Vyborg

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| quote = {{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden.svg}} Sweden 1293–1710
{{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol (variant).svg}} Tsardom of Russia 1710–1721
{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} Russian Empire 1721–1917
{{small|(as part of {{flagicon image|Coats of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland.svg}} Grand Duchy of Finland 1812-1917)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}} Finland 1917–1918
{{flagicon image|Red_flag.svg}} Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1918
{{flag|Finland}} 1918–1940
{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} 1940–1941
{{flag|Finland}} 1941–1944
{{flag|Soviet Union}} 1944–1991
{{flag|Russia}} 1991–present

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{{See also|Fief of Viborg}}

According to archeological research, the area of what is now Vyborg used to be a trading center on the Vuoksi River's western branch, which has since dried up. The region was inhabited by the Karelians, a Balto-Finnic tribe which gradually came under the domination of Novgorod and Sweden.{{cite web|url=http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html|title=Suomen kaupungit keskiajalla|author=Jussi Katajala|year=2010|language=FI|access-date=12 February 2016}}{{Cite book|title=Ancient Karelia|last=Uino|first=Pirjo|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104|year=1997|location=Helsinki|pages=115}} It has been claimed that Vyborg appeared in the 11th–12th centuries as a mixed Karelian-Russian settlement,{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=95}} although there is no archeological proof of any East Slavic settlement of that time in the area,{{Cite book|title=Ancient Karelia|last=Uino|first=Pirjo|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104|year=1997|location=Helsinki|pages=343–346}} and it is not mentioned in any of the earliest historical documents, such as the Novgorod First Chronicle or the Primary Chronicle. Wider settlement in the area of Vyborg is generally regarded to date from 13th century onwards when Hanseatic traders began traveling to Novgorod.{{Cite book|title=Ancient Karelia|last=Uino|first=Pirjo|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104|year=1997|location=Helsinki|pages=118}}

File:Башня Выборгской крепости 06.jpg]]

Vyborg Castle was founded during the Third Swedish Crusade in 1293 by marsk Torkel Knutsson[https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/1355/vyborg-castle/ Vyborg Castle, Vyborg, Russia - Spotting History] on the site of an older Karelian fort which was burned.{{Cite book|title=Ancient Hillforts of Finland|last=Taavitsainen|first=Jussi-Pekka|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 94|year=1990|pages=240}} The castle, which was the first centre for the spread of Christianity in Karelia,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} was fought over for decades between Sweden and the Republic of Novgorod. As a result of the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden, Vyborg was finally recognized as a part of Sweden. The town's trade privileges were chartered by the Pan-Scandinavian King Eric of Pomerania in 1403. It withstood a prolonged siege by Daniil Shchenya during the Russo-Swedish War of 1496–1497.

File:Vyborg1710 006 7837.jpg

Under Swedish rule, Vyborg was closely associated with the noble family of Bååt, originally from Småland. The late-medieval commanders and fief holders of Vyborg were (almost always) descended from or married to the Bååt family. In practice, though not having this as their formal title, they functioned as Margraves, had feudal privileges, and kept all the crown's incomes from the fief to use for the defense of the realm's eastern border.

File:Suecia 3-122 ; Wiiborg. J. v. d. Aveelen Sc. Holmiæ.1709.jpg

Vyborg remained in Swedish hands until its capture in 1710 after the Siege of Vyborg by Tsar Peter the Great in the Great Northern War. In the course of Peter's second administrative reform, Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Province of St. Petersburg Governorate.{{cite web|url=http://geo.1september.ru/view_article.php?id=200101502|title=Изменение административно-территориального деления России за последние 300 лет|author=С. А. Тархов|year=2001|work=Электронная версия журнала "География"}} The 1721 Treaty of Nystad, which concluded the war with Sweden, finalized the transfer of the town and a part of Old Finland to Russia. The loss of Vyborg led Sweden to develop Fredrikshamn as a substitute port town.{{cite web |url=http://www.uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-FinlandsHistoria1700Talet |title=Finlands historia: 1700-talet |last=Lindberg |first=Johan |date=May 26, 2016 |website=Uppslagsverket Finland |access-date=November 30, 2017 |language=sv}} Another result of the loss of Vyborg was that its diocese was moved to Borgå, transforming the town into an important learning centre.

In 1744, Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Governorate. In 1783, the governorate was transformed into the Vyborg Viceroyalty; in 1801, it reverted back to Vyborg Governorate.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} In 1802, the Vyborg Governorate was renamed the Finland Governorate.

