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Volkswagen air-cooled engine#T4

{{Short description|German automotive engine}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}

{{Use American English|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = Volkswagen Boxer Engine

|manufacturer = Volkswagen

|aka =

|production = 1936–2006

| displacement = {{ubl |{{cvt|985|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1131|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1192|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1285|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1493|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1584|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1679|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1795|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1971|cc|L|1|order=flip}} }}

|bore = {{ubl |{{cvt|70|mm|2}}|{{cvt|75|mm|2}}|{{cvt|77|mm|2}}|{{cvt|83|mm|2}}|{{cvt|85.5|mm|2}}|{{cvt|90|mm|2}}|{{cvt|93|mm|2}}
{{cvt|94|mm|2}} }}

|stroke = {{ubl |{{cvt|64|mm|2}}|{{cvt|69|mm|2}}{{cvt|66|mm|2}}|{{cvt|71|mm|2}} }}

|successor = Volkswagen Wasserboxer engine

|configuration = Flat-4 naturally aspirated petrol engine

}}

The Volkswagen air-cooled engine is an air-cooled, gasoline-fuelled, boxer engine with four horizontally opposed cast-iron cylinders, cast aluminum alloy cylinder heads and pistons, magnesium-alloy crankcase, and forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods.

There are two distinct families/variations of the aircooled engine namely Type 1 and Type 4. The Type 3 engine is a variation of the Type 1 engine with pancake cooling arrangement.

Variations of the engine were produced by Volkswagen plants worldwide from 1936 until 2006 for use in Volkswagen's own vehicles, notably the Type 1 (Beetle), Type 2 (transporter), Type 3, and Type 4. Additionally, the engines were widely used in industrial, light aircraft and kit car applications.

Type 1: 1.0–1.6 litres{{anchor|T1}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = Volkswagen Type 1 Engine

|manufacturer = Volkswagen

|aka = Type 3 engine (when equipped with a crank mounted cooling fan)

|production = 1936-2006

|successor = Volkswagen Type 4 engine

|configuration = Flat-4 naturally aspirated petrol engine

|block = Aluminum / magnesium alloy

|head = Aluminum alloy

|valvetrain = Pushrod OHV

|fuelsystem = Mechanical / Carbureted / Digifant EFI (Mexico and U.S. Type 3 only)

|fueltype = Gasoline

|oilsystem = Wet sump

|coolingsystem = Air-cooled

}}

The Type 1 engine got its name from the Type 1 Beetle it originally came with. It evolved from the original 985 cc in the KdF wagen in 1939 to the 1600 cc dual port fuel-injected engine that came in the 2003 Mexican Beetle. The very last Type 1 engine came in the 2006 Type 2c built in Brazil. In most applications, the Type 1 engine came with an upright cooling shroud and a belt driven fan.

When equipped with crank mounted cooling fan, the Type 1 engine may be referred as Type 3 engine. These engines came only in 1500 cc and 1600 cc configurations in Volkswagen Type 3 based vehicles. The Type 1 engine was also used in Type 2 vehicles with additional engine mounting provisions. The term "universal engine case" refers to an engine case that can be used for all three applications. All Type 1 engines used lighter magnesium alloy for the engine case even though late model engines used stronger alloys for durability. The bore spacing on Type 1 engine is 112 mm.

A re-design of the Type 1 engine was introduced in 1968 in the Volkswagen Type 4. It came to be known as the Type 4 engine. It was larger and more powerful and shared almost nothing with the Type 1 engine other than the general architecture of the longblock.

=1000=

  • 1938–1942"Der Käfer – Eine Dokumentation Band 2" by A. Etzold, published by Motorbuch, Stuttgart in 1985

{{ISBN|3-7168-1613-2}}"Das große Buch der Volkswagen-Typen" by Lothar Boschen, published by Motorbuch, Stuttgart in 1983 {{ISBN|3-87943-799-8}} KdF-Wagen

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = Volkswagen 1000 engine

|production = 1938–1942

|displacement = {{cvt|985|cc|1|lk=on}}

|bore = {{cvt|70|mm|2}}

|stroke = {{cvt|64|mm|2}}

|fuelsystem =

|power = {{cvt|18|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}} at 3,000 rpm,
{{cvt|22|kW|PS bhp|0}}

|compression = 5.8:1

}}

=1100=

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = Volkswagen 1100 engine

|image = Volkswagen motor cut 1945.JPG

|caption = Cutaway 1945 1131 cc engine

|aka = 1100 engine

|production = 1945–1953

|displacement = {{cvt|1131|cc|1|lk=on}}

|bore = {{cvt|75|mm|2}}

|stroke = {{cvt|64|mm|2}}

|fuelsystem =

|power = {{cvt|18|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}} at 3,300 rpm,
{{cvt|22|kW|PS bhp|0}}

