United Torah Judaism

File:United Torah Judaism logo.jpg

Before the establishment of Degel HaTorah and the formation of United Torah Judaism, the two factions were united under one united Agudat Yisrael party, but the late mentor and supreme guide of the non-Hasidic group, Rabbi Elazar Shach, broke away from Agudat Yisrael when he concluded that the party was not representing enough the political intrests of the Lithuanian Haredim. At that point, he split from them, and created the Degel HaTorah party for the "Lithuanian" Haredi Jews (also known as "Mitnagdim" by some). He chose the name Degel HaTorah, meaning "Flag of The Torah", to be a contrast to the well-known flag of Israel and its connection with the secular-dominated State of Israel (an "anti-Torah" entity, in his opinion). Rabbi Shach was known as an outspoken critic of the secular Israeli way of life.

The UTJ party also had considerable influence on the Israeli Sephardi Jews' Shas party. In fact, the Shas party was founded by Rabbi Shach at an earlier juncture when he was previously also frustrated with the policies of the Hasidic rebbes; so, he turned to the Sephardic Jews, and urged his own Ashkenazi followers at that time, to vote for the new Shas party, which they did in record numbers. Later, Shas broke with Rabbi Shach, as it adopted its own independent political stance under Rabbi Ovadia Yosef. Yet, Shas generally goes in the same direction, as it has similar values, needs and interests within the state.

Haaretz cited that some women activists have protested the fact that UTJ, along with other Haredi parties, refuses to run female candidates for office.{{cite news |last=Kaplan Sommer |first=Allison |date=8 December 2014 |title=Threats and backlash for ultra-Orthodox women seeking political voice |url=https://www.haaretz.com/haredi-women-face-backlash-over-knesset-demands-1.5342689 |work=Haaretz |access-date=15 June 2015}} UTJ responded that they have the right to follow the Jewish laws of modesty, which separates roles of men and women, and maintain that they do not deny women the right to vote for any other Knesset parties of their choice. They add that Haredi women will not vote for them if they elect women.{{cite news |last=Yahav |first=Telem |date=18 December 2012 |title=Haredi parties: Women have different role |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4321510,00.html |work=Ynetnews |access-date=25 April 2016}}

In January 2004, the party split back into its two factions following a disagreement over how to join Ariel Sharon's coalition, which had been negotiated by Rabbi Yosef Shalom Eliashiv. Rabbi Eliashiv wanted the five MKs to have a three-month "waiting period" before accepting jobs in the government. Rabbi Yaakov Aryeh Alter, the Gerrer rebbe, however, thought that all Agudat members should accept positions immediately. The Agudat MKs argued that they should be entitled to follow their own rabbis' ruling, while their Degel HaTorah counterparts accused them of disrespecting Rabbi Eliashiv. The Agudat faction proceeded to follow the rebbe of Ger's instructions, with MK Yaakov Litzman accepting the position as chairman of the Knesset Finance Committee. This infuriated Degel HaTorah and its leaders, and in response, they left the party, dissolving a twelve-year-old partnership.

In December 2005, there was a meeting between representatives of the two factions, presumably to smooth over the ill-feelings of the previous year and to attempt to re-group before the March 2006 elections. A number of issues were worked out, such as Degel HaTorah's insistence on the joint list being equally divided between the two parties. (In the past, Agudat Israel has received more votes than Degel HaTorah.) Degel HaTorah has re-organized itself. It has a fully equipped modern party office on Hamabit Street 10 in Jerusalem's Geula neighborhood. It conducted a party convention, its first in 15 years, in December 2005.

In early February 2006, Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah agreed to run together as United Torah Judaism, despite the fact that the contentious "sixth seat" issue remained undecided. The two groups finally compromised by proposing dividing the sixth seat between two representatives on a rotating schedule (as was done in the last Knesset between the Belz and Vizhnitz communities for the fifth seat).{{cite news |last=Wagner |first=Matthew |date=9 February 2006 |title=Degel, Aguda on verge of reuniting |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Degel-Aguda-on-verge-of-reuniting |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=9 March 2019}}{{cite web |url=https://www.chareidi.org/archives5766/yisro/autjysr66.htm |title=United Torah Jewry and Shabbos — Agudas Yisroel-Degel HaTorah Submits Joint Knesset List |last1=Kahn |first1=B. |last2=Ariel |first2=Y. |last3=Zissman |first3=A. |date=15 February 2006 |website=Chairedi.org |publisher=Dei'ah VeDibur |access-date=15 June 2015}} This solution seemed to mollify the respective groups, and paved the way for the re-establishment of a joint list for the 2006 elections, although the Belz court was reportedly irked that once again, it was being asked to sacrifice part of its representation.{{cite news |last=Ettinger |first=Yair |date=9 February 2006 |title=Deal over final make-up of UTJ list to go down to the wire |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4891392 |work=Haaretz |access-date=15 June 2015}}

