtq_SDr0 |url-status=live}}

In January 2024, Netgear, a computer networking company based in San Jose, California, filed a lawsuit with a California federal court against Huawei, claiming the company broke the United States antitrust law by withholding patent licenses, in addition to allegations of fraud and racketeering.{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=Netgear Sues Huawei in US Antitrust Case Over Patent Licensing |url=https://money.usnews.com/investing/news/articles/2024-01-31/netgear-sues-huawei-in-us-antitrust-case-over-patent-licensing |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=US News & World Report |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131211756/https://money.usnews.com/investing/news/articles/2024-01-31/netgear-sues-huawei-in-us-antitrust-case-over-patent-licensing |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last=Pettersson |first=Edvard |date=30 January 2024 |title=Netgear accuses of Huawei of extortion and racketeering in patent dispute |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/netgear-accuses-of-huawei-of-extortion-and-racketeering-in-patent-dispute/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Courthouse News Service |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131045137/https://www.courthousenews.com/netgear-accuses-of-huawei-of-extortion-and-racketeering-in-patent-dispute/ |url-status=live}}

In 2014, Der Spiegel and The New York Times reported that, according to global surveillance disclosures, the National Security Agency (NSA) infiltrated Huawei's computer network in 2009. The White House intelligence coordinator and the FBI were also involved. The operation obtained Huawei's customer list and internal training documents. In addition, the company's central email archive was accessed, including messages from founder Ren Zhengfei and chairwoman Sun Yafang. So much data was gathered that "we don't know what to do with it", according to one document. The NSA was concerned that Huawei's infrastructure could provide China with signals intelligence capabilities. It also wanted to find ways to exploit the company's products because they are used by targets of interest to the NSA.{{Cite news |date=2014-03-22 |title=NSA Spied on Chinese Government and Networking Firm Huawei |language=en |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nsa-spied-on-chinese-government-and-networking-firm-huawei-a-960199.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926050316/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nsa-spied-on-chinese-government-and-networking-firm-huawei-a-960199.html |archive-date=26 September 2023 |issn=2195-1349}} In 2023, the Chinese government officially acknowledged that the NSA's hacking had occurred.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=US spy agency 'hacked Huawei HQ': China confirms Snowden leak |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3235174/us-spy-agency-nsa-hacked-huawei-hq-china-confirms-snowden-leak |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}

In March 2025, Huawei became the focus of a corruption investigation in Brussels, Belgium, involving allegations of bribery targeting the European Parliament.{{Cite news |last=Stolton |first=Samuel |last2=Volpicelli |first2=Gian |date=March 28, 2025 |title=Huawei Bosses Likely Knew of Alleged EU Bribes, Belgians Say |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-28/huawei-bosses-likely-knew-about-alleged-eu-bribes-belgians-say |access-date=March 31, 2025 |work=Bloomberg News}} Belgian federal prosecutors are investigating potential "active corruption within the European Parliament," with sources indicating that the alleged bribery was intended to benefit Huawei. The investigation has drawn comparisons to the 2022 Qatargate scandal and has renewed concerns about lobbying practices within the EU.{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Huawei bribery scandal: What we know so far |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/huawei-bribery-scandal-eu-chinese-tech-lobby-money-lobbying/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}} In May 2025, lobby organization SolarPower Europe removed Huawei as a member.{{cite web |last1=Rayner |first1=Tristan |title=SolarPower Europe expels Huawei amid EU bribery probe |url=https://www.ess-news.com/2025/05/08/solarpower-europe-expels-huawei-amid-eu-bribery-probe/ |website=Energy Storage |date=8 May 2025}}

{{Further|United States sanctions against China}}

In August 2018, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) was signed into law, containing a provision that banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the US federal government, citing security concerns.{{Cite web |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=13 August 2018 |title=Trump signs bill banning government use of Huawei and ZTE tech |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17686310/huawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529222201/https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17686310/huawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=The Verge}} Huawei filed a lawsuit over the NDAA 2019 in March 2019,{{Cite news |last1=Mozur |first1=Paul |last2=Ramzy |first2=Austin |date=6 March 2019 |title=Huawei Sues U.S. Government Over What It Calls an Unfair Ban |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/business/huawei-united-states-trade-lawsuit.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530075021/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/business/huawei-united-states-trade-lawsuit.html |archive-date=30 May 2019 |issn=0362-4331}} alleging it to be unconstitutional because it specifically targeted Huawei without granting it a chance to provide a rebuttal or due process.{{Cite web |last=Lecher |first=Colin |date=29 May 2019 |title=Huawei is challenging its US contracting ban as unconstitutional |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/29/18644040/huawei-government-ban-lawsuit-policy-unconstitutional |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529223618/https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/29/18644040/huawei-government-ban-lawsuit-policy-unconstitutional |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=The Verge}} The federal judge dismissed the lawsuit in February 2020, concluding that U.S. Congress acted within its powers by including the restriction in the NDAA 2019.{{Cite news |date=February 18, 2020 |title=U.S. judge rejects Huawei challenge to federal law restricting its business |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-huawei-tech/u-s-judge-rejects-huawei-challenge-to-federal-law-restricting-its-business-idUSKBN20C2M9/?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews |access-date=October 24, 2024 |work=Reuters}}{{Cite web |title=Huawei Techs. USA, Inc. v. United States, 440 F. Supp. 3d 607 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator |url=https://casetext.com/case/huawei-techs-usa-inc-v-united-states |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=casetext.com}}