|specpower = {{cvt|15.9|kW|PS bhp|0}} / L (18kW variant)

|torque = {{cvt|68|Nm|0|lk=on}} at 2,000 rpm

|compression = 5.8:1

}}

Like the Volkswagen Beetle produced after the war, the first Volkswagen Transporters (bus) used the Volkswagen air-cooled engine, a 1.1 litre, DIN-rated 18 kW (24 PS, 24 bhp), air-cooled four-cylinder "boxer" engine mounted in the rear. The 22-kilowatt (29 PS; 29 bhp) version became standard in 1955, while an unusual early version of the engine which developed 25 kilowatts (34 PS; 34 bhp) debuted exclusively on the Volkswagen Type 2 (T1) in 1959.

=1200=

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = Volkswagen Typ 1200

|image = VW Boxer 1192cm3.jpg

|aka = 1200 Engine

|production = 1950–1991

|displacement = {{cvt|1192|cc|1|lk=on}}

|bore = {{cvt|77|mm|2}}

|stroke = {{cvt|64|mm|2}}

|length =

|width =

|height =

|diameter =

|weight =

|fuelsystem = Carburettor
Solex 28 PCI or Solex 28 PICT

|power = {{cvt|22|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}}
{{cvt|25|kW|PS bhp|0}}
{{cvt|27|kW|PS bhp|0}}
{{cvt|30|kW|PS bhp|0}}

|specpower = {{cvt|18.5|-|21.0|kW|PS bhp|0}} / L

|torque = depending on engine application, around ~70–80 N·m

|compression = 7.0:1 – 7.3:1

|fuelcon =

|fueltype = Carburettor fuel
86 RON (7:1 compression ratio)
87 RON (7,3:1 compression ratio)

|specfuelcon =

|oilcon =

}}

The 1.2-litre engine is called Type 122 and has a displacement of {{cvt|1192|cc}}.Die Betriebsanleitung für den Volkswagen-Industriemotor Typ 122, Typ 126A. Volkswagen AG. Wolfsburg. March 1985. Page 29 As industrial engine, its rated power is {{cvt|22.8|kW|PS bhp|0}} at 3000 min−1 without a governor, the highest torque {{cvt|81.4|Nm|0}} at 2000 min−1. With a governor set to 8% accuracy, the rated power is {{cvt|21.33|kW|bhp PS|0}} at 3000 min−1, the highest torque is {{cvt|69.63|Nm|0}} at 2000 min−1.[http://www.motor-talk.de/forum/aktion/Attachment.html?attachmentId=699799 Änderungen nach August 1965]. Nachtrag zur Betriebsanleitung des Industriemotors. August 1966 For other applications, the power and torque output may vary, e.g. On the Beetle produced {{cvt|41|PS|bhp kW|0}} at 3900 rpm and {{cvt|88|Nm|0}} of torque at 2400 rpm.{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/s7533/Volkswagen-Beetle.aspx|website=conceptcarz|title=1963 Volkswagen Beetle Technical Specifications and Dimensions|access-date=29 October 2018}}

=1300=

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = Volkswagen 1300 engine

|production = 1966–1995

|displacement = {{cvt|1285|cc|1|lk=on}}

|bore = {{cvt|77|mm|2}}

|stroke = {{cvt|69|mm|2}}

|fuelsystem =

}}

1285 cc

Single port 1966, type 1, beetle only.

With Higher compression, it developed 50 bhp. It was a problematic engine, and so only used in the North American market in type 2 vehicles for model year 1966.

Type 4: 1.7–2.0 litres{{anchor|T4}}

From 1968 to 1983, the Type 4 engine was produced in 1.7, 1.8 and 2.0 litre variants.{{cite web|url=https://motor-car.net/vw-engines/item/13796-vw-type-4-engine |title=VW Type 4 engine (1968-1983) |website=motor-car.net |access-date=17 June 2023}}

Other applications

Beginning in 1987, Dunn-Right Incorporated of Anderson, South Carolina, US has made a kit to perform the conversion of a VW engine to a compressor.{{cite web|url=http://www.dunnrightinc.com|title=Dunn-Right Incorporated|date=n.d.|access-date=16 January 2010}}

=Industrial=

Volkswagen AG has offered these air-cooled boxer engines for use in industrial applications since 1950, lately under its Volkswagen Industrial Motor brand. Available in {{convert|18|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on}}, {{convert|22|kW|PS bhp|0}}, {{convert|25|kW|PS bhp|0}}, {{convert|31|kW|PS bhp|0}}, {{convert|33|kW|PS bhp|0}} and {{convert|46|kW|PS bhp|0}} outputs, from displacements of {{convert|1.2|L|cuin|0}} to {{convert|1.8|L|cuin|0}}, these Industrial air-cooled engines were officially discontinued in 1991.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}