UTJ MKs told reporters that any decision to join future government coalitions will be dependent on achieving two "central posts" to be split between Agudah and Degel. Similarly, in order to avoid the problems that led to the 2004 split, disagreements about joining a coalition will not be determined by a majority vote of MKs, but rather taken to the party's rabbinic leaders.

Various media interviews with the party's Knesset members confirmed that it would strongly consider joining a coalition with the Ehud Olmert-led Kadima party, should it be offered to them after the elections.{{cite news |last=Fendel |first=Hillel |date=23 March 2006 |title=Hareidi UTJ Party Hints: We Will Join Kadima Government |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/100669 |work=Israel National News |access-date=15 June 2015}} In March 2006, the rabbinical leaders of UTJ, including Rabbi Yosef Shalom Eliashiv, issued public declarations urging the Haredi public to vote for the party's list. In the election, the party increased its mandate by one, to six seats.

{{Conservatism in Israel}}

UTJ wants to maintain a status quo relationship in regard to religion-and-state issues. The party has no uniform opinion on the issue of increasing settlements in the West Bank.{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Politics/UTJ.html |title=Israel Political Parties: United Torah Judaism |author= |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=9 March 2019}}

UTJ has always been a coalition of two individual parties, choosing to take advantage of Israeli election law in order to maximize the number of seats it can gain in the Knesset (and thus maximize its influence):

• The Agudat Yisrael ("Union of Israel") party that is guided by the followers of Hasidism in Israel, and also consisting of Ashkenazi Jews. The leading members of this party are the followers of the Ger, Vizhnitz, and Belz Hasidim.
• The Degel HaTorah ("Banner of the Torah") party that is guided by the rabbinic heads (usually the leading rosh yeshivas ("deans") of the Lithuanian yeshivas) of non-Hasidic Haredi Ashkenazi Jews.

The Agudat Yisrael faction takes its directions from the Hasidic rebbes of Ger (Rabbi Yaakov Aryeh Alter), Vizhnitz (Rabbi Yisroel Hager), and Belz (Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach). Policy decisions are also weighed and decided by a Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah ("Council of Torah Sages"), a council of communal rabbis, made up of mostly senior and elderly rebbes.

Degel HaTorah's pre-eminent sages are Rabbi Dov Landau and Rabbi Moshe Hillel Hirsch, of Bnei Brak. Policy decisions are also weighed and decided by their own "Moetzes" (Council) of experienced communal rabbis, made up of mostly senior and elderly rosh yeshivas. There is no word from the party on the process of succession as leader, and it usually unofficialy announced in their daily newspaper "Yated Neeman".

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! colspan=2| Name

! Ideology

! Demographic

! Leader

! Current MKs

|-

| style="background:{{party color|Agudat Yisrael}}"|

| style="width:200px" | Agudat Yisrael

| style="width:250px" | Religious conservatism

| style="width:100px" | Hasidic

| style="width:150px" | Yaakov Litzman

| {{Composition bar|3|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|-

| style="background:{{party color|Degel HaTorah}}"|

| style="width:200px" | Degel HaTorah

| style="width:250px" | Religious conservatism

| style="width:150px" | Litvish

| style="width:150px" | Moshe Gafni

| {{Composition bar|4|120|{{party color|Degel HaTorah}}}}

|-

|}

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center

!Election

!Leader

!Votes

!%

!Seats

!+/–

!Government

|-

|1992

|align=left|Avraham Yosef Shapira

|86,167

|3.29 (#7)

|{{Composition bar|4|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{decrease}} 3

|{{no2|Opposition}}

|-

|1996

|align=left rowspan=2| Meir Porush

|98,657

|3.23 (#8)

|{{Composition bar|4|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{steady}}

|{{yes2|Coalition}}

|-

|1999

|125,741

|3.80 (#9)