Additionally, on 15 May 2019, the Department of Commerce added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and "affiliates" to its Entity List under the Export Administration Regulations, citing the company having been indicted for "knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)".{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=Addition of Entities to the Entity List |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/21/2019-10616/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608070718/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/21/2019-10616/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=Federal Register}} This restricts US companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license.{{Cite news |last=Webster |first=Graham |date=18 May 2019 |title=It's not just Huawei. Trump's new tech sector order could ripple through global supply chains. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/18/its-not-just-huawei-trumps-new-tech-sector-order-could-ripple-through-global-supply-chains |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520090639/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/18/its-not-just-huawei-trumps-new-tech-sector-order-could-ripple-through-global-supply-chains/ |archive-date=20 May 2019}}{{Cite web |date=16 May 2019 |title=Tech stocks slide on US decision to blacklist Huawei and 70 affiliates |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/15/us-blacklist-huawei-70-affiliates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616044449/https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/15/us-blacklist-huawei-70-affiliates/ |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Sabrina |date=16 May 2019 |title=Huawei hits back over Trump's national emergency on telecoms 'threat' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |location=Washington |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/15/donald-trump-national-emergency-telecoms-threats-huawei |url-status=live |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520022052/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/15/donald-trump-national-emergency-telecoms-threats-huawei |archive-date=20 May 2019 |issn=0261-3077}} Various US-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation.{{Cite news |last1=Satariano |first1=Adam |last2=Zhong |first2=Raymond |last3=Wakabayashi |first3=Daisuke |date=20 May 2019 |title=U.S. Tech Suppliers, Including Google, Restrict Dealings With Huawei After Trump Order |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/technology/google-android-huawei.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527021957/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/technology/google-android-huawei.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}

The May 2019 ban on Huawei was partial: it did not affect most non-American produced chips, and the Trump administration granted a series of extensions on the ban in any case,{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=Trump administration grants 90-day extension for US businesses to work with Huawei |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/18/us-grants-90-day-extension-for-work-with-huawei.html |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301180212/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/18/us-grants-90-day-extension-for-work-with-huawei.html |url-status=live}} with another 90-day reprieve issued in May 2020.{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=Sean |title=Huawei ban timeline: Chinese company's CFO to testify in extradition case |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/huawei-ban-full-timeline-us-restrictions-china-trump-android-google-ban-5g-cfo/ |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031230607/https://www.cnet.com/news/huawei-ban-full-timeline-us-restrictions-china-trump-android-google-ban-5g-cfo/ |url-status=live}} In May 2020, the US extended the ban to cover semiconductors customized for Huawei and made with US technology.{{Cite web |last=@bdellarocca |date=28 August 2020 |title=U.S. Further Tightens Huawei Blacklist, Putting a "Blanket Ban" on the Company |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/us-further-tightens-huawei-blacklist-putting-blanket-ban-company |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=Lawfare |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907152251/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/us-further-tightens-huawei-blacklist-putting-blanket-ban-company |url-status=live}} In August 2020, the US again extended the ban to a blanket ban on all semiconductor sales to Huawei. The blanket ban took effect in September 2020. Samsung and LG Display were banned from supplying displays to Huawei.[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-huawei-tech-samsung-elec-lg-displ/samsung-lg-display-to-stop-supplying-panels-to-huawei-due-to-us-restrictions-chosun-idUSKBN2600EZ/?utm_source=reddit.com https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-huawei-tech-samsung-elec-lg-displ/samsung-lg-display-to-stop-supplying-panels-to-huawei-due-to-us-restrictions-chosun-idUSKBN2600EZ/]