=Aircraft=

File:AeroConversions AeroVee Engine.jpg]]

The air-cooled opposed four-cylinder Beetle engines have been used for other purposes as well. Limbach Flugmotoren has since 1970 produced more than 6,000 aircraft engines based on the Beetle engine.[http://easa.europa.eu/document-library/type-certificates/easae084], Limbach L2400[http://easa.europa.eu/document-library/type-certificates/easae083], Limbach L2000[http://easa.europa.eu/document-library/type-certificates/easae082], Limbach L1700[http://www.limflug.de/ Limbach], Limbach Aero Engines Sauer has since 1987 produced certified engines for small airplanes and motorgliders,[http://www.ams-flight.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=92&lang=en Carat motorglider], Carat motorglider. and is now also producing engines for the ultralight community in Europe.[http://www.sauer-flugmotorenbau.de/Flugmotore.html Sauer Flugmotorenbau], Sauer Flugmotorenbau.[http://www.spriteaviation.co.uk/Sprite_Aviation_2/Sauer.html Sauer in Groppo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183150/http://www.spriteaviation.co.uk/Sprite_Aviation_2/Sauer.html |date=16 April 2014 }}, Sauer in Groppo.

This type of VW engine deployment started separately in Europe and in the US. In Europe this started in France soon after the Second World War using the engine in the Volkswagen Kübelwagen that were abandoned by the thousands in the country side and peaked with the JPX engine.[http://www.jpx.fr/Jpx/english/pg_4tx90E.htm JPX], JPX In the US this started in the 1960s when VW Beetle started to be imported.[http://www.eaavideo.org/video.aspx?v=3367045529001 EAA Webinar John Monnett], John Monnett. A number of companies still produce aero engines that are Volkswagen Beetle engine derivatives: Limbach, Sauer, Hapi, Revmaster, Great Plains Type 1 Front Drive, Hummel, the AeroConversions AeroVee Engine, and others. Kit planes or plans built experimental aircraft were specifically designed to utilize these engines. The VW air-cooled engine does not require an expensive and often complex gear reduction unit to utilize a propeller at efficient cruise RPM{{huh|date=December 2024}}. With its relative low cost and parts availability, many experimental aircraft are designed around the VW engines.{{cite news |title=In North Kitsap, Turning Old Cars into New Planes |newspaper=Kitsap Sun |date=29 November 2009}}[http://www.greatplainsas.com/2010Iss3.pdf Great Plans Aircraft Newsletter, Issue 3, 2010.]

Formula V Air Racing uses aircraft designed to get maximum performance out of a VW powered aircraft resulting in race speeds above 160 mph.[http://www.formulav.com/ Formula V Air Racing]

Some aircraft that use the VW engine are:

File:Volkswagen engine Volksplane.JPG]]

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}}

==Half VW==

File:Hummelbird Amateur Built C-FPKY 05 half VW engine.JPG]]

For aircraft use, a number of experimenters, who were seeking a small, two-cylinder, four-stroke engine, began cutting Type 1 VW engine blocks in half, creating a two-cylinder, horizontally opposed engine. The resulting engine produces {{cvt|30|to|38|hp|kW|0}}. Plans and kits have been made available for these conversions.{{cite web|url = http://www.betterhalfvw.com/engine.htm|title = The Better Half VW Engine – Engine Detail|access-date = 26 May 2010|last1 = Millholland|first1 = L. E. |last2 = Gibson |first2 = Graeme|date=November 2002}}{{cite web|url = https://www.greatplainsas.com/carr-twin-plans-plus-shipping.aspx|title = 0058 / Carr Twin Plans|last = Great Plains Aircraft Supply Co., Inc.|date = n.d.|access-date=16 February 2022}}

One such conversion is the Carr Twin, designed by Dave Carr, introduced in January 1975, in the Experimental Aircraft Association's Sport Aviation magazine. The design won the John Livingston Award for its outstanding contribution to low cost flying and also was awarded the Stan Dzik Memorial Award for outstanding design.

Other examples include the Total Engine Concepts MM CB-40 and Better Half VW.

Some aircraft that use the Half VW engine are:

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References

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{cite web|url=http://beetle.cabriolets.online.fr/tech/evolution.html#Engine|title=The Evolution of the Beetle|work=Exklusively Käfer Kabrioletts|publisher=Beetle.Cabriolets.online.fr|access-date=16 January 2010}}

{{Refend}}

{{Volkswagen Group brands}}

{{VW}}

{{Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Volkswagen Air Cooled Engine}}

Air cooled

Category:Boxer engines

Category:Lists of automobile engines

Category:1930s aircraft piston engines