One of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Vyborg Bay, was fought in Vyborg Bay on 4 July 1790.

After the rest of Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, Emperor Alexander I incorporated the town and the governorate into the newly created Grand Duchy of Finland in 1811 (1812 NS).{{cite web|url=http://vbglenobl.ru/raion/istoriya-raiona|script-title=ru:История Выборгского района, история Выборгской земли|publisher=Муниципальное образование Выборгский район Ленинградской Области|language=ru|access-date=March 20, 2014}}

File:Wiborg - Pehr Adolf Kruskopf - Finland framställdt i teckningar - 60.jpg edited by Zacharias Topelius and published 1845–1852.]]

Over the course of the 19th century, the town developed as the centre of administration and trade for eastern Finland. The inauguration of the Saimaa Canal in 1856 benefited the local economy, as it opened the vast waterways of Eastern Finland to the sea. Vyborg was never a major industrial center and lacked large production facilities, but its location made it serve as a focal point of transports of all industries on the Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia and southeastern Finland. Trams in Vyborg started in 1912.

The Bolshevik revolutionary Vladimir Lenin lived in the town for a period between the February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917.

In June 1917, Viipuri hosted a convention of ethnic Polish military men stationed throughout Finland, at which it was decided to form the Polish Legion in Finland to fight for Finnish independence from Russia (see also Finland–Poland relations).{{cite magazine|last=Jaworski|first=Jacek|year=2015|title=Polacy w Finlandii: pierwsi przeciw bolszewikom|magazine=Pamięć.pl|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=39|pages=22–23|issn=2084-7319}} The 1,700-strong Legion was then stationed in Viipuri. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the fall of the Russian Empire, Finland declared itself independent. During the Finnish Civil War, Viipuri was in the hands of the Finnish Red Guards until it was captured by the White Guard in the Battle of Vyborg, on 29 April 1918. In April to May 1918, 360 to 420 civilians were murdered by White Guards during the Vyborg massacre. The city served as the starting point of the civil war, which later spread to the rest of Finland.

File:Vyborg 06-2012 various listed 08.jpg

Vyborg served as the seat of Viipuri Province. In the 1930 census, the administrative area of the city of Vyborg had 52,253 inhabitants. There were a total of 19,986 inhabitants in the rural areas of Vyborg and in Uura, which was located outside the borders of Vyborg but was included in the census, and so the total population of the census area was 72,239.Viipurin väestölaskenta 1930, sivut 2–3, sarake 13 Of the total inhabitants in the census area, 67,609 spoke Finnish, 2,103 Swedish, 1,807 Russian and 439 German.Viipurin väestölaskenta 1930, sivut 24–25, sarake 40 In 1939, the population was slightly less than 75,000 and was Finland's second-largest (Population Register) or fourth-largest (Church and Civil Register) city, depending on the census data.{{cite book|author=Statistics Finland|title=Suomenmaan Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1940|trans-title=Finnish Statistics Yearbook 1940|year=1941|pages=14–15 |ref=FinnYearbook1940|language=fi|url=https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/69230/stv_1940.pdf}} Vyborg had sizable minorities of Swedes, Germans, Russians, Romani, Tatars and Jews. During that time, Alvar Aalto built the Vyborg Library, an icon of functionalist architecture.

{{See also|Karelian offensive}}

During the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939–1940, over 70,000 people were evacuated from Vyborg to other parts of Finland. The Winter War was concluded by the Moscow Peace Treaty, which stipulated the transfer of Vyborg to Soviet control, and the whole Karelian Isthmus, and those places were emptied of their residents, to Soviet control. It was incorporated into the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic on 31 March 1940. As the town was still held by the Finns, the remaining Finnish population, some 10,000 people, had to be evacuated in haste before the handover. Thus, practically the whole population of Finnish Vyborg was resettled elsewhere in Finland. The town became the administrative center of Vyborgsky District.

The evacuees from Finnish Karelia came to be a vociferous political force, and their wish to return to their homes was an important motive when Finland sought support from Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union. As a result, Finland fought with Nazi Germany as a co-belligerent during the Second World War.