The sanctions regime established in September 2020 negatively affected Huawei production, sales and financial projections.{{Cite web |last=Doffman |first=Zak |title=Huawei Stops Smartphone Production Lines After Blacklisting, Report Claims |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/05/31/huawei-cuts-smartphone-production-lines-after-blacklisting-reports-claim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806024851/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/05/31/huawei-cuts-smartphone-production-lines-after-blacklisting-reports-claim/ |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=Forbes}}{{Cite web |last=Doffman |first=Zak |title=Huawei Confirms $30 Billion Revenue Hit As Smartphone Sales Drop 40–60% (Updated) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/06/17/huawei-may-pull-honor-20-and-fears-40-60-drop-in-smartphone-sales-report-claims/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926035431/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/06/17/huawei-may-pull-honor-20-and-fears-40-60-drop-in-smartphone-sales-report-claims/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=Forbes}}{{Cite news |date=16 June 2019 |title=Huawei Braces for Phone Sales Drop of Up to 60 Million Overseas |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-16/huawei-braces-for-a-steep-drop-in-overseas-smartphone-sales |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310022843/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-16/huawei-braces-for-a-steep-drop-in-overseas-smartphone-sales |archive-date=10 March 2020}} However, on 29 June 2019 at the G20 summit, the US President made statements implicating plans to ease the restrictions on US companies doing business with Huawei.{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Matthew |title=President Trump lifts US ban on Huawei at G20 summit |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/president-trump-lifts-us-ban-on-huawei-at-g20-summit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630193801/https://www.zdnet.com/article/president-trump-lifts-us-ban-on-huawei-at-g20-summit/ |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=29 June 2019 |website=ZDNet |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=29 June 2019 |title=US and China agree to restart trade talks |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48810070 |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629193852/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48810070 |archive-date=29 June 2019}}{{Cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Trump appears to soften his tone on Huawei |url=https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/g20-june-2019-intl-hnk#h_6f86ba7a80e65af7ce7ab2984e5058c7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629191749/https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/g20-june-2019-intl-hnk/h_6f86ba7a80e65af7ce7ab2984e5058c7 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=29 June 2019 |website=CNN |language=en}} Despite this statement, on 15 May 2020, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended its export restrictions to prevent Huawei from producing semiconductors derived from technology or software of US origin, even if the manufacturing is performed overseas.{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kim |date=15 May 2020 |title=US moves to cut off Huawei from overseas chip manufacturers |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/15/21259814/us-commerce-huawei-chip-manufacturers-5g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515171212/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/15/21259814/us-commerce-huawei-chip-manufacturers-5g |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=The Verge |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=15 May 2020 |title=U.S.-China tensions rise as Trump administration moves to cut Huawei off from global chip suppliers |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/15/us-china-tensions-rise-as-trump-administration-moves-to-cut-huawei-off-from-global-chip-suppliers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515153150/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/15/us-china-tensions-rise-as-trump-administration-moves-to-cut-huawei-off-from-global-chip-suppliers.html |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=CNBC |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Commerce Addresses Huawei's Efforts to Undermine Entity List, Restricts Products Designed and Produced with U.S. Technologies |url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/05/commerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515131503/https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/05/commerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of Commerce |language=en}} In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated Huawei a national security threat, thereby barring it from any US subsidies.{{Cite news |last=McCabe |first=David |date=30 June 2020 |title=F.C.C. Designates Huawei and ZTE as National Security Threats |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/technology/fcc-huawei-zte-national-security.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702160918/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/technology/fcc-huawei-zte-national-security.html |archive-date=2 July 2020 |issn=0362-4331}} In July 2020, the Federal Acquisition Regulation Council published a Federal Register notice prohibiting all federal government contractors from selling Huawei hardware to the federal government and preventing federal contractors from using Huawei hardware.{{Cite web |date=14 July 2020 |title=Federal Acquisition Regulation: Prohibition on Contracting With Entities Using Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/07/14/2020-15293/federal-acquisition-regulation-prohibition-on-contracting-with-entities-using-certain |access-date=9 August 2020 |website=Federal Register |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802072121/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/07/14/2020-15293/federal-acquisition-regulation-prohibition-on-contracting-with-entities-using-certain |url-status=live}}

In November 2020, President Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included Huawei.{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Shawna |date=12 November 2020 |title=Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028203620/https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |last2=Alper |first2=Alexandra |last3=Ali |first3=Idrees |date=12 November 2020 |title=Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175811/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=12 November 2020 |title=Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html |access-date=13 November 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113000328/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html |url-status=live}} In January 2021, the Trump administration revoked licenses from US companies such as Intel from supplying products and technologies to Huawei.{{Cite news |last1=Freifeld |first1=Karen |last2=Alper |first2=Alexandra |date=17 January 2021 |title=Trump admin slams China's Huawei, halting shipments from Intel, others -sources |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-huawei-tech/exclusive-trump-admin-slams-chinas-huawei-halting-shipments-from-intel-others-sources-idUSL1N2JS0HT |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113722/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/exclusive-trump-admin-slams-chinas-huawei-halting-shipments-intel-others-sources-2021-01-17/ |url-status=live}} In June 2021, the FCC voted unanimously to prohibit approvals of Huawei gear in US telecommunication networks on national security grounds.{{Cite news |last=Shepardson |first=David |date=17 June 2021 |title=U.S. FCC votes to advance proposed ban on Huawei, ZTE gear |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-fcc-votes-launch-further-crackdown-huawei-zte-equipment-2021-06-17/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618202128/https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-fcc-votes-launch-further-crackdown-huawei-zte-equipment-2021-06-17/ |url-status=live}}