|{{Composition bar|5|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{increase}} 1

|{{yes2|Coalition}}

|-

|2003

|align=left rowspan=8| Yaakov Litzman

|135,087

|4.29 (#8)

|{{Composition bar|5|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{steady}}

|{{no2|Opposition}}

|-

|2006

|147,091

|4.69 (#8)

|{{Composition bar|6|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{increase}} 1

|{{no2|Opposition}}

|-

|2009

|147,954

|4.39 (#6)

|{{Composition bar|5|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{decrease}} 1

|{{yes2|Coalition}}

|-

|2013

|195,892

|5.16 (#6)

|{{Composition bar|7|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{increase}} 2

|{{no2|Opposition}}

|-

|2015

|210,143

|4.99 (#9)

|{{Composition bar|6|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{decrease}} 1

|{{yes2|Coalition}}

|-

|Apr 2019

|249,049

|5.78 (#4)

|{{Composition bar|8|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{increase}} 2

| {{partial2|Caretaker}}

|-

|Sep 2019

|268,688

|6.06 (#6)

|{{Composition bar|7|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{decrease}} 1

| {{partial2|Caretaker}}

|-

|2020

|274,437

|5.98 (#5)

|{{Composition bar|7|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{steady}}

|{{yes2|Coalition}}

|-

|2021

|align=left|Moshe Gafni

|248,391

|5.63 (#7)

|{{Composition bar|7|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{steady}}

|{{no2|Opposition}}

|-

|2022

|align=left|Yitzhak Goldknopf

|280,125

|5.88 (#6)

|{{Composition bar|7|120|{{party color|United Torah Judaism}}}}

|{{steady}}

|{{yes2|Coalition}}

|}

{| class=wikitable

!Knesset

!Members

|-

| 18th Knesset (2009–2013)

| 5 seats: Yaakov Litzman, Moshe Gafni, Meir Porush (replaced by Yisrael Eichler on 6 February 2011), Uri Maklev, Eliezer Moses

|-

| 19th Knesset (2013–2015)

| 7 seats: Yaakov Litzman, Moshe Gafni, Meir Porush, Uri Maklev, Eliezer Moses, Yisrael Eichler, Ya'akov Asher

|-

| 20th Knesset (2015–2019)

| 6 seats: Yaakov Litzman, Moshe Gafni, Meir Porush (replaced by Ya'akov Asher on 24 May 2016), Uri Maklev, Eliezer Moses, Yisrael Eichler

|-

| 21st Knesset (2019)

| 8 seats: Yaakov Litzman, Moshe Gafni, Meir Porush, Uri Maklev, Ya'akov Tessler, Ya'akov Asher, Yisrael Eichler, Yitzhak Pindros

|-

| 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)

| 7 seats: Yaakov Litzman, Moshe Gafni, Meir Porush, Uri Maklev, Ya'akov Tessler, Ya'akov Asher, Yisrael Eichler

|-

| 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)

| 7 seats: Moshe Gafni, Meir Porush, Uri Maklev, Ya'akov Tessler, Ya'akov Asher, Yisrael Eichler, Eliyahu Hasid

|-

| 24th Knesset (2021–2022)

| 7 seats: Moshe Gafni, Meir Porush, Uri Maklev, Yitzhak Pindrus, Ya'akov Asher, Yisrael Eichler, Ya'akov Tessler

|-

| 25th Knesset (2022–)

| 7 seats: Yitzhak Goldknopf (replaced by Yitzhak Pindrus on 1 January 2023), Moshe Gafni, Meir Porush (replaced by Moshe Roth on 25 January 2023), Uri Maklev, Ya'akov Tessler, Ya'akov Asher, Yisrael Eichler

|}

• Agudath Israel of America
• Hasidim and Mitnagdim
• World Agudath Israel
• Chardal

{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

• [https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=8 United Torah Judaism] Knesset website

{{Israeli political parties}}

{{OrthodoxJudaism}}

Category:Ashkenazi Jews topics

Category:Haredi Judaism in Israel

Category:Orthodox Jewish political parties

Category:Political party alliances in Israel

Category:Political parties established in 1992

Category:1992 establishments in Israel

Category:Conservative parties in Israel

Category:Social conservative parties

Category:Social democratic parties in Israel

Category:Right-wing parties

Category:Right-wing politics in Israel