File:Paraati viipurissa.jpg

On 29 August 1941, Vyborg was captured by Finnish troops. At first, the Finnish Army did not allow civilians into the town. Of the 6,287 buildings, 3,807 had been destroyed. The first civilians started to arrive in late September, and by the end of the year, Vyborg had a population of about 9,700. In December 1941, the Finnish government formally annexed the town, along with the other areas that had been lost in the Moscow Peace Treaty. However, the annexation was not recognized by any foreign state, even Finland's ally, Germany{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}. By 1942, the population had risen to 16,000. About 70% of the evacuees from Finnish Karelia returned after the reconquest to rebuild their looted homes but were again evacuated after the Red Army's Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, timed to coincide with the Battle of Normandy. By the time of the Soviet offensive, the town had a population of nearly 28,000. The town was captured by the Red Army on 20 June 1944, but the Finnish forces, using war material provided by Germany, managed to halt the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Tali-Ihantala, the largest battle fought by any of the Nordic countries, in Viipuri Rural Municipality, which surrounded the town, during which the town was seriously damaged.

In the subsequent Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944, Finland returned to the borders set by the Moscow Peace Treaty and ceded more land than the treaty originally demanded. In the Paris Peace Treaties (1947), Finland relinquished all claims to Vyborg.

After the Second World War, Leningrad Oblast wanted to incorporate the area of Vyborg, but it took until November 1944 for the area to be finally transferred from the Karelo-Finnish SSR. During the Soviet era, the town was settled by people from all over the Soviet Union. The naval air bases of Pribylovo and Veshchevo were built nearby.

In 1940s and the 1950s, new factories were built: shipbuilding (1948), instrumentational (1953). In 1960, a local history museum was opened.

File:Viipuri.vaakuna.svg

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Vyborg serves as the administrative center of Vyborgsky District.Oblast Law #32-oz As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Vyborgsky District as Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation. As a municipal division, Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Vyborg Municipal District as Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement.Law #17-oz

The town lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of Vyborg Bay, 130 km (81 miles) northwest of St. Petersburg, 245 km (152 miles) east of the Finnish capital Helsinki, and 38 km (24 miles) south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland.

Similar to many other areas along the Baltic Sea, Vyborg has a humid continental climate{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=29822&cityname=Vyborg%2C+Northwestern+Federal+District%2C+Russia&units=|title=Vyborg, Russia Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=23 January 2015}} (Dfb) with large temperature differences between summer and winter. The climate is characterised by a fairly cloudy beginning of winter, but an increasing share of sunshine from February. Winter temperatures are being somewhat moderated by maritime effects compared to Russian cities further inland even on more southerly latitudes, but still cold enough compared to areas that are nearer the Gulf Stream. The beginning of spring is generally sunny and rather low in precipitation. Summer is moderately warm. Autumn is generally cloudy and rainy. On average, daytime insolation on a horizontal surface is 2.79 kW/m². The most dominant are the south-west and south winds.

{{Weather box

|width= auto

|location = Vyborg (1991–2020, extremes 1884–present)