In June 2021, the administration of Joe Biden began to persuade the United Arab Emirates to remove the Huawei Technologies Co. equipment from its telecommunications network, while ensuring to further distance itself from China. It came as an added threat to the $23 billion arms deal of F-35 fighter jets and Reaper drones between the US and the UAE. The Emirates got a deadline of four years from Washington to replace the Chinese network.{{Cite news |date=11 June 2021 |title=Biden Prods UAE to Dump Huawei, Sowing Doubts on Key F-35 Sale |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-11/biden-prods-uae-to-dump-huawei-sowing-doubts-on-key-f-35-sale |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611073621/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-11/biden-prods-uae-to-dump-huawei-sowing-doubts-on-key-f-35-sale |url-status=live}} A report in September 2021 analyzed how the UAE was struggling between maintaining its relations with both the United States and China. While Washington had a hawkish stance towards Beijing, the increasing Emirati relations with China have strained those with America. In that light, the Western nation has raised concerns for the UAE to beware of the security threat that the Chinese technologies like Huawei 5G telecommunications network possessed. However, the Gulf nations like the Emirates and Saudi Arabia defended their decision of picking Chinese technology over the American, saying that it is much cheaper and had no political conditions.{{Cite news |last1=England |first1=Andrew |last2=Kerr |first2=Simeon |date=20 September 2021 |title='More of China, less of America': how superpower fight is squeezing the Gulf |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4f82b560-4744-4c53-bf4b-7a37d3afeb13 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4f82b560-4744-4c53-bf4b-7a37d3afeb13 |archive-date=10 December 2022}}

After President Joe Biden signed into law the Secure Equipment Act of 2021, on 25 November 2022, the FCC issued a ban on Huawei for national security reasons, citing the national security risk posed by the technology owned by China.{{Cite news |title=FCC steps up campaign against Huawei and other Chinese tech companies |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/28/fcc-steps-up-campaign-against-huawei-other-chinese-tech-companies/ |access-date=29 November 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129034017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/28/fcc-steps-up-campaign-against-huawei-other-chinese-tech-companies/ |url-status=live}} In May 2024, the U.S. Department of Commerce revoked some export licenses that allow Intel and Qualcomm to supply Huawei with semiconductors.{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2024 |title=US revokes licences for supply of chips to China's Huawei |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cf965960-b083-49ee-bae1-6ce95fe872a3 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Financial Times |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507233803/https://www.ft.com/content/cf965960-b083-49ee-bae1-6ce95fe872a3 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |date=2024-05-08 |title=US revokes licences for sales of chips to Huawei |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgxwpql2e82o |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=BBC News |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509090032/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgxwpql2e82o |url-status=live}}

In March 2025, the FCC opened an investigation into Huawei and other Chinese companies regarding operations in the U.S. in violation of restrictions.{{Cite news |last=Shepardson |first=David |date=March 21, 2025 |title=FCC probing if Chinese tech, telecom firms seeking to evade US restrictions |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/fcc-probing-if-chinese-tech-telecom-firms-seeking-evade-us-restrictions-2025-03-21/ |access-date=March 21, 2025 |work=Reuters}}

Before the 15 September 2020 deadline, Huawei was in "survival mode" and stockpiled "5G mobile processors, Wifi, radio frequency and display driver chips and other components" from key chip suppliers and manufacturers, including Samsung, SK Hynix, TSMC, MediaTek, Realtek, Novatek, and RichWave.{{Cite web |title=Huawei in 'survival mode' as suppliers race to beat US deadline |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Huawei-in-survival-mode-as-suppliers-race-to-beat-US-deadline |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029150543/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Huawei-in-survival-mode-as-suppliers-race-to-beat-US-deadline |url-status=live}} Even in 2019, Huawei spent $23.45 billion on the stockpiling of chips and other supplies in 2019, up 73% from 2018. In May 2020, SMIC manufactured 14 nm chips for Huawei, which was the first time Huawei used a foundry other than TSMC.{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2020 |title=Mainland Chinese Foundry SMIC Builds Its First 14nm FinFET SoC for Huawei |url=https://www.extremetech.com/defense/310559-mainland-chinese-foundry-smic-builds-its-first-14nm-finfet-soc-for-huawei |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301060009/https://www.extremetech.com/defense/310559-mainland-chinese-foundry-smic-builds-its-first-14nm-finfet-soc-for-huawei |archive-date=1 March 2024 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Extreme Tech}} In July 2020, TSMC confirmed it would halt the shipment of silicon wafers to Chinese telecommunications equipment manufacturer Huawei and its subsidiary HiSilicon by 14 September.{{cite web |title=TSMC plans to halt chip supplies to Huawei in 2 months |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/TSMC-plans-to-halt-chip-supplies-to-Huawei-in-2-months |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Nikkei Asian Review |language=en-GB |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808203753/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/TSMC-plans-to-halt-chip-supplies-to-Huawei-in-2-months |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last=Frumusanu |first=Andrei |title=TSMC Confirms Halt to Huawei Shipments In September |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15915/tsmc-confirms-halt-to-huawei-shipments-in-september |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=www.anandtech.com |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808183636/http://www4.anandtech.com/show/15915/tsmc-confirms-halt-to-huawei-shipments-in-september |url-status=live}}