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 6.9

|Feb record high C = 8.4

|Mar record high C = 13.8

|Apr record high C = 22.1

|May record high C = 30.0

|Jun record high C = 32.9

|Jul record high C = 34.6

|Aug record high C = 33.4

|Sep record high C = 27.4

|Oct record high C = 19.1

|Nov record high C = 12.9

|Dec record high C = 8.6

|year record high C = 34.6

|Jan high C = -3.4

|Feb high C = -3.3

|Mar high C = 1.0

|Apr high C = 7.4

|May high C = 14.9

|Jun high C = 19.5

|Jul high C = 22.6

|Aug high C = 20.8

|Sep high C = 15.1

|Oct high C = 7.9

|Nov high C = 2.3

|Dec high C = -1.0

|year high C = 8.7

|Jan mean C = -6.0

|Feb mean C = -6.3

|Mar mean C = -2.6

|Apr mean C = 3.2

|May mean C = 10.4

|Jun mean C = 15.3

|Jul mean C = 18.5

|Aug mean C = 16.8

|Sep mean C = 11.6

|Oct mean C = 5.5

|Nov mean C = 0.4

|Dec mean C = -3.2

|year mean C = 5.3

|Jan low C = -8.8

|Feb low C = -9.5

|Mar low C = -6.1

|Apr low C = -0.4

|May low C = 6.0

|Jun low C = 11.3

|Jul low C = 14.5

|Aug low C = 13.1

|Sep low C = 8.4

|Oct low C = 3.2

|Nov low C = -1.5

|Dec low C = -5.4

|year low C = 2.1

|Jan record low C = -36.8

|Feb record low C = -35.4

|Mar record low C = -29.1

|Apr record low C = -20.9

|May record low C = -5.0

|Jun record low C = 0.1

|Jul record low C = 5.8

|Aug record low C = 2.0

|Sep record low C = -3.9

|Oct record low C = -11.4

|Nov record low C = -21.0

|Dec record low C = -33.6

|year record low C = -36.8

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 52

|Feb precipitation mm = 43

|Mar precipitation mm = 40

|Apr precipitation mm = 35

|May precipitation mm = 43

|Jun precipitation mm = 60

|Jul precipitation mm = 69

|Aug precipitation mm = 79

|Sep precipitation mm = 68

|Oct precipitation mm = 77

|Nov precipitation mm = 70

|Dec precipitation mm = 66

|year precipitation mm = 702

|Jan snow depth cm = 22

|Feb snow depth cm = 35

|Mar snow depth cm = 37

|Apr snow depth cm = 8

|May snow depth cm = 0

|Jun snow depth cm = 0

|Jul snow depth cm = 0

|Aug snow depth cm = 0

|Sep snow depth cm = 0

|Oct snow depth cm = 0

|Nov snow depth cm = 3

|Dec snow depth cm = 11

|year snow depth cm = 37

|Jan rain days = 6

|Feb rain days = 5

|Mar rain days = 7

|Apr rain days = 10

|May rain days = 14

|Jun rain days = 16

|Jul rain days = 15

|Aug rain days = 16

|Sep rain days = 18

|Oct rain days = 18

|Nov rain days = 13

|Dec rain days = 8

|year rain days = 146

|Jan snow days = 22

|Feb snow days = 20

|Mar snow days = 16

|Apr snow days = 7

|May snow days = 1

|Jun snow days = 0.1

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0.1

|Oct snow days = 4

|Nov snow days = 14

|Dec snow days = 20

|year snow days = 104

|Jan humidity = 87

|Feb humidity = 85

|Mar humidity = 82

|Apr humidity = 74

|May humidity = 68

|Jun humidity = 71

|Jul humidity = 73

|Aug humidity = 77

|Sep humidity = 82

|Oct humidity = 86

|Nov humidity = 88

|Dec humidity = 89

|year humidity = 80

|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite web

| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/22892.htm

| title = Погода и Климат – Климат Выборг

| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)

| language = ru

| access-date = 8 November 2021}}

|date=August 2012}}

{{Historical populations|align=none|1897|23500|5=1939|6=74403|7=1959|8=51088|9=1970|10=65188|11=1979|12=75573|13=1989|14=80924|15=2002|16=79224|17=2010|18=79962|19=2021|20=72530|source=Censuses{{cite web|title=(USSR) Urban population of the union republics, and their territorial units|url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php}}{{ cite web | url = http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls | title = Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125040/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2012-02-03 }}{{ cite web | url = http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx | title = Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Итоги по Красноярскому краю. 1.10 Численность населения гор.округов, мун.районов, гор. и сел. поселе | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093629/http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2015-12-22 }}{{cite web | url = https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx | title = Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более - Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2021 года | accessdate = 2021-10-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2022-09-01 }}}}

File:Vyborg TransfigurationCathedral 006 9192.jpg

Vyborg continues to be an important industrial producer of paper. Tourism is increasingly important, and the Russian film festival Window to Europe takes place in the town each year.

• Vyborg Shipyard

An HVDC back-to-back facility for the exchange of electricity between the Russian and Finnish power grids was completed near Vyborg in 1982. It consists of three bipolar HVDC back-to-back schemes with an operating voltage of 85 kV and a maximum transmission rate of 355 MW, so that the entire maximum transmission rate amounts to 1,420 MW.{{citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The Nord Stream 1 offshore pipeline runs from Vyborg compressor station at Portovaya Bay along the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Lubmin in Germany. It started operating in September 2011, enabling Russia to export gas directly to Western Europe. The feeding pipeline in Russia (Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline) is operated by Gazprom and is a part of the integrated gas transport network of Russia connecting existing grid in Gryazovets with the coastal compressor station at Vyborg.{{cite web

| publisher = Nord Stream AG

| title = Answers to questions asked by representatives of non-governmental organizations on the EIA procedure for the Nord Stream Project

| url = http://www.ccb.se/documents/FAQNS.pdf

| date = 20 October 2007

| access-date = 15 February 2008

| archive-date = 16 February 2008

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216043431/http://www.ccb.se/documents/FAQNS.pdf