On its most crucial business, namely, its telecoms business (including 5G) and server business, Huawei has stockpiled 1.5 to 2 years' worth of chips and components.{{Cite web |title=Huawei builds up 2-year reserve of 'most important' US chips |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Huawei-builds-up-2-year-reserve-of-most-important-US-chips |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028234432/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Huawei-builds-up-2-year-reserve-of-most-important-US-chips |url-status=live}} It began massively stockpiling from 2018, when Meng Wanzhou, the daughter of Huawei's founder, was arrested in Canada upon US request. Key Huawei suppliers included Xilinx, Intel, AMD, Samsung, SK Hynix, Micron and Kioxia. On the other hand, analysts predicted that Huawei could ship 195 million units of smartphones from its existing stockpile in 2021, but shipments may drop to 50 million in 2021 if rules are not relaxed.

In late 2020, it was reported that Huawei had planned to build a semiconductor manufacturing facility in Shanghai that did not involve US technology.{{Cite web |last9=Kathrin Hille, Yuan Yang, and Qianer Liu |date=1 November 2020 |title=Huawei develops plan for chip plant to help beat U.S. sanctions |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-11-01/huawei-chip-plant |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103052245/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-11-01/huawei-chip-plant |url-status=live}} The plan may have helped Huawei obtain necessary chips after its existing stockpile became depleted, which would have helped the company chart a sustainable path for its telecoms business. Huawei had also planned to collaborate with the government-run Shanghai IC R&D Center, which is partially owned by the state-owned enterprise Hua Hong Semiconductor. Huawei may have been purchasing equipment from Chinese firms such as AMEC and NAURA Technology Group, as well as using foreign tools which it could still find on the market.

In August 2023, the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA), a US trade association, alleged that Huawei was building a collection of secret semiconductor-fabrication facilities across China, a shadow manufacturing network that would let the company skirt US sanctions.{{cite web |author1=Ian King |author2=Debby Wu |date=August 23, 2023 |title=Huawei Building Secret Network for Chips, Trade Group Warns |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-23/huawei-building-secret-chip-plants-in-china-to-bypass-us-sanctions-group-warns#xj4y7vzkg |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=Bloomberg |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824080809/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-23/huawei-building-secret-chip-plants-in-china-to-bypass-us-sanctions-group-warns#xj4y7vzkg |url-status=live}}{{cite web |author=Charlotte Trueman |date=August 23, 2023 |title=Huawei is attempting to avoid US chip sanctions, trade body alleges |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3705212/huawei-is-attempting-to-avoid-us-chip-sanctions-trade-body-alleges.html |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=Computer World |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826161041/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3705212/huawei-is-attempting-to-avoid-us-chip-sanctions-trade-body-alleges.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |author=Eric Revell |date=August 23, 2023 |title=Huawei building secret chip network to dodge US sanctions: report |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/huawei-building-secret-chip-network-dodge-us-sanctions-report |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=Fox Business |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826161216/https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/huawei-building-secret-chip-network-dodge-us-sanctions-report |url-status=live}} Huawei was receiving an estimated $30 billion in state funding from the government at the time and had acquired at least two existing plants, with plans to construct at least three others. The United States Department of Commerce had put Huawei on its entity list in 2019, eventually "prohibiting it from working with American companies in almost all circumstances." However, if Huawei were to function under the names of other companies without disclosing its own involvement, it might have been able to circumvent those restrictions to "indirectly purchase American chipmaking equipment and other supplies that would otherwise be prohibited."