| url-status = dead

}}

Before the war, Vyborg was a major Finnish town of culture. Even today, a few choirs cherish Vyborg singing traditions. These are, for example, the Wiipurilaisen osakunnan kuoro of the University of Helsinki and the Viipurin Lauluveikot male choir,[http://www.viipurinlauluveikot.fi/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=28 Kuoron esittely – Viipurin Lauluveikot] {{In lang|fi}}[http://www.finland.cn/public/default.aspx?contentid=271177&nodeid=35185&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI Ulkoministeriö. Suomen suurlähetystön tiedote Viipurin lauluveikkojen konserttimatkasta Kiinaan toukokuussa 2013.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104091215/http://www.finland.cn/public/default.aspx?contentid=271177&nodeid=35185&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI |date=January 4, 2014 }} {{In lang|fi}} with the latter founded in Vyborg in 1897.[http://www.viipurinlauluveikot.fi/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=75 Kuoron historia – Viipurin Lauluveikot] {{In lang|fi}}

File:Дом губернатора (Выборг).JPG

Vyborg is a municipal entity within the Vyborgsky District of the Leningrad Oblast. Its official name is the municipal formation "City of Vyborg" of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region; the abbreviated name is the municipal entity "City of Vyborg".

Local self-government is carried out on the basis of the charter, which was adopted by the decision of the Council of Deputies of Vyborg dated 16 June 2010 No. 63.{{cite web |url=http://www.city.vbg.ru/sites/default/files/doc/Reshenie_63.doc |title=О принятии устава муниципального образования "Город Выборг" Выборгского района Ленинградской области |trans-title=On the adoption of the charter of the municipal formation "City of Vyborg" of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region |format=doc |publisher=Vyborg administration website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204255/http://www.city.vbg.ru/sites/default/files/doc/Reshenie_63.doc |archive-date=2015-09-23}}

The representative body of local self-government is the Council of Deputies, consisting of 20 deputies elected in municipal elections in single-member constituenciesПункт 1 статьи 22 [https://www.webcitation.org/5w2oOwGcB?url=http://www.old.city.vbg.ru/doc/952.doc Устава МО «Город Выборг»] for a period of five years. Per the results of the elections on 11 October 2009, all 20 seats were occupied by members of the United Russia party. The Council of Deputies is headed by the head of the municipality, who is elected by deputies from among its members, also for a period of five years. On 20 October 2009, Gennady Alekseyevich Orlov was elected as head of the municipality.{{cite web |date=2009-10-20 |url=http://www.vbgcity.ru/?q=ru/node/2088 |title=Избран глава МО "Город Выборг" |trans-title=The head of the municipal municipality "City of Vyborg" was elected |publisher=Портал «Город Выборг» [Portal "City of Vyborg"] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110127073859/http://www.vbgcity.ru/?q=ru/node/2088 |archive-date=2011-01-27}} Since September 2014, the position of head of the Vyborg District Municipal District of the Leningrad Oblast has been occupied by Alexander Petrovich Lysov. Also in September 2014, Gennady Alekseyevich Orlov assumed the position of head of the administration of the municipal formation "Vyborg District" of the Leningrad Oblast.{{cite web |access-date=2015-10-22 |title=Совет депутатов МО "Выборгский район" единогласно проголосовал за назначение Геннадия Орлова на должность главы районной администрации |trans-title=The Council of Deputies of the Vyborg District municipality unanimously voted for the appointment of Gennady Orlov to the post of head of the district administration |publisher=www.vbglenobl.ru |url=http://www.vbglenobl.ru/news/sovet-deputatov-mo-vyborgskiy-rayon-edinoglasno-progolosoval-za-naznachenie-gennadiya-orlova-na |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127165451/http://www.vbglenobl.ru/news/sovet-deputatov-mo-vyborgskiy-rayon-edinoglasno-progolosoval-za-naznachenie-gennadiya-orlova-na |url-status=live}}