On 6 September 2023, Huawei launched its new Mate 60 smartphone.{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Gregory |date=October 6, 2023 |title=In Chip Race, China Gives Huawei the Steering Wheel: Huawei's New Smartphone and the Future of Semiconductor Export Control |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/chip-race-china-gives-huawei-steering-wheel-huaweis-new-smartphone-and-future |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220222430/https://www.csis.org/analysis/chip-race-china-gives-huawei-steering-wheel-huaweis-new-smartphone-and-future |url-status=live}} The phone is powered by a new Kirin 9000s chip, made in China by Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp (SMIC).{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Warren |date=2023-09-06 |title=China dodges western 5G chip embargo with new Huawei Mate 60 phone |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/06/huawei-mate-60-pro-mobile-phone-china-dodges-5g-chip-embargo |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920003955/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/06/huawei-mate-60-pro-mobile-phone-china-dodges-5g-chip-embargo |url-status=live}} This processor was the first to use the new 7 nanometre SMIC technology. TechInsights had stated in 2022 that it believed SMIC had managed to produce 7 nm chips, even though faced by a harsh sanctions regime, by adapting simpler machines that it could still purchase from ASML. Holger Mueller of Constellation Research Inc. said that this showed that the US sanctions might have had the effect of sending China's chip-making industry into overdrive: "If SMIC really has perfected its 7nm process, this would be a major advance that can help Huawei remain at the forefront of the smartphone industry."{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=Huawei's latest smartphone showcases China's chip manufacturing breakthrough |url=https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/04/huaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=SiliconANGLE |language=en-US |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906183010/https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/04/huaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough/ |url-status=live}} TechInsights found evidence that the processor had been manufactured using SMIC's N+2 7 nm node.{{Cite web |title=TechInsights Finds SMIC 7nm (N+2) in Huawei Mate 60 Pro {{!}} TechInsights |url=https://www.techinsights.com/blog/techinsights-finds-smic-7nm-n2-huawei-mate-60-pro |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.techinsights.com |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906180657/https://www.techinsights.com/blog/techinsights-finds-smic-7nm-n2-huawei-mate-60-pro |url-status=live}} One of its analysts, Dan Hutcheson, who had led the breakdown of the new device, stated that it demonstrates "impressive technical progress China's semiconductor industry has made" despite not having EUVL tools, and that "the difficulty of this achievement also shows the resilience of the country's chip technological ability". However other analysts have said that such an achievement may lead to harsher sanctions against it.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=Huawei's latest smartphone showcases China's chip manufacturing breakthrough |url=https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/04/huaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=SiliconANGLE |language=en-US |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906183010/https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/04/huaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough/ |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Deepin|Harmony OS}}

After the US sanctions regime started in summer 2018, Huawei started working on its own in-house operating system codenamed "HongMeng OS": in an interview with Die Welt, executive Richard Yu stated in 2019 that an in-house OS could be used as a "plan B" if it were prevented from using Android or Windows as the result of US action.{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=Huawei confirms it has its own OS on back shelf as a plan B |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3001685/huawei-confirms-it-has-built-its-own-operating-system-just-case-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521023511/https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3001685/huawei-confirms-it-has-built-its-own-operating-system-just-case-us |archive-date=21 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=South China Morning Post}}{{Cite web |last=Faulkner |first=Cameron |date=14 March 2019 |title=Huawei developed its own operating systems in case it's banned from using Android and Windows |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/14/18265646/huawei-operating-systems-android-windows-ban |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525004428/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/14/18265646/huawei-operating-systems-android-windows-ban |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=The Verge}}{{Cite web |last=Kharpal |first=Arjun |date=15 March 2019 |title=Huawei built software for smartphones and laptops in case it can't use Microsoft or Google |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/huawei-has-built-its-own-operating-system-for-smartphones-laptops.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522193246/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/huawei-has-built-its-own-operating-system-for-smartphones-laptops.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=CNBC}} Huawei filed trademarks for the names "Ark", "Ark OS", and "Harmony" in Europe, which were speculated to be connected to this OS.{{Cite web |last=phones |first=John McCann 2019-05-28T09:07:56Z Mobile |date=28 May 2019 |title=Huawei may be building an Ark (OS) as it prepares for life after Android |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-may-be-building-an-ark-os-as-it-prepares-for-life-after-android |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529223849/https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-may-be-building-an-ark-os-as-it-prepares-for-life-after-android |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Lakshmanan |first=Ravie |date=15 July 2019 |title=Huawei wants to name its Android OS replacement 'Harmony' in Europe |url=https://thenextweb.com/plugged/2019/07/15/huawei-wants-to-name-its-android-os-replacement-harmony-in-europe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716221920/https://thenextweb.com/plugged/2019/07/15/huawei-wants-to-name-its-android-os-replacement-harmony-in-europe/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=The Next Web |language=en-us}} On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled Harmony OS at its inaugural HDC developers' conference in Dongguan with the ARK compiler which can be used to port Android APK packages to the OS.{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=Huawei reveals HarmonyOS, its alternative to Android |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/08/09/huawei-harmony-os-hongmeng-android/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130165154/https://www.engadget.com/2019/08/09/huawei-harmony-os-hongmeng-android/ |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Engadget |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=9 August 2019 |title=Huawei's new operating system is called HarmonyOS |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/9/20798251/huawei-harmonyos-hongmengos-smartphones-internet-of-things-operating-system-android |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611191021/https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/9/20798251/huawei-harmonyos-hongmengos-smartphones-internet-of-things-operating-system-android |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=The Verge}}

In September 2019, Huawei began offering the Linux distribution Deepin as a pre-loaded operating system on selected Matebook models in China.{{Cite web |date=12 September 2019 |title=Huawei selling MateBook laptops with Linux preinstalled to consumers in China |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/huawei-selling-matebook-laptops-with-linux-preinstalled-to-consumers-in-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913022220/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/huawei-selling-matebook-laptops-with-linux-preinstalled-to-consumers-in-china/ |archive-date=13 September 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=TechRepublic |language=en}}

Whereas at first the official Huawei line was that Harmony OS was not intended for smartphones, in June 2021 Huawei began shipping its smartphones{{Cite web |last=Kharpal |first=Arjun |date=2020-09-10 |title=Huawei says its own operating system HarmonyOS will come to smartphones next year |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/10/huawei-opens-harmonyos-to-third-party-smartphone-makers-after-google-ban.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604054035/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/10/huawei-opens-harmonyos-to-third-party-smartphone-makers-after-google-ban.html |url-status=live}} with Harmony OS by default in China (in Europe it kept Android, in its own version EMUI, as the default). The operating system proved a success in China, rising from no market share at all to 10 per cent of the Chinese market for smartphones within two years (from mid-2021 to mid-2023), at the expense of Android.{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Global Smartphone Sales Share by Operating System - Counterpoint Research |url=https://www.counterpointresearch.com/insights/global-smartphone-os-market-share/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906070712/https://www.counterpointresearch.com/insights/global-smartphone-os-market-share/ |url-status=live}}

In 2013, Taiwan blocked mobile network operators and government departments from using Huawei equipment.{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Huawei to close Taipei outlet, leaving one in Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202306070020 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Focus Taiwan |language=en-US |quote=Taiwan has blocked local wireless carriers and government departments from using equipment manufactured by Huawei, ZTE and other Chinese companies since 2013. |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024020155/https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202306070020 |url-status=live}}

In 2018, Japan banned Huawei from receiving government contracts.{{Cite web |title=Japan bans Huawei and its Chinese peers from government contracts |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade-war/Japan-bans-Huawei-and-its-Chinese-peers-from-government-contracts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402100458/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade-war/Japan-bans-Huawei-and-its-Chinese-peers-from-government-contracts |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB |quote=Japan's central government ministries and Self-Defense Forces received guidelines on Monday that effectively bar them from buying personal computers, servers and telecommunications equipment from Huawei Technologies and other Chinese companies.}}

In 2019, Vietnam left Huawei out of bids to build the country's 5G network out of national security concerns.{{Cite web |date=2019-08-27 |title=Vietnam shuns Huawei as it seeks to build Southeast Asia's first 5G network |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3024479/vietnam-shuns-huawei-it-seeks-build-aseans-first-5g |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |quote=We are not going to work with Huawei right now," Dung said in an interview at the company’s Hanoi headquarters. "It’s a bit sensitive with Huawei now. There were reports that it’s not safe to use Huawei. So Viettel’s stance is that, given all this information, we should just go with the safer ones. So we choose Nokia and Ericsson from Europe. |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008060055/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3024479/vietnam-shuns-huawei-it-seeks-build-aseans-first-5g |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Vietnam carrier develops native 5G tech to lock out Huawei |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Telecommunication/Vietnam-carrier-develops-native-5G-tech-to-lock-out-Huawei |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016193336/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Telecommunication/Vietnam-carrier-develops-native-5G-tech-to-lock-out-Huawei |url-status=live}}

Following the initial 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes, India announced that Huawei telecommunication gear would be removed from the country and that the company would be blocked from participating in India's 5G network out of national security concerns.{{Cite news |last=Chaudhary |first=Archana |date=13 August 2020 |title=China's Huawei, ZTE Set To Be Shut Out of India's 5G Trials |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-13/china-s-huawei-zte-set-to-be-shut-out-of-india-s-5g-trials |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820120541/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-13/china-s-huawei-zte-set-to-be-shut-out-of-india-s-5g-trials |archive-date=20 August 2020 |quote=China’s Huawei Technologies Co. and ZTE Corp. are set to be kept out of India’s plans to roll out its 5G networks as relations between the two countries hit a four decade low following deadly border clashes.}}

Ten out of the 27 European Union member states have regulatory frameworks curbing Huawei products. They range from bans, higher barriers to approval, refusal to renew licenses, and unimplemented proposals.{{cite news |title=European countries who put curbs on Huawei 5G equipment |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/european-countries-who-put-curbs-huawei-5g-equipment-2023-09-28/ |work=Reuters |date=29 September 2023}}{{cite news |title=Most EU members not implementing Huawei, ZTE 5G ban, data shows |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/12/most-eu-members-not-implementing-huawei-zte-5g-ban-data-shows |work=euronews |date=12 February 2024 |language=en}}