The executive and administrative body of local self-government is the administration. It is formed and headed by the head of the administration, who is appointed under a contract concluded based on the results of a competition for a period of five years.Пункт 1 статьи 49 {{cite web |url=http://www.old.city.vbg.ru/doc/952.doc |title=Устава МО "Город Выборг" |trans-title=Charter of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg" |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5w2oOwGcB?url=http://www.old.city.vbg.ru/doc/952.doc |archive-date=2011-01-27}} From 2 August 2011, the head of the administration was Alexander Aleksandrovich Buyanov.{{cite web |url=http://www.city.vbg.ru/content/yurii-samusenko-naznachen-na-dolzhnost-glavy-administratsii-mo-%C2%ABgorod-vyborg%C2%BB |title=Официальный сайт МО "Город Выборг" |trans-title=Official website of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg" |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723032451/http://www.city.vbg.ru/content/yurii-samusenko-naznachen-na-dolzhnost-glavy-administratsii-mo-%C2%ABgorod-vyborg%C2%BB |archive-date=2012-07-23}} On 24 September 2014, the post of head of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg" was taken by Alexander Petrovich Lysov. His candidacy was supported unanimously.{{cite web |access-date=2015-10-22 |title=Парламентарии избрали главой МО "Город Выборг" Александра Лысова |trans-title=Parliamentarians elected Alexander Lysov as head of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg" |publisher=www.vbglenobl.ru |url=http://www.vbglenobl.ru/news/parlamentarii-izbrali-glavoy-mo-gorod-vyborg-aleksandra-lysova |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162538/http://www.vbglenobl.ru/news/parlamentarii-izbrali-glavoy-mo-gorod-vyborg-aleksandra-lysova |url-status=live}}

File:Vyborg June2012 View from Olaf Tower 05.jpg]]

Vyborg's most prominent landmark is its Swedish-built castle, founded in the 13th century and extensively reconstructed in 1891–1894. The Round Tower and the Rathaus Tower date from the mid-16th century and are parts of the medieval Vyborg town wall. Many of the buildings in the historic old town of Vyborg are still in poor condition today.{{cite web | url = https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-6622543 | title =Viipurissa puretaan vanhan keskustan arvorakennuksia | trans-title= The value buildings of the old center are being demolished in Vyborg | last1 =Raunio |first1= Marjut |last2= Schönberg |first2= Kalle | work =YLE | date =May 6, 2013| access-date = March 23, 2021| language=fi }}{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/10/27/vyborg-restoration-how-russias-most-scandinavian-town-back-to-life-a67925|title=Vyborg Restoration: How Russia's Most Scandinavian Town Is Coming Back to Life|first=Daniel|last=Kozin|work=The Moscow Times|date=October 27, 2019|access-date=October 25, 2021}}

The Viipuri Library by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto and the Hermitage-Vyborg Center are a reference point in the history of modern architecture. There are also Russian fortifications of Annenkrone, completed by 1740, as well as the monuments to Peter the Great (1910) and Torkel Knutsson. Tourists can also visit the house where the founder of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin prepared the Bolshevik revolution during his stay in Vyborg from 24 September to 7 October 1917. The main street in Vyborg is called Prospekt Lenina ({{langx|ru|проспект Ленина}}; literally "Lenin Avenue"), formerly also known as Torkkelinkatu,Viktor Dmitriew: [https://wiipuri.fi/app/uploads/2019/07/Toimite-10_Viktor-Dmitriew_2.pdf Viipurin Suomalaisen Kirjallisuusseuran toimitteita 10], 1992. {{In lang|fi}} and along it, there is popular {{ill|Lenin Park, Vyborg|ru|Парк Ленина (Выборг)|lt=Lenin Park}}.

Sprawling along the heights adjacent to the Gulf of Finland is Monrepos Park, one of the most spacious English landscape gardens in Eastern Europe. The garden was laid out on behest of its owner, Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay, at the turn of the 19th century. Most of its structures were designed by the architect Giuseppe Antonio Martinelli. Previously, the estate belonged to the future king Frederick I (Maria Fyodorovna's brother), who called it Charlottendahl in honor of his second wife.

{{Category see also|People from Vyborg}}

{{See also|Viipuri Province#Notable people}} for people born in Viipuri Province between 1812 and 1917, when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Finland.