Having previously banned Huawei from participating in its 5G auction, Brazil reversed its position in early 2021 and allowed Huawei to participate.{{Rp|page=131}}

In May 2022, Canada's government banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from the country's 5G network, with network operators having until 28 June 2024 to remove what they had already installed. The ban followed years of lobbying from the US, part of the Five Eyes intelligence alliance that also includes Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK.{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=Canada bans China's Huawei Technologies from 5G networks |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-technology-justin-trudeau-canada-ec8046f8f85f3e70fb3800a0f749ced5 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Associated Press |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519202204/https://apnews.com/article/politics-technology-justin-trudeau-canada-ec8046f8f85f3e70fb3800a0f749ced5 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Huawei ban won't solve the problem of Chinese spying on Canada, experts say |url=https://www.thelondoner.ca/news/canada/huawei-ban-wont-solve-the-problem-of-chinese-spying-on-canada-experts-say |website=The Londoner |access-date=21 May 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113721/https://www.thelondoner.ca/news/canada/huawei-ban-wont-solve-the-problem-of-chinese-spying-on-canada-experts-say |url-status=live}} Australia and New Zealand have also banned or restricted Huawei products.{{Cite web |date=5 December 2022 |title=Huawei: Banned and Permitted in Which Countries? List and FAQ |url=https://www.channele2e.com/business/enterprise/huawei-banned-in-which-countries/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222210738/https://www.channele2e.com/business/enterprise/huawei-banned-in-which-countries/ |url-status=live}}

In October 2022, the UK extended the deadline by a year to the end of 2023 for removing core Huawei equipment from network functions. The ban, originally announced in 2020 following US pressure, calls for the phasing out of all Huawei gear from UK's 5G network by the end of 2027, which remains unchanged.{{cite news|title=UK extends deadline to remove Huawei equipment from 5G network core|date=13 October 2022|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/uk-extends-deadline-remove-huawei-equipment-5g-network-core-2022-10-13/|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727103545/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/uk-extends-deadline-remove-huawei-equipment-5g-network-core-2022-10-13/|url-status=live}}

Per an August 2023 decree on 5G network development, Costa Rica barred firms from all countries that have not signed the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime.{{Cite news |date=2023-10-13 |title=Chinese embassy criticizes Costa Rica for 5G company restrictions |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinese-embassy-criticizes-costa-rica-5g-company-restrictions-2023-10-13/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015205305/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinese-embassy-criticizes-costa-rica-5g-company-restrictions-2023-10-13/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-08 |title=Costa Rica Excludes China from 5G Tech Bidders |url=https://ticotimes.net/2023/09/08/costa-rica-excludes-china-from-5g-tech-bidders |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=The Tico Times |language=en-US |quote=The policy effectively disqualifies Chinese companies like Huawei from Costa Rica’s upcoming 5G spectrum auction, as China has not signed the Budapest pact. |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927235633/https://ticotimes.net/2023/09/08/costa-rica-excludes-china-from-5g-tech-bidders |url-status=live}} The decree affects Chinese firms like Huawei, as well as firms from South Korea, Russia and Brazil, among others.

In July 2024, the German government announced a deal with telecommunication companies in the country to remove Chinese 5G equipment, including from Huawei, by 2029.{{Cite news |last1=Burger |first1=Ludwig |last2=Rinke |first2=Andreas |date=July 10, 2024 |title=Germany in deal to cut Huawei's role in 5G wireless network, report says |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/germany-deal-cut-huaweis-role-5g-wireless-network-report-says-2024-07-10/ |access-date=July 10, 2024 |work=Reuters}}

Western distrust and targeting of Huawei is generally viewed by the Chinese public as unjustified.{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York |doi=10.7312/hu--21100 |jstor=10.7312/hu--21100}}{{Rp|page=66}} This has led to a perspective in the Chinese public and among city governments that patronizing Huawei helps support China in geopolitical and technological competition with the United States.{{Rp|page=66}} Huawei has thus received high levels of support in terms of public sentiment which its rival firms do not benefit from to the same extent.{{Rp|page=66}} Huawei's top position in China's smart cities technology market has in particular been boosted by these sentiments.{{Rp|page=66}}

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• {{cite book |last=Dou |first=Eva |title=House of Huawei: The Secret History of China's Most Powerful Company |date=2025 |publisher=Portfolio |isbn=9780593544631}}
• {{cite book |last=Wen |first=Yun |title=The Huawei Model: The Rise of China's Technology Giant |date=2020 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252052316}}

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