File:Larry Thorne.jpg, 1960s]]

File:Riitta Uosukainen.jpg, 2013]]

File:Martti Ahtisaari, tidigare president Finland och mottagare av Nobels fredrspris (2).jpg, 2012]]

• Lauri Törni (a.k.a. Larry Thorne; 1919–1965), Finnish Army captain who later served in the German and United States armies
• Sirkka Sari (1920 in Raivola{{snd}}1939), Finnish actress
• Lars Lindeman (1920–2006), Finnish politician and ambassador in Oslo, Reykjavik, and Lisbon
• Pekka Malinen (1921–2004), minister and diplomat, ambassador in Egypt, Syria, and Portugal
• Paul Jyrkänkallio (1922 in Koivisto{{snd}}2004), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Sofia, Rome, and Athens
• Usko Santavuori (1922–2003), Finnish sensationalist radio reporter
• Max Jakobson (1923–2013), Finnish diplomat and journalist of Finnish-Jewish descent
• Tankmar Horn (1924–2018), Finnish diplomat, economist and businessman
• Heimo Haitto (1925–1999), Finnish-American classical violinist and child prodigy
• Juhani Kumpulainen (1925–1991), Finnish actor and director
• Seppo Pietinen (1925–1990), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador in Addis Ababa, Lima, Vienna, and Paris
• Irina Hudova (1926–2015), Finnish ballet dancer and teacher
• Ilmi Parkkari (1926–1979), Finnish film and stage actress
• Erik Bruun (born 1926), Finnish graphic designer
• Ossi Runne (1927–2020), Finnish musician
• Heikki Seppä (1927 in Säkkijärvi{{snd}}2010), Finnish-American master metalsmith, educator and author
• Veijo Meri (1928–2015), Finnish writer; his work focuses on war and its absurdity.
• Casper Wrede (1929–1998), Finnish theatre and film director
• Esko Kunnamo (1929–2014), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, and Lagos
• Paavo Rintala (1930–1999), Finnish novelist and theologian
• Pertti Ripatti (1930–2016), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Abu Dhabi, Caracas, and Kuala Lumpur
• Oiva Toikka (1931–2019), Finnish glass designer
• Lasse Äikäs (1932 in Kuolemajärvi{{snd}}1988), Finnish lawyer, civil servant and politician
• Kari Nurmela (1933–1984), Finnish dramatic baritone
• Pertti Kärkkäinen (1933–2017), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador to Buenos Aires, Santiago, and Lima
• Pentti Ikonen (1934–2007), Finnish swimmer. He competed in 3 events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
• Martti Ahtisaari (1937–2023), Finnish politician, the tenth President of Finland (1994–2000) and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
• Gustav Hägglund (born 1938), retired Finnish general, Chief of Defence 1994–2001
• Laila Hirvisaari (1938–2021), Finnish author and writer
• Heikki Talvitie (born 1939), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador in Belgrade, Moscow, and Stockholm
• Riitta Uosukainen (born 1942 in Jääski), Finnish politician and former MP, Counselor of State

File:Ekimov.jpg, 2006]]

• Negmatullo Kurbanov (born 1963), Tajik major general in the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Tajikistan)
• Viatcheslav Ekimov (born 1966), nicknamed Eki, Russian former professional racing cyclist and triple Olympic gold medalist
• Aleksandr Vlasov (born 1996), professional cyclist. He currently rides for Team Astana-Premier Tech.
• Vitaly Petrov (born 1984), Russian racing driver who competed in Formula One from 2010 to 2012
• Aleksei Kangaskolkka (born 1988), Russian-born Finnish footballer, who plays for Finnish side IFK Mariehamn
• Kirill Alekseenko (born 1997), Russian chess grandmaster, participant in the Candidates Tournament 2020

{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Vyborg is twinned with:{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

• {{Flag icon|Norway}} Bodø, Norway
• {{Flag icon|Finland}} Lappeenranta, Finland
• {{Flag icon|Israel}} Ramla, Israel
• {{Flag icon|UK}} Stirling, Scotland

{{Portal|Russia}}

• European route E18
• Saimaa Canal
• Vyborg railway station
• {{ill|The Devil's Church (чёртова церковь)|ru|чёртова церковь}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{RussiaBasicLawRef|len|vyborg}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|len|adm|list}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|len|mun|list|vyborgsky}}

{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes|c=Category:Vyborg}}

• [http://www.city.vbg.ru/ Official website of Vyborg] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://www.towns.ru/towns/viborg_en.html History and attractions of Vyborg]
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Viborg (Finland)|display=Viborg|volume=28|page=17}}

{{Leningrad Oblast}}

{{Major fortresses of Western Russia}}

{{Cities of Military Glory}}

{{Medieval towns of Finland}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Grand Duchy of Finland

Category:Forts in Russia

Category:Castles in Russia

Category:Karelian Isthmus

Category:Medieval Finnish towns

Category:Cities and towns in Leningrad Oblast